Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
  • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
  • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
  • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
  • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
  • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
  • C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/22—All components of a mixture being fluoro compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/40—Replacement mixtures
  • C09K2205/43—Type R22

Definitions

• This invention relates to compositions, methods and systems having utility particularly in refrigeration applications, and in particular aspects to heat transfer and refrigerant compositions useful in systems that typically utilize the refrigerant HCFC-22 for heating and/or cooling applications.
• CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
• HCFC's hydrochlorofluorocarbons
• HFC- 125 pentafluoroethane
• HFC 134a tetrafluoroethane
• none of them address the ability to replace HCFC-22 to obtain a significant reduction of GWP and at the same time similar performance of R-22 without the necessity for modification of the system, especially without the necessity for replacement of the major components (e.g., compressor and expansion valve).
• the major components e.g., compressor and expansion valve.
• the replacement refrigerant operating characteristics such as evaporator superheat, cooling capacity, refrigerant mass flow rate, efficiency and pressures, are very close to that of the HCFC-22 refrigerant being replaced for the particular heat transfer and other specifications for the existing system.
• thermodynamic performance or energy efficiency may have secondary environmental impacts through increased fossil fuel usage arising from an increased demand for electrical energy.
• the replacement have an equivalent or near equivalent efficiency to R-22.
• CFC and/or HFC refrigerant substitutes it is generally considered desirable for CFC and/or HFC refrigerant substitutes to be effective without major engineering changes to conventional vapor compression technology currently used with CFC and/or HFC refrigerants.
• Flammability is another important property for many applications. That is, it is considered either important or essential in many applications, including particularly in heat transfer applications, to use compositions which are non-flammable or have only mild flammability. Thus, it is frequently beneficial to use in such compositions compounds which are mildly flammable, or even less flammable than mildly flammable.
• mildly flammable refers to compounds or compositions which are classified as being 2L in accordance with ASHRAE standard 34 dated 2010, incorporated herein by reference.
• HFC- 152a the fluoroalkane difluoroethane
• compositions, and particularly heat transfer compositions that are highly advantageous in vapor compression heating and cooling systems and methods, particularly systems designed for use with R-22.
• compositions, methods, uses and systems which comprise or utilize a multi-component mixture comprising: (a) HFC-32; (b) greater than 25% of HFO-1234ze, and (c) optionally, but in certain embodiments preferably, HFC-152a and/or HFC-134a.
• the amounts of each of the components (a), (b) and (c) are selected to ensure that the burning velocity of the composition is less than about 10, the global warming potential of the composition is less than about 500, and the capacity in AC, refrigerant, or heat pump systems is within about 10%, or in further embodiments within about 8%, of the capacity of R-22, particularly, though not exclusively, when tested under heating and/or cooling test conditions identified herein.
• the composition has a capacity greater than 95% of R-22 and less than 115% of R-22; in certain embodiments the capacity is greater than 95% of R- 22 and less than 110% of R-22; and in further embodiments the capacity is greater than 95% and less than 108% of R-22.
• component (b) may further comprise at least one compound selected from unsaturated, -CF3 terminated propenes, unsaturated, -CF3 terminated butenes, and combinations of these, wherein the compound is a compound other than HFO-1234ze.
• compositions of the present invention may include (a) from about 33% to about 55% by weight of HFC-32; and (b) from about 25% to about 66% by weight of HFO-1234ze; and (c) greater than about 0% to about 30% by weight of HFC-152a, HFC- 134a, or combinations of these.
• the compositions include (a) from about 35%) to about 55% by weight of HFC-32; (b) from about 30% to about 55% by weight of HFO-1234ze and (c) from greater than about 0% to about 22% by weight of HFC- 152a or greater than about 0% to about 15% by weight of HFC- 134a.
• the term "% by weight” refers to the weight percent based on the total of the components (a) - (c) in the composition.
• compositions of the present invention include (a) from about 33% to about 55% by weight of HFC-32; (b) greater than 25% of HFO- 1234ze, (c) greater than about 0% to about 25% by weight of HFC-152a; and (d) greater than about 0% to about 20% by weight of HFC- 134a, wherein in certain aspects, the total amount of HFC-152a and HFC-134a does not exceed 30% by weight.
• the compositions include (a) from about 35% to about 55% by weight of HFC-32; (b) from about 30%) to about 55%) by weight of HFO-1234ze; (c) greater than about 0%> to about 22% by weight of HFC- 152a; and (d) greater than about 0% to about 15% by weight of HFC- 134a, wherein in certain aspects, the total amount of HFC-152a and HFC-134a does not exceed 30% by weight.
• the term "% by weight” refers to the weight percent based on the total of the components (a) - (d) in the composition.
• the heat transfer compositions, methods, uses and systems of the present invention provide a composition with a GWP (as hereinafter defined) of not greater than 500, and even more preferably not greater than about 400, and even more preferably not greater than about 350.
• the heat transfer compositions, methods, uses and systems of the present invention also preferably provide said composition with ignition hazard level (as hereinafter defined) of not greater than about 7, even more preferably not greater than about 5. It is also generally preferred that the compositions of the present invention have a burning velocity (as hereinafter defined) of not greater than about 10.
• the heat transfer compositions, methods, uses and systems of the present invention also preferably provide a capacity, particularly in AC, refrigerant, and heat pump systems, that is within about 10%, or in further embodiments within about 8%, of the capacity of R-22.
• the composition has a capacity greater than 95% of R-22 and less than 115% of R-22, greater than 95% of R-22 and less than 110% of R-22, or greater than 95% and less than 108% of R-22.
• component (b) of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of HFO-1234ze.
• HFO-1234ze is used herein generically to refer to 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene, independent of whether it is the cis- or trans- form.
• cisHFO-1234ze and “transHFO-1234ze” are used herein to describe the cis- and trans- forms of 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene respectively.
• the term “HFO-1234ze” therefore includes within its scope cisHFO-1234ze, transHFO-1234ze, and all combinations and mixtures of these.
• FIG. 1 illustrates the burn velocity (BV) of a mixture of HFC- 152a and
• FIG. 2 illustrates the burn velocity (BV) of a mixture of HFC-32 and 1234ze(E).
• FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic of the experimental setup for testing of flammable gases.
• R-22 is commonly used in low temperature refrigeration systems and certain air conditioning systems. It has an estimated Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1810, which is much higher than is desired or required. Applicants have found that the compositions of the present invention satisfy in an exceptional and unexpected way the need for new compositions for such applications, particularly though not exclusively air conditioning systems, heat pump systems, and commercial refrigeration, having improved performance with respect to environmental impact while at the same time providing other important performance characteristics, such as capacity, efficiency, flammability and toxicity. In preferred
• the present compositions provide alternatives and/or replacements for refrigerants currently used in such applications, particularly and preferably HCFC-22, that at once have lower GWP values and provide a refrigerant composition that has a degree of flammability that is mildly flammable or even less flammable than mildly flammable, and which have desirably low toxicity, and preferably also have a close match in cooling capacity to HCFC-22 in such systems.
• compositions exhibit a capacity in
• AC, refrigerant, or heat pump systems within about 10%, or in further embodiments within about 8%, of the heating or cooling capacity of R-22, when tested under heating and cooling test conditions.
• air conditioning system or "AC system” refers to any system that cools or heats the air in a given environment.
• test conditions that may be used to evaluate capacity in such systems is provided in Example 3, below, which measures capacity of a given composition having starting air temperature, starting condenser temperature, starting evaporator temperature, and the like.
• Non-limiting ranges for a condenser temperature can be 35°C to 55 °C for heating and cooling, and non-limiting ranges for an evaporator temperature can be 3°C to 14 °C for an heating application and -20 °C to 14 °C for a cooling application.
• a condenser temperature for example, can be 35°C to 55 °C for heating and cooling
• non-limiting ranges for an evaporator temperature can be 3°C to 14 °C for an heating application and -20 °C to 14 °C for a cooling application.
• the present invention achieves exceptional advantages in connection with commercial refrigeration systems, and in certain preferred aspects stationary refrigeration systems.
• stationary refrigeration systems are provided in Examples 4 and 5, below.
• such systems may include low temperature commercial applications (Example 6), including commercial freezers or systems that may be used for the storage and maintenance of frozen goods. They may also include medium- temperature commercial application (Example 5), such as commercial refrigerators, including systems for the storage of fresh goods.
• Example 6 low temperature commercial applications
• Example 6 including commercial freezers or systems that may be used for the storage and maintenance of frozen goods.
• medium- temperature commercial application Example 5
• commercial refrigerators including systems for the storage of fresh goods.
• the examples below provide typical conditions and parameters that are used for such applications.
• compositions provided herein may be used in similar type systems or, in certain embodiments, in any alternative system where R-22 is or may be adapted for use as a refrigerant.
• the present invention provides retrofitting methods which comprise replacing at least a substantial portion of the heat transfer fluid (including the refrigerant and optionally the lubricant) in an existing system with a composition of the present invention, without substantial modification of the system.
• the replacement step is a drop-in replacement in the sense that no substantial redesign of the system is required and no major item of equipment needs to be replaced in order to accommodate the composition of the present invention as the heat transfer fluid.
• the methods comprise a drop-in replacement in which the capacity of the system is at least about 70%, preferably at least about 85%, even more preferably at least about 90%, and even more preferably at least about 95% of the system capacity prior to replacement, and preferably not greater than about 130%, even more preferably less than about 115%, even more preferably less than about 110%, and even more preferably less than about 105%.
• the methods comprise a drop-in
• the suction pressure and/or the discharge pressure of the system is/are at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 90% and even more preferably at least about 95% of the suction pressure and/or the discharge pressure prior to replacement, and preferably not greater than about 130%, even more preferably less than about 115, even more preferably less than about 110%, and even more preferably less than about 105%.
• the methods comprise a drop-in replacement in which the mass flow of the system is at least about 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, and even more preferably at least 95% of the mass flow prior to replacement, and preferably not greater than about 130%, even more preferably less than about 115, even more preferably less than about 110%, and even more preferably less than about 105%.
• compositions of the present invention are generally adaptable for use in heat transfer applications, that is, as a heating and/or cooling medium, but are particularly well adapted for use, as mentioned above, in AC systems, heat pumps, and commercial refrigeration, or any other systems that have heretofor used R-22.
• the HFC-32 is present in the compositions of the invention in an amount of from about 33% to about 55% by weight of the compositions.
• the second component comprises, consists essentially of, of consists of HFO-1234ze, which may be included in amount of about or greater than 25 wt. % or from about 25% to about 66% by weight.
• HFO- 1234ze comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of trans-HFO-1234ze.
• This second component may also include one or more additional compounds, other than HFO-1234ze, which may be selected from unsaturated -CF3 terminated propenes, unsaturated -CF3 terminated butenes, and combinations of these, but in further aspects may include one or more additional compounds other than HFO-1234ze.
• compositions of the foregoing may include (a) from about 40%> to about 50%> by weight of HFC-32; and (b) from about 50%> to about 60%> by weight of HFO-1234ze.
• component (b) comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of HFO- 1234ze.
• compositions of the present invention include HFC-152a in an amount from greater than about 0% to about 25% by weight, or in certain embodiments from greater than about 0% to about 22% by weight.
• HFC- 152a is provided in an amount from about 1% to about 22% by weight, from about 3%) to about 22% by weight, or from about 5% to about 22% by weight.
• compositions may also or alternatively include HFC- 134a in an amount greater than about 0% to about 20% by weight, or in certain embodiments from greater than 0% to about 18% by weight.
• the composition includes HFC- 152a, HFC- 134a, or combinations thereof in an amount from greater than 0% by weight to about 30% by weight.
• compositions of the foregoing may include (a) from about 33% to about
• compositions include (a) from about 35% to about 55% by weight of HFC- 32; (b) from about 30% to about 55% by weight of HFO-1234ze; and (c) greater than about 0% to about 22% by weight of HFC-152a or greater than 0% to about 15% by weight of HFC-134a.
• the (b) component in these compositions comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of HFO-1234ze.
• compositions of the foregoing may include (a) from about 33%) to about 55% by weight of HFC-32; (b) from about 25% to about 66%> by weight of HFO-1234ze; (c) greater than about 0% to about 25% by weight of HFC-152a; and (d) greater than about 0% to about 20% by weight of HFC- 134a.
• such compositions include (a) from about 35% to about 55% by weight of HFC-32; (b) from about 20%) to about 60%) by weight of HFO-1234ze; (c) greater than about 0% to about 22% by weight of HFC- 152a; and (d) greater than about 0% to about 15% by weight of HFC- 134a.
• the (b) component in these compositions comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of HFO-1234ze.
• compositions of the present invention are capable of achieving a difficult combination of properties, including low GWP.
• Table A illustrates the substantial GWP superiority of certain compositions of the present invention, which are described in parenthesis in terms of weight fraction of each component, in comparison to the GWP of HFC-22, which has a GWP of
• the burning velocity of the present compositions is substantially linearly related to the weight averaged burning velocity of the components according to the Formula I:
• BVcomp ⁇ (wt%i ⁇ BVi)
• BVcomp is the burning velocity of the composition
• i is summed for each of the above listed components in the composition, and preferably the amounts of each of the above listed components are selected to ensure that BVcomp based on the finding of this unexpected formula is less than about 10, more preferably less than about 9 and even more preferably less than about 8, while at the same time the GWP of the composition is less than about 500, less than about 400, or more preferably less than about 350.
• compositions of the present invention exhibit a degree of hazard value of not greater than about 7.
• degree of hazardousness is measured by observing the results of a cube test using the composition in question and applying a value to that test as indicated by the guidelines provided in the following table below.
• Exemplary of this hazard level are the pure materials R-152a and R-600a, with values of 8 and 10 respectively.
• compositions of the present invention may include other components for the purpose of enhancing or providing certain functionality to the composition, or in some cases to reduce the cost of the composition.
• refrigerant compositions according to the present invention especially those used in vapor compression systems, include a lubricant, generally in amounts of from about 30 to about 50 percent by weight of the composition, and in some case potentially in amount greater than about 50 percent and other cases in amounts as low as about 5 percent.
• Commonly used refrigeration lubricants such as Polyol Esters (POEs) and Polyol Esters
• Alkylene Glycols PAGs
• PAG oils silicone oil, mineral oil, alkyl benzenes (ABs) and poly(alpha-olefin) (PAO) that are used in refrigeration machinery with hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants may be used with the refrigerant compositions of the present invention.
• HFC hydrofluorocarbon
• mineral oils include Witco LP 250 (registered trademark) from Witco, Zerol 300 (registered trademark) from Shrieve Chemical, Sunisco 3GS from Witco, and Calumet R015 from Calumet.
• Commercially available alkyl benzene lubricants include Zerol 150 (registered trademark).
• Commercially available esters include neopentyl glycol dipelargonate, which is available as Emery 2917 (registered trademark) and Hatcol 2370 (registered trademark). Other useful esters include phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, and fluoroesters.
• hydrocarbon based oils have sufficient solubility with the refrigerant that is comprised of an iodocarbon, wherein the combination of the iodocarbon and the hydrocarbon oil are more stable than other types of lubricant.
• Preferred lubricants include polyalkylene glycols and esters. Polyalkylene glycols are highly preferred in certain embodiments because they are currently in use in particular applications such as mobile air-conditioning. Of course, different mixtures of different types of lubricants may be used.
• compositions of the present invention are thus adaptable for use in connection with a wide variety of heat transfer systems in general and refrigeration systems in particular, such as air-conditioning (including both stationary and mobile air conditioning systems), refrigeration (including commercial refrigeration), heat-pump systems, and the like.
• air-conditioning including both stationary and mobile air conditioning systems
• refrigeration including commercial refrigeration
• heat-pump systems and the like.
• the compositions of the present invention are used in
• the preferred compositions of the present invention tend to exhibit many of the desirable characteristics of R-22 but have a GWP that is substantially lower than that of R-22 while at the same time having a capacity that is substantially similar to or substantially matches, and preferably is as high as or higher than R-22.
• GWPs global warming potentials
• the present compositions are used in refrigeration systems originally designed for use with R-22.
• refrigeration compositions of the present invention may be used in refrigeration systems containing a lubricant used conventionally with R-22, such as polyolester oils, and the like, or may be used with other lubricants traditionally used with HFC refrigerants.
• a lubricant used conventionally with R-22 such as polyolester oils, and the like
• other lubricants traditionally used with HFC refrigerants traditionally used with HFC refrigerants.
• refrigeration system refers generally to any system or apparatus, or any part or portion of such a system or apparatus, which employs a refrigerant to provide cooling.
• air refrigeration systems include, for example, air conditioners, electric refrigerators, chillers, and the like.
• EXAMPLE 1 Flammability of mixtures.
• Burning velocity (BV) measurements for certain mixtures HFC-152a/1234ze(E) and HFC-32/1234ze(E) blends are shown in figures 1 - 2.
• the burning velocity measurements were performed using the vertical tube method described in ISO standard 817 and ASHRAE standard 34.
• Figures 1-2 also show the GWP of the mixtures.
• the results in figures 1-2 illustrate applicants' unexpected finding that the maximum burning velocity can closely be approximated by a linear relationship with wt% of the components. According to certain preferred embodiments, therefore, the amount of the components of the present invention is selected according to the Formula I provided above, that is, by approximating the burning velocity of the blends by using the wt% pure component burning velocity.
• compositions comprise up to about 30 wt% of HFC- 152a, more preferably up to 20% of HFC- 152a, while still exhibiting a burning velocity of the blend that is below about 10 cm/s and thus constituting a 2L refrigerant.
• the compositions comprise up to about 20 wt% of HFC- 152a, while still exhibiting a burning velocity of the blend that is below about 10 cm/s and thus constituting a 2L refrigerant.
• each material being tested is separately released into a transparent cube chamber which has an internal volume of 1 ft 3 .
• a low power fan is used to mix components.
• An electrical spark with enough energy to ignite the test fluids is used.
• the results of all tests are recorded using a video camera.
• the cube is filled with the composition being tested so as to ensure a stoichiometric concentration for each refrigerant tested.
• the fan is used to mix the components. Effort is made to ignite the fluid using the spark generator for 1 min. Record the test using HD camcorder.
• FIG. 3 A schematic of the experimental setup for testing of flammable gases is illustrated in FIG. 3.
• HFC- 152a when used in the one or more compositions herein, it is important in many applications that the amounts of this component be less than about 20% by weight of the composition and preferably less than 15% by weight. This is demonstrated in table 3 where 20% of 152a (B3) get the hazard value of 6 which is very close to safe limit of 7.
• the coefficient of performance is a universally accepted measure of refrigerant performance, especially useful in representing the relative thermodynamic efficiency of a refrigerant in a specific heating or cooling cycle involving evaporation or condensation of the refrigerant.
• this term expresses the ratio of useful refrigeration to the energy applied by the compressor in compressing the vapor.
• the capacity of a refrigerant represents the amount of cooling or heating it provides and provides some measure of the capability of a compressor to pump quantities of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of refrigerant. In other words, given a specific compressor, a refrigerant with a higher capacity will deliver more cooling or heating power.
• One means for estimating COP of a refrigerant at specific operating conditions is from the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant using standard refrigeration cycle analysis techniques (see for example, R.C. Downing,
• an example air conditioning system having the condenser temperature is set to 40.55°C, which generally corresponds to an outdoor temperature of about 35°C.
• the degree of sub-cooling at the expansion device inlet is set to 5.55°C.
• the evaporating temperature is set to 7°C, which corresponds to a Indoor ambient temperature of about 20°C.
• the degree of superheat at evaporator outlet is set to 5.55°C.
• the degree of superheat in the suction line is set to 10°C, and the compressor efficiency is set to 70%.
• the pressure drop and heat transfer in the connecting lines are considered negligible, and heat leakage through the compressor shell is ignored.
• the replacement should not require substantial redesign of the system and no major item of equipment needs to be replaced in order to accommodate the refrigerant of the present invention.
• the replacement preferably fulfills one or more of, and preferably all, of the following requirements:
• High-Side Pressure that is within about 115%, and even more preferably within about 110% of the high side pressure of the same system using R-22. This parameter can be important in such embodiments because it can enhance the ability to use existing pressure components in such systems.
• Discharge Temperature that is ⁇ 5°C of R22.
• One advantage of such a characteristic is that it can permit the use of existing equipment without activation of the thermal protection aspects of the system, which are preferably designed to protect compressor components. This parameter is also advantageous in that it can help to avoid the use of costly controls such as liquid injection to reduce discharge temperature.
• Cooling capacity that is within +115% (preferably 110%) and 95% of the cooling
• the blend is a 2L class refrigerant with a BV less than 10 cm/s
• the GWP is lower than 500, preferably less than 400, and even less than 350 for some of the proposed blends.
• compositions of the present invention are capable of at once achieving many of the important refrigeration system performance parameters close to the parameters for R-22, and in particular sufficiently close to permit such compositions to be used as replacement for R-22 in low temperature refrigeration systems and/or for use in such existing systems with only minor system modification.
• compositions exhibit capacities in this low temperature refrigeration system that are within about 8% of the capacity in such system of R-22.
• all blends tested exhibited acceptable performance being the preferred due to the fulfillment of all requirements.
• EXAMPLE 4 Sensitivity analysis.
• Quaternary Blends of R32/1234ze/R152a/R134a have a preferred GWP of less than 500 so we chose D2 to perform this analysis.
• the capacity is at the limit of the preferred value (95%).
• the GWP of this blend is 557 which exceeds the preferred limit of 500 (table 5).
• Table 10 compares compositions of interest to the baseline refrigerant, R-22 in typical medium temperature application.
• compositions are within 5% of the efficiency of the baseline refrigerant, R-22 and within 5% of the capacity.
• Table 12 compares compositions of interest to the baseline refrigerant, R-22 in typical low temperature application.
• compositions are within 5% of the efficiency of the baseline refrigerant, R-22 and within 10% of the capacity.

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• 2013
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