WO2014023909A2 - Simulation de karstification insulaire - Google Patents
Simulation de karstification insulaire Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014023909A2 WO2014023909A2 PCT/FR2013/051892 FR2013051892W WO2014023909A2 WO 2014023909 A2 WO2014023909 A2 WO 2014023909A2 FR 2013051892 W FR2013051892 W FR 2013051892W WO 2014023909 A2 WO2014023909 A2 WO 2014023909A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- particle
- geological
- model
- displacement
- simulation
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 title claims description 60
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 66
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
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- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Substances [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
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- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000003916 acid precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V20/00—Geomodelling in general
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of simulation of geological processes for the study of the subsoil. We are particularly interested in karstification phenomena in island karst areas.
- karstification of a rock refers to the phenomenon by which a rock is shaped by dissolving carbonates, for example, in water. Water infiltrates through interstices in the rock, such as pores or fractures. This infiltration increases the size of these interstices because of the dissolution of carbonates of the rock in the infiltrated water. Fractures and cavities can thus be formed.
- Water can typically be rainwater made acidic by carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or soil.
- the source of the water may be other, for example hydrothermal lift.
- the rock may, for example, include limestone.
- karstifications may exist: insular, continental or hydrothermal.
- the so-called “island” karstification is a karstification carried out in particular in the particular areas of the islands and the coastline by dissolving the carbonates in the zone of flapping of the aquifer and in the so-called salted bevel zone (chemical contact between the water sweet and sea water).
- the present invention improves the situation.
- the present invention proposes to simulate the karstification phenomena in a typically insular karstic zone.
- the present invention thus aims at a method implemented by computer for simulating karstification phenomena in a karstic zone.
- This method comprises the following steps: a / receiving a geological model of the karst area, this model comprising at least one local geological parameter function of the local coordinates in this model; bl simulate the displacement of a particle in the geological model, said particle having coordinates in said model, said displacement being probabilized taking into account:
- this advective direction being a function of said coordinates of the particle in the geological model; c / modify the geological parameter according to the displacement of the particle and according to an aggressiveness of the particle.
- the aggressiveness of the particle is a function of the coordinates of the particle.
- such a method makes it possible, from point sampling wells, to reconstruct the karsts zones by adding information between these wells.
- This method then makes it possible to know the zones of the subsoil having lithological characteristics likely to form hydrocarbon traps for example. Indeed, the porous areas surmounted by an impermeable layer are particularly likely to trap hydrocarbons or gas.
- a parameter of the model allowing a representation of physical, lithological, mechanical properties, etc. is called a "geological parameter".
- this parameter may be the permeability of the rock, the diameter of the faults contained in the rock, the carbonate concentration of the rock, etc.
- this geological parameter is called “local” when the value of this parameter can be a function of the current (or local) coordinates in the model.
- the geological parameter can have different values for the coordinate points (x, y, z) and ( ⁇ ', y', z ').
- Aggression is, for example, the ability of the particle to erode rock. Aggressiveness can be related to the acidity of the particle. It can also be related to the probability that the CaMg (CO3) 2 dolomite contained in the rock is transformed into CaCO3 calcium carbonates.
- a "geological model” is a representation of geological (for example computerized) parameters of a subsoil.
- This model can for example be constructed from a plurality of boreholes (boreholes) carried out in the field. These holes can allow geologists to establish a first geological model of the subsoil. Once established, this first geological model is converted into a second computer model to allow computer-implemented simulation as described above. The latter model is therefore a representation of the geological characteristics of the subsoil (permeability, etc.).
- the geological model can define faults, a high zone by which particles are introduced to carry out the simulations, a saline water height, the thickness of mixing zones between fresh and salt water, etc.
- the geological model may be meshed.
- the geological parameter may be a function of at least one mesh in contact with the displacement of the particle.
- this geological parameter makes it possible to characterize certain physical or lithological properties of the rock near the particle and thus its displacement.
- This parameter can be, for example, the permeability of the rock or the diameter of the fractures present near the particle.
- the mesh can simplify the computer simulation, a large number of simulation software natively processing mesh models.
- a mesh is in contact with the displacement of the particle if the line defining the displacement of the particle between two simulation times satisfies one of the following conditions:
- Two-dimensional model defining the mesh is not empty
- the geological parameter is a function of a direction in which the displacement of the particle is simulated. Indeed, some directions of space may have different geological characteristics that may impact the displacement of the particle. Thus, a horizontal fracture, present in the geological model, will promote the horizontal displacement of the particle while it will have no impact on the vertical displacement.
- the simulation of the displacement of the particle can be performed for a plurality of simulation times.
- the geological model defined can then be a function of this simulation time.
- the geological model evolving, taking into account the karstification over time allows a simulation close to the geological reality of the environment.
- landslides, erosions, folds of geological layers, etc. can change the relative position of the different rocks and thus karsts. Changing the geological model over time may allow a better fit with the reality of the geological process.
- the steps b1 and c1 described above may also be performed for a plurality of particles.
- the flow of a large number of simulated particles in the model can account for long periods of precipitation over time.
- the method may further comprise: d) determining an exchange zone between a first sub-part of the geological model and a second sub-part of the geological model, the first sub-part of the geological model modeling a subset comprising salt water and the second subpart of the geological model modeling a subset comprising freshwater.
- the first sub-part of the geological model modeling the subset comprising salt water may then include an area adjacent to this exchange zone.
- the second sub-portion of the geological model modeling the sub-portion including freshwater may also include an area adjacent to this exchange zone.
- the aggressiveness of the particle may then present a local maximum in the exchange zone over an area resulting from the union of:
- a zone of exchange (or "mixing zone” in English) can be determined in the model.
- This exchange zone the boundary between the salty environment and the medium containing fresh water, comprises brackish water (that is to say whose salt content is substantially lower than that of the water of sea).
- brackish water that is to say whose salt content is substantially lower than that of the water of sea.
- Such an area is conducive to the dissolution of soft rocks and consequently, the aggressiveness of the particles has a local maximum in an area close to this exchange zone.
- Such modeling of the aggressiveness of the particles makes it possible to advantageously take into account this zone comprising brackish water.
- the simulation of the displacement of the particle is performed for a plurality of simulation times. At least one sub-part of the first sub-part and the second sub-part is a function of this simulation time.
- a computer program, implementing all or part of the method described above, installed on a pre-existing equipment, is in itself advantageous, since it can effectively simulate karstification phenomena in a karst area, typically island .
- the present invention also relates to a computer program comprising instructions for implementing the method described above, when this program is executed by a processor.
- Figure 6 described in detail below can form the flow chart of the general algorithm of such a computer program.
- a device for the implementation of all or part of the method described above, is in itself advantageous, since it can effectively simulate karstification phenomena in a karstic zone, typically insular.
- Figures 1a and 1b are sectional representations of a littoral area likely to allow the formation of karst type "insular";
- FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d are examples of modification of a geological model in one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is an example of representation of a model geological mesh
- Figure 4 is an example of advective movement and dispersive motion of a particle for the simulation of its displacement in a meshed geological model
- Figure 5 presents different possible advective displacements in the areas of an island geological model
- FIG. 6 is an exemplary flow chart of a simulation method in the sense of the invention
- Figure 7 shows an example of a simulation device.
- Figures 1a and 1b are sectional representations of a littoral area likely to allow the formation of "island type" karst.
- the subsoil may consist of carbonate rocks.
- the soil 100 forms an island surrounded by a sea 1 10 consisting of salt water.
- Sea level is defined by a horizontal line 101 (or a three-dimensional horizontal plane) in Figure 1a and 1b.
- the carbonate rock is permeable and therefore constitutes an aquifer where water circulation is possible. Due to the permeability of the rocks, two types of water are present in these:
- the interface between the zones 1 13 and 1 14 is called the piezometric surface 103.
- the system is not static. Indeed, the sea is subject to oscillations of the tides (whose period can be daily, monthly, annual, secular, etc.) and the aquifer (zones 1 12 and 1 13) can vary according to the recharge of the water table. pure water.
- Figure 1b is an example of variation of the interfaces 103 and 104.
- the interface 103a high piezometric surface
- the interface 104a low salt wedge
- the interface 104b is raised (high salt wedge).
- both backgrounds 1 12 and 1 1 1 can be mixed by diffusion and form a brackish water zone of variable thickness C around the interface 104.
- This zone called the mixing zone or “mixing zone” in English, is zone 1 15 of Figure 1a and 5.
- This mixing zone 1 has a strong property of dissolving soluble rocks such as carbonates. These dissolutions of the rock then induce cavities. For example, depending on the aggressiveness of the particles in the water, dolomite CaMg (CO3) 2 can be converted into CaCO3 calcium carbonates.
- the aggressiveness of the particle has a maximum in the mixing zone 1 around the interface 104.
- Figures 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d are an example of modification of a geological model in an embodiment of the invention.
- the earth's crust is not immutable at the level of long periods of time (for example, a few millennia), it may be useful to take into account the deformation of this crust to allow a good simulation of karstification in the geological model.
- FIG. 2a shows a geological model at a simulation time t 0 .
- this model consists of a single sediment layer 201.
- karst was formed in the lithological zone 202.
- this lithological zone 202 is shaped by dissolution of carbonates in the infiltration water. Indeed, the water infiltrates by interstices of the rock and this infiltration increases the size of these interstices because of the dissolution of carbonates of the rock in the infiltrated water. Fractures and cavities can thus be formed.
- Such karstification zones are shown in Figures 2a, 2b, 2c and 2d by hatched areas.
- Figure 2b shows the same section as Figure 2a at a simulation time ti (with ti after t 0 ). Due to sedimentation phenomena, a new geological layer of sediment 21 1 has deposited above the layer 201. In addition, the model has undergone a deformation "waving" the geological layers 201 and 21 1 of the model. After simulation, a new karstification zone 212 has been formed. This zone 212 contains rocks / sediments of the two lithographic layers 201 and 21 1.
- Figure 2c shows the same section as Figure 2a at a simulation time t 2 (with t 2 after ti).
- a new geological layer of sediment 221 has deposited on the layer 21 1 and the model has undergone a new deformation.
- Zone 222 is a new karstification zone.
- an erosion of the layer 21 1 has occurred between the simulation time t 2 and t i.
- the 290 zone containing rocks / sediments of the sedimentation layer 21 1 was evacuated.
- Figure 2d shows the same section as Figure 2a at a simulation time t 3 (with t 3 after t 2 ).
- a new geological layer of sediment 231 was deposited on the layer 221 and the model underwent a final deformation.
- Area 232 is a karstified area.
- an oblique fault 280 (linked for example to a landslide or an earthquake) appeared between the simulation time t 3 and t 2 .
- This fault 280 passes through the layers 201, 21 1, and 221.
- the area 202 is cut into two distinct sub-areas 202a and 202b.
- the eroded area 290 is cut off are two eroded sub-areas 290a and 290b.
- Figure 3 schematically shows an example of a meshed geological model according to an embodiment of the invention. This model can be used to simulate karstification phenomena.
- the modeling of the karstic zone by a geological model can indeed be advantageous in the context of the simulation according to the embodiments of the invention.
- the mesh of a geological model allows the simplified simulation by means of computers and software handling in a native way these meshes.
- each particle may be a drop of water, a molecule of water, or the like.
- the meshed geological model can be two-dimensional, as in the example illustrated in Figure 2 for clarity, or advantageously three-dimensional.
- the model of FIG. 3 comprises meshes Mu, Mi 2 , M 2 i, ..., M 46 , etc.
- each mesh My a geological mesh parameter value, here a permeability value Ky.
- the variables i and j make it possible to index the mesh positions in space. . So, with each mesh Mu, Mi 2 ... corresponds to a permeability value Kn, Ki 2 , ....
- These permeability values make it possible to describe a first medium.
- the stochastic displacement of a particle in the first medium is probabilized taking into account these values of permeability (or geological parameter), so as to simulate a flow in a porous rock, also called matrix.
- a second medium is described by edge parameter values, for example duct diameters d 24v (vertical edge between the two nodes N 24 and N 34 ), d 3 4 h (horizontal edge between the two nodes
- the stochastic displacement of a particle in the second medium is probabilized taking into account these duct diameter values d 24v, etc., so as to simulate a flow of water through fractures.
- the particles can be introduced at a given node, for example Nu, or at several nodes.
- the introduction of particles can be carried out with a given periodicity.
- the particles do not interact with each other, that is to say that the displacement of a particle is independent of the locations of the other particles.
- the particles are subject to two types of displacements: an advective displacement, and a dispersive displacement.
- the most probable displacement of the particle is called “advective displacement” (respectively “advective direction”).
- Figure 4 is an example of advective movement and dispersive motion for the simulation of displacement of a molecule in a three-dimensional mesh model in one embodiment of the invention.
- a particle is located at point 501 in a regular cubic mesh of a geological model.
- the advective movement 02 is 5 and is directed vertically along the axis z to point 502. This advective movement indicates the direction of movement privileged of the particle.
- the particle can also have a movement or movement simulated in five other directions. These movements are called dispersive movements:
- a probability of displacement may be associated. This probability indicates the probability that the particle will move according to this movement during the current simulation time.
- the distribution of probabilities can be, by way of illustration, the following:
- the particle if it is located at point 501 at simulation time t 0 , it will have a probability of 1% of being at point 504 at simulation time t 0 +1 (and a probability of 4.75% of find in point 503).
- a draw weighted by these probabilities is then made, and the displacement takes place in the direction and direction given by the result of the draw.
- the stochastic trajectory of a particle can be determined in the model throughout the simulation. These stochastic displacement calculations are performed for each particle, and repeated cyclically.
- a large number of particles can be introduced into the model (10 9 particles for example).
- the number of cycles can be of the order of one million.
- the number of meshes of the network can for example be of the order of one hundred thousand or one million.
- This probability may vary depending on the zones (1 14, 1 13, 1 12, 1 1 1) or even depending on the position of the particle in a zone.
- This probability can also be a function of a parameter of equivalent permeability K eq .
- an equivalent permeability K eq is calculated from the permeability values of the cells comprising these two nodes. For example, for a displacement of the node Ni 4 to the node N 24 , an equivalent permeability is calculated from the values ⁇ 3 , Ki. It is also possible, by convention, to take into account only one of the values among K13 and Ki 4 .
- the equivalent permeability can be calculated from four values of permeability. We thus go from a volume model to a grid model ("voxcel" in English).
- the equivalent permeability for a given displacement in the first medium may, in particular, be an average, for example an arithmetic or geometric mean, of the permeabilities of the stitches having an edge corresponding to this displacement.
- K eq 2log (-) l2gd, where r is the relative roughness, typically equal to 0.2, and g is an acceleration that can be the acceleration of gravity (typically in zone 1 14 ) or be linked to a driving force (typically in the areas 1 13, 1 12 and 1 15).
- advective displacement Prob_Adv also called “velocity module” in English, can also be estimated from the values of equivalent permeability:
- the thresholds K min and K max for the first medium may be more or less close together than the thresholds K min and K max for the second medium.
- Figure 5 shows examples of advective movements in different areas of an island model
- the advective displacement is likely to take place along the direction and direction of the gravity vector (arrow 1 14f);
- the advective displacement is likely to take place in the direction of the interface 104 and towards the outlet (arrow 1 15f).
- Advective displacements can be tangent to contour lines passing through the outlet.
- the arrow 15f is tangent to the curve 104.
- the advective displacement can be represented by a simple arrow
- the advective displacement can be contained in a three-dimensional (or 3D) surface, in particular for the advective movements 1 13f, 1 12f, and 1 15f.
- many outlets are possible (intersection of the sea level 101 with the lithographic grid forming the island 100).
- dispersive displacements likely to take place in several directions.
- a dispersive displacement is likely to be realized towards the node Ni 4 , towards the node N 2 3 or towards the node N 2 5 (for example) .
- the probabilities of dispersive displacement to the nodes mentioned do not necessarily have the same probability.
- Pr ob_Disp _ ij (K e '') where K '. means the permeability
- this sum comprises three terms. In a three-dimensional network, this sum would have five terms.
- the values e 2 q 3 and K e 2 q 5 would be calculated from the values Ki 3 , K 23 , and Ki 4 , K 24 , respectively, while the value K e 3 q 4 corresponding to a displacement along a path would be calculated from the value of d4-
- a particle is able to move from the matrix to the fracture.
- a particle has a relatively low probability of passing from a discontinuity to the matrix.
- the values of the geological parameters (here the permeability) of the first medium and the second medium are modified according to the paths taken by the particles.
- each mesh a value of an IK karstification index indicative of the dissolution potential (if any, of precipitation, change of lithology) of the rock.
- This index can have similar or equal values for the meshes of a given zone.
- provision can be made to assign to each particle an aggression value of particle IA.
- this aggression has the same value for all the particles, but it is also possible to provide different values, for example to account for a period of acid rain.
- this aggression may also depend on the area in which the particle is located (i.e. the position / coordinates of the particle in the grid). For example, the aggressiveness of the particle may be maximum in zones 1 14 and 1 15 while it is minimal in saturated zones in fresh water (zones 1 13 and 1 12).
- the passage of a particle between two nodes of the first medium modifies the permeability values of the meshes having an edge corresponding to this node.
- the passage of a particle in a conduit of the second medium increases the diameter of this conduit, possibly within the limit of a maximum diameter.
- this maximum diameter may be equal to the size of a mesh side.
- a cavity larger than the size of a mesh can thus be modeled by pipes of diameter equal to the maximum diameter.
- the meshes M 6 , M 7 of Figure 2 may correspond to such a cavity.
- the volume of material extracted by the passage of the particle is a function of the product IK.IA.
- the block diagram shown in FIG. 6 is a typical example of a program, some of which can be done with the playback equipment and others with the mobile equipment. As such, FIG. 6 may correspond to the flowchart of the general algorithm of a computer program within the meaning of the invention.
- a geological model is provided (step 601) in a computer format, for example in the form of a mesh model.
- a geological model is provided (step 601) in a computer format, for example in the form of a mesh model.
- a geological model is determined (step 602) in a computer format, for example in the form of a mesh model.
- a simulation of displacement of a particle during a simulation time can be performed (step 603).
- This particle is introduced into the geological model in an infiltration zone, typically an area located on the top of the island 100.
- the aggressiveness of the particle takes different values depending on its position in the model. In particular, this will be high when the particle is in the exchange zone or in an area close to the piezometric surface.
- the particle During its movement and depending on its aggressiveness, the particle will partially dissolve the rock in which it moves. Thus the geological parameters of the model are modified by this simulation (step 604).
- steps 602, 603 and 604 are reiterated for a new simulation time (step 607).
- the geological model can evolve (step 608) between the previous time and the current time (for example, due to the modeling of an earthquake or erosion).
- FIG. 7 represents an exemplary simulation device 702.
- the device comprises a computer 702, comprising a memory 700 for storing the meshed geological model, and processing means, for example a processor 701 for carrying out the operations. simulations according to the method described above and modify the model.
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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GB1501942.5A GB2519265B (en) | 2012-08-06 | 2013-08-06 | Simulation of insular karstification |
US14/420,208 US10948626B2 (en) | 2012-08-06 | 2013-08-06 | Simulation of insular karstification |
SA515360014A SA515360014B1 (ar) | 2012-08-06 | 2015-02-08 | محاكاة ظاهرة تشكل البنية الكارستية في مناطق الجزر |
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FR1257646 | 2012-08-06 | ||
FR1257646A FR2994309B1 (fr) | 2012-08-06 | 2012-08-06 | Simulation de karstification insulaire |
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WO2014023909A2 true WO2014023909A2 (fr) | 2014-02-13 |
WO2014023909A3 WO2014023909A3 (fr) | 2014-04-03 |
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US (1) | US10948626B2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2994309B1 (fr) |
GB (1) | GB2519265B (fr) |
SA (1) | SA515360014B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2014023909A2 (fr) |
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CN115392137A (zh) * | 2022-10-27 | 2022-11-25 | 山东省地质矿产勘查开发局八〇一水文地质工程地质大队(山东省地矿工程勘察院) | 一种基于岩溶塌陷水土耦合作用的三维模拟系统 |
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GB2515417B (en) * | 2012-03-27 | 2016-05-25 | Total Sa | Method for determining mineralogical composition |
US10598818B2 (en) | 2014-07-03 | 2020-03-24 | Total Sa | Method for determining geological caves |
CN109540727B (zh) * | 2018-12-29 | 2024-03-08 | 文山州广那高速公路投资建设开发有限公司 | 一种模拟岩溶隧道排水管结晶的实验装置和实验方法 |
WO2020229863A1 (fr) * | 2019-05-10 | 2020-11-19 | Total Se | Procédé de modélisation de la formation d'une zone sédimentaire par simulation de transport de particules induit par du courant |
WO2021211579A1 (fr) * | 2020-04-13 | 2021-10-21 | X Development Llc | Modèle lithologique de sous-sol à l'aide d'un apprentissage automatique |
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WO2012045936A2 (fr) * | 2010-09-27 | 2012-04-12 | Total Sa | Simulation de karstification |
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2013
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- 2013-08-06 US US14/420,208 patent/US10948626B2/en active Active
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WO2012045936A2 (fr) * | 2010-09-27 | 2012-04-12 | Total Sa | Simulation de karstification |
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REZAEI M ET AL: "Reactive transport modeling of calcite dissolution in the fresh-salt water mixing zone", JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY, NORTH-HOLLAND, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 311, no. 1-4, 15 septembre 2005 (2005-09-15), pages 282-298, XP027852124, ISSN: 0022-1694 [extrait le 2005-09-15] * |
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CN115392137A (zh) * | 2022-10-27 | 2022-11-25 | 山东省地质矿产勘查开发局八〇一水文地质工程地质大队(山东省地矿工程勘察院) | 一种基于岩溶塌陷水土耦合作用的三维模拟系统 |
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GB2519265B (en) | 2018-06-27 |
US20150219792A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
WO2014023909A3 (fr) | 2014-04-03 |
GB2519265A (en) | 2015-04-15 |
SA515360014B1 (ar) | 2016-05-04 |
FR2994309A1 (fr) | 2014-02-07 |
FR2994309B1 (fr) | 2014-08-29 |
GB201501942D0 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
US10948626B2 (en) | 2021-03-16 |
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