WO2014114891A1 - Ensemble de connexion de conduites sous-marines - Google Patents
Ensemble de connexion de conduites sous-marines Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014114891A1 WO2014114891A1 PCT/FR2014/050139 FR2014050139W WO2014114891A1 WO 2014114891 A1 WO2014114891 A1 WO 2014114891A1 FR 2014050139 W FR2014050139 W FR 2014050139W WO 2014114891 A1 WO2014114891 A1 WO 2014114891A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- connector
- opposite ends
- connection end
- curved
- frame
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 210000001364 upper extremity Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000261422 Lysimachia clethroides Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/01—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells specially adapted for obtaining from underwater installations
- E21B43/0107—Connecting of flow lines to offshore structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/01—Risers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/01—Risers
- E21B17/012—Risers with buoyancy elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/01—Risers
- E21B17/015—Non-vertical risers, e.g. articulated or catenary-type
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/20—Flexible or articulated drilling pipes, e.g. flexible or articulated rods, pipes or cables
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/002—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables specially adapted for underwater drilling
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/16—Connecting or disconnecting pipe couplings or joints
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of subsea installations for conveying hydrocarbons between a bottom and a surface.
- Such well-known underwater installations comprise a rising pipe that extends from the seabed to an intermediate zone overhanging the bottom and located at a distance below the surface, and a flexible pipe connected in the extension of the pipe. rising and extending catenary from the intermediate zone to the surface where it is connected to a surface installation.
- the riser pipe is maintained substantially vertically through a float immersed in the intermediate zone.
- WO2009 / 1 12 687 describes an underwater installation of this type.
- the underwater installation comprises a frame making it possible to connect together the end of the riser and the float, and the frame is equipped with a curved conduit which extends in gooseneck in the extension of the pipe uplink.
- the conduit has a free end provided with a connection tip.
- the frame and the float are installed to keep the rising pipe vertically balanced.
- it is connected from the surface, the flexible pipe terminated by a connector to the nozzle, so as to establish the connection between the riser and the flexible pipe.
- the connector is specifically equipped with a retractable flange and is installed at the end of the flexible pipe.
- the frame It is approaching the frame by unwinding the flexible pipe from the surface.
- the frame comprises retaining members, and the retractable flange then comes engage in restraint means.
- the flexible pipe is further unwound, and the connector then tilts around the retaining means to abut against a support member and adjust facing the nozzle of the conduit. Then, the connector is driven towards the tip by retracting the flange to connect them together.
- a problem that arises and that aims to solve the present invention is to provide an underwater connection assembly that allows to preserve the integrity of the connector during the connection.
- the present invention a subsea connection assembly for connecting, between a bottom and a surface, a riser extending from said bottom to said surface and a flexible pipe joining said surface, said riser having an upper connection end and said flexible conduit having a lower connection end, said connection assembly comprising, on the one hand, a longitudinal frame having a foot integral with said upper connection end, and a head to be connected a float, and secondly, a connector and a curved conduit having two opposite ends, so as to connect said catenary flexible pipe to said riser.
- one of said opposite ends of said curved conduit is adapted to be secured to said lower connection end, while said connector is mounted to the other of said opposite ends, so as to cause said connector towards said end superior connection in one direction oriented from said head to said foot, guiding said curved conduit through said frame.
- a feature of the invention lies in the implementation of the curved conduit, in a fixed position on the lower end of connection of the flexible pipe, and no longer at the end of the riser pipe, and in the implementation of place the connector at the other end of the curved duct.
- the curved duct is suspended from a guide wire joining a laying ship and in a first phase, the curved duct is approached which is itself suspended from the flexible pipe to the frame in a direction substantially perpendicular to the pipe uplink.
- the curved conduit is then carried through the frame at the level of the head, while the connector extends coaxially facing the upper connection end of the riser.
- the frame comprises guide ramps extending in said direction from said head towards said foot, for guiding said curved conduit.
- the curved duct can come to bear against the guide ramps, so that, when the guide wire is released, it is guided in translation by the guide ramps towards the base of the frame, while the connector is him, guided towards the upper end of connection.
- said other of said opposite ends of said curved conduit comprises diametrically opposed guide pads adapted to cooperate with said guide ramps.
- the opposite guide pads come to bear against the guide rails, and they are driven in friction against them when the guide cable is released.
- said guide ramps comprise two rear uprights adapted to respectively support said guide pads.
- the two rear uprights are mounted parallel to each other and parallel to the direction of the frame extending from the head to the foot.
- said guide ramps further comprise, and preferably, two anterior amounts respectively facing said rear uprights to be able to trap said guide pads.
- each of the guide pads is slidably mounted between an anterior post and a posterior post. In this way, the guide of the duct curved in translation through the longitudinal frame is perfectly ensured by simply releasing the guide wire.
- the guide pads have longitudinal bearing surfaces extending parallel to the axis of said connector.
- said frame further comprises a receiving carriage slidably mounted on said ramps for receiving said other of said opposite ends of said curved conduit.
- the guide pads are for example able to come to bear on the receiving carriage, especially when the connector is connected to the upper end of the connection of the riser.
- the frame can be equipped with a drive of the receiving carriage, the foot to the head so as to disconnect the connector as will be explained in more detail in the following description.
- said two opposite ends of said curved duct define two axial directions substantially inclined with respect to each other, for example at an angle of between 10 and 20 °.
- said other of said opposite ends of the curved duct extends substantially vertically, in the extension of the rising duct which itself is vertical, while said one of said opposite ends is inclined.
- the flexible pipe then comes to extend catenary from this opposite end inclined.
- said curved duct advantageously comprises a connecting beam for interconnecting said two opposite ends.
- said connecting beam comprises an arm extending cantilevered in the extension of said beam opposite said other of said opposite ends with respect to said one of said opposite ends. The arm then allows to deport the anchor of the guide wire relative to the axis of the connector, and therefore to be able to maneuver the guide wire by freeing the float that surmounts the frame.
- said arm has a removable portion. This removable portion can then be removed after the connection is established between the flexible pipe and the riser pipe.
- the present invention proposes a method of subsea connection, between a bottom and a surface, of a rising pipe extending from said bottom towards said surface and of a flexible pipe joining said surface, said pipe riser having an upper connection end and said flexible conduit having a lower connection end, said connection method being of the type in which on the one hand a longitudinal frame having a foot secured to said upper connection end and a head is provided; intended to be connected to a float, and secondly, a connector and a curved conduit having two opposite ends, so as to connect said catenary flexible pipe to said riser.
- one of said opposite ends of said curved conduit is secured to said lower connection end, while said connector is mounted to the other of said opposite ends, and said connector is driven towards said upper connection end according to an oriented direction of said head toward said foot, guiding said curved conduit through said frame.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an underwater connection method according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a schematic elevational front view of one of the elements of an underwater connection assembly according to the invention.
- Figure 3 is a schematic side elevation showing one of the elements shown in Figure 2 and another element of the connection assembly;
- FIG. 4 is a schematic side elevational view showing the mode of cooperation of said other element with said one of the elements in a first phase of connection;
- Figure 5 is a diagrammatic side elevational view of the elements illustrated in Figure 4, in a second connection phase;
- Figure 6 is a diagrammatic perspective view of three quarters front of the elements illustrated in Figure 5;
- Figure 7 is a schematic perspective view of three rear quarters of the elements shown in Figure 6, in a third connection phase;
- Figure 8 is a schematic perspective view of the elements illustrated in Figure 7, in a fourth connection phase.
- Figure 1 schematically illustrates a tower 10 having a rigid rising pipe 12 fixed to a seabed 14 by means of an anchoring system 16.
- the rigid pipe 12 has an upper portion 18, suspended from a float 20 wherein a sufficient amount of air is trapped to maintain the rigid pipe in a vertical position.
- the float 20 is located in an area between the seabed 14 and a surface 22, and more precisely towards the surface 22. This zone is nevertheless chosen at a distance from the surface 22, to be less dependent on surface movements.
- Figure 1 also illustrates a laying ship 24 sailing on the surface 22 to the right of the tower 10.
- a flexible pipe 26 is suspended from the laying ship 24 via a cable 28.
- the flexible pipe 26 has one end The latter is extended by a curved duct 32, which is terminated by a connector 34.
- the upper part 18 of the rigid pipe 12 comprises a longitudinal frame 36 which will be described first in front view and with reference to Figure 2.
- the frame 36 have two parallel cylindrical main uprights 38, 40, of a length for example between 10 and 15 m.
- the main uprights 38, 40 are connected together, in an upper end 42 of the head frame 36, by an upper cross member 44 connected to the float 20, and in a bottom end 46 forming a foot, by two superposed lower cross members, 48, 50.
- a first lower crossbar 50 is at the lower extremum of the frame 36, while a second crosspiece 48 is spaced from the first towards the upper end 42 of the frame 36.
- This figure also shows the upper portion 18 of the rising rigid pipe, which terminates in an upper connection end 52 held in engagement with the lower cross members 48, 50 between the main posts 38, 40, substantially equidistant therefrom.
- the upper connecting end 52 has a male end 53 extended projecting from the second crosspiece 48 to the upper end 42.
- the frame 36 makes it possible in particular to connect together the float 20 and the riser 12 so as to to maintain the latter vertically in the water.
- Figure 2 illustrates guide rails comprising two rear uprights 54, 56 extending from the second cross member to the upper cross member 44, a distance corresponding substantially to two thirds of that which extends between the second 48 and the upper cross 44.
- the two rear uprights 54, 56 respectively extend along main uprights 38, 40, substantially rearward of the upper connection end 52. And they are interconnected in their upper part by a spacer 57.
- the guide rails also comprise two anterior legs 58, 60 which extend respectively parallel and vis-à-vis the posterior amounts 54, 56.
- the two front legs 58, 60 extend substantially in front of the upper end of connection 52, a distance corresponding substantially to half the distance between the second crosspiece 48 of the upper cross member 44.
- the two pairs of anterior and posterior amounts 54, 58; 56, 60 constitute two parallel guide spaces 59 on each side of the upper connection end 52. These two guide spaces 59 extend from the lower end 46 forming a foot towards the upper end 42 forming a head. Furthermore, they define an average plane axially cutting the male end 53 of the upper connection end 52.
- FIG. 3 illustrates, on the side of the frame 36 as shown in FIG. 2, and partially, the bottom end 30 equipped with the flexible pipe retained by the cable 28.
- the frame 36 at the frame 36 the rear uprights 54, 56 and the front legs 60, 58, which extend from the second cross member 48.
- the frame 36 comprises a receiving carriage 61 installed in the vicinity of the upper connection end 52, and having four sleeves respectively slidably mounted on the rear uprights 54, 56 and the front uprights 60, 58. The following will explain the role of the receipt 61.
- the lower end 30 of the flexible tubular conduit 26 is connected to a first end 62 of the curved conduit 32, which extends substantially inverted U to a second end 64.
- This second end 64 is ends with the connector 34. It will be observed that the latter has a female end.
- the first end 62 and the second end 64 are connected together through a connecting beam 68, which is extended by a cantilever arm 70 away from the second end 64 relative to the first end 62 of the curved duct 32.
- the cantilever arm 70 has, according to the embodiment shown in Figure 3, a removable portion 72 terminated by a free end of anchoring 74. The cable 28 is then moored to this anchoring end 74.
- the second end 64 of the curved duct 32 has oblong lateral guide pads 76, 78 which extend in an axial direction A of the connector 34, and project from the second end 64. More specifically, the two oblong lateral guide pads 76, 78 define a mean plane axially intersecting the connector 34. In addition, the oblong lateral guide pads 76, 78 respectively have two opposite bearing surfaces substantially flat and parallel to each other and also parallel to each other. the axial direction A of the connector 34.
- the axial direction X of the first end 62 of the curved duct 32 is inclined with respect to the axial direction A of the connector 34.
- the flexible pipe 26, which is equipped with a stiffening sleeve which is extends from the lower end 30 beyond the cantilever arm 70 exert a force weighing substantially in the axis of the cable 28, thereby maintaining the connecting beam 68 and the arm 70 which extends in a substantially horizontal direction.
- the connector 34 will be able to be carried transversely through the frame 36 by means of the cable 28 without the float 20 can not hinder.
- the cable 28 holds the flexible pipe 26 hanging through the cantilevered arm 70 and the first end 62 of the curved pipe 32. and it was driven to the frame 36 until the guide pads 76, 78 came to bear laterally against the rear uprights 54, 56 above the front legs 58, 60, shorter.
- the connector 34 is then between the rear uprights 54, 56 and anterior 60, 58. And it then extends coaxially to the upper connection end 52 and more precisely to the connection end 53 of the rigid riser 12.
- the cable 28 is released gradually so as to lower the arm 70 and the connecting beam 68 relative to the frame 36 and therefore to let the pads engage respectively guide 76, 78 rear of the anterior legs 60, 58 within the guide spaces 59 above.
- the thickness of the oblong guiding pads 76, 78 is substantially equal to the distance which separates respectively the posterior legs 54, 56 and anterior 58, 60, to the functional clearance close. In this way, the oblong guide pads 76, 78 slide freely inside the guide spaces 59, as the cable 28 is released.
- connection end 53 Thanks to their opposite flat support surfaces respectively guided by the rear uprights 54, 56 and anterior 58, 60, the oblong guide pads 76, 78, keep the connector in the axis of the upper connection end 52 during the approaching phase of the connector 34 and the connection end 53 until the connector precisely come to cap the connection end 53.
- the connection is then performed automatically in a known manner, for example by means of conical connecting members and snap jaws elastically biased.
- the rigid riser pipe 12 and the flexible pipe 26 are then sealingly and continuously connected via the curved pipe 32.
- the oblong guide pads 76, 78 are respectively supported on the receiving carriage 61.
- Figure 6 illustrates the flexible pipe 26 and the rising rigid pipe 12 thus connected together at the frame 36.
- a cantilever arm 70 without removable portion.
- the connector 34 covers the male connection end that it masks in Figure 6 and the oblong guide pads 76, 78 respectively engaged between the rear uprights 54, 56 and anterior 58, 60 allow a perfect anchoring of the flexible pipe 26 through the second end 64 of the curved duct 32, the connecting beam 68 and the first end 62 of the duct curved 32, to which is directly connected the lower connection end 30 of the flexible pipe 26.
- FIG. 5 shows all the elements illustrated in FIG. 4, in the connection situation as described with reference to FIG. 6.
- the removable part 72 of the cantilever arm 70 is being disassembled by means of of a submarine robot not shown. It can then be raised to the surface on the laying ship by means of the cable 28.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Laying Of Electric Cables Or Lines Outside (AREA)
- Quick-Acting Or Multi-Walled Pipe Joints (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR112015017309-8A BR112015017309B1 (pt) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-24 | Conjunto de conexão submarino, e, método de conexão submarina |
US14/763,266 US9518451B2 (en) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-24 | Assembly for connecting underwater pipes |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1350662 | 2013-01-25 | ||
FR1350662A FR3001491B1 (fr) | 2013-01-25 | 2013-01-25 | Ensemble de connexion de conduites sous-marines |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2014114891A1 true WO2014114891A1 (fr) | 2014-07-31 |
Family
ID=48083353
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2014/050139 WO2014114891A1 (fr) | 2013-01-25 | 2014-01-24 | Ensemble de connexion de conduites sous-marines |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US9518451B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR112015017309B1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3001491B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2014114891A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB201517554D0 (en) * | 2015-10-05 | 2015-11-18 | Connector As | Riser methods and apparatuses |
GB201815150D0 (en) * | 2018-09-18 | 2018-10-31 | Oil States Ind Uk Ltd | Connection system for a marine drilling riser |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2809136A1 (fr) * | 2000-05-19 | 2001-11-23 | Saibos Construcoes Maritimas L | Installation de liaison fond-surface pour conduite sous- marine, dispositif de liaison entre un flotteur et un riser, et procede d'intervention dans ledit riser |
GB2453168A (en) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-01 | 2H Offshore Engineering Ltd | Frame for connecting a jumper to a riser |
WO2009112687A1 (fr) | 2008-01-25 | 2009-09-17 | Technip France | Installation de connexion sous-marine |
GB2468653A (en) * | 2009-03-16 | 2010-09-22 | Subsea 7 Ltd | Connecting riser parts using a winch platform |
GB2472644A (en) * | 2009-08-14 | 2011-02-16 | Acergy France Sa | Marine riser apparatus and method of installation |
WO2012076520A2 (fr) * | 2010-12-06 | 2012-06-14 | Aker Subsea As | Connecteur supérieur de colonne montante |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB0100565D0 (en) * | 2001-01-10 | 2001-02-21 | 2H Offshore Engineering Ltd | Operating a subsea well |
WO2005031110A1 (fr) * | 2003-09-23 | 2005-04-07 | Dril-Quip, Inc. | Ensemble permettant de relier un cavalier a une structure sous-marine |
GB2440336B (en) * | 2006-07-27 | 2008-12-17 | Verderg Connectors Ltd | Connection tool with indexing system |
-
2013
- 2013-01-25 FR FR1350662A patent/FR3001491B1/fr active Active
-
2014
- 2014-01-24 US US14/763,266 patent/US9518451B2/en active Active
- 2014-01-24 BR BR112015017309-8A patent/BR112015017309B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2014-01-24 WO PCT/FR2014/050139 patent/WO2014114891A1/fr active Application Filing
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2809136A1 (fr) * | 2000-05-19 | 2001-11-23 | Saibos Construcoes Maritimas L | Installation de liaison fond-surface pour conduite sous- marine, dispositif de liaison entre un flotteur et un riser, et procede d'intervention dans ledit riser |
GB2453168A (en) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-01 | 2H Offshore Engineering Ltd | Frame for connecting a jumper to a riser |
WO2009112687A1 (fr) | 2008-01-25 | 2009-09-17 | Technip France | Installation de connexion sous-marine |
GB2468653A (en) * | 2009-03-16 | 2010-09-22 | Subsea 7 Ltd | Connecting riser parts using a winch platform |
GB2472644A (en) * | 2009-08-14 | 2011-02-16 | Acergy France Sa | Marine riser apparatus and method of installation |
WO2012076520A2 (fr) * | 2010-12-06 | 2012-06-14 | Aker Subsea As | Connecteur supérieur de colonne montante |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR112015017309A2 (pt) | 2017-07-11 |
US9518451B2 (en) | 2016-12-13 |
US20150361770A1 (en) | 2015-12-17 |
FR3001491B1 (fr) | 2017-12-01 |
BR112015017309B1 (pt) | 2021-09-28 |
FR3001491A1 (fr) | 2014-08-01 |
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