Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
  • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
  • B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
  • B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
  • B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
  • B24D3/28—Resins or natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
  • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
  • B24D11/00—Constructional features of flexible abrasive materials; Special features in the manufacture of such materials
  • B24D11/02—Backings, e.g. foils, webs, mesh fabrics
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
  • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
  • B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
  • B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
  • B24D3/20—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially organic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
  • C09K3/14—Anti-slip materials; Abrasives
  • C09K3/1436—Composite particles, e.g. coated particles

Definitions

• Foam backed abrasive articles having more compliance to the painted surface are a possibility.
• these foam-backed abrasive articles can be expensive due to the cost of the foam and the use of foam does not always ensure the abrasive article will work for its intended application.
• an improved abrasive article intended for use on clear coats and painted surfaces, can be obtained by replacing the foam layer with a specific construction of a nonwoven layer and including a center aperture and a plurality of surrounding apertures.
• the nonwoven layer is designed to ensure the necessary compliance when removing defects and has a sufficiently open structure to enable it to be used as the loop layer to attach the abrasive article to a backup pad with hooks.
• the compliance and loftiness of the nonwoven it can serve two functions - replacing the foam layer and replacing the loop layer in the foam-backed abrasive articles thereby saving costs.
• the performance of the improved abrasive article can be significantly increased beyond that of the foam-backed prior abrasive article.
• the invention resides in an abrasive article comprising:
• a structured abrasive layer attached to a first major surface of a backing, the structured abrasive layer comprising a plurality of abrasive composites formed from abrasive particles in a cross-linked binder;
• the nonwoven layer comprising:
• the central aperture having a largest dimension from 8 mm to 20 mm, and the total open area of the central aperture and the plurality of surrounding apertures is greater than or equal to 140 mm 2 .
• FIG. 1 is a top view of an abrasive article useful for removing defects in clear coats and painted surfaces
• FIG. 2 is a partial cross section of the abrasive article of FIG. 1 taken at 2-2.
• the abrasive article 100 includes a structured abrasive layer 120 disposed on and secured to a first major surface 125 of backing 110.
• the abrasive article further includes an adhesive layer 200 to secure a second major surface 127 of the backing to a nonwoven layer 300.
• Also present is a central aperture 400 and a plurality of surrounding apertures 410.
• FIG. 2 is not necessarily to scale since the height of the abrasive composites can be much smaller than the thickness of the nonwoven layer.
• the structured abrasive article can be any shape, for example, round (e.g., a disc), oval, or rectangular (e.g., a sheet) depending on the particular shape of a support pad that may be used in conjunction with it.
• the structured abrasive article may have scalloped edges. Each component is discussed in more detail in the following sections.
• Structured abrasive layer 120 comprises shaped abrasive composites 135.
• Each shaped abrasive composite 135 comprises abrasive grains 140, optional grinding aid particles 145, and optional surfactant (not shown) dispersed in a polymeric binder 150 as discussed in US 2011/0065362.
• each shaped abrasive composite contains from 2.5 to 3.5 percent by weight of a nonionic poly ether surfactant based on a total weight of the shaped abrasive composite.
• shaped abrasive composite refers to a body that comprises abrasive particles and a binder, and is intentionally formed in a non-random shape (e.g., a pyramid, ridge, etc.), and typically characterized by regular boundaries. Exemplary forming methods include cast and cure methods, embossing, and molding.
• the shaped abrasive composites may be disposed on the backing according to a predetermined pattern (e.g., as an array). In some embodiments, shaped abrasive composites are "precisely-shaped" abrasive composites.
• the shape of the precisely- shaped abrasive composites is defined by relatively smooth surfaced sides that are bounded and joined by well-defined edges having distinct edge lengths with distinct endpoints defined by the intersections of the various sides.
• This precision is frequently obtained by use of a production tooling having a plurality of mold cavities to form the precisely-shaped abrasive composites.
• the terms "bounded” and “boundary” refer to the exposed surfaces and edges of each composite that delimit and define the actual three-dimensional shape of each abrasive composite. These boundaries are readily visible and discernible when a cross-section of an abrasive article is viewed under a scanning electron microscope.
• Precisely-shaped or shaped abrasive composites may be of any three-dimensional shape that results in at least one of a raised feature or recess on the exposed surface of the abrasive layer.
• Useful shapes include, for example, cubic, prismatic, pyramidal (e.g., square pyramidal or hexagonal pyramidal), truncated pyramidal, conical, frustoconical. Combinations of differently shaped and/or sized abrasive composites may also be used.
• the abrasive layer of the structured abrasive may be continuous or discontinuous.
• the shaped abrasive composites are arranged on the backing according to a predetermined pattern or array, although this is not a requirement.
• the shaped abrasive composites may be arranged such that some of their work surfaces are recessed from the polishing surface of the abrasive layer.
• the density of shaped abrasive composites in the abrasive layer is typically in a range of from at least 1,000, 10,000, or even at least 20,000 abrasive composites per square inch (e.g., at least 150, 1,500, or even 7,800 abrasive composites per square centimeter) up to and including 50,000, 70,000, or even as many as 100,000 abrasive composites per square inch (up to and including 7,800, 11,000, or even as many as 15,000 abrasive composites per square centimeter), although greater or lesser densities of abrasive composites may also be used.
• the individual shaped abrasive composites comprise abrasive grains dispersed in a polymeric binder. Any abrasive grain known in the abrasive art may be included in the abrasive composites. Examples of useful abrasive grains include aluminum oxide, fused aluminum oxide, heat-treated aluminum oxide, ceramic aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, green silicon carbide, alumina-zirconia, ceria, iron oxide, garnet, diamond, cubic boron nitride, and combinations thereof.
• useful abrasive grain sizes typically range from an average particle size of from at least 0.01, 1, 3 or even 5 micrometers up to and including 35, 100, 250, 500, or even as much as 1,500 micrometers, although particle sizes outside of this range may also be used.
• Silicon carbide abrasive particles having an abrasives industry specified nominal grade corresponding to sizes in a range of from 3 and 7 micrometers are typically preferred.
• the abrasive particles are included in the abrasive composites in an amount of from 50 to 70 percent by weight, based on a total weight of the shaped abrasive composites, although other amounts may also be used.
• the shaped abrasive composites may optionally contain additional ingredients such as, for example, dispersants, fillers, pigments, grinding aids, photoinitiators, hardeners, curatives, stabilizers, antioxidants, and light stabilizers.
• Useful backings include, for example, paper, fabric, or film backings. Suitable film backings include polymeric films and primed polymeric films, especially those used in the abrasive arts.
• Useful polymeric films include, for example, polyester films (e.g., an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer primed polyethylene terephthalate), polyolefin films (e.g., polyethylene or polypropylene films), and elastic polyurethane films.
• the film backing may be a laminate of two polymeric films. Examples of elastomeric polyurethanes that may be used to form films include those available under the trade designation ESTANE from B.F. Goodrich and Co. of Cleveland, OH and those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,871,218 (Schollenberger); 3,645,835 (Hodgson); 4,595,001 (Potter et al.); 5,088,483
• Pressure-sensitive adhesive-coated polyurethane elastomer films are commercially available from 3M Company under the trade designation TEGADERM. Useful polymeric films are generally from about 0.02 to about 0.5 millimeters in thickness, for example, from 0.02 millimeter to 0.1 millimeter in thickness; however, this is not a requirement.
• a suitable adhesive is used to join the backing 110 to the nonwoven layer 300.
• a water resistant adhesive is utilized such that the abrasive article can be used in wet finishing applications.
• Suitable types of adhesives include, but are not limited to, polyolefins, polyesters, polyurethanes, polyamides, phenolic adhesives, urea-formaldehyde adhesives, epoxy adhesives, acrylate adhesives, and the like. Particular examples of such adhesives include latex
• ABS acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene
• latex based acrylic adhesives available under the trade designation "HYCAR” from Noveon, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio; two part epoxies such as “EPI-REZ WD 510” available from Resolution Performance Products, Houston, Tex., with “JEFFAMXNE T403” available from Huntsman Performance Chemicals, Houston, Tex.; and 2 part reactive polyurethane adhesives such as "VERSALINK P-1000” available from Air Products and Chemical Corporation of Allentown, Pa.
• the nonwoven web comprises an entangled web of fibers.
• the fibers may comprise continuous fiber, staple fiber, or a combinations thereof.
• the nonwoven web may comprise staple fibers having a length of at least about 20 millimeters (mm), at least about 30 mm, or at least about 40 mm, and less than about 110 mm, less than about 85 mm, or less than about 65 mm, although shorter and longer fibers (e.g., continuous filaments) may also be useful.
• two types of fiber diameters are mixed - a larger diameter fiber and a smaller diameter fiber.
• the larger diameter fiber builds bulk, provides integrity and allows for the desirable compression and conformation of the nonwoven layer. However, it is not well suited for engaging with the hooks of a back-up pad. To provide for the desired hook engagement a smaller diameter fiber is used.
• the weight percentages of the large and small diameter fiber are controlled.
• a larger diameter fiber greater than or equal to 12 denier (13.3 dtex) is used and at least 51 wt. % of the nonwoven layer is formed from the larger diameter fiber.
• a smaller diameter fiber of less than or equal to 9 denier (10 dtex) is used and 49 wt. % or less of the nonwoven layer is formed from the smaller diameter fiber.
• a larger diameter fiber greater than or equal to 14 denier (15.6 dtex) is used and at least 65 wt. % of the nonwoven layer is formed from the larger diameter fiber.
• a smaller diameter fiber of less than or equal to 7 denier (7.8 dtex) is used and 35 wt.
• % or less of the nonwoven layer is formed from the smaller diameter fiber.
• a larger diameter fiber greater than or equal to 15 denier (16.7 dtex) is used and at least 70 wt. % of the nonwoven layer is formed from the larger diameter fiber.
• a smaller diameter fiber of less than or equal to 4 denier (4.4 dtex) is used and 30 wt. % or less of the nonwoven layer is formed from the smaller diameter fiber.
• a selected thickness nonwoven layer of a certain density is typically used.
• the thickness is greater than or equal to 1.5 mm and less than or equal to 4.4 mm.
• the thickness was tested under a load of 0.5 lbs (227 grams) using a platen diameter of 3.5 inches (8.9 cm).
• the weight of the nonwoven layer is greater than or equal to 19 grains/24 sq in. (80 gsm) and less than or equal to 71 grains/24 sq. in (300 gsm).
• the nonwoven web may be made, for example, by conventional air laid, carded, stitch bonded, spun bonded, wet laid, and/or melt blown procedures.
• Air laid nonwoven webs may be prepared using equipment such as, for example, that available under the trade designation "RANDO WEBBER” commercially available from Rando Machine Company of Ard, New York.
• Suitable fibers for the nonwoven web include natural fibers, synthetic fibers, and mixtures of natural and/or synthetic fibers.
• synthetic fibers include those made from polyester (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate), nylon (e.g., hexamethylene adipamide, polycaprolactam), polypropylene, acrylonitrile (i.e., acrylic), rayon, cellulose acetate, polyvinylidene chloride -vinyl chloride copolymers, and vinyl chloride -acrylonitrile copolymers.
• suitable natural fibers include cotton, wool, jute, and hemp.
• the fiber may be of virgin material or of recycled or waste material, for example, reclaimed from garment cuttings, carpet manufacturing, fiber manufacturing, or textile processing.
• the fiber may be homogenous or a composite such as a bicomponent fiber (e.g., a co-spun sheath-core fiber).
• the fibers may be tensilized and crimped, but may also be continuous filaments such as those formed by an spun bond process. Combinations of fibers may also be used.
• the thickness of the nonwoven layer can be adjusted by use of a calendaring or pressing operation.
• the calendaring operation can be performed with heated or unheated rolls using appropriate nip loads (pressure) to generate the desired thickness without removing too much bulk or increasing the density of the nonwoven layer too much to provide the desired compliance.
• prebond resin serves, for example, to help maintain the nonwoven web integrity during handling.
• prebond resins include phenolic resins, urethane resins, hide glue, acrylic resins, urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins, and combinations thereof.
• the amount of prebond resin used in this manner is typically adjusted toward the minimum amount consistent with bonding the fibers together at their points of crossing contact. If the nonwoven web includes thermally bondable fibers, thermal bonding of the nonwoven web may also be helpful to maintain web integrity during processing.
• prebond resin used for a particular embodiment of the invention can depend on a variety of factors including the fiber weight in the nonwoven, fiber density, fiber type, and the contemplated end use and desired properties of the finished abrasive article.
• the prebond resin can be applied to a nonwoven as a relatively light coating, for example in a coating weight range between about 10 and 600 grams per square meter (dry add-on weight), preferably at least about 10 - 30 g/m 2 .
• the prebond resin may be applied to the nonwoven in any known manner in order to bond fibers of a nonwoven to one another.
• a preferred method for the application of a prebond resin is by roll coating, e.g., by use of a conventional two roll coater. Still, other methods may also be useful.
• the prebond resin can be hardened to provide a prebond coated onto the nonwoven (i.e., a prebonded nonwoven). Hardening can occur by a selected method generally depending on the chemical identity of the prebond resin and its mechanism for hardening. Examples of conditions that can be used to cause hardening of the prebond resin include conditions known to cure, polymerize, crosslink, or otherwise harden or solidify a chemical composition, e.g., elevated temperature, ultraviolet or other radiation, cooling, etc.
• the abrasive article includes a central aperture and a plurality of surrounding apertures cut through at least the structured abrasive layer. Depending on the porosity of the backing and/or nonwoven layer it may be unnecessary to cut the aperture all the way through the each of the layers in the abrasive article. Typically, for ease of manufacturing, the apertures are cut by die cutting or lasers completely through all layers in the abrasive article. While the apertures can have any desired shape such as square, triangular, hexagonal, oval, circular, slotted, curvilinear, or combinations thereof; typically, the apertures will be circular.
• the central aperture will have a diameter or largest dimension from 8 mm to 20 mm, or 9 mm to 15 mm although other sizes can be useful.
• the plurality of surrounding apertures can be arranged in many different patterns. The number of surrounding apertures can vary along with their location and placement. Generally, they will be arranged as radial spokes, grid patterns, or circular patterns.
• the surrounding apertures generally have a diameter or largest dimension from 0.1 mm to 10 mm or 0.2 to 4 mm, and they number from 4 to 200 or 6 to 160. As the diameter of the surrounding apertures is increased, typically fewer of them are needed.
• the total open area of all the apertures is generally greater than or equal to 140 mm 2 , greater than or equal to 150 mm 2 , or greater than or equal to 160 mm 2 , or greater than or equal to 180 mm 2 .
• the central aperture helps to distribute aqueous liquids from the nonwoven layer onto the work surface, accumulate swarf (grinding debris), and prevent the buildup of swarf at the disc's center where the relative motion between the disc's surface and work piece may be less.
• the surrounding apertures are also believed to distribute aqueous liquids, accumulate swarf, and prevent the buildup of swarf at the disc's surface.
• significantly better finishing performance of the abrasive article occurred when using both a central aperture and a plurality of surrounding aperture over each of their individual uses or a non-apertured abrasive article.
• the work piece may comprise any material and may have any form.
• suitable materials include ceramic, paint, thermoplastic or thermoset polymers, polymeric coatings, polycrystalline silicon, wood, marble, and combinations thereof.
• substrate forms include molded and/or shaped articles (e.g., optical lenses, automotive body panels, boat hulls, counters, and sinks), wafers, sheets, and blocks.
• Methods according to the present disclosure are particularly useful for repair and/or polishing of polymeric materials such as motor vehicle paints and clearcoats (e.g., automotive clearcoats), examples of which include: polyacrylic-polyol-polyisocyanate compositions (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No.
• polyisocyanate-carbonate-melamine compositions e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,593 (Nagata et al.); high solids polysiloxane compositions (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,898 (Barsotti et al.)
• One suitable clearcoat comprises nanosized silica particles dispersed in a crosslinked polymer.
• An example of this clearcoat is available as CERAMICLEAR from PPG Industries of
• suitable materials that may be repaired and/or polished according to the present disclosure include marine gel coats, polycarbonate lenses, countertops and sinks made from synthetic materials, for example, such as those marketed as DUPONT CORIAN by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, DE.
• the abrasive layer is brought into frictional contact with a surface of a work piece and then at least one of the abrasive article or the work piece is moved relative to the other to abrade at least a portion of the work piece.
• the process is carried out in the presence of an aqueous fluid.
• aqueous means containing at least 30 percent water by weight).
• the liquid comprises at least 90 or even at least 95 percent by weight of water.
• the liquid may comprise (or consist of) municipal tap water or well water.
• the aqueous fluid may contain additional components besides water such as, for example, water miscible organic solvents (e.g., alcohols such as ethanol, 2-ethoxy ethanol and including polyols such as propylene glycol and/or polyethers such as diglyme), surfactants, and grinding aids.
• water miscible organic solvents e.g., alcohols such as ethanol, 2-ethoxy ethanol and including polyols such as propylene glycol and/or polyethers such as diglyme
• surfactants e.g., ethanol, 2-ethoxy ethanol and including polyols such as propylene glycol and/or polyethers such as diglyme
• grinding aids e.g., water miscible organic solvents (e.g., alcohols such as ethanol, 2-ethoxy ethanol and including polyols such as propylene glycol and/or polyethers such as diglyme), surfactants, and grinding aids.
• the aqueous fluid
• the workpiece is typically rinsed (e.g., with water) to remove residue generated during the abrading process.
• the work piece may be further polished using a polishing compound, for example, in conjunction with a buffing pad.
• a polishing compound typically contains fine abrasive particles (e.g., having an average particle size of less than 100 micrometers, less than 50 micrometers, or even less than 25 micrometers) in a liquid vehicle. Further details concerning polishing compounds and processes are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2003/0032368 (Hara).
• An air-laid nonwoven web was prepared from a blend of 75 wt% 15 denier x 40mm length nylon 6 and 25 wt% 6 denier x 38.1 mm length nylon 66.
• the web was needle-tacked at line speed of 3m/min and strokes speed of 290/min.
• the needle penetration was 10mm and the web was calendered at 218 degrees C under 80 Psi (552 kPa) pressure.
• the web was further roll-coated to a dry add-on of 14 g/sq.
• Examples 1 through 7, Example 9, and Comparative Examples A through H demonstrate the effects of varying the backing, abrasive structure, presence of a center hole and diameter, and number of surrounding holes on the efficacy of abrasive articles.
• the abrasive article of Example 1 was prepared by adhering a 3.5 in. x 3.5 in. (8.9 cm x 8.9 cm) sheet of AS2 to a 3.5 in. x 3.5 in. (8.9 cm x 8.9 cm) of Bl with PSA with the help of a hand roller applying a load of about 5 pounds (2.3 kg).
• a radial array of 153 holes with a 0.18 millimeter diameter and a 14millimeter diameter center hole were cut with a Coherent Pulsed CO 2 laser (Model E-400, 10.6 micrometer wavelength, spot size 240 micrometers, 350 mm/s scan rate, repetition rate 25kHz, 15% duty cycle (6 microsecond pulse duration) for 120 watts energy, 4X pass).
• the 3 in. (7.6 cm) circular disc was cut using the same laser equipment at 1000 mm/s with a repetition rate of 25kHz, 10%> duty cycle (4 microsecond pulse duration) for 48.8 watts, 6X pass.
• Example 9 The abrasive articles of Examples 2 through 7 and Example 9 were prepared as those of Example 1, with the exception that the array of holes were varied in number, size, and the presence or absence of a 14-mm center hole, as shown in Table 2.
• the abrasive article of Comparative Example A was a 3 -inch foam-backed disc with a hook- and-loop attachment system and without holes. The thickness was 2.82 mm and the weight was 419 gsm. This article is commercially available as "443 SA” from 3M, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Comparative Example B
• Comparative Example B The abrasive article of Comparative Example B was prepared identically to Example 1 with the exception that no center hole was provided. Comparative Example C
• the abrasive article of Comparative Example C was prepared identically to Example 1 with the exception that no radial array of surrounding holes was provided.
• Example B with the exception that the diameter of the small holes was increased to 0.26 mm.
• the abrasive article of Comparative Example E was prepared identically to Comparative Example B with the exception that the diameter of the small holes was increased to 0.35 mm.
• the operating air pressure was maintained at 90 psi (345 KPa).
• both the disc and the selected quadrant of the test panel were wetted with deionized water.
• the sanding assembly was placed in contact with the selected test panel quadrant and activated.
• the sander was first moved to abrade the perimeter of the selected test quadrant; then traversed in a left -to-right, right-to-left pattern, indexing down to provide a 50% overlap of each prior pass; and finally in a top-to-bottom, bottom-to-top pattern, indexing right to provide a 50% overlap of each prior pass.
• the total sanding time was about 1.5 minutes.
• Example abrasive disc was inspected for loading. Following sanding, the test areas of each panel were polished with a pneumatic buffer ("28333 Buffer"), fitted with a disc pad ("20350 HookitTM Clean Sanding Low Profile Disc Pad", 3 -in x 1 ⁇ 2-in x 1 ⁇ 4-20 EXT), buffing pad ("Finesse-itTM Buffing Pad 25135", 3 3 ⁇ 4 in Gray Foam), and extra-fine polish (“Finesse-itTM 06002 Polish, Extra Fine”), all available from 3M, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
• the buffer was supplied with compressed air (90 psi, 345 KPa) and the buffing pad was conditioned by applying a thin even coating of polish and then attached to the disc pad. Polish was applied to the test area to be buffed and distributed using the face of the mounted buffing pad. The buffer was placed in contact with the test area and activated. The perimeter and traversing pattern described in the previous sanding step was repeated until the scratches were refined. A new buffing pad was used for each test area. Residual polish was removed by wiping with a soft cloth. Each test area was inspected for
• Example 8 and Comparative Examples F and G demonstrate the contribution of center hole size on the efficacy of abrasive articles.
• the abrasive article of Example 8 was prepared identically to Example 5 with the exception that the center hole was 10 mm in diameter.
• the abrasive article of Comparative Example F was prepared identically to Example 5 with the exception that no center hole was provided.
• the abrasive article of Comparative Example G was prepared identically to Example 5 with the exception that the center hole was 5 mm in diameter.
• Example 8 and Comparative Examples F and G were tested according to the Polishing test and compared to Example 5. The results are shown in Table 3. As seen in the Table, the a 5 mm diameter center hole did not provide the necessary finish, a 10 mm diameter center hole provided a fair finish, and a 14 mm diameter center hole provide a good finish. Table 3

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• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)

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• 2013
  • 2013-05-30 US US14/409,763 patent/US9314903B2/en active Active
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