WO2014091496A2

WO2014091496A2 - "boiling oil" steam engine

Info

Publication number: WO2014091496A2
Application number: PCT/IN2013/000747
Authority: WO
Inventors: M.Elumalai
Original assignee: M Elumalai
Priority date: 2012-12-12
Filing date: 2013-12-05
Publication date: 2014-06-19
Also published as: WO2014091496A3

Abstract

Boiling oil steam engine is run by the heat convectional current between the boiling oil and steam at pressure of the closed operating cylinder of engine. The present invention is related to boiling oil steam engine. It is a heat engine. This engine is followed the thermodynamic cycle, are heating, expansion, cooling, and compression. Boiling oil is acting as heat transfer fluid and steam is acting as working fluid. The Specific quantity of water, oil, and induction heating range are calculated by the final temperature of fluids formula and steam table. The temperature change inside the engine produced the pressure change needed to push on the piston and make the engine run. This engine gets their input energy from the output gain. It designed to convert thermal energy into mechanical motion. This system is controlled by increasing and deceasing temperature of induction heating.

Description

"BOILING OIL" STEAM ENGINE

FIELD OF INVENTION:

The present invention relates to the boiling oil steam engine. More specifically, the present invention relates to the boiling oil steam engine which overcomes the Leidenfrost effect.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:

The Stirling Engine is one of the hot air engines. It was invented by Robert Stirling (1790- 1878) and his brother James. His father was interesting in engine and he inherited it. He became a minister of the church at Scotland in 1816. At this period, he found the steam engines are dangerous for the workers. He decided to improve the design of an existing air engine. He hope it wound be safer alternative. After one year, he invented a regenerator. He called the "Economiser" and the engine improves the efficiency. This is the earliest Stirling Engine. It is put out 100 W to 4 kW. But the internal combustion engine substituted for it quickly. The Ericsson invented the solar energy in 1864 and did some improvements for after several years. Robert's brother, James Stirling, also played an important role in the development of Stirling engines.

Robert Stirling gets a patent for the economizer with an air engine incorporating it in 1817. Since the Stirling engine worked at a lower pressure, and could not cause steam burns, the danger to explode is impossible. In 1818 he built the first practical exponent of his engine, used to pump water from a quarry. The inventors sought to create a safer engine instead of steam engines at that time, whose boilers often exploded as a result of high pressure of the steam and the inadequate materials.

The original patent by Reverend Stirling was called the "economizer", for its improvement of fuel-economy. The patent also mentioned the possibility of using the device in an engine. Several patents were later determined by two brothers for different configurations including pressurized versions of the engine. This component is now commonly known as the "regenerator" and is essential in all high-power Stirling devices.

Stirling engine of the second generation began in 1937. The Philips of Holland used new materials and technology to ascend a very high level. The knowledge about the heat transfer and fluid physical, which is a great significance to improving of the structure and raised the stability.

Throughout World War II and by the late 1940s, Philips' subsidiary Johan de Witt does this work continued. And they did the Type 10, incorporated into a generator set as originally planned The set progressed through three prototypes (102A, B, and C), with the production version, rated at 200 watts electrical output from a bore and stroke of 55x27mm, being designated MP1002CA.

In 1951, the price of Stirling engine is too high for the market. It made used of radios at that time. Though the MP1002CA may have been a dead end, it represents the bloomin of the modern age of Stirling Engine development. In addition to which the advent of transistor radios with their much lower power requirements meant that the market for the set was fast disappearing. Though the MP1002CA may have been a dead end, it represents the start of the modern age of Stirling engine development.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:

Surprisingly, this Boiling oil steam engine is potentially a better cycle than other cycles because it has the potential for higher efficiency, closed type engine, low noise and no pollution. It is a closed system, no need to fill the working fluid, reversible. It is an alternative engine for all internal and external combustion engines and other renewable energy like solar power generation, wind power generation, hydro power generation, thermal power generation, nuclear power generation etc.,. The engine is mechanically very simple as compared to internal combustion engines. This engine gets their input energy from the output gain and it leads to fuel independency.

Boiling oil steam engine is run by the heat convectional current between the boiling oil and steam at pressure of the closed operating cylinder of engine. This engine is followed the thermodynamic cycle, are heating, expansion, cooling, and compression. According to the engine pressure, the boiling oil is heated above the boiling point of the water and below the smoke point of boiling oil through induction heating. The boiling oil steam engine cycle is a closed cycle and it contains, a fixed mass of steam called the "Working fluid". The working fluid(steam) never leaves the cylinder. Boiling oil is acting as heat transfer fluid and also the heat storage fluid. Normally, oils are having higher boiling point (smoke point) than water and water is having higher density than oil. Both the liquids are not mix together. Water is having simple chemical compound than oil. The working fluid is compressed in the cold space, transferred as a compressed fluid into the hot space where it is expanded again, and then transferred back again to the cold space. Net work is generated during each cycle equal to the area of the enclosed curve. Specific quantity of water, oil, and induction heating range are calculated by the final temperature of fluids formula and steam table.

The principle is that of thermal expansion and contraction of this fluid due to a temperature differential. One side of the engine is continuously heated while the other side is continuously cooled. First, the steam moved to the hot side, where it is heated and it expands pushing up on a piston. Then the steam moves on boiling oil surface to the cold side, where it cools off and contrasts pulling down on the piston. Temperature change inside the engine produced the pressure change needed to push on the piston and make the engine run. Boiling oil steam engine is heat engine. It designed to convert thermal energy into mechanical motion. This engine gets their input energy from the output gain of the very same engine. This system is controlled by increasing and deceasing temperature of induction heating.

Leidenfrost effect:

Fig.5 shows the Leidenfrost effect is a phenomenon in which a liquid, in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than the liquid's boiling point, produces an insulating vapour layer which suspends that liquid above the surface. The conventional steam boilers are affected by Leidenforst effect. Water boils faster when the temperature difference is less than the Leidenforst point. At temperatures less than the Leidenfrost point, the water "splatters" over the surface and heat is transferred to the water through contact with the hot surface, thus quickly boiling all the water. At temperatures greater than the Leidenfrost point, a layer of vapour forms between the water and the surface and heat is transferred to the water. The layer is constantly replenished as additional water vaporizes from the bottom surface of the water because of energy radiated and conducted through the layer from the solid surface. Although the layer is less than 0.1 mm thick near its outer boundary and only about 0.2 mm thick at its centre, it dramatically slows the vaporization of the water, which increases the amount of time needed to boil the water. Thus boiling a liquid at a temperature less than the Leidenfrost point will transfer heat away from the surface at a higher rate.

Fig.6 shows the Film Boiling (beyond Point D) beyond point D the hot solid surface is completely covered by a continuous stable vapour film. Point D, where the heat flux reaches a minimum is called the Leidenfrost point. The presence of a vapour film between the hot solid surface and the liquid is responsible for the low heat transfer rates in the film boiling region. This Leidenfrost effect has been overcome by boiling oil through direct heating. Boiling oil, water and steam are considered as fluids. In fluids, the heat transfers by convection methods. That steam layer is dissolved by the convection current between the fluids or movement of the particles in the fluids. Boiling oil is heated by the induction heating and it should be given up to the level of oil in the cylinder as per shown in figure. Because, then only the vapour layer will not appear at the bottom of the cylinder or otherwise vapour layer will prevent the heating of boiling oil. Water is having higher latent heat than air, helium, nitrogen or hydrogen etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:

FIG. 1 provides a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a boiling oil steam engine.

FIG. 2A indicates the expansion of steam on boiling oil surface.

FIG. 2B indicates the transmission of the steam from hot space to cold space.

FIG. 2C indicates the contraction of steam in cold space.

FIG. 2D indicates the transmission of the steam from cold space to hot space.

FIG. 3 is thermodynamic cycle of boiling oil steam engine.

FIG. 4 is a phase diagram of water.

FIG.5 indicates the Leidenfrost effect.

FIG.6 indicates the film boiling of water in the boiler above Leiden frost point. Wherein

1-Hot Space,2-Cold Space,3-Connecting Rod of Power Piston, 4-Power Piston Eccentric, 5-Connecting Rod of Displacer,6-Displacer Eccentric,7-Flywheel & crank soft,8-Cooler Fins, 9-Power Piston,10-Cold End,ll-Displacer,12-Closed Operating Cylinder,13-Hot End, 14-Oil,15-Water,16-Electric Induction Heater,17-Expanded Steam,18-Contracted Steam. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:

With initial reference to the Fig.l, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D the disclosure relates to apparatus for generating energy from working fluid, steam [17, 18]and heat transfer fluid, oil [14]. In brief overview, the apparatus is configured to receive oil [14]and water [15]and to heat it under conditions and in a manner so that water [15] is substantially instantaneously converted to steam [17, 18].

Fig. 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D referring the Boiling oil steam engine runs by the heat convectional current between the boiling oil [14] and steam [17, 18]at pressure of the closed operating cylinder [12]of engine. This engine follows the Stirling cycle via heating, expansion, cooling and compression. According to the engine pressure, the boiling oil [14] is heated above the boiling point of the water and below the smoke point of boiling oil [14] through induction heating [16]. Boiling point and smoke point depends upon the cylinder pressure. The boiling oil steam engine cycle is a closed cycle and it contains a fixed mass of steam [17, 18] called the "Working fluid". The working fluid (steam) [17,18] never leaves the cylinder. Boiling oil [14]acts as heat transfer fluid and also the heat storage fluid. \g.l shows, oils are having higher boiling point (smoke point) than water and water is having higher density than oil. Both the liquids don't mix together. Water is a simple chemical compound than oil. The working fluid is compressed in the cold space [2], transferred as a compressed fluid into the hot space [1] where it is expanded again, and then transferred back again to the cold space. Network is generated during each cycle equal to the area of the enclosed curve. The specific quantity of water, oil and induction heating range are calculated by the final temperature of fluids formula and steam table.

Final temperature of fluids formula:- rr Ci tu- m₂ c₂ t₂

t = ^:

rrii Ci + m₂ c₂

Where, t = final temperature (⁰Ο ⁰ F) mi = mass of water or steam (kg, lb) ci = specific heat of water or steam (KJ / kg. °C, Btu / lb. °F) t = temperature of water or steam (°C, °F)

ΠΓ⁾2 = mass of oil (Kg, lb) c₂ = specific heat of oil (KJ/kg °c, Btu / lb. °F) t₂ = temperature of oil {° ⁰ F) ¾¾4. STEAM TABLES

SATU RATED STEAM - PRESSURE TABLE

Spec. ol. Int. Ener. Enthalpy Entropy

- m³= kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ= (kg°K)

D T Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.

t Sat. liq. vap. liq. vap. liq. vap. liq. vap. bar °C

Vf Vg Uf Ug h_f h_g Sf s_g

X1000

0.04 28.96 1 .004 34.80 121.4 2415 121.4 2554 0.423 8.475 o!o6 36.15 1 .006 23.75 151.5 2425 151.5 2567 0.521 8.331

0.08 41.5 1 .008 18.11 173.8 2432 173.8 2577 0.593 8.229

0.1 45.8 1 .010 14.68 191 .8 2438 191.8 2585 0.649 8.150

0.2 60.07 1 017 7.649 251 .4 2457 251 .4 2610 0.832 7.908

0.3 69,1 1 1 023 5.229 289.2 2468 289.2 2625 0.944 7.769

0.4 75.87 1 .026 3.994 317.5 2477 317.6 2637 1.026 7.670

0.5 81.33 1 .030 3.240 ^' 340.4 2484 340.5 2646 1.091 7.594

0.6 85.94 1 .033 2.732 359.8 2490 359.9 2653 1.145 7.532

0.7 89.95 1 036 2.365 376.6 2494 376.7 2660 1.192 7.480

0.8 93.5 1 039 2.087 391.6 2499 391.7 2666 1.233 7.435

0.9 96.71 1 041 1.870 405.1 2503 405.1 2671 1.270 7.395

1 99.62 1 043 1.694 417.3 2506 417.4 2675 1.303 7.359

1.5 111 .4 1 053 1.159 466.9 2520 467.1 2694 1.434 7.223

2 120.2 1 061 0.886 504.5 2530 504.7 2707 1.530 7.127

3 133.6 1 073 0.606 561.1 2544 561.5 2725 1.672 6.992

4 143.6 1 084 0.463 604.3 2554 604.8 2739 1.777 6.896

5 151 .9 1 093 0.375 639.7 2561 640.2 2749 1.861 6.821

6 158.9 1 101 0.316 669.9 2567 670.6 2757 1.931 6.760

7 165.0 1 108 0.273 696.4 2573 697.2 2764 1.992 6.708

8 170.4 1 115 0.240 720.2 2577 721.1 2769 2.046 6.663

9 175.4 1 121 0,215 741.8 2580 742.8 2774 2.095 6.623

10 179.9 1 127 0.194 761.7 2584 762.8 2778 2.139 6.586

20 212.4 1 177 0.100 906.4 2600 908.8 2800 2.447 6.341

30 233.9 1 217 0.067 1005 2604 1008 2804 2.646 6.187

40 250.4 1 252 0.050 1082 2602 1087 2801 2.796 6.070 .

50 264.0 1 286 0.039 1148 2597 1154 2794 2.920 5.973

60 275.6 1 319 0.032 1205 2590 1213 2784 3.027 5.889

70 285.9 1 352 0.027 1258 2580 1267 2772 3.121 5.813

80 295.1 1 384 0.024 1306 2570 1317 2758 3.207 5.743

90 303.4 1 418 0.021 1350 2558 1363 2742 3.286 5.677

100 311 .1 1 453 0.018 1393 2545 1408 2725 3.360 5.614

1 10 318.2 1 489 0.016 1434 2530 1450 2706 3.429 5.553

120 324.8 1 527 0.014 1473 2513 1491 2685 3.496 5.492

130 331.0 1 567 0.013 151 1 2496 1532 2662 3.561 5.432

140 336.8 1 611 0.012 1549 2477 1571 2638 3.623 5.372

150 342.3 1 658 0.010 , 1586 2456 1611 2611 3.685 5.310

160 347.4 1 711 0.009 1623 2432 1650 2581 3.746 5.246

170 352.4 1 770 0.008 1660 2405 1690 2547 3.808 - 5.178

180 357.0 1 839 0.008 1699 2375 1732 2510 3.871 5.105

190 361 .5 1 924 0.007 1740 2338 1776 2465 3.938 5.024

200 365.8 2 036 0.006 1786 2295 1826 2411 4.013 4.931

220.9 374.1 3 155 0.003 2030 2029 2099 2099 4.430 4.430 Note :- t2 > t because, oil is having higher boiling point (smoke point) than water boiling point.

Method of calculation:

First of all, find the volume of the cylinder [12] and pressure of the cylinder [12]. Volume of the cylinder is calculated from the bore and stroke size. Pressure of the cylinder is calculated from the weight of the flywheel [7], etc. Then refer the steam table, at this cylinder pressure what will be the boiling point temperature of water. The boiling point temperature is called as working fluid temperature or final temperature of fluids at hot space [1] of the cylinder. Final temperature is otherwise called as working temperature of the engine. Refer the steam table, in this temperature and pressure, what will be the volume ratio of steam and water. The volume of cylinder is divided by the number of times of the steam volume ratio and gets the specific quantity of water or otherwise called as mass of working fluid. The meaning that, the specific quantity of water at this temperature and pressure, water converted into steam and push the piston up to the cylinder volume level. Before calculating the specific quantity of boiling oil, fix the induction heating temperature range. The temperature range must be above the boiling point of water and below the smoke point of boiling oil at the pressure of the cylinder. The temperature range is called as heat transfer fluid temperature or boiling oil temperature. Now, put all the factors (including the specific heat of water or steam and oil) in the final temperature of fluids formula and balance both side of the formula and get the specific quantity of boiling oil. It is otherwise called as mass of the heat transfer fluid. Above this method of calculation, we can find out the specific quantity of water, oil and induction heating range of the engine. By this way, we can determine the temperature, pressure, volume of working fluid(steam).

During operation of the apparatus, lower pressure steam is substantially instantaneously converted to higher pressure steam by boiling oil hot surface. The critical pressure of water is 3209.5 psi / 218.4 atm. The critical temperature of water is 705.47°F / 374.15 °C .

Fig 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D shows the working fluid contact with the boiling oil hot surface, it expands immediately. Liquids and gases are fluids. In the case of fluids, the heat transferred by the way of heat convection method. In the heat convection, the particles in the fluids can move from place to place. Convection occurs when particles with a lot heat energy in a liquid or gas more and take the place of particles with less heat energy. Heat energy is transferred from hot places to cooler places by convection.

Fig 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D shows the boiling oil steam engine is run by the heat convectional current between the boiling oil [14]and steam[17, 18]. Heat connectional current is a thermal flow that occurs in heat transferred fluid and working fluid. It is the result of expansion of the steam on the boiling oil surface. Thermal flow occurs due to the change in temperature of the fluids. Oil and water are liquids and so considered as incompressible fluids. Steam is a compressible fluid. Thermodynamic cycle:

Fig 3 deals about the thermodynamic cycle of Boiling oil steam engine. It is a closed cycle and it contains, most commonly a fixed mass of steam called the "working fluid" [17, 18]. The principle is that of thermal expansion and contraction of this fluid due to a temperature differential. Boiling oil steam engine is followed the Stirling cycle. So the ideal Stirling cycle consists of four thermodynamics distinct processes acting on the working fluid: two constant-temperature processes and two constant-volume processes.

Each one of which can be separately analysed:

Cycle 1-2: isothermal compression process. Work Wi-2 is done on the working fluid, while an equal amount of heat Qi-2 is rejected by the system to the cooling source. The working fluid cools and contracts at constant temperature Tc.

Cycle 2-3: constant volume displacement process with heat addition. Heat Q2-3 is absorbed by the working fluid and temperature is raised from Tc to TH. NO work is done.

Cycle 3-4: isothermal expansion process. Work W3-4 is done by the working fluid, while an equal amount of heat Q3-4 source is added to the system from the heating source. The working fluid heats and expands at constant temperature TH.

Cycle 4-1: constant volume displacement process with heat rejection. Heat Q4-1 is rejected by the working fluid and temperature decrease from Tc to TH. NO work is done.

Now, put the specific quantity of water and oil, inside the bottom of cylinder (hot end) [13] and give the required amount of induction heating [16]. Boiling oil cylinder is heated by the electric induction heater[16] or other heating sources. If the water reaches the boiling point, water converted into steam. It is referred by the Fig.4. Both the liquids (water and oil) are fluids. These fluids, heat transferred by way of heat convection method. At this working temperature, heat transferred fluid (boiling oil) [14] is in the liquid state and working fluid (steam) is in the gaseous state [17,18]. Steam expands on the surface of the boiling oil [13] and pushes the piston[9] and make engine run. Steam losses the heat energy in the cold space[2] and return back to hot space[l] by the displacerfll]. Boiling oil equalize the heat lost of steam in cold space[2] by the way of thermal flow. It leads to thermal equilibrium of the fluids. It is known as isothermic expansion of the closed system. Heat is addition by the boiling oil [14] and rejection by the cooler[8].

The main processes, like for most heat engines, are cooling, compression, heating and expansion. Boiling oil steam engine operates through the use of an external heat source and an external heat sink having a sufficiently large temperature difference between them. The steam used inside boiling oil steam engine never leave the engine. STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF THE BOILING OIL STEAM ENGINE (BETA

CONFIGURATION):

With reference to Figures 1,2A,2B,2C,2D, the apparatus includes at least one cylinder [12] having a piston[9] mounted in the cylinder[12] and connected by a piston rod[3,4] attached to a load, such as a flywheel[7]. Preferably, additional cylinders may be provided.

The Beta engine has both the displacer[ll] and the piston[9] in an in-line cylinder system. The purpose of the single power piston[9] and^' displacer[ll] is to "displace" the working fluid(steam) at constant volume, and shuttle it between the expansion and the compression spaces [1,2]. The beta configuration has a single power piston[9] arranged within the same cylinder[12] on the same shaft as a displacer piston[ll]. The displacer piston is a loose fit and does not extract any power from the expanding steam but only serves to shuttle the steam from the boiling oil surface[.13] to the cold space[2]. When the steam is pushed to the boiling oil surface [13], it expands and pushes the power piston. When it is pushed to the cold end [10] of the cylinder it contracts and the momentum of the machine, usually enhanced by a flywheel [7], pushes the power piston [9] the other way to compress the steam.

A belt connects between the flywheel [7] (and flywheels associated with any additional cylinders) and an electric generator for transferring rotation of the flywheel [7] to the generator for generation of electrical power resulting from operation of the apparatus. The generator is electrically connected to electrical power source, as by wiring. The electrical power source is electrically connected to a plurality of heat transfer sources, which convert electrical energy supplied by the electrical source into thermal energy for heating water as explained more fully below according to the disclosure.

Expansion of steam:

Fig.2A indicates this point, most of the steam in the system is at the heated on the surface of boiling oil [13]. The steam heats and expands [17] driving the power piston [9] outward.

Transfer of steam from hot space to cold space:

Fig.2B indicates this point, the steam has expanded [17]. Most of the steam is still located in hot space [1] of the cylinder. Flywheel [7] momentum carries the crankshaft [7] the next quarter turn. As the crank goes round, the bulk of the steam is transferred around the displacer [11] to the cool end [10] of the cylinder, driving more fluid into the cooled end [10] of the cylinder .

Contraction of steam:

Now Fig.2C shows the majority of the expanded steam [17] has been shifted to the cool end [10]. It contracts and the displacer [11] is almost at the bottom of its cycle. Transfer of steam from cold space to hot space:

Fig.2D indicates the contracted steam [18] is still located near the cool end [10] of the cylinder. Flywheel [7] momentum carries the crank [7] another quarter turn, moving the displacer [11] and transferring the bulk of the steam back to the boiling oil hot surface of the cylinder [13] . And at this point, the cycle repeats.

The upward and downward movement of the displacer [11], it leads to forced heat convection. The boiling oil [14] leads to boiling heat convection. The cooling fins [8] or water cooling etc., are followed the natural heat convection in the environment. The cooler [8] may be, air cooler, water cooler, electrical cooling, etc.

Advantages of water used in the system:

Water is having lower boiling point and higher density than oil. The advantages of using water in the system are, highest specific heat and latent heat, highest heat transfer coefficient, easy to control, reversible, high pressure, simple compound, don't mix with oil, no chemical bond with oil and heat only transferred by contact of the boiling oil. Steam is acting as compressible fluid, working fluid and gaseous state of water.

Advantages of oil used in the system:

Oil is acting as heat transfer fluid, incompressible fluid, liquid state. Oil is having higher boiling point(smoke point) and the lower density than water. Water and oil are immiscible fluids. They are not mix together. Oil is the term includes, plant oil, animal oil, mineral oil, synthetic oil etc. Advantages of using the oil in the system are, reduce friction, transfer heat, carry away contaminants and debris, transmit power, protect against wear, prevent corrosion, seal for gases (steam, air), prevent rust etc. We can fill the steam externally to the cylinder to reduce the some air mixture inside the cylinder.

Temperature change inside the engine produced the pressure change needed to push on the piston and make the engine run. Boiling oil steam engine is a heat engine as well as cold engine. It designed to convert thermal energy into mechanical motion. This engine gets their input energy from the output gain of the very same engine. This system is controlled by increasing and deceasing temperature of induction heating.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments for this disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments are chosen and described in an effort to provide the best illustrations of the principles of the disclosure and its practical application, and to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the disclosure in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the disclosure as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled. Best method / example of working of the invention:

Consider, a 20 HP boiling oil steam engine having the 1.555kg of cylinder volume and the cylinder pressure( steam pressure) 10 bar. To calculate, what is the specific quantity of water, oil and induction heating range of the boiling oil steam engine?

Here the working fluid, steam is having 10 bar pressure. By referring steam table, boiling point of water at 10 bar pressure is 180°C.

Volume of the cylinder = 1555 g . = 1.555 kg

In the steam and water volume ratio at 10 bar pressure and 180°C is,

Steam and water specific volume of steam (Vg) in m³/ Kg

Volume ratio =

at 10 bar and 180°C specific Volume of water (Vf) in m³/ Kg

0.194

xlOOO = 172.138

1.127

(by the steam tables reference) volume ratio is, 172:1 steam : water

Final temperature of fluids formula: mi ^ci ti ^{+ m}2 c₂ ti

t

Where, final temperature Temperature boiling point

t = of fluids (°C,°F) of of water at the

working fluid cylinder pressure mass of water (kg, lb) = 9g = 0.009 kg = 9ml

(density of water is 1000 kg / m³) specific heat of water = 4.18 KJ/kg°C

(KJ/Kg°C, Btu/lb°F) ti = initial or ambient temperature of water = 20°C m₂ = mass of oil (kg, lb) c₂ = specific heat of oil = 1.8 KJ / kg°C

(KJ/kg°C, Btu/lb°F) t₂ = induction = temperature of = temperature of heat

heating range induction heating transfer fluid(oil)

.·. t₂ > t

Boiling oil have higher boiling point than water, induction heating must be above the boiling point of water and below the smoke point of the boiling oil at the cylinder pressure.

Assume, induction heating = t₂ = 200°C.

Useful information: specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg-°C

specific heat of steam = 2.09 kJ/kg °C

specific heat of oil = 1.8 kJ/kg-°C

To calculate the mass of the boiling oil, put the above factors in the final temperature of fluids formula,

(0.009 kg) ( 4,18 KJ / kg) ( 20°C) + (m₂) (1.8 KJ / kg°C) (200°C)

180°C =

(0.009 kg) (4.18 KJ / kg°C) + (m₂) (1.8 KJ/ kg °C)

(0.009 x 4.18 x 20) + (m₂ x 1.8 x 200)

180

(0.009 x 4.18) + (m₂ x 1.8) 0.752 + 360 m₂

180

0.0376 + 1.8 m₂

180 (0.0376 + 1.8m₂) = 0.752 + 360 m₂ 6.768+ 324m₂ = 0.752 + 360 m₂ 6.768 - 0.752 360m₂ - 324m₂ 6.016 36 m₂

6.016

.·. m₂ 0.167 kg or 167 g

36

167 g or 181 ml of oil. m₂ 167 g ( The density of oil is, 921 kg / m³ ;

Result is,

.·. The specific quantity of water 9 g

The specific quantity of oil 167 g

Induction heating 200°C

The meaning is that,

The final temperature of the 167grams of oil at 200°C and 9grams of water at 20°C is 180°C. In this final temperature, oil is acting as heat transfer fluid, non-compressible fluid and liquid in state but, water changed into steam. Steam is acting as working fluid, compressible fluid and express 10 bar pressure in volume of the cylinder and push the piston to run the engine.

Above these methods, we can determine the volume, pressure, temperature of the working fluid.

The combine law of thermodynamics is,

Pi i P₂ V₂

Ti T₂

Initial conditions ^' = new conditions

Boiling oil steam engine is a closed system.

So that, number of moles (n) is constant,

we can also use ideal gas law, to find pressure, volume, temperature of the system

PV = nRT

where

P = absolute pressure, T = absolute temperature,

V = volume, n = number of moles, R - gas constant = 8.315 J/molk.

Consider, ambient temperature is 20°C

Useful information: heat of vaporization = 2082.5 J/g at(180°C -20°C =160°C) of water

( refer the steam table, hfg = hg - hf at ΔΤ ) specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g-°C

specific heat of steam = 2.09 J/g-°C

specific heat of oil = 1.8 ^'J/g-°C

Step 1: Heat required to raise the temperature of 20 °C oil to 200 °C oil q = mcAT

Where,

q = heat energy

m = mass

c = specific heat

ΔΤ = change in temperature q = (167 g)x(1.8 J/g-°C)[(200 °C - 20 °C)]

q = (167 g)x(1.8 J/g-^oC)x(180 °C)

q = 54108 J

Heat required to raise the temperature of 20°C oil to 200°C oil = 54108 J

Step 2: Heat required to raise the temperature of 20 °C water to 180 °C water at 10 bar pressure q = mcAT

Where,

q = heat energy

m - mass

c = specific heat

ΔΤ = change in temperature

q = (9 g)x(4.18 J/g-°C)[(180 °C - 20 °C)]

= (9 g)x(4.18 J/g-°C)x(160 °C) = 6019 J

Heat required to raise the temperature of 20°C water to 180°C water = 6019 J Step 3: Heat required to convert 180°C water to 180°C steam and ambient temperature is 20°C. q=m-AH_v

where

q = heat energy

m = mass

ΔΗ_ν = heat of vaporization

q = (9 g)x(2082.5 J/g)

q = 18742.5 J = 18743 J (approximately)

Heat required to convert 180 °C water to 180°C steam = 18743J

Step 4: Heat required to convert 100 °C steam(heat loss) to 180 °C steam(heat gain).

q = mcAT

where

q = heat energy

m = mass

c = specific heat

ΔΤ = change in temperature

q = (9 g)x(2.09 J/g-°C)[(180 °C - 100 °C)]

q = (9 g)x(2.09 J/g-^oC)x(80 °C)

q = 1505 J

Heat required to convert 100 °C steam (heat loss) to 180 °C steam(heat gain) = 1505 J Step 5: Find total heat energy

Heatfotai = Heatstep i + Heatst_ep ₂ + Heatstep 3 ⁺ Heatst_ep 4

Heattotai = 54108 J + 6019 J + 187 3J + 1505 J

Heat-Totai = 80375 J

Answer:

The total heat required to convert 9 grams of 20 °C water into 180 °C steam and raise the temperature 167 grams of 20 °C oil to 200 °C oil is 80375 J or 80.375 kJ.

Heat-Totai = 80375 J 1 watt-hour = 3600 J

Heattotai per hour = 80375 J /3600 J = 22.33 w/hr (approximately) Total input energy is, 22.33w/hr. But, it is a 20 HP steam engine. So that, 1 Hp = 746 w / hour .-.20 Hp ^'= 14920 w / hour

The gain is, =. 14920 - 22.33w / hour The total gain of

the boiling oil = 14897 w / hour = 14.897 KW / hr

steam engine

At the starting of the engine, the inverter gives alternating current (AC) to induction heating. Inverter is charged by the generator in the very same system of the engine. Boiling oil steam engine gets their input energy from out gain of the very same engine. For the quick starting, additional energy is required. At the water boiling point, the engine gets running and then reduces the additional energy input and maintain the constant temperature as per requirement. The engine is regulated by increasing and decreasing temperature of the induction heating.

Above these calculations are one of the illustration of the boiling oil steam engine operations.

For example,

In the case of conventional steam engine, at same 20HP, having bore 4.5 inch stroke 6 inch with 500 RPM and the steam pressure is 10 bar.

First of all , calculate the volume of the cylinder:

Bore = 4.5 inch = 11.43 cm = diameter _^

Radius of the cylinder = diameter/2 = r = 11.43/2 = 5.7 cm

Stoke = 6 inch = 15.24 cm = height = h

Volume of the cylinder π = 3.14

3.14 x 5.7 x 5.7 x 15.24

1154.73 ml = 1555 ml (approximately)

Volume of the cylinder 1555 g = 1.555 kg (Density of water is 1000 kg /m³)

In the steam and water volume ratio at 10 bar pressure and 180°C is,

Steam and water specific volume of steam (Vg) in m³/ Kg

Volume ratio

at 10 bar and 180°C specific volume of water (Vf) in m³/ Kg

0.194

xlOOO = 172.138

1.127

(by the steam tables reference)

The volume ratio is, 172:1 steam : water Cylinder volume

.·. Specific quantity of water = :- number of times of volume ratio of steam

1.555 kg

172 times of expand the water to steam

0.009 kg

.·. Specific quantity of water = 9 g (approximately)

Total mass of the water = 500 RPM x 2 stroke for x 60 x 9 g of water

(steam) per hour each minutes (steam) for

revolution each stroke

500 x 2 x 60 x 9

540000 g

540 kg consider the ambient temperature of water in 20°C and temperature of the steam at 10 bar is 180°c.

Useful information: heat of vaporization of water = 2257 J/g

specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g-°C

specific heat of steam = 2.09 J/g-"C

Step 1: Heat required to raise the temperature of 20 °C water to 100 °C water q = mcAT

Where,

q = heat energy

m = mass

c = specific heat

ΔΤ = change in temperature q = (540000 g)x(4.18 J/g-°C)[(100 °C - 20 °C)]

q = (540000 g)x(4.18 J/g-°C)x(80 °C)

q = 180576000 J Heat required to raise the temperature of 20 °C water to 100 °C wate = 180576000 J

Step 2: Heat required to convert 100 °C water to 100 °C steam q = m-ΔΗν where

q = heat energy

m = mass

ΔΗ_ν = heat of vaporization q = (540000 g)x(2257 J/g)

q = 1218780000 J

Heat required to convert 100 °C water to 100 °C steam = 1218780000 J Step 3: Heat required to convert 100 °C steam to 180 °C steam q = π ΔΤ q = (540000 g)x(2.09 J/g-°C)[(180 °C - 100 °C)]

q = (540000 g)x(2.09 J/g-°C)x(80 °C)

q = 90288000 J

Heat required to convert 100 °C steam to 180 °C steam = 90288000 J

Step 4: Find total heat energy

Heat-rotai = Heat_step ι + Heat_step 2 + Heat_{step 3}

Heatrotai = 180576000 J + 1218780000 J + 90288000 J

Heat_Totai = 1489644000 J

Answer:

The heat required to convert 540000 grams(540 kg or 540 litre) of 20 °C water into 180 °C steam is 1489644000 J

Heatxotai = 1489644000 J = 1489644 kJ

(1 watt-hour = 3600 J)

=1489644000 J /3600 J =413790 w/hr = 413.79 kw/hr According to the Newton's third law, the equal opposite force acting in engine, so that the real input energy is 413.79 KW/hr / 2 = 206.895 KW/hr

The total input energy = 206.895 KW/hr

But, the engine creates only 20HP = 14920W/hr = 14.920KW/hr Loss of energy is = 14.920KW/hr - 206.895KW/hr Loss of energy is = -191.975 KW/hr. Where

The sign of minus (-) indicates the loss of energy compared to input energy. We cannot get input energy from the output loss of -191.975 KW/hr. These are all demerits are vested with the conventional steam engine. These kinds of demerits are eradicated by the boiling oil steam engine.

Claims

1. Apparatus which generates energy using working fluid and heat transfer fluid, comprising the following components:

A) Closed operating Cylinder or cylinders comprise of working fluid and heat transfer fluid;

B) One or more closed operating cylinders, each cylinder including a piston mounted in the cylinder and connected by a piston rod;

C) System for supplying heat to the working fluid and heat transfer fluid ;

D) the working of the apparatus result in generating in more efficient energy than any other closed type engines without any pollutions.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cylinder comprises of piston or rotor for generating power.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the working fluid is water / steam.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer fluid is oil.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the oil comprises of vegetable oil , animal oil, mineral oil, synthetic oil.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the loss of energy due to the Leidenfrost effect has been overcome.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the input energy is continuously gained from the output energy.

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is installed on a vehicle to power the vehicle.