WO2014114548A1 - Procédé et dispositif pour limiter une puissance optique transmise et télémètre - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour limiter une puissance optique transmise et télémètre Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014114548A1
WO2014114548A1 PCT/EP2014/050763 EP2014050763W WO2014114548A1 WO 2014114548 A1 WO2014114548 A1 WO 2014114548A1 EP 2014050763 W EP2014050763 W EP 2014050763W WO 2014114548 A1 WO2014114548 A1 WO 2014114548A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
protective element
shaping device
image plane
optical power
intensity
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2014/050763
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Bernd Eberle
Gunnar Ritt
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angew. Forschung E.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angew. Forschung E.V. filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angew. Forschung E.V.
Publication of WO2014114548A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014114548A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for
    • G02B27/0927—Systems for changing the beam intensity distribution, e.g. Gaussian to top-hat
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
    • G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S17/08—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only
    • G01S17/10—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of interrupted, pulse-modulated waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
    • G01S7/481—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
    • G01S7/4816—Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements of receivers alone
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/09—Beam shaping, e.g. changing the cross-sectional area, not otherwise provided for

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a rangefinder with at least one laser light source which is adapted to emit pulsed laser radiation and having at least one photodetector which is adapted to detect reflected laser radiation. Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for limiting a transmitted optical power, comprising at least one focusing optics, which images incoming light onto an intermediate image plane, wherein at least one first protective element is arranged in the intermediate image plane. Finally, the invention relates to a method for limiting an optical power, in which light is focused on an intermediate image plane and is at least partially absorbed by a first protective element.
  • This known device contains at least one focusing optics, which bundles incident light to an intermediate focus.
  • Intermediate focus is at least one protective element arranged which has a non-linear absorption characteristic. points, so that comparatively low light intensities can be transmitted with low losses. If the optical power exceeds a predeterminable limit, the absorption in the protective element increases, so that the damage of subsequent optical elements or the eye of a
  • a disadvantage of this known device is that the light intensity or the beam profile in the intermediate focus often has a Gaussian distribution or a diffraction pattern in the form of a Bessel function.
  • the optical power supplied to the device may be large enough to allow damage to optical components or to the human eye.
  • the power density in some surface areas or areas within the protective element may be so low that a
  • the invention is therefore the object of the
  • the object is achieved by a device for limiting a transmitted optical power according to claim 1, a rangefinder according to claim 9 and a method according to claim 10.
  • a rangefinder with at least one laser light source.
  • Laser light source may be configured to be pulsed
  • the laser light source may be a directly modulated semiconductor laser or contain such.
  • the laser light source may be a directly modulated semiconductor laser or contain such.
  • the laser light source may be a continuous wave laser, which is interrupted by an optical modulator becomes.
  • the laser light source may be a continuous wave laser, which is interrupted by an optical modulator becomes.
  • the laser light source may be a Q-switched laser.
  • the length of individual laser pulses can be between about 100 ns and about 10 ps. In other embodiments of the invention, the length of individual laser pulses may be between about 50 ns and about 100 ps.
  • the laser radiation can be directed and / or focused onto a target by an optional optics, for example at least one lens and / or a mirror and / or a prism.
  • the target reflects at least a portion of the incident laser radiation.
  • a portion of the reflected laser radiation impinges on at least one photodetector, which is adapted to detect the reflected laser radiation and to convert it into an electrical signal.
  • the photodetector can be, for example, at least one photodiode, a phototransistor, a CCD element or a photoresistor or contain such an element.
  • multiple photodetectors may form a line or matrix detector.
  • the signal propagation time of the laser radiation can be determined from the electrical signal of the photodetector, so that a distance can be determined from the signal propagation time and the speed of light.
  • the rangefinder includes at least one optional optical element configured to image the reflected laser radiation onto the photodetector.
  • the intensity on the surface of the photodetector can be increased, so that the rangefinder has a larger measuring range and / or an improved measuring accuracy, since the signal / noise ratio is improved.
  • the rangefinder further includes at least one beam shaping device which is adapted to a predeterminable distribution of intensity against the location of the reflected laser radiation to produce.
  • the beam shaping device can be used to produce a uniform illumination of the at least one photodetector. This allows it to be active on the whole
  • the detector to provide an optical power, which is sufficient to produce electron-hole pairs. This may increase the sensitivity of the rangefinder. Furthermore, the optical power is applied uniformly over the entire active area of the photodetector, so that power peaks in individual surface areas, which can lead to damage of the photodetector, are avoided. This allows the photodetector to be protected from damage, particularly if the rangefinder is aimed at a small distance target and / or at a high retroreflective target, such as a traffic sign.
  • the rangefinder may further include a first protection element configured to transmit only a predetermined amount of incident light. An additional amount of incident light can be dampened in the first protection element.
  • the first protection element may be configured to have non-linear damping. In this case, the attenuation is intensity-dependent, so that low optical powers are transmitted almost unhindered, whereas higher intensities, which can lead to damage of the photodetector, can not penetrate the first protective element unhindered.
  • the rangefinder may further include a second protection element
  • the second protective element can be designed such that only a predefinable wavelength range is transmitted.
  • the second protection element may be a color filter or an interference filter.
  • the beam shaping device may generate a distribution of intensity versus location approximately of the shape and size of the light entry surface of the photodetector. For example, in at least one spatial direction intensity can be redistributed from the flanks to the center of a Gaussian distribution so that the beam profile has approximately the shape of a step function or a subgaussian distribution. In other embodiments of the invention, secondary maxima of a
  • Bessel distribution in the zeroth order or in the center of the diffraction pattern are transferred, so that a greater intensity of the reflected light can be supplied to the photodetector.
  • a device for limiting a transmitted optical power which contains at least one focusing optical system which images incident light on an intermediate image plane.
  • the focusing optics may be a lens or mirror optics.
  • the focusing optics may be composed of a plurality of optical elements to have a desired refractive power and / or to correct aberrations.
  • At least a first protective element is arranged, which has a predeterminable damping behavior.
  • the damping behavior can be nonlinear by the
  • the first protective element so
  • the absorption is intensity-dependent, so that low optical powers almost
  • the first protection element may be formed to have non-linear dispersion, i. low intensities are scattered only slightly and higher intensities are more widely scattered. In yet another embodiment of the invention, the first protection element may be so
  • the intermediate image plane of an optical system can change with increasing intensity of the incoming light.
  • a predetermined beam profile i. a predefinable distribution of the intensity against the location of the incident light.
  • the problem arises that optical power in the higher-order maxima can be transmitted through the first protection element because its maximum intensity is too low to be attenuated by a non-linearly attenuating first protection element.
  • the sum of the optical power transmitted in this way by the first protective element can be so great that, despite the presence of the first protective element, it can damage the following
  • the beam-shaping device can have a rectangular or a sub-Gaussian or at least one spatial direction in at least one spatial direction
  • the beam-shaping device may be selected from at least one diffractive optical element and / or at least one spatial light modulator and / or a combination of lenses and / or mirrors.
  • the elements mentioned can be used to modulate the intensity and / or phase of incoming light, so that the desired photodetector or the first protective element
  • a diffractive optical element may be formed by holography on a substrate.
  • the first protective element may contain absorption centers bound in a solid.
  • first protective elements which are formed as a thin layer on a carrier material
  • such a first protective elements may have a greater thickness and thereby fluctuations in the Intermediate image plane due to lens aberrations and / or
  • Absorption centers of the first protective element contain or consist of dyes.
  • the dyes can absorb light in higher states of excitation, so that the largest proportion contributes to the absorption of excited states of the dye molecules.
  • the dye can have a two-photon absorption, so that the absorption depends non-linearly on the intensity.
  • Absorption centers of the first protective element contain or consist of particles, wherein the particles have a size of about 5 nm to about 100 nm.
  • the first protection element may comprise particles bound in a solid and containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, zinc, cadmium, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, iron , Nickel, cobalt, zirconium, tantalum, tungsten, platinum, gallium, carbon, phosphorus, antimony, arsenic and indium.
  • These particles can be prepared in a simple manner, can be well dispersed within a polymer material or an amorphous or crystalline solid and can be a non-linear in a particularly simple manner
  • Solid body be present, which forms the functional element.
  • the beam-forming device may be arranged between the focusing optics and the first protective element. As a result, the beam profile is not affected by lens aberration of the focusing optics.
  • the beam-shaping device may be arranged in front of the focusing optics. In this way, even small diameter beam spots can be achieved in the intermediate focus, since that of the
  • Beam shaping device generated beam profile is reduced by the optical image of the focusing optics.
  • it may further include a third optic which directs incident light to the beamformer which is positioned in front of the focusing optic.
  • a third optic which directs incident light to the beamformer which is positioned in front of the focusing optic.
  • Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a rangefinder according to the invention in section.
  • FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a device according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows a first embodiment of a device according to the invention for limiting a transmitted optical power.
  • FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of a device according to the invention for limiting a transmitted optical power.
  • FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment of a device according to the invention for limiting a transmitted optical power.
  • FIG. 6 shows the mode of action of the invention
  • the rangefinder 3 includes a laser light source 31 with an exit window 311.
  • the exit window 311 or in addition to the exit window can also be a
  • the laser beam 24 is pulsed and is emitted in the direction of a target 25 whose distance from the rangefinder 3 is to be determined.
  • the target 25 reflects part of the pulsed laser radiation 24 and at least partially sends it back as reflected laser radiation 26 in the direction of the rangefinder 3.
  • the reflected laser radiation 26 is detected in the rangefinder 3 by at least one photodetector 32.
  • the photodetector 32 in some embodiments of the invention, may be a photodiode, a photoresistor, or a phototransistor. In some embodiments of the invention, the photodetector 32 may have an active area of approximately 50 ⁇ 50 ⁇ m to approximately 100 ⁇ 100 ⁇ m.
  • the photodetector 32 may in other embodiments of the invention have an active area of about 20 x 20 ⁇ to about 200 x 200 ⁇ In other embodiments of the invention, the active area of the photodetector 32 may also be round. In this case, a larger active area provides better sensitivity of the rangefinder 3, but due to the larger electrical capacity a
  • the process described above may be performed cyclically to determine the distance and / or the presence of a
  • At least one beam shaping device 15 is arranged, which in addition
  • the beam shaping device 15 is set up to generate a predetermined distribution of the intensity against the location of the reflected laser radiation 26.
  • the beam shaping device can be used to shift intensity from secondary maxima into the main maximum and / or to increase the edge steepness of the beam profile, so that a subgaussian distribution or an approximated step function results.
  • the beam shaping device 15 may comprise a diffractive optical element, a spatial light modulator or a combination of dispersive lenses and / or converging lenses and / or mirrors.
  • the beam shaping device 15 may comprise a beam homogenizer, which contains, for example, a light guide. It should be pointed out that approximately rectangular beam profiles are not modes capable of propagating in free space, but that in the propagation zone between the beam shaping device and the light entry surface of the beam
  • Photodetector 32 may also be a different beam profile. It is essential for the purposes of the invention, however, that the beam shaping device 15 on the
  • Light entrance surface of the photodetector 32 a beam profile generated, which differs from a Gaussian or Bessel distribution.
  • a beam shaping device 15 in the rangefinder 3 causes the active area of the photodetector 32 is illuminated more uniformly.
  • the rangefinder 3 an optional
  • Incident lens 14 which focuses incident laser light 26 from a larger entrance surface on the smaller active area of the photodetector 32.
  • an optional device 1 for limiting the transmitted optical power may be present, which will be described in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 3 to 5
  • a first protective element 10 may also be arranged in the laser rangefinder, as follows
  • the optional entrance lens 14 can also take over the function of the first focusing optics 11 described below.
  • FIG. 3 shows a first embodiment of a device 1 for limiting a transmitted optical power.
  • the device 1 can be used, for example, in conjunction with a telescope, a rangefinder, a pair of binoculars or a camera lens, to damage a picture converter or a photodetector by laser radiation high intensity or direct sunlight.
  • the device 1 can protect the human eye when the user of the optical device in
  • the intention of damage is blinded by a laser beam or looks into direct sunlight.
  • the device 1 contains at least a first focusing optical system 11.
  • the focusing optical system 11 is shown by way of example as a converging lens 111.
  • the first focusing optics 11 may also include a combination of collection and diverging lenses or at least one mirror.
  • Incoming light 20 is imaged by the first focusing optics 1 onto an intermediate image plane 21.
  • a first protective element 10 which may have, for example, a non-linear damping behavior. This may result in incoming light 20 having comparatively low intensity being transmitted to more than 80% or more than 90% through the first protection element 10.
  • Incident light 20 of higher intensity can be absorbed in the first protection element 10 to a greater extent, for example to more than 95%, more than 99%, more than 99.9% or more than
  • the light emerging from the first protective element 10 is collimated by a second optical system 12 and fed as exit beam 22 to a subsequent optical device or to the human eye.
  • the second optical system 12 is also shown by way of example as a single converging lens 121.
  • the second optic 12 may be composed of a plurality of collecting and / or diverging lenses and / or mirrors.
  • the beam shaping device 15 may be, for example, a diffractive optical element or spatial light modulator or a system of different lenses.
  • the beam shaping device 15 can be set up to transfer optical power or intensity from secondary maxima in the intermediate focus 21 into the maximum of the zeroth order.
  • the beam shaping device 15 can increase the edge steepness of a maximum of zero order, so that a larger proportion of the optical power has a sufficient intensity to be absorbed in the first protective element 10. This avoids that an unacceptably large optical power in the exit beam 22 is present.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a second embodiment of the device 1 proposed according to the invention for limiting a transmitted optical power. Same
  • the embodiment according to FIG. 4 also shows a first focusing optical system 11, which generates an intermediate image plane 21.
  • a first protective element 10 is arranged, as described above.
  • the light transmitted through the first protective element 10 is converted by a second optical system 12 into an output beam 22.
  • the beam shaping device 15 is arranged in front of the first focusing optical system 11.
  • the beam profile generated by the beam shaping device 15 can be reduced by the focusing optics 11, so that a higher intensity per Area is available, whereby the function of a non-linear absorber is supported as the first protection element 10.
  • FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment of the invention. Also in this case, the same components of the invention are provided with the same reference numerals.
  • the third embodiment has a third focusing optical system 13.
  • the focusing optics 13 is configured to image incident light 20 on the beam shaping device 15.
  • the function of the beam-shaping device 15 can be improved and / or the requirements for the beam-shaping device 15 can be reduced.
  • FIG. 6 again illustrates the mode of operation of the beam shaping device 15. Shown are two exemplary distributions of the intensity versus the location as sections through a beam profile. The intensity is represented on the ordinate Y and the location on the abscissa X.
  • the beam can be rotationally symmetric, so that the same beam profile can be present in two orthogonal spatial directions. In other embodiments, the beam profile may be different in two spatial directions, such as when focused through a cylindrical lens.
  • FIG. 6 shows a threshold 50 above which a nonlinear first protective element 10 sufficiently attenuates, so that damage to subsequent optical components or to a human eye is avoided.
  • the right-hand part of the image shows an approximately Gaussian beam profile B.
  • the maximum intensity of the Gaussian profile exceeds the threshold 50 so that the component denoted by ⁇ in FIG. 6 can be damped in the first protective element 10.
  • Figure 6 also shows that due to the low slope of the Gaussian profile part of the optical power is below the threshold 50 and thus can be attenuated element 10 only to a much lesser extent by the first protection. This proportion of the optical power is designated B 2 in FIG. Unless the
  • the curve A represents a possible beam profile, which can be generated by a beam-shaping device 15. It can be seen that the maximum intensity has decreased. However, this is still above the threshold 50, which ensures a sufficient damping of the designated A ⁇ part in the first protective element 10. At the same time the
  • the waveform A of greater width than Gaussian distribution shown in Figure 6 is referred to as the subgaussian distribution of intensity versus location for purposes of the present invention.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
  • Optical Radar Systems And Details Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif (1) pour limiter une puissance optique transmise, contenant au moins une optique de focalisation (11) qui reproduit la lumière incidente sur un plan image intermédiaire (21), au moins un premier élément de protection (10) étant disposé dans le plan image intermédiaire. L'invention est caractérisée en ce que le dispositif (1) contient en outre une unité de mise en forme de faisceaux (15) conçue pour générer une distribution, pouvant être prédéfinie, de l'intensité dans l'espace de la lumière incidente. L'invention concerne en outre un télémètre équipé d'un tel dispositif et un procédé pour limiter une puissance optique.
PCT/EP2014/050763 2013-01-24 2014-01-16 Procédé et dispositif pour limiter une puissance optique transmise et télémètre WO2014114548A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102013201139.3A DE102013201139A1 (de) 2013-01-24 2013-01-24 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Begrenzung einer transmittierten optischen Leistung und Entfernungsmesser
DE102013201139.3 2013-01-24

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WO2014114548A1 true WO2014114548A1 (fr) 2014-07-31

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WO2016162050A1 (fr) * 2015-04-07 2016-10-13 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Procédé de limitation d'une puissance optique, limiteur de puissance et dispositif equipé d'un tel limiteur
DE102016200109A1 (de) * 2015-09-18 2017-03-23 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erfassung von Gegenständen in einem Erfassungsbereich
DE102022000894A1 (de) 2022-03-15 2023-09-21 Diehl Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Vorrichtung zur optischen Erfassung eines Zielobjekts

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GB2351813A (en) * 1983-12-19 2001-01-10 Marconi Co Ltd Optical shield design
US5805326A (en) * 1994-05-06 1998-09-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Optical limiter structure and method
DE202010002568U1 (de) * 2010-02-19 2010-06-17 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Vorrichtung zur Begrenzung einer transmittierten optischen Leistung

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