WO2014110864A1 - 金属构件残余应力的局部调控方法和系统 - Google Patents

金属构件残余应力的局部调控方法和系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014110864A1
WO2014110864A1 PCT/CN2013/072423 CN2013072423W WO2014110864A1 WO 2014110864 A1 WO2014110864 A1 WO 2014110864A1 CN 2013072423 W CN2013072423 W CN 2013072423W WO 2014110864 A1 WO2014110864 A1 WO 2014110864A1
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Prior art keywords
residual stress
ultrasonic
control
transducer
energy
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PCT/CN2013/072423
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
徐春广
宋文涛
潘勤学
肖定国
徐浪
李骁
刘海洋
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北京理工大学
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Priority claimed from CN2013100269704A external-priority patent/CN103045845A/zh
Priority claimed from CN201310026962XA external-priority patent/CN103076821A/zh
Priority claimed from CN201310027192.0A external-priority patent/CN103060545B/zh
Priority claimed from CN2013100262851A external-priority patent/CN103135622A/zh
Application filed by 北京理工大学 filed Critical 北京理工大学
Priority to EP13871844.0A priority Critical patent/EP2918690A4/en
Priority to JP2015552971A priority patent/JP2016505856A/ja
Publication of WO2014110864A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014110864A1/zh

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D10/00Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22FCHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F3/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by special physical methods, e.g. treatment with neutrons

Definitions

  • Residual stress is the stress that remains after deformation due to uneven stress fields, strain fields, temperature fields, and tissue inhomogeneities during metal processing. Residual stress has a great influence on the reliability of mechanical components, especially the fatigue life, dimensional stability and corrosion resistance of structural components, and can lead to stress concentration, which leads to microcracks in the material. The material causes the material to break. Therefore, it is urgent to eliminate and control the residual stress of the component. However, the generation of residual stress is extremely common and extremely difficult to predict. So far, there are still no good residual stress control methods and systems to meet actual production needs.
  • the explosion method and the static force method are two other methods that use mechanical methods to eliminate residual stress. Their principle is to superimpose the applied load and the internal residual stress to cause plastic deformation inside the material and release residual stress.
  • the disadvantages are: The explosion method is only applicable to materials that do not cause damage under strong shock waves, and the static force method has special requirements for the static loading of components.
  • Pulse current processing is a new method that partially or completely eliminates residual stress in materials.
  • the disadvantage is that the invention uses a single pulse current, with a large peak pulse current and a short duration of action.
  • the method of ultrasonic shock to eliminate the residual stress in welding is mainly to use the ultrasonic impact device to transmit the ultrasonic vibration of the mechanical vibration to the weld on the workpiece, so that the residual stress of the surface of the weld bead is usually caused by impact damage or even Cracks or microcracks that will greatly affect the safety and reliability of the mechanical structure.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a method and system for regulating residual stress, which can effectively achieve in-situ elimination, suppression and reconstruction of local residual stress distribution of in-service mechanical components.
  • the invention has the advantages of convenient operation, improved work efficiency and economy Cost, reduce pollution and other characteristics.
  • the ultrasonic signal excitation controller is configured to receive the control issued by the industrial computer And transmitting a control signal to the ultrasonic amplifier, wherein the ultrasonic amplifier drives the design of the invention according to the control signal to be reasonable, simple and practical, and convenient to operate. And the system can be made smaller, lighter and more portable.
  • Figure 1 shows the sound field model of a single ultrasonic transducer and its coordinate system.
  • Figure 1 (b) shows a plurality of ultrasonic transducer focusing array sound field models and their coordinate systems.
  • Figure 2 shows the far-field focus of the high-energy sound field.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a multi-channel high-energy ultrasonic sound field processing device for welding residual stress.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a residual stress high energy sound field closed loop control system of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of the clamping device when a single ultrasonic transducer is in operation.
  • Figure 6 is a side view of the ultrasonic transducer guide head of the present invention.
  • Figure 6 (b) is a front elevational view of the ultrasonic transducer guide head of the present invention.
  • ultrasonic transducer 1 : ultrasonic transducer; 3: residual stress concentration area; 4: workpiece; 7: drive signal; 8: high power ultrasonic amplifier; 9: regulation signal; 10: ultrasonic signal excitation controller; 11: command signal; IPC; 13: Coupling agent; 14: Fixed intermediate rod; 15: Supporting long rod; 16: Threaded rod; 17: Platen; 19: Magnetic holder; 21: Weld; 22: Ultrasonic signal excitation multi-channel controller 23: residual stress closed-loop controller; 24: ultrasonic signal processing module; 25: residual stress detection transducer
  • the invention adopts a high-energy ultrasonic sound field to regulate residual stress, and the so-called residual stress high-energy ultrasonic sound field regulation is to place the in-service elastic solid mechanical component in a high-energy sound field.
  • the so-called residual stress high-energy ultrasonic sound field regulation is to place the in-service elastic solid mechanical component in a high-energy sound field.
  • the local quantitative regulation of the residual stress state is implemented.
  • the macroscopic residual stress of the member is measured in time by the acoustic-elastic effect, and the residual stress closed-loop control system is formed, and finally the local residual stress state of the component is realized. Ultrasonic testing and closed loop control.
  • Figure 1 shows the sound field model of a single ultrasonic transducer and its coordinate system.
  • Figure 1 (b) shows a plurality of ultrasonic transducer focusing array sound field models and their coordinate systems.
  • P is any point in the sound field, and its distance from the sound source is r, the angle is ⁇ ; ⁇ is the angle at which the transducer surface is located.
  • the principle of the regulation of residual stress by high-energy ultrasonic sound field is as follows:
  • the process of eliminating residual stress is essentially the process of elastic strain energy stored in the material gradually released by microscopic or local plastic deformation, that is, related to the movement of dislocations. .
  • the dislocation atom is given enough power to overcome its resistance. By slipping out of the crystal, the lattice distortion is reduced and the residual stress is eliminated.
  • the energy obtained by the high-energy ultrasonic wave from the power source with a distance from the ultrasonic source is:
  • the energy of the high-energy ultrasonic wave providing the internal mass of the metal is proportional to the density A of the metal material itself, the constant volume ratio of the material, the heat-fixing specific heat, and the like, and the speed at which the ultrasonic wave propagates inside. Inversely; at the same time, it is proportional to the amplitude of the sound pressure A and the square of the frequency provided by the ultrasonic wave itself. Due to the regulation of the internal residual stress of a material, the inherent properties of the material itself such as density ⁇ , constant volume specific heat, and constant pressure specific heat are unchanged.
  • a higher power ultrasonic transducer 1 should be used to provide a larger sound pressure amplitude A, and the ultrasonic transducer can excite a higher frequency ultrasonic sound field.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a high field sound field far field focusing process according to the present invention.
  • a plurality of ultrasonic transducers 1 are used to generate high-energy ultrasonic focusing in the stress region of the workpiece 4.
  • high-energy ultrasonic waves of a certain frequency and power are continuously regulated for a certain period of time at a certain allowable heating temperature.
  • the ultrasonic transducer 1 in Fig. 2 adopts a tilted column shape having an inclined surface to form a focus in the residual stress concentration region 3.
  • the shape of the ultrasonic transducer can be in various forms and is not particularly limited. There are mainly column type (Fig. 5), horn type (Fig. 3), and column type with a section in the middle.
  • the shape of the ultrasonic transducer 1 may be any shape unless otherwise specified, and is not limited to the shapes indicated in the specification and the drawings.
  • the shapes shown in the specification and the drawings are merely examples for convenience of explanation.
  • the ultrasonic transducer 1 includes a housing, a matching layer, a piezoelectric ceramic disk transducer, a backing, an extraction cable, and a Cymbal array receiver. Among them, a part of the backing constitutes a guiding head (as shown in Figure 6).
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic view of the clamping device of the column type ultrasonic transducer 1 (the same as the horn type ultrasonic transducer).
  • the two strong magnetic housings 19 are adsorbed on the welding body to be regulated, and the upper ends of the two strong magnetic housings 19 are fixed with the supporting long rods 15, and the fixed intermediate rods 14 and the threads are adjusted.
  • the rod 16 adjusts the ultrasonic transducer 1 to the weld bead 21 (residual stress concentration region), and the workpiece 4 is held in fixed contact with the ultrasonic transducer 1 by the platen 17, and then the ultrasonic transducer 1 is connected to the power supply at both ends.
  • the high energy ultrasonic excitation system is closed.
  • the device is designed with a multi-channel control board that can control multiple ultrasonic transducers 1 to control at the same time.
  • the auxiliary clamping device provides a clamping force to maintain the workpiece in fixed contact with the ultrasonic transducer 1. Applying a layer of couplant 13 on the clamping surface can reduce the ultrasonic energy loss and reduce the temperature of the high-energy sound field.
  • the two magnetic housings 19 are attracted to the welding body to be adjusted, and the fixed intermediate rod 14 and the threaded rod 16 are adjusted to adjust the ultrasonic transducer to the stress concentration area of the weld seam 21, and the pressure plate 17 is used.
  • the ultrasonic transducer 1 applies a certain preload to fix it
  • a layer of coupling agent 13 is applied on the clamping and fixing surface, which can reduce the ultrasonic energy loss and reduce the temperature when the high-energy sound field is regulated.
  • Fig. 6 (a) and (b) show the guide head of the inclined columnar ultrasonic transducer 1 having an inclined surface (Fig. 2) for controlling the incident angle of the high energy sound beam, and realizing the sound beam in the workpiece. 4 internal local quantitative focus.
  • a focused ultrasonic transducer is designed to control the incident angle of the high-energy beam, and the local quantitative focusing of the beam within the component is achieved.
  • a notch 20 is formed on the circumferential side of the guide head for clamping by the auxiliary holding device.
  • applying a layer of coupling agent 13 to the clamping surface can reduce the ultrasonic energy loss and reduce the temperature of the high-energy sound field.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a welding residual stress multi-channel high-energy ultrasonic sound field processing apparatus according to the present invention, which includes: an industrial computer 12, an ultrasonic signal excitation controller 10, a high-power ultrasonic amplifier 8, an ultrasonic transducer 1 and an auxiliary device.
  • the ultrasonic transducer 1 in Fig. 3 is of a horn type.
  • FIG. 3 shows a multi-channel high-energy ultrasonic sound field processing system, in which a control command is issued by the industrial computer 12 in conjunction with the control system software, and the ultrasonic signal excitation controller 10 receives the control command signal 11 and sends a control signal 9 to the high-power ultrasonic amplifier 8, which is high.
  • the power ultrasonic amplifier 8 drives the ultrasonic transducer 1 to generate a high-energy ultrasonic beam according to the control signal, and the energy of the high-energy ultrasonic beam is injected into the residual stress concentration region 3 according to the set requirement, thereby adjusting the residual stress.
  • the power supply time, output power, frequency, and clamping force of the auxiliary device can be adjusted.
  • the high-energy sound field propagates through the workpiece medium to cause the medium to be plasmidized, thereby initiating a series of secondary effects such as creep between the grains or the lattice.
  • the powerful wave energy of the sound field inside the workpiece it destroys, weakens or reconstructs the binding force between the lattices, and plays a role in regulating the residual stress field.
  • the high-energy ultrasonic sound field control system with residual stress can use the residual stress ultrasonic detection and closed-loop control system shown in Figure 4.
  • the residual stress ultrasonic detection and closed-loop control system includes ultrasonic transducers 1 in series, high-power ultrasonic amplifiers 8, and ultrasonic signal excitation.
  • the path controller 22, the residual stress closed-loop controller 23, the ultrasonic signal processing module 24, and the residual stress detecting transducer 25 are connected as shown in FIG.
  • the ultrasonic transducer 1 is fixedly connected to the workpiece 4 by a coupling agent 13 .
  • the ultrasonic signal excitation multi-channel controller 22 cooperates with the software to control the plurality of ultrasonic amplifiers 8 to generate a driving signal, and the driving signal 7 excites the plurality of ultrasonic transducers 1 to generate different frequencies and phases.
  • the high-energy ultrasonic beam the energy of the focused high-energy ultrasonic beam adjusts the residual stress.
  • the residual stress detecting transducer 25 is used to detect the residual stress of the workpiece 4, and the ultrasonic signal (acoustic time) is transmitted to the ultrasonic signal processing module 24, and the ultrasonic signal processing module 24 transmits the detected residual stress information to the ultrasonic sensor in real time.
  • the residual stress closed loop controller 23, the residual stress closed loop controller 23 is coupled to the ultrasonic signal excitation multiplex controller 22 to form a residual stress closed loop control system.
  • one or more focused ultrasonic transducers 1 are arranged in an area where the residual stress needs to be adjusted or around the area, and the arrangement thereof is determined by the specific tooling conditions on the site and the number of ultrasonic transducers 1, the ultrasonic transducer 1 Connected to the workpiece 4 through the clamping device, the contact surface is coated with the coupling agent 13 to reduce the ultrasonic energy loss and reduce the working temperature; then the positive and negative poles of the transducer are connected to the positive and negative output terminals of the ultrasonic excitation multi-channel control.
  • the key technology of high-energy ultrasonic focusing lies in the focus control mode.
  • the present invention utilizes a focusing system composed of an ultrasonic transducer 1 and a multi-element focusing acoustic lens, which is an effective and practical focusing mode.
  • multiple ultrasonic transducers 1 are used to simultaneously excite the focus, and the sound field geometric focusing principle is used to generate high-energy fluctuations at the focus.
  • the principle is shown in Fig. 1 (b).
  • This high-energy ultrasonic focusing method solves the problem of insufficient power of a single ultrasonic transducer 1.
  • the automatic control technology is used to coordinate the ultrasonic transducers 1 to focus the ultrasonic waves to the residual stress in the same coordinate system. Controlled target area,
  • a relatively high-energy focal region is formed at different depths in the workpiece 4 to adjust and control the residual stress state at different depths of the surface, subsurface and interior of the component.
  • the above diffraction theory describes the high-energy sound field distribution of the acoustic lens to obtain accurate results.
  • the residual stress measurement system After a high-energy ultrasonic focusing process for a period of time, the residual stress measurement system is used to accurately and accurately measure the real-time state of the residual stress. These depend on the corresponding computer control system and the matching workbench, fixture, etc., real-time residual stress state. Feedback to the control system, the system will control the processing time according to the real-time effect of regulation, and achieve the purpose of accurately quantifying local residual stress.
  • the high-energy ultrasonic sound field was used to eliminate the welding residual stress of metal materials such as 45# steel plate.
  • the 45# steel workpiece 4 is subjected to high-energy sound field processing for a certain period of time using a plurality of focusing transducers of a certain power and frequency, and the arrangement method of the ultrasonic transducer 1 is as shown in FIG.
  • the eight measurement areas on the measurement surface were measured by the ultrasonic residual stress measurement system, and after the test, the stress values were measured again. The test is based on transducer power, transducer frequency and load time as influence factors.
  • the 45# steel test piece is partially quenched to generate residual stress, and four acoustic wave transducers 1 are arranged in the residual stress concentration part to turn on the ultrasonic generator power supply, and the four ultrasonic transducers 1 simultaneously excite the focus to generate a high energy effect at the focus. Residual stress adjustment is performed on the residual stress concentration region.
  • the single focus transducer current is 0.1-1A, and the power and frequency are matched in three groups: 60W/28KHz, 60W/20KHz, 40W/28Kz, and the holding time is 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 40 minutes, 80 minutes.
  • the active material is H62 copper test piece, the current of single acoustic transducer 1 is 0.1-1A, and the power and frequency are matched by three groups: 60W/28KHz, 60W/20KHz. 40W/28Kz, the holding time is 40 minutes, 80 Minutes, 160 minutes.
  • the active material is 6061 aluminum alloy test piece.
  • the current of single acoustic transducer 1 is 0.1-1A, the power and frequency are: 60W/28KHz, and the holding time is 30 minutes and 60 minutes respectively.
  • the high-energy ultrasonic sound field control device using the residual stress the average value of the stress before the high-energy ultrasonic treatment is 239 MPa.
  • the average residual stress value in the measurement area decreased to 125Mpa
  • the drop rate was as high as 47.8%
  • the local area stress value decreased from 408MPa to 162MPa
  • the stress drop value reached 246Mpa.
  • the frequency range is from 20KHz to 600KHz.
  • the power of the sound field generated by the wave transducer ranges from 40 W to 1000 W.
  • Ultrasonic transducer The action time of the sound field generated by the device ranges from 10 minutes to 10 hours.
  • the principle is advanced and the treatment effect is good:
  • the invention starts from the root of the residual stress, injects the energy of the high-power ultrasonic wave into the stress control region, appropriately changes the original dislocation structure, and makes the dislocation from the unstable high energy.
  • the bit moves to a position where the low energy level is relatively stable.
  • the original dislocation structure is broken, and a new low-configuration energy, low-elasticity structure is reconstructed, that is, the residual stress is redistributed, and the stress level is lowered, thereby eliminating the residual stress of the workpiece and increasing the dimensional stability of the material;
  • the present invention utilizes a control system to control different excitation parameters such as incident angle, frequency and phase of the high-energy ultrasonic beam, and forms a high-energy residual stress concentration region in a short-term place where residual stress needs to be controlled. Changing the dislocations in the region produces slip and plastic strain, thereby regulating the residual stress;
  • Ultrasonic is harmless to the human body, high-energy ultrasonic treatment has low noise, safety and reliability, and almost no pollution;
  • the present invention is applicable to all elastic solid workpieces, including metallic or non-metallic materials such as glass.

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Abstract

一种金属构件残余应力的局部调控方法和系统,在金属构件残余应力的局部调控方法中,其将一个或多个高能超声波换能器(1)布置在残余应力需要调控的金属构件区域或该区域周围,固定所述超声波换能器(1)并控制其发出高能超声波,通过调节高能超声波的频率、幅度、相位和能量等参数用以调节和控制所述区域的残余应力数值大小和方向。该方法和系统能有效实现对金属构件局部残余应力分布的原位消除、抑制和重建,具有结构简单、操作方便、效率高、成本低、污染少等特点。

Description

说 明 书 金属构件残余应力的局部调控方法和系统 技术领域
本发明涉及一种金属构件残余应力的局部调控方法和系统, 实现 对在役机械构件局部残余应力分布的原位消除、 抑制和重建。 本发明 成果可广泛应用于航空航天、船舶、机床行业、 工程机械、 煤矿机械、 铸造、 锻造、 焊接、 模具、 核电、 风电等多个领域。 背景技术
残余应力是金属加工过程中由于不均匀的应力场、 应变场、 温度 场和组织不均匀性, 在形变后保留下来的应力。 残余应力对机械构件 的可靠性有很大影响, 特别是对结构件的疲劳寿命、 尺寸稳定性和抗 腐蚀能力影响很大并且会导致应力集中, 从而导致材料产生微裂纹, 而这些裂纹在一定条件下导致材料断裂。 因此, 迫切需要对构件的残 余应力进行消除与调控。 但是, 残余应力的产生是极其普遍的, 也是 极难预测的, 目前为止, 仍然没有较好的残余应力的控制方法与系统 来满足实际生产需求。
传统采用自然时效、 热处理等方法进行残余应力消弱和消除。 但 是自然时效耗时长、 效率低、 占地面积大、 不易调控; 热处理法周期 长、 能耗高、 经济成本高、 工件易氧化、 污染严重, 而且不易处理大 型构件或加热易受损的构件。 力的技术。 当构件产生较强烈机械振动, 振动应力与材料内部残余应 力相叠加大于材料的屈服极限时, 在工件内部发生微观和宏观的塑性 变形, 使残余应力降低和均匀化。 该方法的不足之处在于: ① 应用 面窄, 约 77%的构件由于高刚性、 高固有频率而无法振动; ② 效果 差, 无法进行多维残余应力的消除, 处理效果无法达到热时效效果; ③ 操作复杂, 传统振动时效设备处理工件时, 调整激振点、 支撑点 和拾振点很繁瑣; ④ 噪音污染严重, 工件在固有频率附近振动, 噪 声极大, 工作现场环境恶劣。 该方法也难以用于在役构件残余应力消 除。
爆炸法和静态作用力法是另外两种采用机械法消除残余应力的 典型方法, 它们的原理都是通过外加载荷与内部残余应力叠加, 从而 使材料内部发生塑性变形, 释放残余应力。 不足之处在于: 爆炸法只 适用于那些在强大冲击波下不会造成破坏的材料, 而静态作用力法对 构件静态加载的能力有特殊要求。
脉冲电流处理法是一种部分乃至完全消除了材料中的残余应力 的新方法。 但是不足之处在于该发明采用单一的脉冲电流, 脉冲电流 峰值大, 作用时间短。
电磁复合处理方法通过脉冲电流和脉冲磁场处理铁磁性金属材 料, 该发明的不足之处在于影响残余应力消除效果的因素较多, 操作 复杂, 难以实现在役构件残余应力的原位消除。
超声波冲击消除焊接中残余应力的方法主要是利用超声波冲击 装置, 将超声频的机械振动传递给工件上的焊缝,使焊缝部位表面产 件残余应力的同时, 通常会带来冲击损伤甚至是裂缝或微小裂纹, 这 些裂纹将极大地影响机械结构的安全和可靠性。 发明内容
针对上述问题, 本发明的目的是提供一种残余应力的调控方法及 系统, 该调控方法及系统能有效实现对在役机械构件局部残余应力分 布的原位消除、 抑制和重建。
在本发明提供的残余应力的调控方法中, 将一个或多个超声波换 能器布置在残余应力需要调控的区域或该区域周围, 固定所述超声波 换能器并使之发出超声波, 用以消除所述区域的残余应力。
通过上述调控方法, 本发明具有操作方便、 提高工作效率、 节约 成本、 减少污染等特点。
在本发明提供的残余应力的调控系统中, 包括依次电连接的工控 机、 超声波信号激励控制器、 超声波放大器、 超声波换能器, 所述超 声波信号激励控制器用于接收所述工控机发出的控制指令, 并向所述 超声波放大器发出调控信号, 所述超声波放大器根据调控信号驱动所 本发明的设计合理、 简单实用, 而且操作方便。 且此系统能够做 得体积较小, 重量轻, 便于携带。 附图说明
图 1 )表示单一超声波换能器声场模型及其坐标系。
图 1 ( b )表示多个超声波换能器聚焦阵列声场模型及其坐标系。 图 2 为高能声场远场聚焦示意图。
图 3 为焊接残余应力多路高能超声波声场处理装置原理图。
图 4为本发明的残余应力高能声场闭环调控系统原理图。
图 5为单个超声波换能器工作时的夹持装置的示意图。
图 6 ) 为本发明的超声波换能器导向头的侧视图。
图 6 ( b ) 为本发明的超声波换能器导向头的主视图。
【符号说明】
1 : 超声波换能器; 3: 残余应力集中区域; 4: 工件; 7: 驱动信 号; 8: 高功率超声波放大器; 9: 调控信号; 10: 超声波信号激励控 制器; 11 : 指令信号; 12: 工控机; 13: 耦合剂; 14: 固定中间杆; 15: 支撑长杆; 16: 螺纹杆; 17: 压盘; 19: 磁吸座; 21 : 焊缝; 22: 超声波信号激励多路控制器; 23: 残余应力闭环控制器; 24: 超声波 信号处理模块; 25: 残余应力检测换能器 具体实施方式
本发明采用高能超声波声场对残余应力进行调控, 所谓残余应力 的高能超声波声场调控, 就是将在役弹性固体机械构件置于高能声场 中, 利用外加高功率声能, 实施对残余应力状态的局部定量调控; 同 时, 利用声弹效应及时测得构件的宏观残余应力, 形成残余应力闭环 控制系统, 最终实现对构件局部残余应力状态的超声波检测与闭环控 制。
本发明的具体实施方案结合附图详述如下:
图 1 )表示单一超声波换能器声场模型及其坐标系。 图 1 ( b ) 表示多个超声波换能器聚焦阵列声场模型及其坐标系。 图 1中, P为 声场中的任意点, 其与声源的距离为 r, 角度为 θ ; φ为换能器表面 定位点所处角度。
首先对一种残余应力的高能超声波声场调控方法进行说明。
关于高能超声波声场对残余应力的调控方法, 其原理在于: 残余 应力得以消除的过程实质是储存在材料中的弹性应变能通过微观或 局部塑性变形逐渐释放的过程, 也即与位错的运动有关。 要消除残余 应力, 就是给位错原子以足够的动力, 克服其阻力, 通过滑移出晶体 内部, 实现晶格畸变的减少, 残余应力得到消除。
高能超声波提供的离功率超声波源距离为 的质元所获得的能量 为:
(…D
Figure imgf000006_0001
由此可知, 当高能超声波声场提供给工件 4内部质元的能量 大 于由于位错产生的束缚能 w时, 金属内部的残余应力将得以释放。 这 从理论上初步证明了利用高能量超声波是可以控制残余应力的, 但 是, 控制的效率和效果与材料特性、 激励频率、 耦合方式和控制的局 部位置等因素有关。
由方程 ( 1 ) 可知, 高能超声波提供金属内部质元的能量与金属 材料本身的密度 A、 材料的定容比热 定压比热 等固有属性成正 比, 与超声波在其内部传播的速度 c成反比; 同时, 与超声波本身提 供的声压振幅 A和频率 /的平方成正比。 由于对某一材料内部残余应 力进行调控时, 其材 料本身的密度 ^、 定容比热 , 定压比热 等固 有属性不变。 因此, 对于残余应力较大的工件 4, 为了达到最佳调控 效果, 应使用较大功率的超声波换能器 1以提供较大的声压振幅 A, 且超声波换能器能够激励出较大频率 的超声波声场。
图 2为本发明高能声场远场聚焦处理示意图。 图 2中采用多个超 声波换能器 1在工件 4的应力区域产生高能超声波聚焦。 在常温下, 通过一定频率和功率的高能超声波, 在一定允许发热温度下连续调控 一段时间。 图 2中的超声波换能器 1采用具有倾斜面的倾斜柱状, 在 残余应力集中区域 3形成聚焦。超声波换能器的形状可以有多种形式, 并没有特别限定。 主要有柱型 (如图 5 ) 、 喇叭型 (如图 3 ) 、 柱型 中间有节等结构形状。 在下面的说明及附图中, 如无特别说明, 超声 波换能器 1的形状可以为任意形状, 并不拘泥于说明书及附图中所表 示的形状。说明书及附图中所表示的形状仅是为了便于说明而举的例 子。
超声波换能器 1包括外壳、 匹配层、压电陶瓷圆盘换能器、 背衬、 引出电缆和 Cymbal阵列接收器。其中,背衬的一部分构成导向头(如 图 6 ) 。
图 5为柱型超声波换能器 1 (喇叭型超声波换能器与之相同) 工 作时的夹持装置示意图。 在对焊接工件残余应力集中区域进行调控 时, 两个强磁吸座 19吸附在待调控的焊接体部位, 两个强磁吸座 19 上端固定有支撑长杆 15,调节固定中间杆 14与螺纹杆 16将超声波换 能器 1调节到焊缝 21 (残余应力集中区域) , 利用压盘 17将工件 4 与超声波换能器 1保持固定接触, 然后将超声波换能器 1两端接上电 源, 使高能超声波激励系统闭合。 该装置设计了多路控制电路板, 可 通过控制拒同时控制多个超声波换能器 1工作。 辅助夹持装置提供一 定夹紧力, 使工件与超声波换能器 1保持固定接触。 夹持固定面上涂 一层耦合剂 13,可以起到减少超声波能量损失和对高能声场调控应力 时降温双重功效。
如图 5所示, 两个磁吸座 19吸附在待调控的焊接体部位, 调节 固定中间杆 14与螺纹杆 16将超声波换能器调节到焊缝 21的应力集 中区域, 利用压盘 17向超声波换能器 1施加一定预紧力, 使其固定 在焊接体表面, 夹持固定面上涂一层耦合剂 13, 可以起到减少超声波 能量损失和对高能声场调控应力时降温双重功效。
另外, 图 6 ( a ) 和 (b )表示的是具有倾斜面的倾斜柱状的超声 波换能器 1的导向头 (如图 2 ) , 用于控制高能声束的入射角度, 实 现声束在工件 4内部的局部定量聚焦。 利用 Snell定律原理, 设计出 聚焦超声波换能器来控制高能声束的入射角度, 实现声束在构件内部 的局部定量聚焦。为了便于夹持,在导向头的圆周侧面形成有缺口 20, 用于供辅助夹持装置夹持。 同样, 夹持固定面上涂一层耦合剂 13, 可 以起到减少超声波能量损失和对高能声场调控应力时降温双重功效。
接下来对一种残余应力的高能超声波声场调控系统进行说明。 图 3是本发明焊接残余应力多路高能超声波声场处理装置原理 图, 其中包括了: 工控机 12、 超声波信号激励控制器 10、 高功率超 声波放大器 8, 超声波换能器 1以及辅助装置。 图 3中的超声波换能 器 1采用喇叭型。
图 3显示多路高能超声波声场处理系统, 其中, 通过工控机 12 配合调控系统软件发出控制指令, 超声波信号激励控制器 10接收控 制指令信号 11后, 向高功率超声波放大器 8发出调控信号 9, 高功率 超声波放大器 8根据调控信号驱动超声波换能器 1产生高能超声波 束,高能超声波束的能量按照设定要求注入到残余应力集中区域 3中, 从而对残余应力进行调节。 可调节电源通电时间、 输出功率、 频率、 辅助装置的夹紧力。 工作时, 高能声场在工件介质中传播使得媒质粒 化, 从而引发晶粒或晶格间的蠕动等一系列次级效应。 利用工件内部 声场的强大波动能量, 破坏、 消弱或重建晶格间的约束力, 起到对残 余应力场的调控作用。
残余应力的高能超声波声场调控系统可以采用图 4所示的残余应 力超声波检测与闭环控制系统。
如图 4所示, 残余应力超声波检测与闭环控制系统包括依次电连 接的超声波换能器 1、 高功率的超声波放大器 8、 超声波信号激励多 路控制器 22、 残余应力闭环控制器 23、 超声波信号处理模块 24、 残 余应力检测换能器 25, 其连接关系如图 4所示。 其中, 超声波换能器 1通过耦合剂 13而与工件 4固定连接。
在对某一工件 4进行残余应力调控时, 先通过超声波信号激励多 路控制器 22配合软件控制多个超声波放大器 8产生驱动信号, 驱动 信号 7激励多个超声波换能器 1产生不同频率、相位的高能超声波束, 聚焦高能超声波束的能量对残余应力进行调节。 同时, 采用残余应力 检测换能器 25对工件 4残余应力进行检测, 并将超声波信号(声时) 传输给超声波信号处理模块 24, 超声波信号处理模块 24将检测到的 残余应力信息实时的传给残余应力闭环控制器 23,残余应力闭环控制 器 23与超声波信号激励多路控制器 22相连, 从而形成残余应力闭环 控制系统。
关于弹性固体残余应力场的原位声能控制方法, 详述如下。
先将一个或多个聚焦超声波换能器 1布置在残余应力需要调控的 区域或该区域周围, 其布置方式受现场具体工装条件和超声波换能器 1的个数而定, 超声波换能器 1与工件 4通过夹持装置连接, 接触面 涂上耦合剂 13以减小超声波能量损失和降低工作温度; 然后将换能 器正负极与超声波激励多路控制拒的正负极输出端相连, 控制拒连接 高能超声波发生器; 接通超声波发生器电源, 使得超声波换能器 1产 生超声波波动能量, 并对残余应力集中区域进行远场声场聚焦处理。 单个换能器的电流较价范围为 0.1-1A, 处理温度在常温下进行, 保持 一定的连续聚焦处理时间。
高能超声波聚焦的关键技术在于聚焦控制方式, 本发明利用超声 波换能器 1与多阵元聚焦声透镜组成的聚焦系统, 是一种有效、 实用 的聚焦方式。 为了更好的实现材料内部局部残余应力控制, 使用多个 超声波换能器 1同时激发聚焦, 利用声场几何聚焦原理, 在聚焦处产 生高能波动, 原理如图 1 ( b )所示。 这种高能超声波聚焦方法很好的 解决了单个超声波换能器 1功率不足的问题, 利用自动控制技术协调 各个超声波换能器 1在同一坐标系下将超声波聚焦到残余应力需要调 控的目标区域,
通过控制高能超声波束的入射角度、 频率和相位等不同激励参 数, 在工件 4内不同深度处形成相对高能的聚焦区, 以便调节和控制 构件表面、 亚表面和内部不同深度的残余应力状态, 用上述衍射理论 来描述声透镜的高能声场分布能够较好的获得准确的结果。
在高能超声波聚焦处理一段时间后, 利用残余应力测量系统及时 准确测量出残余应力实时状态, 这些要依靠相应的计算机控制系统和 与之相配套的工作台、 夹具等装置实现, 将实时残余应力状态反馈到 控制系统, 系统将根据调控的实时效果控制处理时间, 达到准确定量 局部调控残余应力的目的。
利用残余应力的多路高能超声波声场处理系统, 做了高能超声波 声场对 45#钢板等金属材料焊接残余应力进行消除的试猃。 采用多个 一定功率、 频率的聚焦换能器对 45#钢工件 4进行一定时长的高能声 场处理, 超声波换能器 1的布置方法如图 2所示。 试猃前, 对测量面 上的 8个测量区域利用超声波残余应力测量系统测量, 试猃后, 再次 测量其应力值。 试猃以换能器功率, 换能器频率和加载时间作为影响 因子。
结果表明: 残余应力集中区域 3的残余应力值变化明显, 而远离 残余应力集中区域 3的残余应力值变化不大。 这表明通过调整和控制 高能超声波的激励规律、 远场聚焦, 可能实现有效地、 量化地对弹性 固体工件 4局部的残余应力状态进行改变和控制, 达到消除和抑制有 害残余应力, 增强有益残余应力的目的。 45#钢板经过一定时间大功 率超声波应力消除后, 应力值整体上有了改善。 通过适当的引入压应 力, 增加了钢板表面和整体结构强度, 提高了焊接区域表面抗腐蚀和 耐磨损能力。 利用超声波能量对残余应力场的状态进行调控这一技术 将具有广阔的实际应用价值。
具体实施步骤进行详细说明:
1 ) 测量工件 4的待调控区域的残余应力值的大小, 对于残余应 力较大的工件, 需要采用激励频率和功率较大的超声波换能器 1 ; 对 于残余应力较小的工件 4, 可采用相对较小激励频率和功率的超声波 换能器 1进行调控。
2 ) 高能声场处理一定时间后, 再次测量调控区域的残余应力值。
3 )对比当前残余应力值与所需调控值, 若达到调控效果, 则停 止继续调控, 若未达到, 则重复步骤 2, 直到达到调控效果后, 停止 调控。
实 例 1
将 45#钢试件局部淬火产生残余应力, 在残余应力集中部位布置 4个声波换能器 1, 开启超声波发生器电源, 4个超声波换能器 1同时 激发聚焦, 在聚焦处产生高能作用, 对残余应力集中区域进行残余应 力调节。 单个聚焦换能器电流为 0.1-1A, 功率和频率采用三组搭配: 60W/28KHz, 60W/20KHz, 40W/28Kz,保持作用时间分别为 10分钟、 20分钟、 40分钟、 80分钟。
实 例 2
与实猃例 1不同之处在于:
作用材料为 H62铜试件, 单个声波换能器 1的电流为 0.1-1A, 功 率和频率采用三组搭配: 60W/28KHz、 60W/20KHz. 40W/28Kz , 保 持作用时间分别为 40分钟、 80分钟、 160分钟。
实 例 3
与实猃例 1不同之处在于:
作用材料为 6061铝合金试件,单个声波换能器 1的电流为 0.1-1A, 功率和频率采用: 60W/28KHz, 保持作用时间分别为 30分钟、 60分 钟。
通过上述实猃, 利用残余应力的高能超声声场调控装置, 实猃区 域在高能超声处理前, 应力的平均值为 239MPa。 高能超声处理后, 测量区域的平均残余应力值降低到 125Mpa, 降幅高达 47.8%, 局部 区域的应力值从 408MPa下降到 162MPa, 应力下降值达到 246Mpa。
通过实臉, 频率的范围为 20KHz~600KHz内效果较好。 另外, 优 选波换能器产生声场的功率的范围为 40W~1000W。 优选超声波换能 器产生声场的作用时间的范围为 10分钟 ~10小时。
利用超声波聚焦定量调控材料局部残余应力的方法具有以下几 个优点:
( 1 )原理先进、 处理效果好: 本发明从残余应力产生的根源着 手, 将大功率超声波的能量注入到应力调控区域, 恰当地改变原有的 位错结构, 使得位错从不稳定的高能位运动到低能位相对稳定的位 置。 原来的位错构造被打破, 重新形成新的低组态能、 低弹性性能的 构造, 即残余应力重新分布, 应力水平下降, 进而达到消除工件残余 应力, 增加材料尺寸稳定性;
( 2 ) 能耗低、 处理速度较快: 本发明利用调控系统控制高能超 声波束的入射角度、 频率和相位等不同激励参数, 短时间内在残余应 力需要调控的部位形成高能的残余应力集中区域, 改变该区域内的位 错产生滑移和塑性应变, 从而对残余应力进行调控;
( 3 )设备简单、 操作简便、 成本低廉: 本发明的最小硬件配置 是高功率超声波发生器和聚焦超声波换能器以及相应的辅助夹持装 置即可;
( 4 ) 无污染: 超声波对人体无害, 高能超声波处理的噪音小, 安全可靠, 几乎没有任何污染;
( 5 ) 可处理材料种类多: 本发明适用于所有弹性固体工件, 包 括金属或非金属材料, 如玻璃。
本发明的保护范围并不限于上述的实施例, 显然, 本领域的技术 人员可以对本发明进行各种改动和变形而不脱离本发明的范围和精 神。 倘若这些改动和变形属于本发明权利要求及其等同技术的范围 内, 则本发明的意图也包含这些改动和变形在内。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1、 一种残余应力的调控方法, 其特征在于: 将一个或多个超声 波换能器布置在残余应力需要调控的区域或该区域周围, 固定所述超 声波换能器并使之发出超声波, 用以消除所述区域的残余应力。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的调控方法, 其特征在于: 步骤一: 先 测量工件待调控区域的残余应力值大小, 根据应力值, 选择超声波换 能器的激励频率和功率, 并进行调控; 步骤二: 待处理一段时间后, 再次测量调控区域的残余应力值; 步骤三: 对比当前残余应力值与所 需调控值, 若达到调控效果, 则停止继续调控, 若未达到, 则重复步 骤二, 直到达到调控效果后, 停止调控。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的调控方法, 其特征在于: 所述超声波 换能器产生声场的频率的范围为 20KHz~600KHz。
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的调控方法, 其特征在于: 所述超声波 换能器产生声场的功率的范围为 40W~1000W。
5、 根据权利要求 1所述的调控方法, 其特征在于: 所述超声波 换能器产生声场的作用时间的范围为 10分钟 ~10小时。
6、 根据权利要求 1所述的调控方法, 其特征在于: 固定所述超 声波换能器采用耦合夹持方式, 其中耦合方式为固体耦合或液体耦 合, 夹持方式为磁吸式螺纹紧固夹持。
7、 根据权利要求 1所述的调控方法, 其特征在于: 单个超声波 换能器的电流范围为 0.1-1A, 处理温度为常温。
8、 一种残余应力的调控系统, 其特征在于: 包括依次电连接的 工控机( 12 ) 、 超声波信号激励控制器 ( 10 ) 、 超声波放大器 (8 ) 、 超声波换能器 ( 1 ) , 所述超声波信号激励控制器 ( 10 ) 用于接收所 述工控机( 12 )发出的控制指令, 并向所述超声波放大器 (8 )发出 调控信号, 所述超声波放大器 (8 )根据调控信号驱动所述超声波换
9、 根据权利要求 8所述的调控系统, 其特征在于: 它还包括依 次电连接的残余应力闭环控制器(23)、 超声波信号处理模块(24)、 残余应力检测换能器(25) , 所述残余应力检测换能器(25) 用于对 工件的残余应力进行检测, 并将检测信号传输给所述超声波信号处理 模块(24) , 所述超声波信号处理模块(24)将检测到的残余应力信 息传给所述残余应力闭环控制器( 23 ),所述残余应力闭环控制器( 23 ) 与作为所述超声波信号激励控制器( 10)的超声波信号激励多路控制 器 (22) 电连接, 以形成残余应力闭环控制系统。
10、 根据权利要求 8所述的调控系统, 其特征在于: 所述调控系 统还具有夹具装置, 该夹具装置将所述超声波换能器 ( 1) 与工件连 接并固定在一起, 所述超声波换能器 ( 1) 与工件接触的区域涂有耦 合剂。
11、 根据权利要求 8所述的调控系统, 其特征在于: 所述残余应 力检测换能器(25)采用一发一收模式, 其通过激励和接收临界折射 纵波来获取被调控区域的残余应力超声波信号, 所述超声波信号输入 到超声波信号处理模块(24) , 在超声波信号处理模块(24)计算出 调控区域的残余应力。
12、 根据权利要求 8所述的调控系统, 其特征在于: 所述聚焦换 能器的导向头采用其轴线与底面保持一定倾斜角度的结构。
13、 根据权利要求 12所述的调控系统, 其特征在于: 所述聚焦 换能器在导向头一侧开一个直角槽。
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