WO2014099649A1 - Déminéralisation ou dessalement de feuilles de graphène perforées - Google Patents

Déminéralisation ou dessalement de feuilles de graphène perforées Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014099649A1
WO2014099649A1 PCT/US2013/074942 US2013074942W WO2014099649A1 WO 2014099649 A1 WO2014099649 A1 WO 2014099649A1 US 2013074942 W US2013074942 W US 2013074942W WO 2014099649 A1 WO2014099649 A1 WO 2014099649A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
graphene
sheet
medium
chamber
outlet
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2013/074942
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
John B. STETSON JR.
Jonathan Mercurio
Alan Rosenwinkel
Peter V. Bedworth
Shawn P. Fleming
Aaron L. Westman
Original Assignee
Lockheed Martin Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US13/719,579 external-priority patent/US9475709B2/en
Application filed by Lockheed Martin Corporation filed Critical Lockheed Martin Corporation
Priority to EP13814384.7A priority Critical patent/EP2935124A1/fr
Priority to CA2895088A priority patent/CA2895088A1/fr
Priority to CN201380073141.XA priority patent/CN105050962A/zh
Priority to SG11201504692SA priority patent/SG11201504692SA/en
Priority to KR1020157019766A priority patent/KR20150103691A/ko
Priority to JP2015549508A priority patent/JP2016507363A/ja
Priority to AU2013363283A priority patent/AU2013363283A1/en
Publication of WO2014099649A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014099649A1/fr
Priority to IL239513A priority patent/IL239513A0/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
    • B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
    • B01D67/0039—Inorganic membrane manufacture
    • B01D67/0053—Inorganic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes
    • B01D67/006—Inorganic membrane manufacture by inducing porosity into non porous precursor membranes by elimination of segments of the precursor, e.g. nucleation-track membranes, lithography or laser methods
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/02—Inorganic material
    • B01D71/021—Carbon
    • B01D71/0211—Graphene or derivates thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
    • C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
    • C02F2303/16—Regeneration of sorbents, filters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
    • C02F2305/08—Nanoparticles or nanotubes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
    • Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis

Definitions

  • Ionic process desalination methods focus on chemical and electrical interactions with the ions within the solution.
  • Examples of ionic process desalination methods include ion exchange, electro-dialysis, and capacitive deionization.
  • Ion exchange introduces solid polymeric or mineral ion exchangers into the saline solution. The ion exchangers bind to the desired ions in solution so that they can be easily filtered out.
  • Electro-dialysis is the process of using cation and anion selective membranes and voltage potential to create alternating channels of fresh water and brine solution.
  • Capacitive deionization is the use of voltage potential to pull charged ions from solution, trapping the ions while allowing water molecules to pass.
  • Membrane desalination processes remove ions from solution using filtration and pressure.
  • Reverse osmosis (RO) is a widely used desalination technology that applies pressure to a saline solution to overcome the osmotic pressure of the ion solution. The pressure pushes water molecules through a porous membrane into a fresh water compartment while ions are trapped, creating high concentration brine solution. Pressure is the driving cost factor for these approaches, as it is needed to overcome osmotic pressure to capture the fresh water.
  • Crystallization desalination is based on the phenomenon that crystals form preferentially without included ions.
  • pure water can be isolated from dissolved ions.
  • simple freezing water is cooled below its freezing point, thereby creating ice.
  • the ice is then melted to form pure water.
  • the methyl hydrate crystallization processed uses methane gas percolated through a saltwater solution to form methane hydrate, which occurs at a lower temperature than at which water freezes.
  • the methyl hydrate rises, facilitating separation, and is then warmed for decomposition into methane and desalinated water.
  • the desalinated water is collected, and methane is recycled.
  • Evaporation and condensation for desalination is generally considered to be energy efficient, but requires a source of concentrated heat.
  • evaporation and condensation for desalination are generally co-located with power plants, and tend to be restricted in geographic distribution and size.
  • Capacitive deionization is not widely used, possibly because the capacitive electrodes tend to foul with removed salts and to require frequent service.
  • the requisite voltage tends to depend upon the spacing of the plates and the rate of flow, and the voltage can be a hazard.
  • RO filters are widely used for water purification.
  • the RO filter uses a porous or semipermeable membrane typically made from cellulose acetate or polyimide thin-film composite, typically with a thickness in excess of 200 microns. These materials are hydrophilic.
  • the membrane is often spiral-wound into a tube-like form for convenient handling and membrane support.
  • the membrane exhibits a random-size aperture distribution, in which the maximum-size aperture is small enough to allow passage of water molecules and to disallow or block the passage of ions such as salts dissolved in the water.
  • the RO membrane Notwithstanding the one-millimeter thickness of a typical RO membrane, the inherent random structure of the RO membrane defines long and circuitous or tortuous paths for the water that flows through the membrane, and these paths may be much more than one millimeter in length. The length and random configuration of the paths require substantial pressure to strip the water molecules at the surface from the ions and then to move the water molecules through the membrane against the osmotic pressure. Thus, the RO filter tends to be energy inefficient.
  • FIGURE 1 is a notional illustration of a cross-section of an RO membrane 10.
  • membrane 10 defines an upstream surface 12 facing an upstream ionic aqueous solution 16 and a downstream surface 14.
  • the ions that are illustrated on the upstream side are selected as being sodium (Na) with a + charge and chlorine (CI) with a - charge.
  • the sodium is illustrated as being associated with four solvating water molecules (H 2 0). Each water molecule includes an oxygen atom and two hydrogen (H) atoms.
  • One of the pathways 20 for the flow of water in RO membrane 10 of FIGURE 1 is illustrated as extending from an aperture 20u on the upstream surface 12 to an aperture 20d on the downstream surface 14.
  • Path 20 is illustrated as being convoluted, but it is not possible to show the actual tortuous nature of the typical path. Also, the path illustrated as 20 can be expected to be interconnected with multiple upstream apertures and multiple downstream apertures. The path(s) 20 through the RO membrane 10 are not only convoluted, but they may change with time as some of the apertures are blocked by unavoidable debris.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention is to provide a separation apparatus, comprising at least one chamber having an inlet, an outlet and a lower flow path, at least one sheet of graphene perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow passage of a medium and to disallow passage of selected components in the medium, the at least one sheet of graphene positioned in the at least one chamber, and a pressurized source of the medium connected to the at least one chamber having the inlet, the pressurized source directing the medium along a path substantially parallel to the at least one sheet of graphene from the inlet to the outlet, the medium flowing on to a first surface of the at least one sheet of graphene so that a portion of the medium flows to a second side of the at least one graphene sheet through the plural perforated apertures while a remaining portion of the medium and the disallowed selected components in the medium flow out the outlet.
  • FIGURE 1 is a notional cross-sectional representation of a prior-art reverse osmosis (RO) filter membrane
  • FIGURE 2 is a notional representation of a water filter according to an aspect of the disclosure, using a perforated graphene sheet;
  • FIGURE 3 is a plan representation of a perforated graphene sheet which may be used in the arrangement of FIGURE 2, showing the shape of one of the plural apertures;
  • FIGURE 4 is a plan view of a perforated graphene sheet, showing 0.6 nanometer diameter perforations or apertures and interperforation dimensions;
  • FIGURE 5 is a plan representation of a backing sheet that may be used in conjunction with the perforated graphene sheet of FIGURE 2;
  • FIGURE 6 is a notional representation of a water deionization filter according to aspects of the disclosure, using multiple perforated graphene sheets for separation of the concentrated ions;
  • FIGURE 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating a plumbing arrangement corresponding generally to the arrangement of FIGURE 6, in which the perforated graphene sheets are spirally wound and enclosed in cylinders;
  • FIGURE 8 is a notional representation of a separation apparatus according to aspects of the disclosure.
  • FIGURE 2 is a notional representation of a basic desalination, desalinization or deionization apparatus 200 according to an exemplary embodiment or aspect of the disclosure.
  • a channel 210 conveys ion-laden water to a filter membrane 212 mounted in a supporting chamber 214.
  • the ion- laden water may be, for example, seawater or brackish water.
  • the filter membrane 212 can be wound into a spiral in known manner.
  • Flow impetus or pressure of the ion-laden water flowing through channel 210 of FIGURE 2 can be provided either by gravity from a tank 216 or from a pump 218.
  • Valves 236 and 238 allow selection of the source of ion-laden water.
  • filter membrane 212 is a perforated graphene sheet.
  • Graphene is a single-atomic-layer-thick layer of carbon atoms, bound together to define a sheet 310, as illustrated in FIGURE 3.
  • the thickness of a single graphene sheet is approximately 0.2 to 0.3 nanometers (nm).
  • Multiple graphene sheets can be formed, having greater thickness and correspondingly greater strength.
  • Multiple graphene sheets can be provided in multiple layers as the sheet is grown or formed. Or multiple graphene sheets can be achieved by layering or positioning one sheet on top or another.
  • a single sheet of graphene or multiple graphene sheets may be used.
  • the carbon atoms of the graphene sheet 310 of FIGURE 3 define a repeating pattern of hexagonal ring structures (benzene rings) constructed of six carbon atoms, which form a honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms.
  • An interstitial aperture 308 is formed by each six carbon atom ring structure in the sheet and this interstitial aperture is less than one nanometer across. Indeed, skilled artisans will appreciate that the interstitial aperture 308 is believed to be about 0.23 nanometers across its longest dimension.
  • the dimension and configuration of the aperture 308 and the electron nature of the graphene precludes transport of any molecule across the graphene' s thickness unless there are perforations. This dimension is much too small to allow the passage of either water or ions.
  • one or more perforations are made, as illustrated in FIGURE 3.
  • a representative generally or nominally round aperture 312 is defined through the graphene sheet 310.
  • Aperture 312 has a nominal diameter of about 0.6 nanometers. The 0.6 nanometer dimension is selected to block the smallest of the ions which would ordinarily be expected in salt or brackish water, which is the sodium ion.
  • the generally round shape of the aperture 312 is affected by the fact that the edges of the aperture are defined, in part, by the hexagonal carbon ring structure of the graphene sheet 310.
  • Aperture 312 may be made by selective oxidation, by which is meant exposure to an oxidizing agent for a selected period of time. It is believed that the aperture 312 can also be laser-drilled.
  • the most straightforward perforation strategy is to treat the graphene film with dilute oxygen in argon at elevated temperature. As described therein, through apertures or holes in the 20 to 180 nm range were etched in graphene using 350 mTorr of oxygen in 1 atmosphere (atm) argon at 500°C for 2 hours. The paper reasonably suggests that the number of holes is related to defects in the graphene sheet and the size of the holes is related to the residence time.
  • the structures may be graphene nanoplatelets and graphene nanoribbons.
  • apertures in the desired range can be formed by shorter oxidation times.
  • Another more involved method as described in Kim et al. "Fabrication and Characterization of Large Area, Semiconducting Nanoperforated Graphene Materials, " Nano Letters 2010 Vol. 10, No. 4, March 1, 2010, pp 1125-1131 utilizes a self assembling polymer that creates a mask suitable for patterning using reactive ion etching.
  • a P(S-blockMMA) block copolymer forms an array of PMMA columns that form vias for the RIE upon redeveloping.
  • the pattern of holes is very dense.
  • the number and size of holes is controlled by the molecular weight of the PMMA block and the weight fraction of the PMMA in the P(S-MMA). Either method has the potential to produce a perforated graphene sheet or sheets.
  • the graphene sheet 310 of FIGURE 3 has a thickness of but a single atom.
  • the sheet tends to be flexible.
  • the flex of the graphene sheet can be ameliorated by applying a backing structure to the sheet 212 or by providing more than one graphene sheet.
  • a backing structure which may also be referred to as a backing sheet, of perforated graphene sheet 212 is illustrated as 220.
  • Backing structure 220 in this embodiment is a sheet of perforated polytetrafluoroethylene, sometimes known as polytetrafluoroethane.
  • the structure 220 may also be perforated polycarbonate film, nanostructured carbon, other suitable polymeric materials, or sintered porous metal.
  • a thickness of the backing sheet may be, for example, from one hundred microns to one millimeter (mm).
  • the pressure of ion-laden water applied through path 210 to the perforated membrane 212 can be provided by gravity from tank 216, thereby emphasizing one of the aspects of the apparatus 200. That is, unlike the RO membrane, the perforated graphene sheet 312 forming the perforated membrane 212 is hydrophobic, and the water passing through the pierced apertures (312 of FIGURE 3) is not impeded by the attractive forces attributable to wetting. Also, as mentioned, the length of the flow path through the apertures 312 in graphene sheet 310 is equal to the thickness of the sheet, which is about 0.2 to 0.3 nm.
  • the perforations 312 in graphene sheet 212 of FIGURE 2 (or equivalently graphene sheet 310 of FIGURE 3) or multiple graphene sheets in either embodiment are dimensioned to disallow the passage of the smallest ions to be expected in the source water. Consequently, any ions equal to or larger in size than the smallest will not pass through the perforated graphene sheet 212, and such ions can be expected to accumulate in an upstream side 226 of the graphene-sheet-supporting chamber 214.
  • This accumulation of ions in upstream “chamber” 226 is referred to herein as "sludge,” and will eventually reduce the flow of water through the perforated graphene sheet 212, thereby tending to render it ineffective for deionization.
  • a further path 230 is provided, together with a discharge valve 232, to allow purging or discharge of the sludge.
  • operation of the apparatus or arrangement 200 of FIGURE 2 may be in a "batch" mode.
  • the first mode of the batch operation occurs with flow of ion-laden water through path 210, with discharge valve 232 closed to prevent flow.
  • the ion-laden water fills the upstream side 226 of the support chamber 214.
  • the water molecules are allowed to flow through perforated graphene sheet 212 of FIGURE 2 and through the backing sheet 220 to the downstream side 227 of the support chamber 214.
  • deionized water accumulates in downstream portion 227 for a period of time, and is available to be drawn off through a path 222 to a capture vessel illustrated as a tank 224.
  • a capture vessel illustrated as a tank 224.
  • the accumulation or concentration of ions in upstream portion 226 of the support chamber will tend to reduce the flow of water through the perforated graphene sheet 212.
  • valve 232 In order to purge the concentrated ion/water mix accumulated on or in the upstream chamber or side 226, valve 232 is opened, which allows the concentrated ion/water mix to be purged while the upstream portion 226 refills with ion-laden water from tank 216 or pump 218. Valve 232 is then closed and another filtration cycle begins. This results in the production of deionized water and accumulation of the deionized water in container 224.
  • FIGURE 4 is a representation of a graphene sheet with a plurality of perforations such as that of FIGURE 3.
  • the sheet of FIGURE 4 defines [three, four, or five] apertures.
  • the flow rate will be proportional to the aperture density.
  • the aperture 5 density increases, the flow through the apertures may become "turbulent," which may adversely affect the flow at a given pressure.
  • the strength of the underlying graphene sheet may be locally reduced. Such a reduction in strength may, under some circumstances, result in rupture of the membrane.
  • the center- to-center spacing between apertures is believed to be near optimum for the 0.6 nanometer l o apertures at a value of fifteen nanometers.
  • FIGURE 5 is a simplified illustration of the structure of a backing sheet which may be used with the graphene sheet of FIGURE 2 or if multiple graphene sheets are used.
  • backing sheet 220 is made from filaments 520 of polytetrafluoroethylene, also known as polytetrafluoroethane, arranged in a rectangular grid and bonded or fused at
  • the backing sheet 220 may also be perforated polycarbonate film, nanostructured carbon, other suitable polymeric materials, or sintered porous metal.
  • the dimensions in the backing sheet should be as large as possible for maximum flow, commensurate with sufficient strength.
  • the spacing between mutually adjacent filaments 520 oriented in the same direction can be nominally 0 100 nm, and the filaments may have a nominal diameter of 40 nm. The tensile strength of the graphene sheet is great, and so the relatively large unsupported areas in the backing sheet should not present problems.
  • FIGURE 6 is a notional illustration of a deionization or desalination apparatus 600 according to another embodiment or aspect of the disclosure, in which multiple layers of 5 differently-perforated graphene sheets are used.
  • elements corresponding to those of FIGURE 2 are designated by like reference alphanumerics.
  • each "layer" in Figure 6 may be a single sheet of graphene or multiple sheets of graphene.
  • upstream and downstream perforated graphene sheets 612a and 612b respectively, divide the chamber into three 0 volumes or portions, namely an upstream portion or chamber 626a, a downstream portion or chamber 626b, and an intermediate portion or chamber 629.
  • Each perforated graphene sheet 612a and 612b is associated with a backing sheet. More particularly, perforated graphene sheet 612a is backed by a sheet 620a, and perforated graphene sheet 612b is backed by a sheet 620b. The perforations of the perforated graphene sheets 612a and 612b differ from one another. More particularly, upstream graphene sheet 612a is perforated by apertures 612ac selected to disallow or disable the flow of chlorine ions and to enable the flow of water laden with sodium ions; these apertures are 0.9 nanometers in nominal diameter.
  • chlorine ions having a greater effective diameter than 0.9 nanometers, cannot pass through apertures 612ac of perforated graphene sheet 612a, but water laden with sodium ions can flow through the apertures 612ac of perforated graphene sheet 612a into intermediate chamber 629.
  • Sodium ions cannot pass through downstream perforated graphene sheet 612b, and so remain or accumulate in intermediate portion or chamber 629.
  • the water molecules (H20), free of at least chlorine and sodium ions, can flow from intermediate portion or chamber 629 through apertures 652bs of perforated graphene sheet 612b and into downstream portion or chamber 626b, from whence the deionized water can be collected through path 222 and collection vessel 224.
  • the apparatus or arrangement 600 of FIGURE 6 accumulates or concentrates ions during deionization operation. Unlike the apparatus or arrangement of FIGURE 2, however, deionizer 600 produces at least partially separated concentrations of ions. More particularly, with a flow of water laden with chlorine and sodium ions, upstream portion or chamber 626a of apparatus 600 accumulates a sludge concentration consisting principally of chlorine ions, and intermediate portion or chamber 629 accumulates a concentration principally of sodium ions. These concentrated ions can be separately extracted by selective control of purging connections 630a and 630b and their purge valves 632a and 632b, respectively.
  • valve 632a can be opened to allow the concentrated chlorine ions to flow from upstream portion or chamber 626a to a collecting vessel illustrated as a tank 634a
  • valve 632b can be opened to allow the concentrated sodium ions to flow from intermediate portion or chamber 629 to a collecting vessel illustrated as a tank 634b.
  • purge valve 632a is closed before purging of intermediate portion or tank 629 is begun, so that some pressure is maintained across perforated graphene sheet 612a to provide a flow of water through perforated graphene sheet 612a to aid in flushing the sodium-ion-rich sludge from the intermediate chamber 629.
  • Purge valves 632a and 632b are closed prior to proceeding with the deionization.
  • sea water contains significant amounts of beryllium salts, and these salts, if preferentially concentrated, have value to the pharmaceutical industry as a catalyst.
  • FIGURE 6 Also illustrated in FIGURE 6 are cross-flow valves 654a and 654b, communicating between a flow path 658 and upstream portion or chamber 626a and intermediate portion or chamber 626b, respectively.
  • Unfiltered water 201 loaded with ions can be routed to flow path 658 by opening valve 652, or deionized water 202 can be provided from tank 224 by operating a pump 660. From pump 660, the deionized water flows through a check valve 656 to path 658.
  • Cross-flow valves 654a and 654b are opened and closed simultaneously with purge valves 632a and 632b, respectively, to thereby aid in purging the sludge from the chambers.
  • FIGURE 7 is a simplified representation of a deionizing or ion separating arrangement according to an aspect of the disclosure. Elements of FIGURE 7 corresponding to those of FIGURE 6 are designated by like reference alphanumerics.
  • the perforated graphene sheets 612a and 612b are rolled or spiral- wound into cylindrical form, and inserted into housings illustrated as 712a and 712b, respectively, as know from the RO membrane arts.
  • the graphene sheets 612a and 612b may be a single sheet of graphene or multiple sheets of graphene. And, as in the previous embodiments, multiple sheets improve their collective strength and flow performance.
  • ions other than chlorine and sodium may be removed from water by selectively perforated graphene sheets.
  • FIGURE 8 is a simplified representation of a cross-flow separation apparatus according to an aspect of the disclosure.
  • the separation apparatus designated generally by the numeral 700, is configured to deionize, desalinate or otherwise separate a selected component from another, such as gasses, particulates, solutes, molecules, and hydrocarbons or any other nano-sized or micro-sized constituent from a medium.
  • an unfiltered or pre-filtered medium 702 is provided in a container 704 of appropriate size.
  • the medium may constitute a fluid or a gas or combination thereof which contains components that are to be separated from one another.
  • the unfiltered medium 702 is delivered by gravity or otherwise to a high-pressure pump 706 which propels the medium along a conduit or pipe that may or may not have a valve 708.
  • the unfiltered medium enters a cross-flow chamber designated generally by the numeral 710.
  • the chamber is provided with a cross-flow inlet 712 at one end and a cross-flow outlet 714 at an opposite end.
  • a graphene membrane 720 Positioned in the chamber 710 at a position relatively lower than the inlet and outlet is a graphene membrane 720.
  • the graphene membrane 720 has a plurality of perforated apertures 721 which are sized as appropriate to allow selected portions of the medium to pass through while disallowing other portions of the medium from passing through.
  • perforation aperture diameters for gas separation range from 0.2 to 0.6 nm, for salts from 0.6 to 2 nm, and hydrocarbon molecules from 10 to 100 nm.
  • the membrane 720 is a single-atomic-layer-thick layer of carbon atoms bound together to define a sheet. The thickness of a single graphene sheet is approximately 0.2 to 0.3 nanometers (nm).
  • the membrane has a first or top surface 722 that is exposed to the pressurized flow of the medium and a second or underlying surface 723 that is opposite the surface 722.
  • All of the characteristics and attributes of the graphene sheets described in the previous embodiments are provided in the present embodiment.
  • the apertures may range in size from an effective diameter of 0.6 nanometers to an effective diameter of 1.2 nanometers as appropriate for filtering or separating the medium provided.
  • some of the apertures may have a diameter of 0.6 nanometers, some 0.9 nanometers, and still others 1.2 nanometers. Any combination and proportion of different sized apertures may be used.
  • perforation diameters for gas separation range from 0.2 to 0.6 nm, for separation of salts from 0.6 to 2 nm, and for separation of hydrocarbon molecules from 10 to 100 nm.
  • Other selected ranges between 0.2 nm and 100 nm may be used depending upon the configuration of the medium and the constituents to be disallowed.
  • specific ranges of diameters within the 0.2 nm to 100 nm range may be used.
  • a backing sheet or structure such as a supporting membrane 724 may be disposed underneath the graphene membrane 722 for support of the membrane.
  • the supporting membrane 724 is positioned adjacent the surface 723 of the membrane 720.
  • the backing membrane is perforated with apertures 726 which are substantially larger than the apertures 721.
  • the supporting membrane 724 may be constructed of polytetrafluoroethylene, which is sometimes referred to as polytetrafluoroethane.
  • Other materials for the membrane 724 may be perforated polycarbonate film, nanostructured carbon, other suitable polymeric materials, or sintered porous metal.
  • an upper flow path 730 is formed.
  • the upper flow path allows for the pressurized fluid to flow in a direction substantially parallel with the membrane from the inlet 712 toward the outlet 714.
  • the medium flows tangentially across the membrane and the portions of the medium that are sized to proceed through the various apertures 721 and, if provided, through the supporting membrane 724, into a lower flow path 732 that is beneath the graphene membrane.
  • Those constituents that do not flow through the apertures are directed through the outlet 714 along a conduit 733 which may be provided with a valve 734. From the valve, the unfiltered medium (disallowed components) is then directed to a particular end use.
  • the collected sodium and chlorine ions are collected for energy recovery use, such as in a galvanic battery or any other application.
  • the purified medium collected in the lower flow path is then directed to a collection vessel 740 which holds the purified material or medium 742.
  • the pressurized flow of the medium in a direction substantially parallel with the membrane allows for the medium to flow through the apertures while also allowing for the collected disallowed material to be moved along toward the outlet.
  • Such a "cleaning" of the membrane prevents caking or other undesired collection of the disallowed material on the membrane. This is believed to assist the flow-through of the allowed or purified material 742 to be collected in the vessel 740.
  • the apparatus 700 may include any number of downstream cross-flow chambers 710, wherein each chamber and related components are provided with an alphabetic suffix. Accordingly, the disallowed fluid material flowing through the chamber outlet 714 is directed to a secondary high pressure pump 706a which directs the fluid into a chamber 710a that is constructed in substantially the same manner as the chamber 710. As a result, the previously disallowed components and medium are further purified so as to collect in a vessel 740a whereas the disallowed material is directed through the outlet to a valve 734a which collects the disallowed material for some other end use.
  • a first chamber 710 and associated graphene sheet is first exposed to the medium, wherein the first graphene sheet has larger sized diameter apertures and distribution than a second chamber 710a and associated graphene sheet which has smaller aperture diameters and distribution.
  • additional chambers 710b-x would provide corresponding graphene sheets with further reductions in aperture size.
  • the staged cross-flow chambers 710 can be arranged so that they are less selective of ions at a first chamber and progressively more selective of ions at downstream chambers. As a result, it is believed that much less work or pumping force is needed at each incremental stage to obtain a desired level of filtration for the medium. This is advantageous in that the apparatus provides much improved filtering with much lower required energy per incremental salt removal step.
  • a method for deionizing water carrying unwanted ions (201) comprises the steps of perforating a sheet of graphene (310) with plural apertures (such as 312) selected to allow the passage of water molecules and to disallow the passage of a selected one of the unwanted ions (Na, for example), to thereby generate perforated graphene (212).
  • a graphene sheet so perforated may be provided.
  • the water carrying unwanted ions (201) is pressurized (216, 218) to thereby generate pressurized water.
  • the pressurized water is applied to a first (212u) surface of the perforated graphene (212), so that water molecules flow to a second side (212d) of the perforated graphene sheet in preference to ions.
  • the water molecules (202) are collected at the second side (212d) of the graphene sheet.
  • the selected one of the ions is chlorine, the apertures for disallowance of the chlorine ions are nominally of 0.9 nanometers diameter, and the apertures are nominally spaced apart by fifteen nanometers.
  • the selected one of the ions is sodium, and the apertures for disallowance of the sodium ions of nominally 0.6 nanometers diameter, and the apertures' are nominally spaced apart by fifteen nanometers.
  • the method may include the step of reinforcing the sheet of perforated graphene (212) with a backing (220), which may be a polytetrafluoroethylene grid (520).
  • a method for deionizing water (201) carrying unwanted ions comprises the steps of perforating a first sheet (612a) of graphene with plural apertures (312) of a diameter selected to disallow the passage of a selected first one of the unwanted ions (chlorine, for example), and to allow the passage of water molecules laden with a selected second one of the unwanted ions (sodium, for example), to thereby generate a first sheet of perforated graphene (612a).
  • a second sheet of graphene (612b) is perforated with plural apertures selected to allow the passage of water molecules and to disallow the passage of the selected second one of the unwanted ions, to thereby generate a second sheet of perforated graphene (612b) in which the apertures have a smaller diameter than the apertures of the first sheet (612a) of perforated graphene.
  • the first (612a) and second (612b) sheets of perforated graphene are juxtaposed, to thereby form a juxtaposed sheet with a first side defined by the first sheet (612a) of perforated graphene, a second side defined by the second sheet (612b) of perforated graphene, and a path (629) for the flow of liquid therebetween.
  • the water carrying unwanted ions is applied to the first side (612a) of the juxtaposed sheet, so that water molecules flow through the juxtaposed sheet (612a) and the path (629) to the second side of the juxtaposed sheet in preference to ions, to thereby produce nominally deionized water.
  • the nominally deionized water molecules are collected from the second side (612b) of the juxtaposed sheet.
  • a water deionizer comprises a graphene sheet (212) perforated with apertures (312) dimensioned to allow the flow of water molecules and to disallow the flow of ions of a particular type (sodium, for example).
  • a source of water laden with ions of the particular type is provided.
  • a path (210, 226, 227) is provided for the flow of the water laden with ions of the particular type through the graphene sheet perforated with apertures (212).
  • a purge arrangement (220,232) is coupled to the path for the flow, for diverting the flow away from the graphene sheet perforated with apertures (212).
  • a separator (600) comprises a first graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow the flow of water molecules and to disallow the flow of ions of a first type (612a), and a second graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow the flow of water molecules and to disallow the flow of ions of a second type (612b), where the ions of the second type (Na) are smaller than the ions of the first type (CI).
  • a source (210, 216, 218) is provided of water laden with ions of the first and second types (201).
  • a path (210, 626a) is provided for applying a flow of the water laden with ions of the first and second types (201) to the first graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to disallow the flow of the ions of the first type (612a).
  • ions of the first type (CI) accumulate on an upstream side (626a) of the first graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to disallow the flow of the ions of the first type (626a) and
  • water laden with ions of the second type (Na) flows through the first graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to disallow the flow of the ions of the first type (626a) to a downstream side (629) of the first graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to disallow the flow of the ions of the first type (612a).
  • the separator (600) further comprises a path (629) for applying a flow of the water laden with ions of the second type to an upstream side of the graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to disallow the flow of the ions of the first type (612b).
  • a collection arrangement (222, 224) is coupled to receive the water free of the ions of the first and second types (202).
  • a further collection arrangement (630a, 632a, 634a; 630b, 632b, 634b) may be provided for separately collecting accumulations of ions.
  • a method for deionizing fluid carrying unwanted ions comprises the steps of providing at least one sheet of graphene with plural perforated apertures selected to allow the passage of fluid and to disallow the passage of at least one of the unwanted ions, forming the at least one sheet of graphene into a cylindrical form, inserting the cylindrical form into a housing, pressurizing the fluid carrying unwanted ions to thereby generate pressurized fluid to flow through the housing, applying the pressurized fluid to a first surface of the perforated graphene in the cylindrical form, so that fluid flows to a second side of the at least one perforated graphene sheet in cylindrical form in preference to ions, and collecting the fluid from the second side of the at least one graphene sheet.
  • the method continues wherein at least one ion is chlorine and the apertures for disallowance of the chlorine ions are nominally 0.9 nanometers and the apertures are nominally spaced apart by 15 nanometers.
  • at least one ion is sodium, and the apertures for disallowance of the sodium ions is nominally 0.6 nanometers and the apertures are nominally spaced apart by 15 nanometers.
  • the method may also provide a second set of at least one graphene sheet with plural perforated apertures selected to allow the passage of fluid and to disallow the passage of another one or more of the unwanted ions, forming the second set of at least one graphene sheet into a second cylindrical form, inserting the cylindrical form into a second housing, pressurizing the fluid carrying unwanted ions from the housing to thereby generate pressurized fluid to flow through the second housing, and applying the pressurized fluid to a first surface of the second set of said at least one perforated graphene sheet in the second cylindrical form, so that fluid flows to a second side of the second set of said at least one perforated graphene sheet in the second cylindrical form in preference to ions.
  • the method continues wherein the perforated apertures of the at least one sheet of graphene for disallowance of unwanted chlorine ions are nominally 0.9 nanometers, and the perforated apertures of the second set of said at least one graphene sheet for disallowance of unwanted sodium ions are nominally 0.6 nanometers.
  • the method may also provide for the first housing being less selective of ion exclusion than the second housing.
  • a fluid deionizer comprises a cylindrical form of at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow the flow of fluid and to disallow the flow of ions of at least one particular type, a source of fluid laden with ions of the particular type, and a path for the flow of the fluid laden with ions of the at least one particular type through the cylindrical form of at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures.
  • the deionizer may further include a second cylindrical form of at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow the flow of fluid and to disallow the flow of ions of another particular type, wherein the second cylindrical form is in the path for the flow of the fluid.
  • the cylindrical forms of at least one graphene sheet are either rolled or spiral-wound.
  • the deionizer further includes a purge valve associated with each cylindrical form and the path for the flow of the fluid to allow concentrated ions disallowed by the cylindrical forms to flow to collecting vessels.
  • a fluid deionizer also includes at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow a flow of fluid and to disallow at least one particular type of ion contained in the flow of fluid, a support chamber carrying the at least one graphene sheet, the support chamber having an upstream portion that receives the at least one graphene sheet, a source of fluid laden with the at least one particular type of ion, a path for the flow of the fluid laden with the at least one particular type of ion through the at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures, and a purge valve associated with the upstream portion, the purge valve placed in an open position so as to collect the at least one particular type of ion disallowed by the at least one graphene sheet.
  • the fluid deionizer may include a porous media backing the at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures.
  • the media is selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, polytetrafluoroethane, polycarbonate, nanostructured carbon or sintered porous metals.
  • the deionizer may provide a second at least one graphene sheet perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow the flow of fluid and to disallow another particular type of ion contained in the flow of fluid, wherein the support chamber carries the second at least one graphene sheet so as to form an intermediate chamber between the at least one graphene sheet and the second at least one graphene sheet, and a downstream chamber underneath the second at least one graphene sheet such that the downstream chamber collects the flow of fluid without the particular types of ions disallowed by the graphene sheets.
  • the fluid deionizer may have a second purge valve, wherein the second purge valve is associated with an intermediate chamber and when placed in an open position collects another particular type of ion disallowed by the second at least one graphene sheet.
  • the deionizer may further include a cross-flow valve associated with the upstream portion, the purge valve and the cross-flow valve opened and closed simultaneously to aid in purging the disallowed type of ion from the support chamber.
  • a method for separating components from a medium includes the steps of providing a primary sheet of at least one layer of graphene with plural perforated apertures selected to allow the passage of a medium and to disallow the passage of selected components in the medium, providing the primary sheet of at least one layer of graphene in a primary chamber.
  • the primary chamber includes a primary inlet, a primary outlet, and a primary lower flow path.
  • the method continues by pressurizing the medium to flow in a path substantially parallel to the primary sheet of at least one layer of graphene from the primary inlet to the primary outlet, wherein the medium flows on to a first surface of the primary sheet of at least one layer of graphene so that a portion of the medium flows to a second side of the primary sheet of at least one layer of graphene through the plural perforated apertures while a remaining portion of the medium and the disallowed selected components in the medium flow out the primary outlet.
  • the method continues with providing the plural perforated apertures in a range of 0.6 to 1.2 nanometers for purposes of sodium and chlorine deionization.
  • the method may also provide the plural perforated apertures of a size to selectively disallow any selected component selected from the group consisting of ions, particulates, analytes, gases, and hydrocarbons.
  • the method also provides a supporting membrane on a side of the primary sheet of at least one layer of graphene opposite the flow path, the supporting membrane selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, perforated polycarbonate film, and sintered porous metal.
  • the method further yet provides for connecting the primary outlet to a secondary separation apparatus and providing the secondary apparatus with a second sheet of at least one layer of graphene with plural perforated apertures selected to allow the passage of the medium received from the outlet and to disallow the passage of selected components in the medium, providing the second sheet of at least one layer of graphene in a second chamber, the second chamber having a corresponding inlet, outlet, and lower flow path, and pressurizing the medium received from the primary outlet through the secondary inlet to flow in a path substantially parallel to the second sheet of at least one layer of graphene from the secondary inlet to the secondary outlet, the medium flowing on to a first surface of the second sheet of at least one layer of graphene so that a portion of the medium flows to a second side of the second sheet at least one layer of graphene through the plural perforated apertures while a remaining portion of the medium and the disallowed selected components in the medium flow out the secondary outlet.
  • a separation apparatus comprises at least one chamber having an inlet, an outlet and a lower flow path, at least one sheet of graphene perforated with apertures dimensioned to allow passage of a medium and to disallow passage of selected components in the medium, the at least one sheet of graphene positioned in the at least one chamber, and a pressurized source of the medium connected to the at least one chamber having an inlet, the pressurized source directing the medium along a path substantially parallel to the at least one sheet of graphene from the inlet to the outlet, the medium flowing on to a first surface of the at least one sheet of graphene so that a portion of the medium flows to a second side of the at least one graphene sheet through the plural perforated apertures while a remaining portion of the medium and the disallowed selected components in the medium flow out the outlet.
  • the apparatus may further include the plural perforated apertures sized in a range of 0.6 to 1.2 nanometers.
  • a supporting membrane may be provided on a side of the at least one sheet of graphene opposite the flow path, wherein the supporting membrane is selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, perforated polycarbonate film, and sintered porous metal.
  • the apparatus may include an additional chamber serially connected to the outlet of the at least one chamber, wherein the additional chamber incrementally removes specific components from the medium by utilizing a corresponding at least one graphene sheet that has a smaller aperture diameter than the preceding chamber.
  • the apparatus may also include an additional chamber serially connected to the outlet of the at least one chamber, wherein the additional chamber allows incrementally lower pressure from an additional pressurized source connected to the outlet of the preceding chamber by utilizing a corresponding at least one graphene sheet in the additional chamber that utilizes more selective ion exclusion.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne un appareil de séparation (700) et un procédé afférent dans une configuration de flux croisés où une source sous pression guide un milieu le long d'une voie sensiblement parallèle à une ou plusieurs feuilles (722) de graphène depuis l'orifice d'admission jusqu'à l'orifice d'évacuation. Le milieu (702) s'écoule par la pluralité d'ouvertures perforées (721) ménagées dans la membrane en graphène tandis qu'une partie résiduelle du milieu et les composants rejetés sortent par l'orifice d'évacuation. Une feuille de support ou une membrane de support (724) peut être placée sous la membrane en graphène (722). L'appareil peut être utilisé pour le dessalement.
PCT/US2013/074942 2012-12-19 2013-12-13 Déminéralisation ou dessalement de feuilles de graphène perforées WO2014099649A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP13814384.7A EP2935124A1 (fr) 2012-12-19 2013-12-13 Déminéralisation ou dessalement de feuilles de graphène perforées
CA2895088A CA2895088A1 (fr) 2012-12-19 2013-12-13 Demineralisation ou dessalement de feuilles de graphene perforees
CN201380073141.XA CN105050962A (zh) 2012-12-19 2013-12-13 穿孔石墨去离子或脱盐
SG11201504692SA SG11201504692SA (en) 2012-12-19 2013-12-13 Perforated graphene deionization or desalination
KR1020157019766A KR20150103691A (ko) 2012-12-19 2013-12-13 천공된 그래핀의 탈이온화 또는 탈염화
JP2015549508A JP2016507363A (ja) 2012-12-19 2013-12-13 有孔グラフェンによる脱イオン法または脱塩法
AU2013363283A AU2013363283A1 (en) 2012-12-19 2013-12-13 Perforated graphene deionization or desalination
IL239513A IL239513A0 (en) 2012-12-19 2015-06-18 Desalination or deionization of perforated graphene

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US13/719,579 2012-12-19
US13/719,579 US9475709B2 (en) 2010-08-25 2012-12-19 Perforated graphene deionization or desalination

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TW201436848A (zh) 2014-10-01
CA2895088A1 (fr) 2014-06-26
CN105050962A (zh) 2015-11-11
TWI641413B (zh) 2018-11-21
KR20150103691A (ko) 2015-09-11
AU2013363283A1 (en) 2015-07-30
JP2016507363A (ja) 2016-03-10
SG11201504692SA (en) 2015-07-30
IL239513A0 (en) 2015-08-31

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