WO2014125366A1 - Élément de façade - Google Patents
Élément de façade Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014125366A1 WO2014125366A1 PCT/IB2014/000174 IB2014000174W WO2014125366A1 WO 2014125366 A1 WO2014125366 A1 WO 2014125366A1 IB 2014000174 W IB2014000174 W IB 2014000174W WO 2014125366 A1 WO2014125366 A1 WO 2014125366A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- man
- polymeric foam
- facade element
- made vitreous
- composite material
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 141
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
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- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical group CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 12
- UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Chemical compound C1=CC(N=C=O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1 UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 5
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- 239000002666 chemical blowing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005057 Hexamethylene diisocyanate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000538 Poly[(phenyl isocyanate)-co-formaldehyde] Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003093 cationic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004794 expanded polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N iso-pentane Natural products CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000582 polyisocyanurate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011495 polyisocyanurate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- -1 polymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005903 polyol mixture Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O.O.O.[Al] Chemical compound O.O.O.[Al] MXRIRQGCELJRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004125 X-ray microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002389 environmental scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007706 flame test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013012 foaming technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000075 oxide glass Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/0085—Use of fibrous compounding ingredients
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
- E04B1/78—Heat insulating elements
- E04B1/80—Heat insulating elements slab-shaped
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
- E04C2/284—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating
- E04C2/296—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating composed of insulating material and non-metallic or unspecified sheet-material
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
- E04C2/38—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels
- E04C2/388—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels with a frame of other materials, e.g. fibres, plastics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2375/04—Polyurethanes
Definitions
- the invention relates to a fagade element useful in the construction of building walls.
- the invention also relates to a building wall including such a facade element and a building including such a building wall.
- the invention relates to facade elements that can be used in external walls that include vertical posts and horizontal joists that form the basic framework of the building.
- a framework is built up from horizontal joists and vertical studs. This framework is then covered on its outside with thermally insulating cladding and a waterproofing material and on its inside with plaster board, for example.
- This system has the advantage of being quick to construct, but, since the wall is insulated outside the framework, the overall wall thickness is high for the level of insulation provided.
- insulation material can instead be provided in between the joists and studs in the framework, decreasing the thickness of the insulating cladding required.
- the load- bearing studs are generally constructed from wood or metal, so have a high thermal conductivity and can form thermal bridges through the wall.
- installation of insulating material between the studs and joists in the framework can be time-consuming in comparison with installation of thermally insulating outer cladding.
- the invention provides a fagade element comprising:
- an insulating layer having a first major face, a second major face, an upper edge and a lower edge, and two side edges, each edge connecting the first and second major faces, wherein the insulating layer comprises a coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material and at least one stud extending substantially from the upper edge to the lower edge and substantially from the first major face to the second major face of the insulating layer; and a face plate disposed on the first major face of the insulating layer;
- both the stud and the face plate comprise a polymeric foam composite material, the polymeric foam composite material comprising a polymeric foam and discontinuous man-made vitreous fibres, wherein at least 50% by weight of the man-made vitreous fibres present in the polymeric foam composite material have a length less than 100 micrometres.
- the invention also provides a building wall comprising a fagade element according to the invention, positioned such that the face plate is substantially vertical, a lower joist that supports the facade element at its edge corresponding to the lower edge of the insulating layer and an upper joist that abuts the facade element at its edge that corresponds to the upper edge of the insulating layer.
- the invention also provides a building comprising a wall according to the invention.
- the fagade elements of the invention can be used in construction of a building wall by positioning them between the horizontal joists that make up the framework of the building.
- the fagade element By using the polymeric foam composite material for the studs, it is possible for the fagade element to be load-bearing, because the polymeric foam composite material has a high level of compressive strength and resistance to compression and is also dimensionally stable in hot or humid conditions.
- the polymeric foam composite material is also highly insulating, which reduces the degree of thermal bridging through the fagade element.
- load- bearing and thermally insulating studs within the fagade element itself, it is possible to reduce the number of metal or timber studs used in the building framework. Reducing the number of metal or timber studs reduces the level of thermal bridging and also means that fewer, larger, fagade elements make up the building wall. This, in turn, increases the speed of construction. In some cases, metal and timber studs can be excluded entirely, with a single facade element extending from one corner of the building to another.
- the provision of a coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material in the insulating layer ensures that the facade element has a high level of thermal insulation and that the overall density of the facade element is not too high, which allows for easier installation.
- a face plate of polymeric foam composite material contributes to the load-bearing capacity of the facade element and also provides a surface that is highly suited to the application of render.
- Figure 1 shows an outer perspective view of a facade element according to the invention.
- Figure 2 shows an inside perspective view of a facade element according to the invention.
- Figure 3 shows a horizontal sectional view of a facade element according to the invention.
- Figure 4 shows a horizontal sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 5 shows a perspective view of part of a building wall according to the invention.
- Figure 6 shows a perspective view of a building wall according to the invention.
- Figure 7 is a photograph showing the effect of heating on the composite materials of Examples 6 and 7.
- Figure 8 is an environmental scanning electron microscope image of a polyurethane foam composite material as used according to the invention.
- the fagade element 1 shown in Figures 1 , 2 and 3 comprises an insulating layer 2 and a face plate 3.
- the insulating layer 2 has a first major face 4, of which only the edges are visible in Figures 1 and 2, and a second major face 5, which is fully visible in Figure 2.
- the insulating layer also has an upper edge 6, a lower edge 7 and side edges 8, wherein each edge connects the first major face 4 and the second major face 5 of the insulating layer 2.
- the face plate 3 is disposed on the first major face 4 of the insulating layer 2.
- the insulating layer 2 comprises a coherent man-made vitreous fibre- containing insulating material 9 and at least one stud 10.
- the stud or studs 10 extend substantially from the upper edge 6 to the lower edge 7 of the insulating layer 2 and substantially from the first major face 4 to the second major face 5 of the insulating layer 2.
- Both the stud or studs 10 and the face plate 3 comprise a polymeric foam composite material as described in more detail below.
- the height of the fa?ade element is generally such that it can span a single storey of a building. Therefore, the height is generally between 2 m and 4 m, although taller and shorter facade elements 1 can also be made according to the invention.
- the width of the facade element 1 may be so as to span the entire width of a building. However, more usually, a plurality of facade elements 1 are positioned side-by-side on each side of each storey of the building.
- the width of each facade element 1 is advantageously greater than facade elements that have been used previously, for example in the range 2 m to 15 m.
- the fagade elements according to the invention are also useful when they have a more conventional width of from 0.5m to 1.5m or from 0.6 m to 1m, for example.
- the depth of the facade element 1 is determined by the amount of insulation and the level of structural support that the facade element 1 is required to contribute. Generally, the thickness of the facade element 1 is in the range 10 to 60 cm, preferably 15 to 50 cm, more preferably 20 to 40 cm.
- the insulating layer 2 and the face plate 3 each span the majority of, or almost the entire height and width of the facade element 1. It is possible, however, for the facade element 1 to have additional plates (not shown) at any of the edges 6, 7, 8. Such plates could surround the insulating layer 2 to form a frame. Such a frame could be useful to distribute any loads across the edges of the facade element 1 and to protect it from damage during storage and installation. Moreover, such additional plates might be shaped or profiled in order to secure a tight fit and sealing between adjacent elements. This can contribute to providing a building envelope that is air-tight.
- the insulating layer 2 of the facade element 1 of the invention comprises a coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9.
- coherent means that the man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 is not in the form of a granulate or any other loose insulating material.
- the coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 is preferably mineral wool.
- the man-made vitreous fibres in the coherent man- made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 can be glass fibres, ceramic fibres, slag wool fibres or any other type of man-made vitreous fibre, but they are preferably stone fibres. Stone fibres have a composition, expressed as weight percent of oxides as follows:
- MgO up to 15%, preferably 4 to 10%
- the man-made vitreous fibres present in the coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 can be produced by standard methods such as with a cascade spinner or a spinning cup. Usually, the fibres are treated with a binder and collected as a web before being cured.
- the coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 does not contribute significantly to the strength of the insulating layer 2, it is possible for this material to have a low density. It is preferred that the coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 has a density less than 80 kg/m 3 , preferably less than 60 kg/m 3 , more preferably less than 50 kg/m 3 . Usually the density of the coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 is at least 20 kg/m 3 , more usually at least 30 kg/m 3 .
- the primary purpose of the coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 is to provide a high level of thermal insulation. Therefore, it is preferred that the coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 has a thermal conductivity of less than 40 mW/(m-K), more preferably less than 35 mW/(m-K) and more preferably less than 33 mW/(m-K).
- the coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 can be fixed in place with an adhesive. However, preferably, the coherent man- made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9 is bonded to the stud or studs 0 and/or to the face plate 3 without the use of any extrinsic fixing means. This can be achieved by forming the face plate 3 or the stud or studs 10 in the presence of the coherent man-made vitreous fibre-containing insulating material 9.
- the coherent man-made vitreous fibre- containing insulating material 9 is usually arranged in blocks that fill the gaps between the studs 10.
- the blocks fill substantially all of the space between successive studs 10.
- the insulating layer 2 In order to provide a good level of insulation to the building, the insulating layer 2 usually forms the majority of the thickness of the facade element 1. However, as the face plate 3 also has a good level of insulation, this is not essential. Nevertheless, it is preferable for the insulating layer 2 to form the majority of the thickness of the facade element 1 in order to keep the density of the facade element 1 to a minimum. Therefore, the thickness of the insulating layer 2 is preferably from 8 cm to 50 cm, more preferably from 3 cm to 45 cm, most preferably from 18 cm to 35 cm.
- the insulating layer 2 also includes at least one stud 10, which extends substantially from the first face 4 to the second face 5 of the insulating layer 2 and from the upper edge 6 to the lower edge 7 of the insulating layer 2. Whilst the invention allows for facade elements 1 including only a single stud 10, it is more usual for the insulating layer 2 to comprise a plurality of studs 10 extending from the upper edge 6 to the lower edge 7 and substantially from the first major face 4 to the second major face 5 of the insulating layer 2.
- the studs 10 comprise a polymeric foam composite material as discussed below.
- the studs 10 can be load-bearing.
- the precise number of studs 10, the distance between each stud and the dimensions of each stud can be selected according to the circumstances, depending on the level of structural support required, the density and weight desired for the fagade element 1 and the dimensions of the fagade element 1.
- the studs 10 are separated by a distance in the range 30 cm to 1.25 m, more usually in the range 30 cm to 90 cm.
- the width of each stud in the plane of the insulating layer is generally in the range 1 cm to 15 cm, more preferably from 2 cm to 10 cm.
- the studs 10 usually run parallel to each other and perpendicular to the upper edge 6 and the lower edge 7 of the insulating layer 2. The height and depth of the studs 10 depend directly on the dimensions of the insulating layer 2.
- a stud 10 forms a side edge 8 of the insulating layer 2.
- each side edge 8 of the insulating layer 2 is formed by a stud 10. This ensures that the side edges 8 of the insulating layer 2 are rigid, so can be handled easily with a low risk of damage.
- the face plate 3 is formed from a polymeric foam composite material as discussed below. This material has been found to be particularly suited for construction of the face plate 3 due to its high compressive strength and resistance to compression, its increased dimensional stability under specific temperature and humidity conditions, its high level of fire resistance and because it is easy to apply render to this material. Dimensional stability of the face plate 3 in hot or humid conditions is particularly important.
- the fagade element is usually separated from the elements only by a layer of render. Therefore, where the render is exposed to direct sunlight, in particular when it is darkly coloured, the render and the face plate 3 can reach temperatures of 70 or 80°C.
- a face plate 3 of a polymeric foam composite material according to the present invention provides a high receptiveness and/or adhesion for a rendering system without using any additional surface primer, coating and/or additive. Such high receptiveness and/or adhesion for the rendering system results in a high bond strength between the base coat of a rendering and the face plate 3 of the facade element 1.
- the bond strength between a layer of render, especially a base coat, which is the layer of render applied directly to an insulation element (such as a facade element) in a rendering system, and the insulating (fagade) element is measured in accordance with the Guideline for European Technical Approval ETAG No. 004 (e.g. edition 03/2000), paragraph 5.1.4.1.1.
- the results are expressed in N/mm 2 (MPa).
- at least a base coat of render is applied to the face plate 3 and the bond strength between the face plate 3 and a the base coat is at least 0,010 N/mm 2 , more preferably at least 0,020 N/mm 2 and even more preferably at least 0,040 N/mm 2 .
- the face plate 3 covers the entire first major face 4 of the insulating layer 2.
- the face plate 3 generally contributes to the strength of the facade element 1 so its depth can be selected on the basis of the level of structural support required.
- the face plate 3 has a depth in the range 1 cm to 10 cm, preferably in the range 1.5 cm to 8 cm, more preferably in the range 2 cm to 6 cm.
- the face plate 3 and the studs 10 are bonded together without any extrinsic attachment means, such as adhesive.
- This can be achieved by forming the studs 10 and the face plate 3 simultaneously in position relative to each other, so that the studs 10 and the face plate 3 essentially form a single piece of polymeric foam composite material.
- the bond could be formed by pre-forming the face plate 3 and forming the studs 10 in situ on the face plate 3. It is also within the scope of the invention, however, for the studs 10 and the face plate 3 to be separate elements bonded together with an adhesive.
- the facade element also comprises reinforcing plates extending horizontally between the studs 10.
- a plurality of reinforcing plates could be arranged to extend horizontally between the studs 10 at intermediate levels within the facade element 1. This arrangement has the effect of further improving the load-bearing capacity and/or to act as an additional bracing, e.g. when arranged between vertical posts.
- the horizontal reinforcement plates are preferably formed of the polymeric foam composite material described below.
- Figure 4 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention in which a back plate 1 1 is disposed on the second major face 5 of the insulating layer 2.
- the back plate 11 forms the inside surface of the building wall.
- the back plate 1 1 is a gypsum board or a plyboard.
- FIG. 5 shows part of a building wall 12 according to the invention.
- the fagade element 1 is shown in position such that the face plate 3 is substantially vertical.
- a lower joist 13 supports the facade element 1 at its edge corresponding to the lower edge 7 of the insulating layer 2.
- This edge of the fagade element 1 could be formed by the lower edge 7 of the insulating layer 2 itself (as shown) or by a plate that covers the lower edge 7 of the insulating layer 2.
- An upper joist 14 abuts the facade element 1 at its edge that corresponds to the upper edge 6 of the insulating layer 2.
- This edge of the facade element 1 could be formed by the upper edge 6 of the insulating layer 2 itself (as shown) or by a plate that covers the upper edge 6 of the insulating layer 2
- Any facade element according to the invention can be used to form a building wall in this way.
- the particular fagade element 1 shown in Figure 5 is of the preferred embodiment comprising a back plate 1 1 disposed on the second major face 5 of the insulating layer 2.
- the upper joist 14 and the lower joist 13 are preferably steel joists. However, it is also possible for the upper joist 14 and the lower joist 13 to be manufactured from another material such as timber. Where the joists 13, 14 are steel joists, they can have a variety of different profiles depending on the circumstances. Joists 13 and 14 shown in Figure 5 are C-profile joists, but the use of H-profile joists is, of course, also possible. The joists 13, 14 are generally supported at either end by vertical posts (not shown).
- each fagade element 1 is substantially vertical and a lower joist 13 supports each fagade element at its edge corresponding to the lower edge 7 of the insulating layer 2.
- An upper joist 14 abuts each facade element 1 at its edge that corresponds to the upper edge 6 of the insulating layer 2.
- at least one joist can act as both a lower joist 13 and an upper joist 14 with respect to different facade elements 1.
- the joists 13 and 14 are affixed at their ends to vertical posts 15.
- the facade element according to the invention provides such a high degree of structural support that no further stud-work is necessary.
- external studs 16 which are affixed to the lower joist 13 and the upper joist 14, are disposed between adjacent facade elements 1. Even when such external studs 16 are necessary, the number of the studs is usually low in the context of the invention, which reduces the amount of thermal bridging through the building wall.
- the external studs 16 are usually steel studs, but could also be timber studs.
- the invention makes use of the polymeric foam composite material described in our earlier application filed on 18 August 2011 and having the application number EP 11 177971.6 and in our international application PCT/EP2012/066196 filed on 20 August 2012. The disclosure of those applications is incorporated herein by reference.
- the polymeric foam composite material used in the present invention can be produced from a foamable composition comprising a foam pre-cursor and discontinuous man-made vitreous fibres, wherein at least 50% by weight of the man-made vitreous fibres have a length of less than 100 micrometres.
- Discontinuous man-made vitreous fibres are well understood by those skilled in the art. Discontinuous man-made vitreous fibres are, for example, those produced by internal or external centrifugation, for example with a cascade spinner or a spinning cup.
- the weight percentage of fibres in the polymeric foam composite material or in the foamable composition above or below a given fibre length is measured with a sieving method.
- a representative sample of the man-made vitreous fibres is placed on a wire mesh screen of a suitable mesh size (the mesh size being the length and width of a square mesh) in a vibrating apparatus.
- the mesh size can be tested with a scanning electron microscope according to DIN ISO 3310.
- the upper end of the apparatus is sealed with a lid and vibration is carried out until essentially no further fibres fall through the mesh (approximately 30 mins). If the percentage of fibres above and below a number of different lengths needs to be established, it is possible to place several screens with incrementally increasing mesh sizes on top of one another. The fibres remaining on each screen are then weighed.
- the discontinuous man-made vitreous fibres present in the polymeric foam composite must have at least 50% by weight of the fibres with a length less than 100 micrometres as measured by the method above.
- the length distribution of the man-made vitreous fibres present in the polymeric foam composite or foamable composition is such that at least 50% by weight of the man-made vitreous fibres have a length of less than 75 micrometres, more preferably less than 65 micrometres.
- At least 60% by weight of the man-made vitreous fibres present in the polymeric foam composite or foamable composition have a length less than 100 micrometres, more preferably less than 75 micrometres and most preferably less than 65 micrometres.
- the presence of longer man-made vitreous fibres in the polymeric foam composite or foamable composition is found to be a disadvantage in terms of the viscosity of the foamable composition and the ease of mixing. Therefore, it is preferred that at least 80%, or even 85 or 90% of the man-made vitreous fibres present in the polymeric foam composite or foamable composition have a length less than 125 micrometres. Similarly, it is preferred that at least 95%, more preferably at least 97% or 99% by weight of the man- made vitreous fibres present in the polymeric foam composite or foamable composition have a length less than 250 micrometres.
- the greatest compressive strength and highest dimensional stability can be achieved when at least 90% by weight of the fibres have a length less than 00 micrometres and at least 75% of the fibres by weight have a length less than 65 micrometres.
- Man-made vitreous fibres having the length distribution discussed above have been found generally to sit within the walls of the cells of the foam composite, without penetrating the cells to a significant extent. Therefore, it is believed that a greater percentage by weight of the fibres in the composite contribute to increasing the strength of the composite rather than merely increasing its density.
- At least some of the fibres present in the foam composite material have a length less than 10 micrometres.
- These very short fibres are thought to be able to act as nucleating agents in the foam formation process. The action of very short fibres as nucleating agents can favour the production of a foam with numerous small cells rather than fewer large cells.
- the fibres present in the polymeric foam composite or in the foamable composition can be any type of discontinuous man-made vitreous fibres, but are preferably stone fibres.
- stone fibres have a content by weight of oxides as follows:
- MgO up to 5% preferably 4 to 10%
- An advantage of using fibres of this composition in the polymeric foam composite material, especially in the context of polyurethane foams, is that the significant level of iron and alumina in the fibres can act as a catalyst in formation of the foam. This effect is particularly relevant when at least some of the iron in the fibres is present as ferric iron, as is usual and/or when the level of Al 2 0 3 is particularly high such as 15 to 28% or 18 to 23%.
- An alternative stone wool composition useful in the invention has oxide contents by weight in the following ranges:
- alumina in fibres of this composition can act as a catalyst in the formation of a polyurethane foam.
- stone fibres are preferred, the use of discontinuous glass fibres or slag fibres is also possible.
- the man-made vitreous fibres present in the polymeric foam composite and foamable composition are discontinuous man-made vitreous fibres.
- the term "discontinuous man-made vitreous fibres" is well understood by those skilled in the art. Discontinuous man-made vitreous fibres are, for example, those produced by internal or external centrifugation, for example with a cascade spinner or a spinning cup.
- Continuous fibres e.g. continuous E glass fibres
- discontinuous fibres produced by cascade spinning or with a spinning cup
- foam composites comprising short, discontinuous fibres have a compressive strength that is at least comparable with foam composites comprising continuous glass fibres of a similar length. This unexpected level of strength is combined with good fire resistance, a high level of thermal insulation and cost efficient production.
- the fibres In order to achieve the required length distribution of the fibres, it will usually be necessary for the fibres to be processed further after production.
- the further processing will usually involve grinding or milling of the fibres for a sufficient time for the required length distribution to be achieved.
- the fibres present in the polymeric foam composite and foamable composition have an average diameter of from 1.5 to 7 micrometres.
- the fibres have an average diameter of from 2 to 6 micrometres, more preferably the fibres have an average diameter of from 3 to 6 micrometres.
- Thin fibres as preferred in the invention are believed to provide a higher level of thermal insulation to the composite than thicker fibres, but without a significant reduction in strength as compared with thicker fibres as might be expected.
- the average fibre diameter is determined for a representative sample by measuring the diameter of at least 200 individual fibres by means of the intercept method and scanning electron microscope or optical microscope (1000x magnification).
- the foamable composition that can be used to produce the polymeric foam composite comprises a foam precursor and man-made vitreous fibres.
- the foam precursor is a material that either polymerises (often with another material) to form a polymeric foam or is a polymer that can be expanded with a blowing agent to form a polymeric foam.
- the composition can be any composition capable of producing a foam on addition of a further component or upon a further processing step being carried out.
- Preferred foamable compositions are those capable of producing polyurethane foams.
- Polyurethane foams are produced by the reaction of the polyol with an isocyanate in the presence of a blowing agent. Therefore, in one embodiment, the foamable composition comprises, in addition to the man-made vitreous fibres, a polyol as the foam precursor. In another embodiment, the foamable composition comprises, in addition to the man-made vitreous fibres, an isocyanate as the foam precursor. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a mixture of an isocyanate and a polyol as the foam precursor.
- foaming can be induced by adding a further component comprising an isocyanate. If the foam precursor is an isocyanate, foam formation can be induced by the addition of a further component comprising a polyol.
- Suitable polyols for use either as the foam precursor or to be added as a further component to the foamable composition to induce foam formation are commercially available polyol mixtures from, for example, Bayer Material Science, BASF or DOW Chemicals.
- Commercially available polyol compositions are often supplied as a pre-mixed component that comprises polyol and any or all of catalyst(s), flame retardant(s), surfactants and water, the latter which can act as a chemical blowing agent in the foam formation process. Generally it comprises all of these.
- Such a pre-formed blend of polyol with additives is commonly known as a pre-polyol.
- the isocyanate for use either as the foam precursor or to be added as a further component to the foamable composition to induce foam formation is selected on the basis of the density and strength required in the foam composite as well as on the basis of toxicity. It can, for example, be selected from methylene polymethylene polyphenol isocyanates (PMDI), methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), PMDI or MDI being preferred.
- PMDI methylene polymethylene polyphenol isocyanates
- MDI methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
- TDI toluene diisocyanate
- HDI hexamethylene diisocyanate
- IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
- PMDI or MDI being preferred.
- One particularly suitable example is diphenylmethane-4,4'
- a blowing agent is required.
- the blowing agent can be a chemical blowing agent or a physical blowing agent.
- the foamable composition comprises a blowing agent.
- the blowing agent can be added to the foamable composition together with a further component that induces foam formation.
- the blowing agent is water. Water acts as a chemical blowing agent, reacting with the isocyanate to form C0 2 , which acts as the blowing gas.
- the foamable composition comprises water as a blowing agent.
- the water is usually present in such a foamable composition in an amount from 0.3 to 2 % by weight of the foamable composition.
- a physical blowing agent such as liquid C0 2 or liquid nitrogen could be included in the foamable composition or added to the foamable composition as part of the further component that induces foam formation.
- the foamable composition in an alternative embodiment, is suitable for forming a phenolic foam.
- Phenolic foams are formed by a reaction between a phenol and an aldehyde in the presence of an acid or a base.
- a surfactant and a blowing agent are generally also present to form the foam. Therefore, the foamable composition could comprise, in addition to the man-made vitreous fibres, a phenol and an aldehyde (the foam precursor), a blowing agent and a surfactant.
- the foamable composition could comprise as the foam precursor, a phenol but no aldehyde, or an aldehyde but no phenol.
- foamable compositions suitable for forming polyurethane or phenolic foams are preferred, it is also possible to use foamable compositions suitable for forming polyisocyanurate, expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene foams.
- the polyurethane foam composite is especially a polyisocyanurate foam composite, where the blowing agent is preferably pentane.
- Pentane has the advantage over other blowing agents that it is more environmentally friendly and cost effective than for instance HFC blowing agents.
- Pentane can be c-pentane, i-pentane, or n-pentane or a mixture of two or more of these.
- the choice between c-pentane, i-pentane and n-pentane is dependent on the production method. They are quite different in boiling point, initial thermal conductivity, aged thermal conductivity and price.
- the preferred pentane in this invention is n-pentane based on the price and aged thermal conductivity.
- the foamable composition that can be used to make the foam composite used in the invention can contain additives in addition to the foam precursor and the man-made vitreous fibres. When it is desired to include additives in the foam composite, as an alternative to including the additives in the foamable composition comprising man-made vitreous fibres, the additive can be included with a further component that is added to the foamable composition to induce foam formation.
- the composition or the foam composite may comprise a fire retardant such as expandable powdered graphite, aluminium trihydrate or magnesium hydroxide.
- the amount of fire retardant in the composition is preferably from 3 to 20% by weight, more preferably from 5 to 15% by weight and most preferably from 8 to 12 % by weight.
- the total quantity of fire retardant present in the polymeric foam composite material is preferably from 1 to 0%, more preferably from 2 to 8% and most preferably from 3 to 7 % by weight.
- the foamable composition or foam composite can comprise a flame retardant such as nitrogen- or phosphorus-containing polymers.
- the fibres used in the polymeric foam composite can be treated with binder, which, as a result, can be included in the composition and the resulting foam composite as an additive if it is chemically compatible with the composition.
- the fibres used usually contain less than 10% binder based on the weight of the fibres and binder.
- the binder is usually present in the foamable composition at a level less than 5% based on the total weight of the foamable composition.
- the foam composite usually contains less than 5% binder, more usually less than 2.5% binder.
- the man-made vitreous fibres used are not treated with binder.
- a surfactant usually a cationic surfactant.
- the surfactant could, alternatively, be added to the composition as a separate component.
- the presence of a surfactant, in particular a cationic surfactant, in the composition and as a result in the polymeric foam composite material has been found to provide easier mixing and, therefore, a more homogeneous distribution of fibres within the foamable composition and the resulting foam.
- the composition comprises at least 15% by weight, more preferably at least 20% by weight, most preferably at least 35% by weight of man-made vitreous fibres.
- the polymeric foam composite material itself preferably comprises at least 10% by weight, more preferably at least 15% by weight, most preferably at least 20% by weight of man-made vitreous fibres.
- the foamable composition comprises less than 85% by weight, preferably less than 80%, more preferably less than 75% by weight man-made vitreous fibres.
- the resulting foam composite usually contains less than 80% by weight, preferably less than 60%, more preferably less than 55% by weight man- made vitreous fibres.
- the polymeric foam composite used in the invention comprises a polymeric foam and man-made vitreous fibres.
- the foam composite can be formed from the foamable composition as described above. It is preferred that the polymeric foam is a polyurethane foam or a phenolic foam. Polyurethane foams are most preferred due to their low curing time.
- the first step in the production of the polymeric foam composite material is to form the foamable composition comprising the foam precursor and the mineral fibres.
- the fibres can be mixed into the foam precursor by a mechanical mixing method such as use of a rotary mixer or simply by stirring. Additives as discussed above can be added to the foamable composition.
- the formation of a foam can then be induced.
- the manner in which the foam is formed depends on the type of foam to be formed and is known to the person skilled in the art for each type of polymeric foam. In this respect, reference is made to "Handbook of Polymeric Foams and Foam Technology" by Klempner et al.
- the man-made vitreous fibres can be mixed with a polyol as the foam precursor.
- the foamable composition usually also comprises water as a chemical blowing agent. Then foaming can be induced by the addition of an isocyanate.
- foam formation is induced by the addition of a further component and the further component comprises further man-made vitreous fibres, wherein at least 50% by weight of the further man-made vitreous fibres have a length of less than 100 micrometres.
- Including man-made vitreous fibres in both the foamable composition and the further component can increase the overall quantity of fibres in the foam composite, by circumventing the practical limitation on the quantity of fibres that can be included in the foamable composition itself.
- a foamable composition could comprise a polyol, man-made vitreous fibres and water. Then foaming could be induced by the addition, as the further component, of a mixture of isocyanate and further man-made vitreous fibres, wherein at least 50% of the man-made vitreous fibres have a length of less than 100 micrometres.
- the mixture of isocyanate and man-made vitreous fibres could constitute the foamable composition, and the mixture of polyol, water and man-made vitreous fibres could constitute the further component.
- the quantity of man-made vitreous fibres in the further component is preferably at least 10 % by weight, based on the weight of the further component. More preferably the quantity is at least 20% or at least 30% based on the weight of the further component.
- the further component comprises less than 80% by weight, preferably less than 60%, more preferably less than 55% by weight man-made vitreous fibres.
- the polymeric foam composite is the material that provides compressive strength and resistance to compression to the thermal insulating element. Therefore, preferably the polymeric foam composite has a compressive strength of at least 1500 kPa and a compression modulus of elasticity of at least 60000 kPa as measured according to European Standard EN 826: 996.
- the following are examples of the polymeric foam composite materials as used in the invention as compared with other polymeric foam composite materials.
- Example 1 comparative
- Example 2 100.0 g of the same commercially available polyol formulation as used in Example 1 was mixed with 200.0 g ground stone wool fibres, over 50% of which have a length less than 64 micrometres, for 10 seconds. Then 100.0 g of the commercially available composition of diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate was added and the mixture was mixed by propellers for 20 seconds at 3000 rpm. The material was then placed in a mold to foam, which took about 3 min. The following day, the sample was weighed to determine its density and the compression strength and compression modulus of elasticity were measured according to European Standard EN 826:1996.
- 100.0 g of the same commercially available polyol formulation as used in Examples 1 and 2 was mixed for 0 seconds with 50.0 g stone fibres having a different chemical composition from those used in Example 2 and having an average length of 300 micrometres.
- 100.0 g of the commercially available composition of diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate was added.
- the mixture was then mixed by propellers for 20 seconds at 3000 rpm.
- the material was placed in a mold to foam, which takes about 3 min. The following day, the sample was weighed to determine its density and the compression strength and compression modulus of elasticity were measured according to European Standard EN 826:1996.
- Example 3 was repeated, but the fibres were ground such that greater than 50% of the fibres had a length less than 64 micrometres. Following this grinding it became possible to mix 200g of the fibres with the polyol mixture.
- Example 6 240g of the same commercially available polyol formulation as used in Example 6 was mixed with 480g ground stone wool fibres with over 50% having a length less than 64 micrometers. The mixture was mixed by propeller for 30 seconds at 3000 rpm. Then 340g of the commercially available composition of diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate was added and the mixture was mixed by propellers for 20 seconds at 3000 rpm. The material was then transferred to a mold and allowed to foam. The next day, samples measuring 80mm x 30mm x 30mm was cut and weighed and the density was calculated to 84kg/m 3 . Then the sample was placed in a heating cupboard at 200°C. After 24 hours, the foam had shrunk to a length of 75,5mm and the sample had maintained its initial cuboid shape.
- Figure 8 is an environmental scanning electron microscope image of a polyurethane foam composite material as used according to the invention, in which the fibres have a length distribution such that 95% by weight of the fibres have a length below 100 micrometres and 75% by weight of the fibres have a length below 63 micrometres.
- the composite contains 45% fibres by weight of the composite.
- the instrument used was ESEM, XL 30 TMP (W), FEI/Philips incl. X-ray microanalysis system EDAX. The sample was analysed in low vacuum and mixed mode (BSE/SE).
Abstract
L'invention concerne un élément de façade comprenant : une couche d'isolation possédant une première face principale, une seconde face principale, un bord supérieur et un bord inférieur, et deux bords latéraux, chaque bord reliant les première et seconde faces principales, la couche d'isolation comprenant un matériau isolant contenant une fibre vitreuse synthétique cohérente et au moins un goujon s'étendant sensiblement du bord supérieur au bord inférieur et sensiblement de la première face principale à la seconde face principale de la couche d'isolation ; et une plaque frontale disposée sur la première face principale de la couche d'isolation ; caractérisé en ce que tant le goujon que la plaque frontale comprennent un matériau composite en mousse polymère, le matériau composite en mousse polymère comprenant une mousse polymère et des fibres vitreuses synthétiques discontinues, au moins 50 % en poids des fibres vitreuses synthétiques présentes dans le matériau composite en mousse polymère ayant une longueur inférieure à 100 micromètres.
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PCT/IB2014/000174 WO2014125366A1 (fr) | 2013-02-18 | 2014-02-18 | Élément de façade |
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CN104358345A (zh) * | 2014-11-03 | 2015-02-18 | 重庆市綦江区公信建材有限公司 | 玻璃纤维增强石膏空心墙板 |
WO2016081743A1 (fr) * | 2014-11-19 | 2016-05-26 | Ettinger Richard | Éléments de construction en mousse de polyuréthane pour des bâtiments commerciaux et/ou résidentiels |
JP2016223241A (ja) * | 2015-06-03 | 2016-12-28 | トヨタホーム株式会社 | 断熱パネル |
CN107299694A (zh) * | 2015-10-10 | 2017-10-27 | 董晓娜 | 一种保温建筑墙体结构 |
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