WO2014035350A1 - Hydrogen separation tank 1 - Google Patents
Hydrogen separation tank 1 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014035350A1 WO2014035350A1 PCT/TH2012/000040 TH2012000040W WO2014035350A1 WO 2014035350 A1 WO2014035350 A1 WO 2014035350A1 TH 2012000040 W TH2012000040 W TH 2012000040W WO 2014035350 A1 WO2014035350 A1 WO 2014035350A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- holes
- tank
- electrolyte solution
- shaft
- stainless steel
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
- F02M25/10—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone
- F02M25/12—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture adding acetylene, non-waterborne hydrogen, non-airborne oxygen, or ozone the apparatus having means for generating such gases
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- An apparatus contains electrolyte solution tank induces electrolysis process, or Brown Gas, in electrolyte solution with water as the main element. Normally when the electrical current is passed through, it does not generate adequate reaction or it creates frog-egg-like bubbles. The process doesn't generate adequate hydrogen gas to use in conjunction with fossil fuels in a internal and external combustion engines.
- Hydrogen energy is an alternative fuel option that will help reduce air pollution and yield global warming. It is an alternate fuel that can be used with other common fuels in most engines.
- the Hydrogen Separation system separates hydrogen gas from water or electrolyte solution by electrolysis process.
- the Hydrogen Separation Tank 1 consists of a cylinder tank with 3 holders for holding the equipment tightly to a structure. It separates hydrogen gas by applying electrical current from a DC power supply through electrolyte solution via anode and cathode.
- the Hydrogen Separation Tank 1 also contains a spherical lid, welded to the tank, for installing a cathode and an anode which is connected to a DC power supply on one end and the cell plates and a permanent magnet for catalyzing the electrolysis process on the other end.
- the lid also contains neutral shaft for balancing electrical current, a thermometer for measuring the temperature inside the tank, a hydrogen gas pipe connector, and it also let negative electrical current from a DC power supply passes through to the apparatus.
- Fig.1 shows the Hydrogen Separation Tank 1 which consists of a stainless steel cylinder tank (1) with 3 holders (10) for holding the apparatus to a structure.
- the tank is for holding the electrolyte solution and produces hydrogen gas by allowing electrical current from a DC power supply to pass through.
- the cylinder shape tank is designed to speed up the electrolysis process by allowing the electrolyte solution flows clockwise without hitting any edges when the electrical current is passing through.
- a hole is made near the bottom edge of the tank for installing an L shaped stainless steel pipe (9). The short end of the L shaped pipe is connected to the tank (1) while the long end goes up above the tank and has a screw top for installing electrolyte solution meter for measuring the electrolyte solution level inside the tank (1).
- the short end of the L shaped pipe is connected to the tank (1) while the long end goes up above the lid (2) and connects to its own lid (15).
- This pipe (8) is for refilling the electrolyte solution into the tank (1).
- the lid (2) is a spherical stainless steel lid, welded to the tank (1).
- the lid contains 4 holes on the top for installing anode shaft (5), cathode shaft (6), neutral shaft + thermometer (4), and hydrogen pipe connector (3).
- the cathode is connected to the lid (2) and it supplies negative electrical current to the lid (2) and the tank (1).
- the anode supplies positive electrical current to the stainless steel anode shaft which is connected to the cell plates.
- the hydrogen pipe connector (3) is a stainless steel connector with inside braiding. It connects to the lid (2) and it is the exit to the hydrogen pipe (7) and engine combustion chamber for hydrogen gas produced.
- Neutral shaft + thermometer (4) is a hollow stainless steel shaft for installing the thermometer.
- the end of the neutral shaft which goes inside the tank (1) is completely sealed so the electrolyte solution cannot enter the hollow shaft.
- the other end of the neutral shaft contains a hole for the wire from the sensor (14) to exit.
- the neutral shaft also balances the electrical current in the nodes while the DC current from DC power supply varies, depending on the alternator.
- Anode shaft (5) is a stainless steel shaft for supplying positive charge current from a DC power supply, and it connects to the cell plates and a permanent magnet.
- Cathode shaft (6) is a stainless steel shaft for supplying negative charge current from a DC power supply.
- Hydrogen pipe (7) is a Teflon pipe that leads the hydrogen gas produced into the combustion chamber.
- Electrolyte solution refilling pipe (8) is a stainless steel pipe for refilling electrolyte solution when the level reaches the defined level.
- Refilling lid is a stainless steel lid, welded to the refilling pipe. It is an entry point for refilling electrolyte solution.
- Electrolyte solution level checking pipe (9) is a stainless steel pipe for inserting electrolyte solution level checking tool.
- Fig. 2 shows the hydrogen separation cell plate set. It contains a center anode shaft (5) made from stainless steel and connects to the lid (2). The bottom of the shaft is connected to the cell plates (11), a permanent magnet (12), and a Z shaped propeller (13). The magnet is completely covered in stainless steel case and positioned in between the cell plates.
- the cell plates (1 1) are divided into the top cell plate and the bottom cell plate.
- the cell plates are made from round stainless steel plate with holes drilled into the defined positions.
- the S or Z shaped stainless steel propeller (13) is made from a flat rectangle stainless steel plate shaped into S or Z shape.
- the S plate is connected to the anode shaft and the stainless steel case of the magnet.
- Figure 3 shows the cell plates with 2 circles, inner and outer circles (1 1.1, 11.2). Each circle has different radius, depending on the angle of the 10 holes in the position of triangular pyramid shape.
- the first hole (11.3) is in the center of the cell plate. This hole defines the angle of the other holes and it is for connecting the anode shaft (5) to the cell plate (11). (See Fig. 2)
- the second, third, and fourth (1 1.4, 1 1.5, 1 1.6) are on the circumference of the inner circle (11.1).
- the third hole (1 1.5) is smaller than the second and fourth holes.
- These holes are positioned in the triangular pyramid shape with the center hole (11.3) and they help catalyzing the electrolysis process. The holes also help balancing hydrogen separation process while the current from the DC power supply varies.
- the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth holes (11.7, 1 1.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11,
- the cell plate contains 10 holes in various sizes.
- the center hole is for connecting the cell plate to the shaft.
- the other 9 holes are positioned on 2 circles, inner and outer circles.
- the inner circle contains 3 holes on its circumference, while the outer circle contains 6 holes.
- the holes are evenly spaced and they are positioned in triangular pyramid shape, creating 15 triangles.
- S or Z shaped plate (Fig. 2 (12)) is made from a stainless steel rectangle plate and shaped into an S or a Z shape.
- the plate is connected to the anode shaft (5), and acts as the propeller to increase the speed of the clockwise flow of the electrolyte solution when electrical current passes through the cell plate in the electrolysis process.
- EMF electric and magnetic field
- the electric field occurs around an object with electric current passing through and called magnetic field. In the case where both fields exist, the fields are called EMFs or Electromagnetic Field.
- the electromagnetic field is very useful in separating hydrogen from electrolyte solution.
- Electromagnetic field helps double the hydrogen gas produced by acting similarly to the DC power supply in the form of an alternator inside the tank. (See permanent magnet installation in Fig. 2)
- the permanent magnet (12) installed inside the tank helps create electromagnetic field and strengthen electrical current without adding another battery. It is the method to increase hydrogen gas produced which can be said that the electrical energy is transformed into mechanical energy in the form of latent energy.
- Electrolysis is the process of passing DC current into electrolyte solution and creates a chemical reaction, resulting in water and energy.
- the equipment which separates the solution with electricity is called electrolyte cell and it consists of electrical nodes, electrolyte solution container, and a DC power supply (alternator, battery, and capacitor).
- a DC power supply supplies the current through electrolyte solution inside the tank (1)
- the hydrogen separation equipment and DC power supply i.e. Alternator
- the electrolysis process is completed.
- FIG. 1 Shows the picture of the Hydrogen Separation tank 1
- Figure 2 Shows how cell plates, magnet, and Z plate are connected to the shaft
- FIG. 3 Shows the cell plates and the holes positions
- the Hydrogen Separation Tank 1 should be manufactured as described above.
Abstract
The Hydrogen Separation Tank 1 consists of a cylinder tank, round cell plates, and a permanent magnet which are attached to an anode shaft. The shaft is then connected to the lid which has a hydrogen pipe connector which allows the hydrogen gas produced to flow through to the hydrogen pipe and the engine combustion chamber.
Description
INVENTION DETAIL Invention Title
HYDROGEN SEPARATION TANK 1
Related Field
Electrical engineering, Physics
Invention Background
An apparatus contains electrolyte solution tank induces electrolysis process, or Brown Gas, in electrolyte solution with water as the main element. Normally when the electrical current is passed through, it does not generate adequate reaction or it creates frog-egg-like bubbles. The process doesn't generate adequate hydrogen gas to use in conjunction with fossil fuels in a internal and external combustion engines.
Invention characteristics and Vision
While all petrol and other common fuels, i.e. LPG and CNG, prices are sky rocketing, they still emit toxic gas and cause greenhouse effect in the world. Hydrogen energy is an alternative fuel option that will help reduce air pollution and yield global warming. It is an alternate fuel that can be used with other common fuels in most engines. The Hydrogen Separation system separates hydrogen gas from water or electrolyte solution by electrolysis process.
The Hydrogen Separation Tank 1 consists of a cylinder tank with 3 holders for holding the equipment tightly to a structure. It separates hydrogen gas by applying electrical current from a DC power supply through electrolyte solution via anode and cathode.
The Hydrogen Separation Tank 1 also contains a spherical lid, welded to the tank, for installing a cathode and an anode which is connected to a DC power supply on one end and the cell plates and a permanent magnet for catalyzing the electrolysis process on the other end. The lid also contains neutral shaft for balancing electrical current, a thermometer for measuring the temperature inside the tank, a hydrogen gas pipe connector, and it also let negative electrical current from a DC power supply passes through to the apparatus.
Invention Detail Design
Fig.1 shows the Hydrogen Separation Tank 1 which consists of a stainless steel cylinder tank (1) with 3 holders (10) for holding the apparatus to a structure. The tank is for holding the electrolyte solution and produces hydrogen gas by allowing electrical current from a DC power supply to pass through. The cylinder shape tank is designed to speed up the electrolysis process by allowing the electrolyte solution flows clockwise without hitting any edges when the electrical current is passing through. A hole is made near the bottom edge of the tank for installing an L shaped stainless steel pipe (9). The short end of the L shaped pipe is connected to the tank (1) while the long end goes up above the tank and has a screw top for installing electrolyte solution meter for measuring the electrolyte solution level inside the tank (1).
A hole is made on the side, a little bit below the top edge of the tank (1) for installing an L shaped stainless steel pipe (8). The short end of the L shaped pipe is connected to the tank (1) while the long end goes up above the lid (2) and connects to its own lid (15). This pipe (8) is for refilling the electrolyte solution into the tank (1).
The lid (2) is a spherical stainless steel lid, welded to the tank (1). The lid contains 4 holes on the top for installing anode shaft (5), cathode shaft (6), neutral shaft + thermometer (4), and hydrogen pipe connector (3).
The cathode is connected to the lid (2) and it supplies negative electrical current to the lid (2) and the tank (1). On the other hand, the anode supplies positive electrical current to the stainless steel anode shaft which is connected to the cell plates.
The hydrogen pipe connector (3) is a stainless steel connector with inside braiding. It connects to the lid (2) and it is the exit to the hydrogen pipe (7) and engine combustion chamber for hydrogen gas produced.
Neutral shaft + thermometer (4) is a hollow stainless steel shaft for installing the thermometer. The end of the neutral shaft which goes inside the tank (1) is completely sealed so the electrolyte solution cannot enter the hollow shaft. The other end of the neutral shaft contains a hole for the wire from the sensor (14) to exit. The neutral shaft also balances the electrical current in the nodes while the DC current from DC power supply varies, depending on the alternator.
Anode shaft (5) is a stainless steel shaft for supplying positive charge current from a DC power supply, and it connects to the cell plates and a permanent magnet.
Cathode shaft (6) is a stainless steel shaft for supplying negative charge current from a DC power supply.
Hydrogen pipe (7) is a Teflon pipe that leads the hydrogen gas produced into the combustion chamber.
Electrolyte solution refilling pipe (8) is a stainless steel pipe for refilling electrolyte solution when the level reaches the defined level.
Refilling lid (15) is a stainless steel lid, welded to the refilling pipe. It is an entry point for refilling electrolyte solution.
Electrolyte solution level checking pipe (9) is a stainless steel pipe for inserting electrolyte solution level checking tool.
Fig. 2 shows the hydrogen separation cell plate set. It contains a center anode shaft (5) made from stainless steel and connects to the lid (2). The bottom of the shaft is connected to the cell plates (11), a permanent magnet (12), and a Z shaped propeller (13). The magnet is completely covered in stainless steel case and positioned in between the cell plates.
The cell plates (1 1) are divided into the top cell plate and the bottom cell plate. The cell plates are made from round stainless steel plate with holes drilled into the defined positions.
The S or Z shaped stainless steel propeller (13) is made from a flat rectangle stainless steel plate shaped into S or Z shape. The S plate is connected to the anode shaft and the stainless steel case of the magnet.
Figure 3 shows the cell plates with 2 circles, inner and outer circles (1 1.1, 11.2). Each circle has different radius, depending on the angle of the 10 holes in the position of triangular pyramid shape.
The first hole (11.3) is in the center of the cell plate. This hole defines the angle of the other holes and it is for connecting the anode shaft (5) to the cell plate (11). (See Fig. 2)
The second, third, and fourth (1 1.4, 1 1.5, 1 1.6) are on the circumference of the inner circle (11.1). The third hole (1 1.5) is smaller than the second and fourth holes. These holes are positioned in the triangular pyramid shape with the center hole (11.3) and they help catalyzing the electrolysis process. The holes also help balancing hydrogen separation process while the current from the DC power supply varies.
The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth holes (11.7, 1 1.8, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11,
11.12) are on the circumference of the outer circle (1 1.2). These holes are positioned in the triangular pyramid shape with the center hole (11.3) and they help catalyzing the electrolysis process.
The cell plate contains 10 holes in various sizes. The center hole is for connecting the cell plate to the shaft. The other 9 holes are positioned on 2 circles, inner and outer circles. The inner circle contains 3 holes on its circumference, while the outer circle contains 6 holes. The holes are evenly spaced and they are positioned in triangular pyramid shape, creating 15 triangles.
S or Z shaped plate (Fig. 2 (12)) is made from a stainless steel rectangle plate and shaped into an S or a Z shape. The plate is connected to the anode shaft (5), and acts as the propeller to increase the speed of the clockwise flow of the electrolyte solution when electrical current passes through the cell plate in the electrolysis process.
The electric and magnetic field (EMF) is the imaginary line drawn to show the area and intensity of the force between objects with different voltage, this field is called electric field. The electric field occurs around an object with electric current passing through and called magnetic field. In the case where both fields exist, the fields are called EMFs or Electromagnetic Field.
The electromagnetic field is very useful in separating hydrogen from electrolyte solution.
Previously, hydrogen produced with an alternator, 12 Volts battery, or a capacitor proved to be inadequate for using with fossil fuel in a car engine. If we are to produce adequate hydrogen gas, we needed to increase the power input which can be difficult to control. Electromagnetic field helps double the hydrogen gas produced by acting similarly to the DC power supply in the form of an alternator inside the tank. (See permanent magnet installation in Fig. 2)
The permanent magnet (12) installed inside the tank helps create electromagnetic field and strengthen electrical current without adding another battery. It is the method to increase hydrogen gas produced which can be said that the electrical energy is transformed into mechanical energy in the form of latent energy.
Electrolysis is the process of passing DC current into electrolyte solution and creates a chemical reaction, resulting in water and energy. The equipment which separates the solution with electricity is called electrolyte cell and it consists of electrical nodes, electrolyte solution container, and a DC power supply (alternator, battery, and capacitor). When a DC power supply supplies the current through electrolyte solution inside the tank (1), the hydrogen separation equipment and DC power supply (i.e. Alternator) will create a reaction that causes hydrogen to separate from electrolyte solution. Once the hydrogen gas is produced, the electrolysis process is completed.
Brief Description of Figure 1, 2, 3
Figure 1 Shows the picture of the Hydrogen Separation tank 1
Figure 2 Shows how cell plates, magnet, and Z plate are connected to the shaft
Figure 3 Shows the cell plates and the holes positions
Best Construction Method
The Hydrogen Separation Tank 1 should be manufactured as described above.
Claims
1.1 A cylinder hydrogen separation tank with 3 holders at the bottom. The tank acts as the container for electrolyte solution and it allows electrical current to run through.
1.2 Two holes are made on the side of the tank, one above the bottom edge of the tank and one below the top edge of the tank. The bottom hole is for connecting the electrolyte solution level meter pipe while the top hole is for connecting the refilling pipe.
1.3 A flat top semi-spherical stainless steel lid welded onto the tank in 1.1. The top of the lid contains 4 holes for installing an anode shaft, a cathode shaft, a neutral shaft + thermometer, and a hydrogen pipe connector.
1.4 The cell plates are round stainless steel plates with 10 varied size holes on each plate. The holes are positioned along the circumferences of the inner and outer circles on the cell plates. The cell plate contains 10 holes including the center hole for attaching the cell plate to the anode shaft. The inner circle on the top plate contains 2 bigger holes and 1 smaller hole, while the outer circle contains another 6 holes. The holes are evenly positioned in the triangular pyramid shape to create 15 triangles.
1.5 The permanent magnet is completely covered in stainless steel case. It is positioned in between the 2 cell plates and connected to the anode shaft with the Z plate in between. The magnet helps creating electromagnetic field while DC current is passing through the electrolyte solution.
1.6 The propeller is an S or Z shaped stainless steel plate. It is attached to the anode shaft that also holds the cell plates and the magnet. It helps increase the flow speed of electrolyte solution, thus increases the reaction to produce hydrogen gas when electrical current passes through the electrolyte solution.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/TH2012/000040 WO2014035350A1 (en) | 2012-08-30 | 2012-08-30 | Hydrogen separation tank 1 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/TH2012/000040 WO2014035350A1 (en) | 2012-08-30 | 2012-08-30 | Hydrogen separation tank 1 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2014035350A1 true WO2014035350A1 (en) | 2014-03-06 |
Family
ID=50184005
Family Applications (1)
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PCT/TH2012/000040 WO2014035350A1 (en) | 2012-08-30 | 2012-08-30 | Hydrogen separation tank 1 |
Country Status (1)
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WO (1) | WO2014035350A1 (en) |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4747925A (en) * | 1984-06-08 | 1988-05-31 | Kabushiki Kaisha Miyazawa Seisakusho | Apparatus for simultaneous generation of oxygen and hydrogen gases |
CN1086270A (en) * | 1992-10-24 | 1994-05-04 | 杨勇波 | Hydrogen formation apparatus |
CN2228919Y (en) * | 1995-07-24 | 1996-06-12 | 庞富宾 | High-efficiency oxygen producer by electrolysis of water |
WO2006030168A1 (en) * | 2004-09-15 | 2006-03-23 | H-Empower Corp | Supply of electricity for water electrolysis |
CN101187029A (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2008-05-28 | 乔林友 | Oxygen producer |
WO2012169976A1 (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2012-12-13 | Sukij Tridsadeerak | Invention detail |
-
2012
- 2012-08-30 WO PCT/TH2012/000040 patent/WO2014035350A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4747925A (en) * | 1984-06-08 | 1988-05-31 | Kabushiki Kaisha Miyazawa Seisakusho | Apparatus for simultaneous generation of oxygen and hydrogen gases |
CN1086270A (en) * | 1992-10-24 | 1994-05-04 | 杨勇波 | Hydrogen formation apparatus |
CN2228919Y (en) * | 1995-07-24 | 1996-06-12 | 庞富宾 | High-efficiency oxygen producer by electrolysis of water |
WO2006030168A1 (en) * | 2004-09-15 | 2006-03-23 | H-Empower Corp | Supply of electricity for water electrolysis |
CN101187029A (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2008-05-28 | 乔林友 | Oxygen producer |
WO2012169976A1 (en) * | 2011-06-10 | 2012-12-13 | Sukij Tridsadeerak | Invention detail |
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