WO2014028312A1

WO2014028312A1 - Bi-component electrical connector

Info

Publication number: WO2014028312A1
Application number: PCT/US2013/054256
Authority: WO
Inventors: Abhijit A. NAMJOSHI; Rebekah K. Feist; Leonardo C. Lopez; Michael E. Mills; Lindsey A. CLARK; Kevin P. Capaldo
Original assignee: Dow Global Technologies Llc
Priority date: 2012-08-15
Filing date: 2013-08-09
Publication date: 2014-02-20
Also published as: CN104521009B; CN104521009A; US20150325731A1; JP2015525005A; EP2885821A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a photovoltaic article comprising a plurality of photovoltaic cells having first (22) and second (24) electrical connector segments in contact with the top side (18) of a first cell (10) and the backside (16) of a second adjacent cell (12). The materials used to form the electrical connector segments are selected to minimize corrosion, maximize contact area, and lower contact resistance over the lifetime of the article.

Description

BI-COMPONENT ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR

Field of th In yentipn

[001] This invention relates generally to photovoltaic ceils including electrical connector segments and associated conductive materials and coatings formed for improving electrical contact between cell surfaces and adjacent layers.

Back ground of the In venti on

[002] It is common for photovoltaic cells to be connected in series by an. electrical connector substrate that contacts the front side of a first cell and the backside of an adjacent cell. Such configurations are commonly used with flexible photovoltaic cells such as copper ehaSeogenide type cells (e.g. copper indium gallium selenides, copper indium sele ides, copper indium gallium sulfides, copper indium sulfides, copper indium gallium selenides sulfides, etc.), amorphous silicon ceils, crystalline silicon cells, thin-film -V cells, thin-film II-Vl cells, organic

photovoltaics, nanoparticle photovol tales, dye sensitized solar cells, and combinations of the like. Unfortunately, certain environmental stresses cause corrosion thai reduces the electrical contact between the electrical connector and cell surfaces. The nature and source of the corrosion however, differs depending upon the composition of the cell surface and that of the electrical connector. This can be of particular concern since typically a single electrical connector having a consistent composition {i.e. So coated Cu ribbon or electrical connector) is used to bridge the top contact of one cell to the bottom contact of a subsequent cell. Thus, an. attempt to prevent corrosion on the top side of a cell by selecting specific materials for the connector may result in a corrosive effect on the back side of the adjacent cell. In other words, an electrical connector formed of one consistent material along its entirety is unlikely to have a corrosion free connection with both the top side of one cell and backside of an adjacent cell.

[003] US2005/0264I 74 describes OLED having stable intermediate connectors including a layer of a high-work-function metal and a layer of a metal compound. This reference indicates that use of a high-work-function metal layer provides tor improved operational stability and improved power efficiency.

[004] WO 2009/097161 teaches s trings of cells that are electrically joined by conducti ve tabs or ribbons adhered with an electrically conductive adhesive on the front and back of adjacent cells. This reference indicates that, selecting the coefficient, of thermal expansion of the ribbon or tab to match the substrate material .minimizes mechanical stresses decreasing the possibility of adhesion failure,

[005 j There continues to be a need for elecirical connectors for use in photovoltaic cells to assist in maintaining electrical contacts within the cells over time by avoiding corrosion due to environmental stress. There is a further need for electrical connectors thai include a variable material composition along the connector such that the material composition at any point along the electrical connector is seiected and tuned for improved connectivity with the cell surface that will be contacted. There is a further need for electrical connectors that are formed so that the surface of the connector that contacts a top side of a first cell is formed of a material that is dissimilar from that of the surface of the connector thai contacts the backside of an adjacent cell.

Summary_' of Invention

[006] The present invention meets the aforementioned needs by providing an electrical connector including a plurality of electrical connector segments, each segment comprising at least one material that is dissimilar from that of adjacent segments. Each elecirical connector segment preferably comprises a material that will promote conductivity and minimize corrosion when contacted by the particular cell surface to which the electrical connector segment will be connected. More specifically, a first electrical connector segment will include a surface formed of materials selected for improved connectivity with a top side of a first photovoltaic cell and a second electrical connector segment will include a surface formed of materials seiected for improved connecti vity with a backside of an adjacent photovoltaic cell. Further, the materials selected, for each are preferably dissimilar materials. The improved connectivity may be a result of reduced corrosive reactions on the top side and or the backside cell surface. Such corrosion is the result of environmental stress (e.g., exposure to heat, oxygen, and/or humidity) experienced over time by photovoltaic cell devices and appears to cause reduced performance within the cells. The specific corrosion mechanisms that occur on either the top side or the backside of the cell can be a result of unfavorable interactions between the materials on the cell as well as the material on the electrical connector segments. By providing elecirical connector segments having materials specifically selected to improve connectivity with both the top side and backside contacts, corrosive reactions are minimized and electrical connectivity is improved between the cell-electrical connector segment interface over the lifetime of the photovoltaic ceil assembly. [007] As an example, if may be possible thai any surface of an electrical connector segment that will contact a top surface of the cell may be tuned to resist oxidation, whereas any surface of an electrical connector segment that will contact a bottom surface of a cell may be tuned to resist corrosion in the presence of corrosive species (e.g., selenium, sulfur, oxygen) present, on the back surface of the cell. Each electrical connector segment may be connected to or in electrical communication with one or more adjacent segments, it may provide additional benefit to select materials for each electrical connector segment having a suitabl low value for hardness, high electrical conductivity, or electrode potential similar to die electrode potentials of the cell surfaces that each segment contacts, in an effort to improve adhesion and electrical connection between the electrical connector segments, cell surfaces and any associated adhesive layers.

[008] Thus, according to one aspect, the teachings herein provide for an article comprising (i) one or more photovoltaic cells having a first surface and a second opposing surface; (ii) a first electrical connector segment having a portion that contacts and is in electrical communication with the first surface of a first cel l; (Hi) a second electrical connector segment having portion that, contacts and is in electrical communication wi th the second surface of an adjacent cel l and is_. in electrical conuiiunication with the first electrical connector; wherein the portion of the second electrical connector segment that con tacts the second surface of the adjacent cell comprises a material that is dissimilar from the material comprising the portion of the first electrical connector segment that contacts the first surface of the first cell.

[009] Preferably, the article is a siring of at least two such photovoltaic cells where a first segment of the electrical connector segments is in contact with the top side electrode (the first surface) of the first photovoltaic cell, and extends beyond the edge of that cel l and is connected t a second electrical connector segment in contact with a backside electrode (the second surface) of an adjacent cell More, preferably the article has three or more such cells each having a plurality of electrical connector segments in contact with the backside electrode of one cell and also in contact with the front side electrode of an adjacent cell. The first and second electrical connector segments may be arranged so that while they may comprise one or more similar materials, the material of the first electrical connector segment that contacts a cell surface is dissimilar from the materia! of the second electrical, connector segment that contacts a cell surface. More specifically, the materials of the first and second electrical connector segments may be arranged in a layered format so that a first layer contacts a surface of a first cell and the second layer contacts a surface of a second cell (e.g., a vertical arrangement of dissimilar materials). The first and second electrical connector segments may be formed so that they comprise no common materials,, whereby the first electrical connector segment comprises one or more first materials and the second electrical connector segment comprises one or more second materials (e.g., a horizontal arrangement of dissimilar materials). The first electrical connector segment may thus be located in direct contact wit the second electrical connector segment along only one edge of the first electrical connector segment.

[0010] In anothe embodiment, the invention relates to a method for forming a article composing; (i) contacting one or more photovoltaic cells having a first surface and a second opposing surface with a first electrical connector segment, wherei a. portion of the first electrical connector segment contacts and is in electrical communication with the first surface of the one or more cells; (it) contacting the second surface of the one or more cells with a second electrical connector segment so that a portion of the second electrical connector segment is i electrical communication with the second surface of the one or more cells; wherein the portio of the first electrical connector segment that contacts the first surface of the one or more cells comprises a material that is dissimilar from the portion of the second electrical connector segment that contacts the second surface of the one or more ceils.

[001 13 The present teachings meet the aforementioned needs by providing an electrical connector that is formed to minimize corrosion on both the top side and backside of a

photovoltaic cell. The electrical connector does so by providing first and second electrical connector segments whereby the material of the surface of the first segment that contacts the cell is dissi milar from the material of the surface of the second segment that contacts the cell. The advantage of the teachings herein is reflected in the stability of the photovoltaic cells when exposed to environmental stress. The selection of materials for forming electrical connectio segments having dissimilar metallurgy results in improved resistance to corrosive effects on cell surfaces which leads to improved function of the cells, especially over extended periods of time. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0012] Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a representative first electrical connector segment and an adjacent second electrical connector segment connecting one cell to an adjacent cell. [0013] Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a representative first electrical connector segment in direct planar contact with a second electrical connector segment connecting one cell to an adjacent cell.

[0014] Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a representative first electrical connector segment having a first coating and a second electrical connector segment having a second coating connecting one eel! to an adjacent cell

[0015] Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a representative first electrical connector segment having a first coating on one surface and a second coating on an opposing surface and a second electrical connector segment having a frrst coating on one surtace and a second coating on an opposing surface connecting one cell to an adjacent cell.

[0016] Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing a representative first electrical connector segment having a first coating on one surface and a second electrical connector segment having a first coating on one surface and a second coating on an opposing surface connecting one cell to an adjacent cell.

Detailed Description

[0017] The present teachings relate to an electrical connector including a plurality of electrical connector segments, each segment comprising at least one material that is dissimilar from that of adjacent segments. Each electrical connector segment preferably comprises a material that will promote conductivity and minimize corrosion at photovoltaic cell surfaces. This application is claims priority from US Provisional Application Serial Number 61/683,459 filed August 15, 2012 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for ail purposes.

[0018] The photovoltaic cells used in this invention may be any photovoltaic cells used in the industry. Examples of such cells include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, CdTe, GaAs, dye-sensitized solar- cells (so-called Gratezei cells), organic polymer solar cells, or any othe material that converts sunlight into electricity via the photoelectric effect. However, the photoactive layer is preferably a layer of IB-HIA-chalcogenide, such as IB-lllA-selenides, IB- 111 A-sui tides, or ΙΒ-ΪΠΑ-selenide sulfides. More specific examples include copper indium selenides, copper indium gallium selenides, copper gallium selenides, copper indium sulfides, copper indium gallium sulfides, copper gallium selenides, copper indium sulfide selenides, capper gallium sul fide selenides, and copper indium gallium sulfide se lenides (all of which are referred to herein as CIGSS). These can also be represented by the formula Cuin(I-x)Ga,xSe(2- y)Sy where x is 0 to 1 and y is 0 to 2. The copper indium selenides and copper indium gallium selenides are preferred, CIGSS cells usually include additional eleetroactive layers such as one or more of emitter (buffer) layers, conductive layers (e.g. transparent conductive layer used on the top side) and the like as is known in the art to be useful in CIGSS based cells are also contemplated herein. The cells discussed herein may be utilized to form shingle structures or laminates.

[0019] The photovoltaic cells each include a backside electrode, includin the substrate 16 of the second cell (the second surface of the one or more cells) as depicted in Figs, 1-5. Typically the substrate associated with the backside electrode will comprise metal foils or films or will be such a foil, film or a metal paste or coating on a non-conductive or conductive substrate. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to metal foils or films of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium or molybdenum. Preferably, the electrode structure including the substrate is flexible. The substrate can be coated with optional backside electrical contact regions on one or both sides of the substrate. Such regions may be formed from a wide range of electrically conductive

materials, including one or more of Cu, Mo, Ag, Al, Cr, Nl, Ti, Ta, Nb, W combinations of these, and the like. Conductive compositions incorporating Mo may be used in an illustrative embodiment. Trace amounts or more of chalcogen containing substances may be found on the backside electrode surface, particularly when the photoactive layer is a IB-IHA cbaleogemde. These chalcogen substances may be residual from the formation process of the photoactive layer. The propensity of these materials to con ode make it desirable to select materials for the electrical connector segments (22, 24 as depicted in Figs. 1-5) that will not only aid in preventing corrosion, but also promote electrical contact between the electrical, connector and cell surface. This improved bond strength may altogether eliminate any need for additional adhesives (EGAs, PCAs and other adhesives),

[0020] Each cell will also have a top side electrical collection system comprising a front electrode and including the top contact layer 18 as shown in Figs. 1-5. The top contact layer serves to collect photogenerated electrons from the photoactive region. The top side electrical contact or top contact layer (also referred to as TCL) is formed over the photoactive region on a light incident surface of the photovoltaic device. The TCL has a thickness of at least about 10 nm, or even at. least about 100 nni. The TCL has a thickness of about 1500 ran or less, preferably at about 600 nm or less. The TCL may be a very thin metal film that has transparency to the relevant range of electromagnetic radiation or more commonly is a transparent conductive oxide (TCO). A wide variety of transparent conducting oxides (TCO) or combinations of these may be used, including any TCOs that allow for effective collection of electrons and form electrical contacts with the electrical connector segments described herein. Examples include fluorine- doped tin oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, indium tin oxide (ΓΤΟ), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), gallium doped zinc oxide, zinc oxide, combinations of these, and the like. In one illustrative embodiment, the TCO region is. indium tin oxide. TCO layers are conveniently formed vi sputtering or other suitable deposition technique. Thus, an electrical connector segment that contacts the top contact layer will be formed of materials selected to improve electrical conductivity with the TCO or any other material that may be contacted on the top surface of each cell.

[0021] As a specific example, a backside electrode may include a substrate having a selenide, sulfide, or telluride content as a result of the formation processes described above. In order to achieve a desired electrical contact, an electrical connector segment in accordance with the present teachings (e.g., the second electrical connector segment) maybe utilized having specific metallurey for bondina to the selenide. sulfide or telluride of the cell surface. Such electrical connector materials and/or coatings may include but are not limited to tin, copper, silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, molybdenum, zinc, antimony, niobium, cliromium, nickel, indium, lead., iron, steel, stainless steel, TiN, TaN, SnOj, doped SnO_¾ ΓΓΟ, AZO, doped ZnO, graphene, conductive organic polymers, conductive small molecules or any combination thereof. More specifically, preferred materials for the second electrical connector segment include tin, copper, silver, gold, niobium, molybdenum, or combinations thereof. Preferably, the material for forming the surface of the electrical connector segment thai contacts the backside substrate may be selected that are matched to the material forming the backside substrate, or are relatively inert. In one specific example, the backside substrate ma include a selenium layer and the electrical connector segment may include Sn or be coated with Sn, such that a SnSe contact is formed. Thus, an electrical connector segment thai contacts the backside substrate will be formed of materials selected to improve electrical conductivity with the substrate forming the backside electrode.

[0022] As an additional example, a top contact layer may comprise a transparent conducting oxide as a result of the formation processes described herein. In order to achieve a desired electrical contact, an electrical connector segment in accordance with the present teachings (e.g., the first electrical connector segment) may be utilized having specific metallurgy for bonding to the top contact layer. Such electrical connector materials and/or coatings may inciode but are not limited to tin, copper, silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, molybdenum, zinc, antimony, niobium, chromium, nickel, indium, lead, iron, steel, stainless steel, Ti , TaN, Sn(¾, doped Sn0₂, ΪΤΟ, AZO, doped ZnO, graphene, conductive organic polymers, conductive small molecules or any combination thereof. More specifically, preferred materiais for the first electrical connector segment include tin, silver, indium, or combinations thereof. Preferably, the material for forming the surface of the electrical connec tor segment that contacts the top contact layer is a relatively soft material

[0023] The electrical connector may include a plurality of electrical connector segments such that a first electrical connector segment extends beyond an edge of the top side surface of a cell and is contacted with a second electrical connector segment that extends beyond an. edge of the backside surface of an adjacent ceil thus forming the electrical connector. More preferably as shown in Figs. 1 through 5, the electrical connector forms an Interconnect element between two adjacent cells. The interconnecting electrical connector (each electrical connector segment) may- include a substantially solid material or a material thai includes voids. The material containing voids may be in the form of a mesh structure and the like. The mesh structure ( which may include a plurality of mesh segments corresponding to the electrical connector segments) may receive a coating on one or more mesh segments and one or more mesh segments may be substantial iy free of any coating. In one preferred embodiment, the mesh may be a copper mesh and may be coated with tin. The mesh may be a copper mesh and coated with an electrically conductive adhesive,

[0024] As taught herein, one or more of the first and second electrical, connector segments may be formed of a coating material. As such, any coated electrical connector segment includes a core material onto which the coating is located. A material coating ma be located onto only a portion of the core material or may substantially cover the entire core material. Examples showing arrangements for coating materiais and associated core materials are shown at Figs. 3-5. As shown in Figs. 3-5 and as discussed herein, the coating materials may be selected so that the coating material that contacts a top side contact of a first cell is dissimilar from a coating that contacts the backside substrate of an adjacent second cell Alternatively, only one of a first and second electrical connector segment may include a material coating while the other segment remains substantially free of any coating. As mentioned abo ve, the coatings may include an adhesive, which may be an electrically conductive adhesive. Materials selected for the coatings may include but are not limited to tin, copper, silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, molybdenum, zinc, antimony, niobium, chromium, nickel, indium, bismuth, lead, iron, steel, stainless steel, TiN, TaN, SnC , doped SnCb, OX), AZO, doped ZnO, graphene, conductive organic polymers, conductive small molecules or any combination thereof. One or both of the first electrical connector segment and second electrical connector segmen t are formed of a coating selected from molybdenum, tin, silver, bismuth, and combinations thereof.

[0025] Materials comprising the core material are preferably highly conductive and selected to match the material selected for the coating. Such materials may include but are not limited to copper, silver, brass, gold, or combinations thereof Conductive alloys of these materials may be utilized as well, including but not limited to alloys containing tin, iron, and the like.

[0026] At least a portion of one or both of the first electrical connector segment and second electrical connector segment may comprise a polymeric insulating material located in physical proximity to the first surface, second surface, or both of the one or more cells. One or both of the first electrical connector segment and second electrical connector segment may be formed with a coating that forms an electrical contact at temperatures below 200°C.

[0027] The materials for forming each electrical connector segment may preferably be selected for forming an ohmic contact, where the work function difference between the two materials is most preferably about 0.5eV or less, between a surface of an electrical connector segment and a cell surface. However, in certain, arrangements the materials may he selected fo forming a blocking contact, where the work function difference between the two materials is about 0.5eV or more, between a surface of an electrical connector segment, and a cell surface. Such blocking contacts are known as, for example metal-Schottky or metal-insulafor-semiconductor (MIS) contacts or the like. More specifically, the selected materials in a blocking contact may result in a doped contact region and may require the addition of one or more coatings to the electrical connector segments. The nature of the contact may be a direct result of relative similarities of the work function values for the selected electrical connector segment materials.

[0028] Additional adhesives (beyond those utilized for forming the electrical connector segments) such as electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs), pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) or other adhesives may or may not be included, given that the electrical contact formed between the electrical comiector segments and eel I stu faces may be such that an additional adhesive is no longer necessary. However, one or more coatings for forming the first and or second electrical connector segment may include an electrically conductive adhesive. Any adhesive included may be located in between one or more layers within the cells (e.g., between one or more substrates for forming the backside substrate or top contact layer). Such adhesives may be located in between the substrate for forming the backside electrode or top contact layer and the first or second electrical connector segments. Such ECA's are frequently compositions comprising a thermosetting polymer matrix with electrically conductive particles dispersed therein. Such tliermosetttng polymers include but are not limited to therraoset materials comprising epoxy, cyanate ester, raale.im.de, phenolic, anhydride, vinyl, ally! or amino functionalities or

combinations thereof The conductive filler particles may be any particles which are sufficiently capable of conducting electric current such as silver; gold, copper, nickel carbon nanotubes, graphite, tin, tin alloys, bismuth or combinations thereof.

[0029] As discussed herein, the performance of the ceils or modules under environmental stresses such as damp heat, dry heat or thermal cycling is enhanced if the electrical connector segments are formed and applied so that the surface of the electrical comiector that contacts the top contact layer of the cell (the first electrical connector segment) has a different composition than the surface of the electrical connector that contacts the backside substrate of the ceil (the second electrical connector segment). Preferably, the materials for forming each of the first and second electrical connector segments (or the surfaces of each elec trical connector segment that will contact a cell surface) will be selected from, having similar work function values within about.0.8eV or less, or more preferably within about 0.5e^'V or less of the ceil surface materials that each connector segment is in contact with. Preferably, the materials for forming each of the first and second electrical connector segments (or more specifical ly, the surfaces of each electrical connector segment that will contact a cell surface) will be selected from metallic materials having similar work function values within about 0.8 eV or less, or more preferably within about 0.5 eV or less of one another. It is further desirable that the materials be selected so that the hardness of each electrical connector segment is relatively low, for forming higher contact areas and thus lower initial contact resistance between the cell surfaces and the surfaces of the electrical comiector segments. For example, the material of the first electrical connector that contacts the top contact layer is about 300MPa or less (on the Vickers hardness scale). The material of the second electrical connector that contacts the top contact layer is about 600MPa or less or more preferabiy 300MPa or less. Likewise, it is desirable that the materials be selected so that the hardness of the cell surface materials ( the top contact layer and backside substrate) that each connector segment is in contact with is about 60G Pa or less, or even 300MPa or less.

[0030] in addition to the selection of materials based upon low hardness values and simila work function values, it is also desirable that the electrode potentials of the electrical connector segments be within about 0.65V.. or less, more preferably within about 0.30V of one another (electrode potential at 25°C and based upon a standard hydrogen electrode potential of zero). It is also desirable that the materials be selected so that the electrode potential of each electrical connector segment is within about 0.65 V or less, more preferably within about 0.30V or less as compared to the electrode potential of the cell surface materials (the top contact layer or backside substrate) that each connector segment is in contact with. The similarity of the electrode potential functions to reduce corrosive interactions between the cell surfaces and electrical connector segments.

[0031] Conductive materials having reduced hardness demonstrate improved function by providing higher contact area, and thus lower initial contact resistance between the cell surfaces and the surfaces of the electrical connector segments. In addition, this reduced contact resistance produces higher initial power within the cells. Improved function is also recognized from the use of dissimilar electrical, connector segment materials ha ving electrode potential val ues that are similar. In addition, improved function is recognized from the use of electrical connector segment materials having electrode potential values that ate similar to the electrode potential values of the ceil surfaces thai each electrical connector segments is in contact with. Such materials ma include but are not limited to tin, silver, copper and combinations thereof. One preferred materia! for forming one or more electrical connector segments ma be a copper core material having a tin coating.

[0032] It is contemplated that the photovoltaic article may further comprise optional encapsulant layers that may perform several functions. For example, the encapsulant layers may serve as a bonding mechanism, helping hold the adjacent layers of the module together. The use of such encapsulant layers traditionally may present connection issues in that the encapsulant may flow underneath a connector thereby reducing the contact area between the connector and the cell

I I surface. However, n utilizing the electrical connector segments as taught herein,, the electrical contact formed between the electrical connector surfaces and ceil surfaces substantially prevents the flow of the encapsulate between the connector and cell surface.

[0033] Additional front and backside barrier layers may also be used. Front side barriers must be selected from transparent or translucent materials. These materials may be relatively rigid or may be flexible. Glass is highly useful as a front side environmental barrier to protect the active cell components from moisture, impacts and the like. A flexible barrier may also be employed which may include polymeric film materials. A backside barrier or backsheet. may also be used, it is preferably constructed of a flexible material (e.g. a thin polymeric film, a metal foil, a multilayer film, or a rubber sheet). In a preferred embodiment, the back sheet material may be moisture impermeable and also range in thickness from about O.OSmiu to 18.0mm, more preferably from about 0.1 mm to 4.0mm, and most preferably from about 0.2mm to 0.8mm.

Other physical characteristics may include: elongation at break of about 20% or greater (as measured by ASTM D882); tensile strength or about 25MFa or greater (as measured by ASTM DS82); and tear strength of about 70kN/ro or greater (as measured, with the Graves Method). Examples of preferred materials include glass plate, aluminum foil, Tediar® (a trademark o DuPont) or a combination thereof. A supplemental barrier sheet may also be employed which is connectively located below the back sheet. The supplemental barrier may be a composite material such as Protekt® (available from Madico, Inc., Wobum, MA), The supplemental barrier sheet ma act as a barrier, protecting the layers above f om environmental conditions and from physi cal damage that may be caused by any features of the structure on which the photovoltaic de vice is subjected to (e.g. for example, irregularities in a roof deck (in the ease of roofing BIPV products), protruding objects or the like), it is contemplated that this is an optional layer and may not be required. Alternatively, the protective layer could be comprised of more rigid materials so as to provide additional roofing function under structural and environmental (e.g. wind) loadings. Additional rigidity may also be desirable so as to improve the coefficient of thermal expansion of the photovoltaic device and maintain the desired dimensions during temperature fluctuations. Examples of protective layer materials for structural properties include polymeric materials such polyolefins, polyester amides, polysuifone, acetal, acrylic, polyvinyl chloride, nylon,

polycarbonate, phenolic, polyetheretherketone, polyethylene terephthalate, epoxies, including glass and mineral filled composites or an combination thereof. [0034] The figures discussed below include references to location of and contact between the photovoltaic cells and electrical connector segments taught herein. It should be noted that any discussion of contact between the components shown in the figures and discussed below may be direct contact or may be indirect contact through one or more layers commonly utilized in photovoltaic devices which may include adhesives, solder, coatings, or other materials necessar to form the desired electrical connections in and among the photovoltaic cells.

[0035] Fig. 1 shows a cross sectional view of an exemplary article in accordance with the present teachings showing two adjacent photovoltaic cell 10, 12. The first ceil 10, is located in planar contact with a base substrate 14. A top contact iayer 18 may be formed onto the first cell and a first electrical connector segment 22 may be located onto the top contact layer. The second cell. 12 is also located onto a substrate 16, which forms the backside electrode of the second cell 12 and may be substantially similar in material to the substrate 14 for receivin the first cell. A top contact layer 20 is located in contact with the second cell, which may be substantially similar to the top contact layer 18 located onto the first cell. A second electrical connector segment 24 is located In contact with the substraie 1.6 of the second cell. The first and second electrical connector segments 22, 24 are located adjacent one another and connected to one another along a terminal edge 30, 32 of each of the electrical connector segments.

[0036] As shown for example in Fig. 2, the first and second electrical connector segments 22, 24 may each be formed of a first surface 34, 38 (comprising a first material layer) and a second surface 36, 0 (comprising a second .material layer dissimilar from the first material layer) whereby each first surface is located in planar contact with each second surface. Thus, the second surface 3 of the first electrical connector segment 22 is. located in planar contact with the top contact layer 18 of the first cell 10, and the first surface 38 of the second electrical connector segment 24 is located in planar contact with the substrate (e.g., the backside substrate for forming the backside electrode) 1 of the second cell 12. Fig 3 depicts an arrangement whereby the first and second electrical connector segments are formed of dissimilar coating materials. More specifically, the first electrical connector segment 22 includes a first surface 34 and an opposing second surface 36. Both the first surface and opposing second surface are formed of a first coating material 26 and the coating material on the second surface is located in contact with the to contact layer 18 of the first cell. The second electrical connector segment 24 also includes a first surface 38 and opposing second surface 40 whereby the first surface and opposing second soriace are formed of a second coating material 28, The second coating material forming the first surface 38 is located in contact with the backside substrate .16 of the second celt.

[0037] As shown for example in Fig. 4, the first, electrical connector segment 22 includes a first surface 34 and an opposing second surface 36 whereby a first coatmg material 26 is located onto the second opposing surface for forming the first electrical connector segment. A second coating materia] 28 is located onto the first surface of the first electricai connector segment. The first coatmg material 26 also extends onto the second opposing surface 40 of the second electrical connector segment and the second coating material 28 extends onto the first surface 38 for forming the second electrical connector segment. Thus, the first coating material 26 forming the first electrical connector segment is located in contact with the top contact layer 18 and the second coating material 28 forming the second electrical connector segment is located in contact with the backside substrate 16. Fig, 5 depicts an exemplary device havin a first coating material 26 located in contact with the second opposing surface 36 for forming the first electrical connector segment. The first coating material 26 may also be located onto the second opposing soriace 40 of the second electrical connector segment. A second coa ting material 28 is located in contact with the first surface 38 for forming the second electrical connector segment so that the second coating material contacts the backside substrate 1 .

[0038] Any numerical values recited in the above application include all values from the tower value to the upper value in increments of one unit provided that there is a separation of at least 2 units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if it is stated that the amount of a component or a value of a process variable such as. for example, temperature, pressure, time and the like is, for example, from I to 90, preferably .from 20 to 80, more preferably from 30 to 70, it is intended that values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68. 43 to 51, 30 to 32 etc. are expressly enumerated in this specification. For values which are less than one, one unit is considered to be 0.000L 0.001 , 0.01 or 0, 1 as appropriate. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and ail possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated are to be considered to be expressly stated in this application in a similar manner. Unless otherwise stated, all ranges include both endpoints and all numbers betwee the endpoints. The use of "about" or "approximately" in connection with a range applies to both ends of the range. Thus, "about 20 to 30" is intended to cover "about 20 to about 30", inclusive of at least the specified endpoints. The term "consisting essentially of to describe a combination shall include the elements, ingredients, components or steps identified, and such other elements ingredients, components or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the combination. The use of the terms "comprising" or "including" to describe combinations of elements, ingredients, components or steps herein also contemplates

embodiments that consist essentially of the elements, ingredients, components or steps. Plural elements, ingredients, components or steps can be provided by a single integrated element, ingredient, component or step. Alternatively, a single integrated element, ingredient, component or ste might be divided into separate plural elements, ingredients, components or steps. The disclosure of V or "one" to describe an element, ingredient, component or step is not intended to foreclose additional elements, ingredients, components or steps.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAI ED IS:

3. An article compiising: (i) one or more photovoltaic ceils having a first stirface and an opposing second surface; (ii) a first electrical connector segment having a portion that contacts and is i electrical communication with the first surface of the one or more cells; (Hi) a second electrical connector segment having a portion that contacts and is in electrical communication with the second surface of the one or more cells and is in electrical comm unication with the first eiectrical connector; wherein the portion of the second electrical connector segment that contacts the second surface of the one or more ceils comprises a material that is dissimilar from the material compiising the portion of the first eiectrical connector that contacts the first surface of the one or more cells.

2. The article of claim L wherein the first electrical connector segment contacts a first surface of a first cell and the second eiectrical connec tor segment contacts a second surface of a second adjacent cell.

3. The article of claim t or 2, wherein the first electrical connector segment comprises a material having a first electrode potential and the first surface of the one or more cells comprises a material having a first surface electrode potential so that the first electrode potential and first surface electrode potential differ by 0.3V or less at 25°C based on a standard hydrogen electrode of zero voits.

4. The article of any of claims 1 through 3. wherein the second electrical connector segment comprises a material having a second electrode potential and the second surface of the one or more cells comprises a material having a second surface electrode potential so that the second electrode potential and second surface electrode potential differ by 0.3V or less at 25"C based on a standard hydrogen electrode of zero volts.

5. The article of any of claims 1 through 4, wherein one or more of the first electrical connector segment and second electrical connector segment comprises a material having a hardness of 300MPa or less on die Vickers hardness scale.

6. The article of any of claims 1 through 5, wherein the first electrical connector segment comprises a material selected from; tin, copper, silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, molybdenum, zinc, antimony, niobium, chromium, nickel, indium, lead, iron, steel, stainless steel, Ti , TaN, SnOs, doped SnO¾ FTG, AZG, doped ZnO, graphene, conductive organic polymers, conductive small molecules or any combination thereof.

7. The article of any of claims 1 through 6, wherei n the second electrical, connector segment comprises a material selected from; tin, copper, silver, gold, platinum, aluminum, molybdenum, zinc, antimony, niobium, chromium, nickel, indium, lead, iron, steel, stainless steel, Ti , TaN, SnO?, doped SnO?, ΪΤΟ, AZO, doped nO, graphene, conductive organic polymers, conductive small molecules or any combination thereof.

8. The article of any of claims 1 through 7, wherein the second electrical con nector segment comprises molybdenum, copper, silver, or gold and forms an oltmic contact with a surface materia! of the one or more cells, another material of the second electrical connector segment, or both.

9. The article of any of claims 1 through 8, wherein a Sn Se fil is formed by contacting the second surface of the one or more cells with the second electrical connector segment.

10. The article of any of claims 1 through ₅ wherein at least a portion of one or more of the first and second electrical connector segments are formed of a coating comprising a conductive material.

1 1. The article of any of claims 1 through 10, wherein, the first electrical connector segment comprises a material having a first electrode potential and the second electrical connector segment comprises a material having a second electrode potential so that the first electrode potential and second electrode potential differ by 0.3 V or less at 25°C based on a standard hydrogen electrode of zero volts.

12. The article of any of claims 1 through 1 1 , wherein one core material forms at least a portion of both the first and second electrical connector segments and the first and second electrical connector segments are formed of coatings located onto the core material such that, the coating on the first electrical connector segment is dissimilar from the coating on the second electrical connector segment,

13. The article of any of claims 1 through 12, wherein the first electrical connector segment comprises a first core material and the second electrical connector segment comprises a second core material and a coating for forming the first electrical connector segment Is dissimilar from a coating for forming the second electrical connector segment.

14. The article of any of claims 1 through 13, wherein one core material forms at least a portion of both the first and second electrical connector segments and the first and second electrical connector segments are formed of coatings located onto the core material such that a first coating on a first surface of the first electrical connector segment is the same as a coating o a first surface of the second electrical connector segment and a second coating on a second surface of the first electrical comiec tor segment is the same as the coating on a second surface of the second electrical connector segment.

15. The article of any of claims 1 through 14, wherein the first and or second electrical connector segments are formed of a copper mesh having a coating selected from the group consisting of tin, an electrically conductive adhesive, or combinations thereof.