WO2014002799A1 - Solid oxide fuel cell system - Google Patents

Solid oxide fuel cell system Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014002799A1
WO2014002799A1 PCT/JP2013/066488 JP2013066488W WO2014002799A1 WO 2014002799 A1 WO2014002799 A1 WO 2014002799A1 JP 2013066488 W JP2013066488 W JP 2013066488W WO 2014002799 A1 WO2014002799 A1 WO 2014002799A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power
fuel cell
power supply
load
self
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PCT/JP2013/066488
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French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
拓雄 西山
和博 井上
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Ｊｘ日鉱日石エネルギー株式会社
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Priority to JP2014522544A priority Critical patent/JP6208660B2/en
Publication of WO2014002799A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014002799A1/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04664—Failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04679—Failure or abnormal function of fuel cell stacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04604—Power, energy, capacity or load
    • H01M8/04619—Power, energy, capacity or load of fuel cell stacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
    • H01M8/04858—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04925—Power, energy, capacity or load
    • H01M8/0494—Power, energy, capacity or load of fuel cell stacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • H02J3/144—Demand-response operation of the power transmission or distribution network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H02J9/062—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems for AC powered loads
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
    • H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04544—Voltage
    • H01M8/04559—Voltage of fuel cell stacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/04537—Electric variables
    • H01M8/04574—Current
    • H01M8/04589—Current of fuel cell stacks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
    • H02J2310/58—The condition being electrical
    • H02J2310/60—Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/10—Applications of fuel cells in buildings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/248—UPS systems or standby or emergency generators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell system including a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that uses a solid oxide as an electrolyte and can generate power efficiently at high temperatures, and more particularly, a system connected to a system power source.
  • SOFC solid oxide fuel cell
  • the present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell system capable of interconnected operation and independent operation separated from a system power source.
  • Patent Document 1 discloses an emergency response type fuel cell system. This can be used by connecting a power source by distributed generation close to the power demand location to the commercial power source, and can be operated independently or activated even when disconnected from the commercial power source. Therefore, it is possible to avoid a short circuit accident such as a disaster and to supply power to the home, and to appropriately consume surplus power due to fluctuations in the power consumption of the home and perform safe driving.
  • the present invention takes into account not only the simple size of the load but also the time factor, so that the optimum overload It is an object of the present invention to provide a solid oxide fuel cell system that can be controlled.
  • a solid oxide fuel cell system includes a solid oxide fuel cell that generates electricity by an electrochemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, a power conditioner provided on the output side of the fuel cell, the fuel cell, And a control device that controls the power conditioner and can switch between a grid interconnection operation by interconnection with a grid power supply and a self-sustained operation disconnected from the grid power supply.
  • control device detects an overload state based on the magnitude and duration of the load during the independent operation, and an overload control unit that stops power supply to the external load in the overload state. It was set as the structure provided.
  • the overload control unit includes a load power detection unit that detects load power during a self-sustained operation, and a state in which the load power during the self-sustained operation exceeds a predetermined power threshold for a first predetermined time or longer. And a first power supply stop unit that stops power supply to the external load.
  • a plurality of the power threshold values may be set in stages, and the first predetermined time may be set to be shorter as the power threshold value is larger corresponding to each of the plurality of power threshold values. .
  • the overload control unit includes a current detection unit that detects an input current to the power conditioner during a self-sustained operation, and a state in which the input current exceeds a predetermined current threshold. And a second power supply stop unit that stops the power supply to the external load when it continues for a predetermined time or more.
  • a plurality of the current threshold values are also set in stages, and the second predetermined time is set to be shorter as the current threshold value is larger corresponding to each of the plurality of current threshold values. Good.
  • the overload control unit includes a voltage detection unit that detects a boosted voltage in the power conditioner during the independent operation, and a state in which the boosted voltage is lower than a predetermined voltage threshold. And a third power supply stop unit that stops the power supply to the external load when it continues for a predetermined time or more.
  • a plurality of voltage thresholds are also set in stages, and the third predetermined time is set to be shorter as the voltage threshold is smaller corresponding to each of the plurality of voltage thresholds. Good.
  • the power conditioner includes a self-supporting output line that supplies power to an external load from the output side of the inverter that converts direct current power to alternating current power, and a self-supporting output relay that conducts and shuts off the self-supporting output line.
  • the overload control unit (its power supply stop unit) stops the operation of the inverter simultaneously with or prior to the off command to the self-sustained output relay when stopping the power supply to the external load. The operation of the inverter is resumed after the self-sustained output relay is turned off.
  • an overload state is detected based on the magnitude and duration of the load during autonomous operation, and more specifically, when the load is overloaded, the load power during autonomous operation is a predetermined power.
  • the state in which the threshold value is exceeded continues for a predetermined time or longer, the power supply to the external load is stopped, so that not only the size of the load but also the time factor can be considered. If it is due to an inrush current at a level that does not cause a problem, it is possible to widen the range of use of the electric product without overload determination.
  • the power supply to the external load is stopped, and the input current is monitored to It can respond quickly to the load.
  • the power supply to the external load is stopped, and the boosted voltage is monitored to It can respond quickly to the load.
  • FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a solid oxide fuel cell system showing an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Flow chart of mode switching control Flow chart of independent operation mode Diagram showing Control Example 1 Diagram showing control example 2 Flow chart of self-sustained operation mode shown as another embodiment (part 1) Same flowchart (2)
  • FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a solid oxide fuel cell system showing an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the home (stationary) fuel cell system includes a hot water storage unit in addition to a power generation unit as a cogeneration system, but only the power generation unit is shown in the figure.
  • the solid oxide fuel cell system (power generation unit) of this embodiment includes a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1, a power conditioner (PCS) 2, and a control device 100.
  • SOFC solid oxide fuel cell
  • PCS power conditioner
  • the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1 is an assembly (cell stack) of a plurality of solid oxide fuel cells. Each fuel cell has a fuel electrode (anode), an oxidant electrode (cathode), and an electrolyte layer disposed therebetween. A hydrogen-containing fuel is supplied to the fuel electrode, and air (including oxygen) is supplied to the oxidant electrode as an oxidant.
  • the electrolyte layer is formed of a solid oxide such as zirconia ceramics.
  • a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1 in which an electrolyte layer is formed of a solid oxide can generate electric power at high temperature with high efficiency, and is based on continuous operation.
  • a hydrocarbon-based fuel for example, city gas, LPG, kerosene, methanol, biofuel, etc.
  • a hydrocarbon-based fuel for example, city gas, LPG, kerosene, methanol, biofuel, etc.
  • a fuel reformer that generates a hydrogen-rich reformed gas by reforming by a quality reaction, a partial oxidation reaction, an autothermal reforming reaction, or the like is used, but the illustration is omitted.
  • a fuel that does not require reforming treatment for example, pure hydrogen gas, hydrogen-enriched gas, hydrogen storage agent, etc.
  • the fuel reformer itself can be omitted.
  • the power conditioner 2 extracts DC power generated in the fuel cell 1, and converts DC power into AC power. Accordingly, the power conditioner 2 includes a DC / DC converter 3 that extracts and boosts the DC power generated in the fuel cell 1, and a DC / AC inverter 4 that converts the DC power into AC power at the subsequent stage. .
  • the output side of the power conditioner 2 (the output side of the DC / AC inverter 4) is connected to the system power source 6 and the home load 7 via the system connection relay 5 via the system connection line L1. Therefore, at the time of grid connection (when the grid connection relay 5 is turned on), the generated power of the fuel cell 1 is supplied to the home load 7 via the DC / DC converter 3 and the DC / AC inverter 4, and the fuel cell.
  • the generated power of 1 is less than the demand power of the household load 7, the grid power from the grid power supply 6 is supplied to the household load 7 as a shortage.
  • auxiliary machine 8 includes equipment on the power generation unit side (pump, heater, etc.) and equipment on the hot water storage unit side.
  • the power conditioner 2 is also connected with a surplus power heater 9 as a load device for surplus power consumption.
  • the surplus power heater 9 may be either a DC heater or an AC heater, an AC heater is illustrated here.
  • the surplus power heater (AC heater) 9 is connected to the output side of the DC / AC inverter 4 via a solid state relay (SSR) 10. This surplus power heater 9 is provided for consuming surplus power to prevent reverse power flow when the generated power of the fuel cell 1 exceeds the demand power of the household load 7 during grid connection.
  • the surplus power heater 9 is used to convert surplus power into heat and warm water (hot water) in a hot water storage unit (not shown). However, heat utilization is not limited to this.
  • the control device 100 is constituted by a microcomputer and includes a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, an input / output interface, and the like. This control device 100 controls the generated power of the fuel cell 1 according to the demand power of the household load 7 during grid connection, and the power conditioner 2 (DC / DC converter 3, DC / AC inverter) in accordance with this. 4. Solid state relay 10 etc.) are controlled. Data can be transmitted to and received from the power conditioner 2.
  • the power meter (current transformer) 11 for measuring the power supplied from the system power supply 6 to the home load 7 and the power conditioner 2 is supplied to the home load 7.
  • a power meter 12 that measures the power to be used is used.
  • Control of generated power by the control device 100 is performed by controlling the amount of fuel and air supplied to the fuel cell 1. In many cases, since a fuel reformer is provided, the control of the fuel supply amount controls the amount of fuel supplied to the fuel reformer.
  • control device 100 controls the supply amounts of fuel and air according to the generated power target value of the fuel cell 1 set according to the demand power of the household load 7 (so as to obtain the generated power target value). Thus, the generated power of the fuel cell 1 is controlled.
  • the control device 100 also controls the power conditioner 2 in parallel with the control of the power generated by the fuel cell 1. Specifically, based on the generated power target value of the fuel cell 1, the current taken out from the fuel cell 1 is set and controlled. More specifically, the target value of power generated by the fuel cell 1 is divided by the output voltage of the fuel cell 1, a current target value is set, and the current (sweep current) taken out from the fuel cell 1 is controlled according to this current target value. .
  • the solid oxide fuel cell system of the present embodiment is capable of system interconnection operation by interconnection with the system power supply 6 and independent operation (system disconnection operation) separated from the system power supply 6.
  • an external power supply 13 can be connected to the power conditioner 2.
  • the external power source 13 for example, a car battery (DC12V) is assumed. Therefore, a dedicated DC / DC converter 14 is provided in parallel with the DC / DC converter 3 on the input side of the DC / AC inverter 4 in the power conditioner 2, and an appropriate connector is provided on the input side of the DC / DC converter 14.
  • the external power supply 13 can be connected.
  • the power conditioner 2 also has an independent output from the DC / AC inverter 4 to the independent outlet 17 via the independent start relay 15 and the independent output relay 16 separately from the grid connection line L1 as an output line during the independent operation.
  • a line L2 is provided.
  • a branch line is provided from the connection point between the self-sustained start relay 15 and the self-sustained output relay 16, and power is supplied to the various auxiliary devices 8 of the fuel cell system through the switching relay 18 during the self-sustained operation. Yes.
  • the control device 100 receives a signal from the operation mode changeover switch 20.
  • the operation mode changeover switch 20 can be instructed by a user operation to shift from grid-connected operation to independent operation during a power failure or the like, and can also switch from autonomous operation to grid-connected operation during power recovery. Can be directed. Therefore, the control device 100 can switch between a grid interconnection operation by interconnection with the grid power supply 6 and a self-sustained operation disconnected from the grid power supply 6 according to a command from the operation mode changeover switch 20. In other words, the mode switching between the grid interconnection operation and the independent operation is not automatically performed, and the operation mode switch 20 must be operated by the user.
  • a power measuring instrument 12, an ammeter 21 and a voltmeter 22 provided in the power conditioner 2 are used for the control during the autonomous operation.
  • the power meter 12 is provided on the output side (immediately after) of the DC / AC inverter 4, and is used for load power during the self-sustaining operation (power supplied to the external load via the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17, consumed by the auxiliary machine 8. Power and power consumed by the surplus power heater 9).
  • the ammeter 21 measures the input current of the DC / DC converter 3.
  • the voltmeter 22 measures the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3. Information obtained by these is transmitted to the control device 100.
  • the external power supply 13 is connected if necessary, and the operation mode changeover switch 20 is operated to the independent operation mode side (for example, ON operation).
  • control device 100 turns off the grid interconnection relay 5 and disconnects from the grid power supply 6, while turning on the independent start relay 15 and the independent output relay 16 to switch to the independent operation. Further, the power supply line to the auxiliary machine 8 is also switched by the switching relay 18.
  • the power generated by the fuel cell 1 can be supplied to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 and various external loads (not shown) connected thereto can be operated.
  • the fuel cell system is configured to enter a standby state for a certain period of time (for example, 15 minutes) when a power failure is detected during operation with the system power supply 6. Smooth transition is possible.
  • the self-sustaining start relay 15 is turned on (the self-supporting output relay 16 is off), and the fuel cell 1 is started while driving the auxiliary machine 8 by the external power source 13. Then, after starting, the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned on to supply the power generated by the fuel cell 1 to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17.
  • the control device 100 controls the generated power of the fuel cell 1 to a predetermined constant power, for example, 500 W (for a rated output of 700 W). Therefore, if the fuel cell 1 is in operation at the time of transition, the generated power is converged to 500W. At this time, when the power is lowered from 500 W to 500 W, power supply to the independent dedicated outlet 17 is started after the power is lowered to 500 W. When raising from 500 W to 500 W, power supply to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 is started from about 250 W. If the fuel cell 1 is stopped at the time of transition, it is activated and started up to 500W. In this case, the power supply to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 is started when the power is increased to about 250 W after the start of activation.
  • a predetermined constant power for example, 500 W (for a rated output of 700 W). Therefore, if the fuel cell 1 is in operation at the time of transition, the generated power is converged to 500W. At this time, when the power is lowered from 500 W to 500
  • the self-sustained operation mode when the load power exceeds a certain generated power, that is, in the case of an overload, in principle, the power supply to the external load is stopped. That is, the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned off, and the power supply to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 is stopped. At this time as well, power generation with a constant power (500 W) continues, and all surplus power is consumed by the surplus power heater 9.
  • the overload determination at this time is performed in consideration of the duration, and power supply is stopped in the following cases (1) to (5).
  • the power supply When the state where the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 is lower than 300 V is continued for several ms, the power supply is stopped.
  • the self-sustained output relay 16 When the power supply to the external load is stopped, the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned off. However, since there is a delay time (several tens of ms) from the turn-off command to the self-supporting output relay 16 until the power is actually turned off, the speed is increased. If required, power supply is stopped as follows.
  • DC Stop the DC / AC inverter 4 (gate off). Thereby, power supply can be stopped immediately. However, when the DC / AC inverter 4 is stopped, power supply to the surplus power heater 9 is stopped, power generation in the fuel cell 1 is stopped, and hydrogen remains. Therefore, the DC / AC inverter 4 is stopped simultaneously with or prior to the turn-off command to the self-sustained output relay 16, and the DC / AC inverter 4 is operated after the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned off (after the delay time has elapsed). Gate on). Thereby, the power supply to the surplus power heater 9 is restarted, and the consumption of hydrogen is promoted.
  • an effective power supply stopping method for preventing an inrush current instantaneously is a procedure of gate off + relay off command ⁇ disconnection (relay off) ⁇ gate on ⁇ surplus power heater supply. It should be noted that this power supply stop method is preferably employed in the above-described power supply stop scenes (1) to (5), particularly in the scenes (4) and (5).
  • the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned on again after a predetermined time (for example, 30 seconds), and the power supply to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 is resumed. Then, after restarting the power supply, the load state is checked again. If the load is appropriate, the power supply is continued. If the load is overloaded, the power supply is stopped again for a certain time (30 seconds). This fixed time (30 seconds) is a waiting time in which the user expects to reduce the load.
  • the control device 100 includes a self-generated power control unit that controls the generated power of the fuel cell 1 to a predetermined constant power (500 W) during the self-sustaining operation, and surplus power that exceeds the load power during the self-sustaining operation. ) To detect the overload condition based on the surplus power consumption part consumed by the power supply and the load size and duration during independent operation, and to stop the power supply to the external load in the overload condition A section.
  • the overload control unit includes a load power detection unit that detects load power during independent operation, and an external load when a state where the load power during the autonomous operation exceeds a predetermined power threshold continues for a predetermined time or more. And a first power supply stop unit that stops power supply to the power supply.
  • a plurality of the power threshold values are set stepwise, and the predetermined time is set to be shorter as the power threshold value is larger, corresponding to each of the plurality of power threshold values.
  • the overload control unit is configured to detect a current detection unit that detects an input current to the power conditioner 2 during a self-sustaining operation, and when the input current exceeds a predetermined current threshold for a predetermined time or longer.
  • a second power supply stop unit that stops power supply to the external load.
  • the overload control unit also includes a voltage detection unit that detects a boosted voltage in the power conditioner 2 during self-sustained operation, and a state where the boosted voltage is lower than a predetermined voltage threshold for a predetermined time or longer. And a third power supply stop unit that stops power supply to the external load.
  • the overload control unit (its power supply stop unit) stops the operation of the DC / AC inverter 4 at the same time as or prior to the turn-off command to the independent output relay 16 when stopping the power supply to the external load. Then, after the independent output relay 16 is turned off, the operation of the DC / AC inverter 4 is resumed.
  • the overload control unit is also configured to include a generated power consumption unit that consumes the generated power of the fuel cell 1 by the load device (surplus power heater 9) when power supply to the external load is stopped.
  • the overload control unit stops power supply to the external load for a predetermined time (30 seconds), and resumes power supply after the predetermined time has elapsed.
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the mode switching control executed by the control device 100. It is assumed that the initial state is the grid connection operation mode.
  • S1 it is determined whether or not the operation mode changeover switch 20 has been turned on due to a power failure or the like. If the operation mode switch 20 has been turned on, the process proceeds to S2.
  • S6 it is determined whether or not the operation mode changeover switch 20 has been turned off by power recovery or the like, and the self-sustaining operation mode in S5 is continued until the operation is turned off. If it is turned off, the process proceeds to S7. In S7, grid interconnection is executed. And it returns to the grid connection operation mode of S8.
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the self-sustained operation mode executed by the control device 100.
  • the generated power is fixed to a predetermined constant power, for example, 500 W, the power is supplied to the external load, and the surplus power is set to be consumed by the surplus power heater 9.
  • the load power is measured by the power meter 12
  • the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 is detected by the ammeter 21
  • the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 is measured by the voltmeter 22.
  • S13 it is determined whether or not the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 has decreased below 300V. If it has decreased, the process proceeds to S14, and it is determined whether or not the decreased state has continued for several ms. . As a result of these determinations, when the state of lower than 300 V continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S13 or S14 is NO, the process proceeds to S15.
  • boost voltage boost voltage
  • S15 it is determined whether or not the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 has exceeded 50 A. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S16, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 50 A continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S15 or S16 is NO, the process proceeds to S17.
  • the control flow is such that each value is determined in the order of the output voltage and the input current of the DC / DC converter 3, and this reason is determined in consideration of the following.
  • the load current fluctuates in the generated power
  • the output voltage fluctuates at the same time.
  • the power corresponding to the fluctuation is temporarily supplied from a bypass capacitor provided in the secondary bus portion of the DC / DC converter 3. Therefore, the DC / DC converter 3 that has detected the voltage fluctuation temporarily generated in the bus unit works to keep the voltage of the bus unit constant by controlling the supply current of the generated power by feedback control. From the above, by first measuring the voltage at the subsequent stage of the DC / DC converter 3 and determining the value thereof, it can be a material for determining whether or not stable power is being supplied.
  • S17 it is determined whether or not the load power exceeds 700 W (200 W exceeding the generated power), and if it exceeds, the process proceeds to S18, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 700 W continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S17 or S18 is NO, the process proceeds to S19.
  • S19 it is determined whether or not the load power exceeds 600W (exceeds 100W from the generated power), and if it exceeds, the process proceeds to S20, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state continues for 100 ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 600 W continues for 100 ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S19 or S20 is NO, the process proceeds to S21.
  • S21 it is determined whether or not the load power has exceeded 500 W, which is the generated power. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S22, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for 500 ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 500 W continues for 500 ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S21 or S22 is NO, the process returns to S12.
  • next S24 it is determined whether or not a predetermined time, for example, 30 seconds has elapsed since the power supply stop in S23, and when 30 seconds have elapsed, the process proceeds to S25 and the power supply is resumed.
  • the generated power is fixed to 500 W
  • the power is supplied to the external load
  • the surplus power is set to be consumed by the surplus power heater 9.
  • the portion S11 corresponds to the self-generated power control unit and the surplus power consumption unit
  • the portions S12 to S25 correspond to the overload control unit.
  • the part of S12 corresponds to the load power detection unit, the current detection unit and the voltage detection unit
  • the parts of S17, S18, S19, S20, S21, S22 and S23 are the first.
  • the parts S15, S16 and S23 correspond to the second power supply stop part
  • the parts S13, S14 and S23 correspond to the third power supply stop part.
  • the part of S23 also serves as a generated power consumption part.
  • the power supply 4 is an example in which a load is applied at the timing t1 and the external load power temporarily exceeds 700 W due to an inrush current.
  • the power supply since the power supply is set to be stopped for a duration of several ms, the power supply to the external load is actually stopped, and the generated power (500 W) is consumed by the surplus power heater correspondingly. The Then, the stop of the power supply continues for 30 seconds, and the power supply is restarted when 30 seconds have elapsed, but it is again determined as an overload and the power supply is stopped.
  • the generated power is fixed to a predetermined constant power, for example, 500 W, the power is supplied to the external load, and the surplus power is set to be consumed by the surplus power heater 9.
  • the load power is measured by the power meter 12
  • the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 is detected by the ammeter 21
  • the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 is measured by the voltmeter 22. Then, the process proceeds to S30.
  • S13 it is determined whether or not the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 has decreased below 300V. If it has decreased, the process proceeds to S14, and it is determined whether or not the decreased state has continued for several ms. . As a result of these determinations, when the state of lower than 300 V continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 (FIG. 7) in order to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S13 or S14 is NO, the process proceeds to S31.
  • S31 it is determined whether or not the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 has decreased below 350V. If it has decreased, the process proceeds to S32, and it is determined whether or not the decreased state has continued for several tens of milliseconds. . As a result of these determinations, when the state of lower than 350 V continues for several tens of ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S31 or S32 is NO, the process proceeds to S15.
  • S15 it is determined whether or not the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 has exceeded 50 A. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S16, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 50 A continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S15 or S16 is NO, the process proceeds to S33.
  • S33 it is determined whether or not the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 has exceeded 40A. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S34, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several tens of ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 40 A continues for several tens of ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S33 or S34 is NO, the process proceeds to S17.
  • S17 it is determined whether or not the load power exceeds 700 W (200 W exceeding the generated power), and if it exceeds, the process proceeds to S18, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 700 W continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S17 or S18 is NO, the process proceeds to S19.
  • S19 it is determined whether or not the load power exceeds 600W (exceeds 100W from the generated power), and if it exceeds, the process proceeds to S20, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state continues for 100 ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 600 W continues for 100 ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S19 or S20 is NO, the process proceeds to S21.
  • S21 it is determined whether or not the load power has exceeded 500 W, which is the generated power. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S22, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for 500 ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 500 W continues for 500 ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S21 or S22 is NO, the process returns to S12.
  • the process proceeds to the determination of the duration of S14, S32, S16, S34, S18, S20, and S22.
  • the duration of S14 in the case of YES in the determination, it is determined whether or not the duration of the state of less than 300 V at that time has reached a predetermined time (several ms), and if not yet, immediately
  • the process proceeds to the next determination of S31. Therefore, each determination of S13, S31, S15, S33, S17, S19, and S21 is made with almost no time delay, and is substantially parallel processing.
  • the power supply stop processing in S23 and the subsequent power supply restart processing in S24 and S25 are as described in the flow of FIG. 3, and description thereof is omitted here.
  • a plurality of current thresholds for the input current and voltage thresholds for the boost voltage are set in a stepwise manner.
  • the duration time By setting the duration time according to the threshold value, more appropriate overload determination can be performed.
  • each determination is made by parallel processing with substantially no time delay, and an overload state can be seen from various viewpoints and can be dealt with promptly.
  • control device 100 is provided independently of the power conditioner 2, but a part of the control function is shared by the controller in the power conditioner 2 to control the operation in cooperation. Also good. Alternatively, the control device 100 itself may be accommodated in the casing of the power conditioner 2.
  • generated power, various threshold values, durations, and the like have been described with numerical values, but this is for ease of understanding and is not intended to limit the numerical values.
  • Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 2 Power conditioner 3 DC / DC converter 4 DC / AC inverter 5 System interconnection relay 6 System power supply 7 Domestic load 8 Auxiliary machine 9 Surplus power heater (AC heater) DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Solid state relay 11 Electric power measuring device 12 Electric power measuring device 13 External power supply 14 DC / DC converter 15 for external power supplies Self-supporting start relay 16 Self-supporting output relay 17 Self-supporting exclusive outlet 18 Switching relay 20 Operation mode switch 21 Ammeter 22 Voltmeter

Abstract

In this system provided with a solid oxide fuel cell (1), appropriate overload control is provided when having paralleled off from a grid power source (6) and switched to autonomous operation. Load power is detected during autonomous operation by a power meter (12). When the state of the load power exceeding a predetermined power threshold value has continued for at least a predetermined time, power supply to an external load connected to an autonomous dedicated power outlet (17) is halted. A plurality of power thresholds are set in a stepwise manner, and the predetermined time is set corresponding to each of the plurality of power thresholds in a manner so as to be shorter the larger the power threshold. Power supply to the external load is also halted when the state of the input current of a power conditioner (2) exceeding a predetermined current threshold or the state of a rising voltage being below a predetermined voltage threshold has continued for at least a predetermined time.

Description

固体酸化物形燃料電池システムSolid oxide fuel cell system
　本発明は、電解質として固体酸化物を用い、高温で高効率に発電可能な、固体酸化物形燃料電池（ＳＯＦＣ）を備える固体酸化物形燃料電池システムに関し、特に系統電源との連系による系統連系運転と系統電源から解列しての自立運転とが可能な固体酸化物形燃料電池システムに関する。 The present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell system including a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that uses a solid oxide as an electrolyte and can generate power efficiently at high temperatures, and more particularly, a system connected to a system power source. The present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell system capable of interconnected operation and independent operation separated from a system power source.
　特許文献１には、非常時対応型燃料電池システムが開示されている。
　これは、電力需要場所に近接した分散型発電による電源を商用電源と接続して使用することができ、商用電源と切断されても、自立運転や、自立起動が可能である。よって、災害時などの短絡事故を回避して、家庭への電力を供給することができ、家庭の消費電力の変動による余剰電力を適切に消費して安全運転ができるよう構成されている。 Patent Document 1 discloses an emergency response type fuel cell system.
This can be used by connecting a power source by distributed generation close to the power demand location to the commercial power source, and can be operated independently or activated even when disconnected from the commercial power source. Therefore, it is possible to avoid a short circuit accident such as a disaster and to supply power to the home, and to appropriately consume surplus power due to fluctuations in the power consumption of the home and perform safe driving.
　この特許文献１では、自立運転中、外部負荷電力に応じて任意に変動させて、家庭への電力供給を行っている。この場合、家庭の消費電力の変動に対応して発電することは困難なため、家庭の消費電力より過剰の発電を行い、余剰の電力は負荷装置で適切に消費するようにしている。 In this patent document 1, during self-sustained operation, power is supplied to the home by arbitrarily changing it according to the external load power. In this case, since it is difficult to generate power in response to fluctuations in household power consumption, power generation is performed in excess of household power consumption, and surplus power is appropriately consumed by the load device.
日本国公開特許公報：特開２００７－１７９８８６号Japanese Patent Publication: JP 2007-179886 A
　しかし、現実的には、燃料電池で常時、外部負荷電力より多く発電することは困難で、この点で改善の余地があった。 However, in reality, it is difficult to always generate more power than external load power with a fuel cell, and there is room for improvement in this respect.
　この状況を踏まえ、現状に適した仕様としては、自立運転時に、発電電力に比べて負荷電力が大きい場合、すなわち過負荷の場合は、外部負荷への電力供給を停止するようにすることが望ましい。 Based on this situation, as a specification suitable for the current situation, it is desirable to stop the power supply to the external load when the load power is large compared to the generated power, that is, in the case of overload, during independent operation. .
　一方、通常の電気製品は、電力供給の開始時に瞬間的に大電流（突入電流）が発生する。この突入電流が発生すると、負荷電力も急激に増加し、突入電流の大きさにもよるが、負荷電力がしきい値を超えて、電力供給が停止されてしまう。従って、単純に負荷電力がしきい値を超えたときに電力供給を停止する方式では、電気製品の通常の使用電力で見ると、使用可能であっても、突入電流の存在により電気製品が使用できなくなる可能性がある。 On the other hand, ordinary electric products generate a large current (inrush current) instantaneously at the start of power supply. When this inrush current occurs, the load power also increases abruptly. Depending on the magnitude of the inrush current, the load power exceeds the threshold value and the power supply is stopped. Therefore, in the method of simply stopping the power supply when the load power exceeds the threshold value, the electrical product is used due to the presence of an inrush current even when it can be used when viewed from the normal power consumption of the electrical product. It may not be possible.
　本発明は、ある程度の突入電流を許容すれば、より多くの電気製品を使用可能になるという事実に鑑み、負荷の単純な大きさだけでなく、時間要素を考慮して、最適な過負荷時制御を行うことができる、固体酸化物形燃料電池システムを提供することを課題とする。 In view of the fact that more electrical products can be used if a certain amount of inrush current is allowed, the present invention takes into account not only the simple size of the load but also the time factor, so that the optimum overload It is an object of the present invention to provide a solid oxide fuel cell system that can be controlled.
　本発明に係る固体酸化物形燃料電池システムは、燃料と酸化剤との電気化学反応により発電する固体酸化物形燃料電池と、この燃料電池の出力側に設けられるパワーコンディショナーと、前記燃料電池及び前記パワーコンディショナーを制御し、系統電源との連系による系統連系運転と系統電源から解列しての自立運転とを切換可能な制御装置と、を備える。 A solid oxide fuel cell system according to the present invention includes a solid oxide fuel cell that generates electricity by an electrochemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, a power conditioner provided on the output side of the fuel cell, the fuel cell, And a control device that controls the power conditioner and can switch between a grid interconnection operation by interconnection with a grid power supply and a self-sustained operation disconnected from the grid power supply.
　ここにおいて、前記制御装置は、自立運転時に負荷の大きさと継続時間とに基づいて過負荷状態を検出し、過負荷状態のときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する過負荷時制御部を備える構成とした。 Here, the control device detects an overload state based on the magnitude and duration of the load during the independent operation, and an overload control unit that stops power supply to the external load in the overload state. It was set as the structure provided.
　前記過負荷時制御部は、自立運転時に負荷電力を検出する負荷電力検出部と、自立運転時の負荷電力が所定の電力しきい値を超えた状態が第１の所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する第１の電力供給停止部と、を含んで構成されるとよい。 The overload control unit includes a load power detection unit that detects load power during a self-sustained operation, and a state in which the load power during the self-sustained operation exceeds a predetermined power threshold for a first predetermined time or longer. And a first power supply stop unit that stops power supply to the external load.
　前記電力しきい値は、段階的に複数設定され、前記第１の所定時間は、前記複数の電力しきい値のそれぞれに対応させて、前記電力しきい値が大きいほど短く設定されるとよい。 A plurality of the power threshold values may be set in stages, and the first predetermined time may be set to be shorter as the power threshold value is larger corresponding to each of the plurality of power threshold values. .
　追加又は別の態様として、前記過負荷時制御部は、自立運転時に前記パワーコンディショナーへの入力電流を検出する電流検出部と、前記入力電流が所定の電流しきい値を超えた状態が第２の所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する第２の電力供給停止部と、を含んで構成されるとよい。 In addition or as another aspect, the overload control unit includes a current detection unit that detects an input current to the power conditioner during a self-sustained operation, and a state in which the input current exceeds a predetermined current threshold. And a second power supply stop unit that stops the power supply to the external load when it continues for a predetermined time or more.
　前記電流しきい値についても、段階的に複数設定され、前記第２の所定時間は、前記複数の電流しきい値のそれぞれに対応させて、前記電流しきい値が大きいほど短く設定されるとよい。 A plurality of the current threshold values are also set in stages, and the second predetermined time is set to be shorter as the current threshold value is larger corresponding to each of the plurality of current threshold values. Good.
　追加又は別の態様として、前記過負荷時制御部は、自立運転時に前記パワーコンディショナーでの昇圧電圧を検出する電圧検出部と、前記昇圧電圧が所定の電圧しきい値より低下した状態が第３の所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する第３の電力供給停止部と、を含んで構成されるとよい。 In addition or as another aspect, the overload control unit includes a voltage detection unit that detects a boosted voltage in the power conditioner during the independent operation, and a state in which the boosted voltage is lower than a predetermined voltage threshold. And a third power supply stop unit that stops the power supply to the external load when it continues for a predetermined time or more.
　前記電圧しきい値についても、段階的に複数設定され、前記第３の所定時間は、前記複数の電圧しきい値のそれぞれに対応させて、前記電圧しきい値が小さいほど短く設定されるとよい。 A plurality of voltage thresholds are also set in stages, and the third predetermined time is set to be shorter as the voltage threshold is smaller corresponding to each of the plurality of voltage thresholds. Good.
　更に、次のような電力供給停止方法も提供される。前提として、前記パワーコンディショナーは、直流電力を交流電力に変換するインバータの出力側から自立運転時に外部負荷へ電力を供給する自立出力ラインと、該自立出力ラインを導通・遮断する自立出力リレーとを有する。ここにおいて、前記過負荷時制御部（その電力供給停止部）は、外部負荷への電力供給を停止するに際し、前記自立出力リレーへのオフ指令と同時又はこれに先立って前記インバータの作動を停止し、前記自立出力リレーのオフ後に前記インバータの作動を再開させる構成とする。 Furthermore, the following power supply stop method is also provided. As a premise, the power conditioner includes a self-supporting output line that supplies power to an external load from the output side of the inverter that converts direct current power to alternating current power, and a self-supporting output relay that conducts and shuts off the self-supporting output line. Have. In this case, the overload control unit (its power supply stop unit) stops the operation of the inverter simultaneously with or prior to the off command to the self-sustained output relay when stopping the power supply to the external load. The operation of the inverter is resumed after the self-sustained output relay is turned off.
　本発明によれば、自立運転時の負荷の大きさと継続時間とに基づいて過負荷状態を検出し、過負荷状態のときに、より具体的には、自立運転時の負荷電力が所定の電力しきい値を超える状態が所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する構成とすることにより、負荷の大きさだけでなく、時間要素を考慮することができ、電気的に問題とならないレベルの突入電流によるものであれば、過負荷判定をしないようにして、電気製品の使用範囲を広げることができる。 According to the present invention, an overload state is detected based on the magnitude and duration of the load during autonomous operation, and more specifically, when the load is overloaded, the load power during autonomous operation is a predetermined power. When the state in which the threshold value is exceeded continues for a predetermined time or longer, the power supply to the external load is stopped, so that not only the size of the load but also the time factor can be considered. If it is due to an inrush current at a level that does not cause a problem, it is possible to widen the range of use of the electric product without overload determination.
　また、負荷電力に対する電力しきい値は、段階的に複数設定し、対応する継続時間は、電力しきい値が大きいほど短く設定することによって、より適切な過負荷判定が可能となる。 In addition, by setting a plurality of power threshold values for the load power in stages and setting the corresponding duration time to be shorter as the power threshold value is larger, more appropriate overload determination can be performed.
　また、パワーコンディショナーへの入力電流が所定の電流しきい値を超えた状態が所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止するように構成し、入力電流を監視して、過負荷に素早く対応することができる。 In addition, when the state where the input current to the power conditioner exceeds the predetermined current threshold continues for a predetermined time or longer, the power supply to the external load is stopped, and the input current is monitored to It can respond quickly to the load.
　また、入力電流に対する電流しきい値は、段階的に複数設定し、対応する継続時間は、電流しきい値が大きいほど短く設定することによって、より適切な過負荷判定が可能となる。 Also, by setting a plurality of current threshold values for the input current in stages and setting the corresponding duration time to be shorter as the current threshold value is larger, more appropriate overload determination can be performed.
　また、パワーコンディショナーでの昇圧電圧が所定の電圧しきい値より低下した状態が所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止するように構成し、昇圧電圧を監視して、過負荷に素早く対応することができる。 In addition, when the state where the boosted voltage at the power conditioner falls below a predetermined voltage threshold continues for a predetermined time or longer, the power supply to the external load is stopped, and the boosted voltage is monitored to It can respond quickly to the load.
　また、昇圧電圧に対する電圧しきい値は、段階的に複数設定し、対応する継続時間は、電圧しきい値が小さいほど短く設定することによって、より適切な過負荷判定が可能となる。 In addition, by setting a plurality of voltage thresholds for the boosted voltage in stages and setting the corresponding duration as shorter as the voltage threshold is smaller, more appropriate overload determination can be performed.
　また、外部負荷への電力供給を停止するに際し、自立出力リレーをオフするには時間遅れを有することから、緊急を要する場合は、インバータの作動を停止させることで、電力供給を瞬時に停止させることができる。そして、自立出力リレーのオフ後にインバータの作動を再開させることで、発電をほとんど停止させることなく（インバータを停止させている極短い時間だけ停止させるだけで）、電力供給を速やかに停止することができる。 In addition, when stopping the power supply to the external load, there is a time delay to turn off the self-sustained output relay. Therefore, if an emergency is required, the operation of the inverter is stopped to stop the power supply instantaneously. be able to. And by restarting the operation of the inverter after the self-sustained output relay is turned off, the power supply can be stopped quickly without almost stopping the power generation (by just stopping the inverter for a very short time). it can.
本発明の一実施形態を示す固体酸化物形燃料電池システムの構成図1 is a configuration diagram of a solid oxide fuel cell system showing an embodiment of the present invention. モード切換制御のフローチャートFlow chart of mode switching control 自立運転モードのフローチャートFlow chart of independent operation mode 制御例１を示す図Diagram showing Control Example 1 制御例２を示す図Diagram showing control example 2 他の実施形態として示す自立運転モードのフローチャート（その１）Flow chart of self-sustained operation mode shown as another embodiment (part 1) 同上のフローチャート（その２）Same flowchart (2)
　以下、本発明の実施の形態について、詳細に説明する。
　図１は本発明の一実施形態を示す固体酸化物形燃料電池システムの構成図である。家庭用（定置式）の燃料電池システムは、コージェネレーションシステムとして、発電ユニットの他、貯湯ユニットを備えるが、図には発電ユニットのみを示している。 Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a solid oxide fuel cell system showing an embodiment of the present invention. The home (stationary) fuel cell system includes a hot water storage unit in addition to a power generation unit as a cogeneration system, but only the power generation unit is shown in the figure.
　本実施形態の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム（発電ユニット）は、固体酸化物形燃料電池（ＳＯＦＣ）１と、パワーコンディショナー（ＰＣＳ）２と、制御装置１００とを含んで構成される。 The solid oxide fuel cell system (power generation unit) of this embodiment includes a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1, a power conditioner (PCS) 2, and a control device 100.
　固体酸化物形燃料電池（ＳＯＦＣ）１は、複数の固体酸化物形燃料電池セルの組立体（セルスタック）である。各燃料電池セルは、燃料極（アノード）と、酸化剤極（カソード）と、これらの間に配置された電解質層とを有している。燃料極には、水素含有燃料が供給され、酸化剤極には、酸化剤として空気（酸素を含む）が供給される。電解質層は、ジルコニア系セラミックスなどの固体酸化物により形成される。 The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1 is an assembly (cell stack) of a plurality of solid oxide fuel cells. Each fuel cell has a fuel electrode (anode), an oxidant electrode (cathode), and an electrolyte layer disposed therebetween. A hydrogen-containing fuel is supplied to the fuel electrode, and air (including oxygen) is supplied to the oxidant electrode as an oxidant. The electrolyte layer is formed of a solid oxide such as zirconia ceramics.
　従って、固体酸化物形燃料電池（ＳＯＦＣ）１は、電解質層の一端側の燃料極に水素が供給され、電解質層の他端側の酸化剤極に酸素が供給されることで、水素と酸素との電気化学反応により、発電（直流電力を発生）する。電解質層が固体酸化物により形成された固体酸化物形燃料電池（ＳＯＦＣ）１は、高温で高効率に発電可能であり、連続運転を基本としている。 Therefore, in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1, hydrogen is supplied to the fuel electrode on one end side of the electrolyte layer, and oxygen is supplied to the oxidant electrode on the other end side of the electrolyte layer. It generates electric power (generates DC power) by the electrochemical reaction. A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1 in which an electrolyte layer is formed of a solid oxide can generate electric power at high temperature with high efficiency, and is based on continuous operation.
　尚、燃料極への水素含有燃料の供給のため、一般的には、炭化水素系の燃料（例えば都市ガス、ＬＰＧ、灯油、メタノール、バイオ燃料など）を、改質触媒を用いて、水蒸気改質反応、部分酸化反応、自己熱改質反応などにより改質し、水素リッチな改質ガスを生成する燃料改質装置が用いられるが、図示は省略した。尚、燃料として改質処理を必要としない燃料（例えば、純水素ガス、水素富化ガス、水素吸蔵剤など）を用いる場合は、燃料改質装置自体を省略することができる。 In order to supply a hydrogen-containing fuel to the fuel electrode, generally, a hydrocarbon-based fuel (for example, city gas, LPG, kerosene, methanol, biofuel, etc.) is steam-modified using a reforming catalyst. A fuel reformer that generates a hydrogen-rich reformed gas by reforming by a quality reaction, a partial oxidation reaction, an autothermal reforming reaction, or the like is used, but the illustration is omitted. When a fuel that does not require reforming treatment (for example, pure hydrogen gas, hydrogen-enriched gas, hydrogen storage agent, etc.) is used as the fuel, the fuel reformer itself can be omitted.
　パワーコンディショナー２は、燃料電池１で発生した直流電力を取り出すものであり、また、直流電力を交流電力に変換する。従って、パワーコンディショナー２は、燃料電池１で発生した直流電力を取り出して昇圧するＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３と、その後段で直流電力を交流電力に変換するＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４とを含んで構成される。 The power conditioner 2 extracts DC power generated in the fuel cell 1, and converts DC power into AC power. Accordingly, the power conditioner 2 includes a DC / DC converter 3 that extracts and boosts the DC power generated in the fuel cell 1, and a DC / AC inverter 4 that converts the DC power into AC power at the subsequent stage. .
　パワーコンディショナー２の出力側（ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４の出力側）は、系統連系リレー５を介して、系統連系ラインＬ１により、系統電源６と家庭内負荷７とに接続されている。
　従って、系統連系時（系統連系リレー５のオン時）には、燃料電池１の発電電力がＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３及びＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４を介して家庭内負荷７に供給され、燃料電池１の発電電力が家庭内負荷７の需要電力に満たない場合は、不足分として、系統電源６からの系統電力が家庭内負荷７に供給される。 The output side of the power conditioner 2 (the output side of the DC / AC inverter 4) is connected to the system power source 6 and the home load 7 via the system connection relay 5 via the system connection line L1.
Therefore, at the time of grid connection (when the grid connection relay 5 is turned on), the generated power of the fuel cell 1 is supplied to the home load 7 via the DC / DC converter 3 and the DC / AC inverter 4, and the fuel cell. When the generated power of 1 is less than the demand power of the household load 7, the grid power from the grid power supply 6 is supplied to the household load 7 as a shortage.
　また、系統連系リレー５の出力側から分岐ラインが設けられ、後述する切換リレー１８を介して、系統連系時に燃料電池システムの各種補機８に電力が供給されるようになっている。補機８には、発電ユニット側の機器（ポンプ、ヒータ等）の他、貯湯ユニット側の機器も含まれる。 In addition, a branch line is provided from the output side of the grid interconnection relay 5, and power is supplied to various auxiliary machines 8 of the fuel cell system via the switching relay 18 described later during grid interconnection. The auxiliary machine 8 includes equipment on the power generation unit side (pump, heater, etc.) and equipment on the hot water storage unit side.
　パワーコンディショナー２にはまた、余剰電力消費用の負荷装置として、余剰電力ヒータ９が接続される。余剰電力ヒータ９としては、ＤＣヒータ又はＡＣヒータのいずれでもよいが、ここではＡＣヒータを例示している。余剰電力ヒータ（ＡＣヒータ）９は、ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４の出力側にソリッドステートリレー（ＳＳＲ）１０を介して接続される。この余剰電力ヒータ９は、系統連系時において、燃料電池１の発電電力が家庭内負荷７の需要電力を上回った場合に、逆潮流を防止すべく余剰電力を消費するために設けられる。また、余剰電力ヒータ９は、余剰電力を熱に変換し、図外の貯湯ユニット内の水（湯）を温めるのに利用される。但し、熱利用についてはこれに限定されるものではない。 The power conditioner 2 is also connected with a surplus power heater 9 as a load device for surplus power consumption. Although the surplus power heater 9 may be either a DC heater or an AC heater, an AC heater is illustrated here. The surplus power heater (AC heater) 9 is connected to the output side of the DC / AC inverter 4 via a solid state relay (SSR) 10. This surplus power heater 9 is provided for consuming surplus power to prevent reverse power flow when the generated power of the fuel cell 1 exceeds the demand power of the household load 7 during grid connection. The surplus power heater 9 is used to convert surplus power into heat and warm water (hot water) in a hot water storage unit (not shown). However, heat utilization is not limited to this.
　制御装置１００は、マイクロコンピュータにより構成され、ＣＰＵ、ＲＯＭ、ＲＡＭ及び入出力インターフェイスなどを備えている。この制御装置１００は、系統連系時には、家庭内負荷７の需要電力に応じて、燃料電池１の発電電力を制御し、これに合わせてパワーコンディショナー２（ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３、ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４、ソリッドステートリレー１０等）を制御する。尚、パワーコンディショナー２との間ではデータの送受信が可能である。 The control device 100 is constituted by a microcomputer and includes a CPU, a ROM, a RAM, an input / output interface, and the like. This control device 100 controls the generated power of the fuel cell 1 according to the demand power of the household load 7 during grid connection, and the power conditioner 2 (DC / DC converter 3, DC / AC inverter) in accordance with this. 4. Solid state relay 10 etc.) are controlled. Data can be transmitted to and received from the power conditioner 2.
　家庭内負荷７の需要電力の検知には、系統電源６から家庭内負荷７に供給される電力を計測する電力計測器（変流器）１１と、パワーコンディショナー２から家庭内負荷７に供給される電力を計測する電力計測器１２とが用いられる。 For detecting the demand power of the home load 7, the power meter (current transformer) 11 for measuring the power supplied from the system power supply 6 to the home load 7 and the power conditioner 2 is supplied to the home load 7. A power meter 12 that measures the power to be used is used.
　制御装置１００による発電電力の制御は、燃料電池１への燃料及び空気の供給量を制御することによって行う。多くの場合は燃料改質装置を備えるので、燃料供給量の制御は燃料改質装置へ供給する燃料量を制御することになる。 Control of generated power by the control device 100 is performed by controlling the amount of fuel and air supplied to the fuel cell 1. In many cases, since a fuel reformer is provided, the control of the fuel supply amount controls the amount of fuel supplied to the fuel reformer.
　従って、制御装置１００は、家庭内負荷７の需要電力に応じて設定される燃料電池１の発電電力目標値に従って（発電電力目標値を得るように）、燃料及び空気の供給量を制御することにより、燃料電池１の発電電力を制御する。 Therefore, the control device 100 controls the supply amounts of fuel and air according to the generated power target value of the fuel cell 1 set according to the demand power of the household load 7 (so as to obtain the generated power target value). Thus, the generated power of the fuel cell 1 is controlled.
　制御装置１００はまた、燃料電池１の発電電力の制御と並行し、パワーコンディショナー２を制御する。具体的には、燃料電池１の発電電力目標値に基づいて、燃料電池１から取り出す電流を設定・制御する。より詳しくは、燃料電池１の発電電力目標値を燃料電池１の出力電圧で除算して、電流目標値を設定し、この電流目標値に従って、燃料電池１から取り出す電流（掃引電流）を制御する。 The control device 100 also controls the power conditioner 2 in parallel with the control of the power generated by the fuel cell 1. Specifically, based on the generated power target value of the fuel cell 1, the current taken out from the fuel cell 1 is set and controlled. More specifically, the target value of power generated by the fuel cell 1 is divided by the output voltage of the fuel cell 1, a current target value is set, and the current (sweep current) taken out from the fuel cell 1 is controlled according to this current target value. .
　本実施形態の固体酸化物形燃料電池システムは、系統電源６との連系による系統連系運転と、系統電源６から解列しての自立運転（系統解列運転）とが可能である。 The solid oxide fuel cell system of the present embodiment is capable of system interconnection operation by interconnection with the system power supply 6 and independent operation (system disconnection operation) separated from the system power supply 6.
　自立運転を可能にするため、パワーコンディショナー２には、外部電源１３を接続可能である。外部電源１３としては、例えば自動車のバッテリ（ＤＣ１２Ｖ）を想定している。このため、パワーコンディショナー２内のＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４の入力側にＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３と並列に専用のＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ１４を設け、このＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ１４の入力側に適宜のコネクタを介して外部電源１３を接続可能としてある。このように外部電源１３を接続可能とすることで、燃料電池１の発電停止中に停電した場合など、自立運転のために燃料電池１の起動が必要な場合に対処可能となる。 In order to enable independent operation, an external power supply 13 can be connected to the power conditioner 2. As the external power source 13, for example, a car battery (DC12V) is assumed. Therefore, a dedicated DC / DC converter 14 is provided in parallel with the DC / DC converter 3 on the input side of the DC / AC inverter 4 in the power conditioner 2, and an appropriate connector is provided on the input side of the DC / DC converter 14. The external power supply 13 can be connected. By making the external power supply 13 connectable in this way, it becomes possible to cope with the case where the fuel cell 1 needs to be started for a self-sustaining operation, such as when a power failure occurs while the fuel cell 1 stops generating power.
　パワーコンディショナー２にはまた、自立運転時の出力ラインとして、系統連系ラインＬ１とは別に、ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４から自立起動リレー１５及び自立出力リレー１６を介して自立専用コンセント１７へ至る自立出力ラインＬ２が設けられる。 The power conditioner 2 also has an independent output from the DC / AC inverter 4 to the independent outlet 17 via the independent start relay 15 and the independent output relay 16 separately from the grid connection line L1 as an output line during the independent operation. A line L2 is provided.
　また、自立起動リレー１５と自立出力リレー１６との接続点から分岐ラインが設けられ、切換リレー１８を介して、自立運転時に燃料電池システムの各種補機８に電力が供給されるようになっている。 Further, a branch line is provided from the connection point between the self-sustained start relay 15 and the self-sustained output relay 16, and power is supplied to the various auxiliary devices 8 of the fuel cell system through the switching relay 18 during the self-sustained operation. Yes.
　制御装置１００には、運転モード切換スイッチ２０からの信号が入力される。運転モード切換スイッチ２０は、ユーザーの操作により、停電時などに系統連系運転から自立運転への移行を指示することができ、また復電時などに自立運転から系統連系運転への移行を指示することができる。従って、制御装置１００は、運転モード切換スイッチ２０による指令に応じて、系統電源６との連系による系統連系運転と、系統電源６から解列しての自立運転とを切換可能である。言い換えれば、系統連系運転と自立運転とのモード切換えは自動では行われず、ユーザーにより運転モード切換スイッチ２０が操作されなければならない。 The control device 100 receives a signal from the operation mode changeover switch 20. The operation mode changeover switch 20 can be instructed by a user operation to shift from grid-connected operation to independent operation during a power failure or the like, and can also switch from autonomous operation to grid-connected operation during power recovery. Can be directed. Therefore, the control device 100 can switch between a grid interconnection operation by interconnection with the grid power supply 6 and a self-sustained operation disconnected from the grid power supply 6 according to a command from the operation mode changeover switch 20. In other words, the mode switching between the grid interconnection operation and the independent operation is not automatically performed, and the operation mode switch 20 must be operated by the user.
　自立運転中の制御のため、パワーコンディショナー２内に設けられている電力計測器１２と電流計２１と電圧計２２とが用いられる。電力計測器１２は、ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４の出力側（直後）に設けられ、自立運転中の負荷電力（自立専用コンセント１７を介して外部負荷に供給される電力、補機８に消費される電力、及び、余剰電力ヒータ９に消費される電力）を計測する。電流計２１は、ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の入力電流を計測する。電圧計２２は、ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の出力電圧（昇圧電圧）を計測する。これらにより得た情報は制御装置１００に送信される。 A power measuring instrument 12, an ammeter 21 and a voltmeter 22 provided in the power conditioner 2 are used for the control during the autonomous operation. The power meter 12 is provided on the output side (immediately after) of the DC / AC inverter 4, and is used for load power during the self-sustaining operation (power supplied to the external load via the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17, consumed by the auxiliary machine 8. Power and power consumed by the surplus power heater 9). The ammeter 21 measures the input current of the DC / DC converter 3. The voltmeter 22 measures the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3. Information obtained by these is transmitted to the control device 100.
　停電時などに系統連系運転モードから自立運転モードへ切換える場合は、必要により外部電源１３を接続し、運転モード切換スイッチ２０を自立運転モード側へ操作（例えばオン操作）する。 When switching from the grid interconnection operation mode to the independent operation mode at the time of a power failure or the like, the external power supply 13 is connected if necessary, and the operation mode changeover switch 20 is operated to the independent operation mode side (for example, ON operation).
　これにより、制御装置１００は、系統連系リレー５をオフにして、系統電源６から解列する一方、自立起動リレー１５及び自立出力リレー１６をオンにして、自立運転に切換える。また、切換リレー１８によって補機８への電力供給ラインも切換える。 Thereby, the control device 100 turns off the grid interconnection relay 5 and disconnects from the grid power supply 6, while turning on the independent start relay 15 and the independent output relay 16 to switch to the independent operation. Further, the power supply line to the auxiliary machine 8 is also switched by the switching relay 18.
　自立運転への切換えにより、燃料電池１の発電電力を自立専用コンセント１７に供給し、これに接続された各種外部負荷（図示せず）を作動させることができる。 By switching to the self-sustaining operation, the power generated by the fuel cell 1 can be supplied to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 and various external loads (not shown) connected thereto can be operated.
　尚、燃料電池システムは、系統電源６での運転中に停電を検知すると、一定時間（例えば１５分間）、待機状態に入るように構成されており、この待機時間内であれば、自立運転へのスムーズな移行が可能である。 The fuel cell system is configured to enter a standby state for a certain period of time (for example, 15 minutes) when a power failure is detected during operation with the system power supply 6. Smooth transition is possible.
　自立運転への移行時に、燃料電池１が停止していた場合は、燃料電池１を起動する必要がある。この場合は、自立起動リレー１５のみオンにして（自立出力リレー１６はオフ）、外部電源１３により補機８を駆動しつつ、燃料電池１を起動する。そして、起動後に自立出力リレー１６をオンにして、燃料電池１の発電電力を自立専用コンセント１７に供給する。 If the fuel cell 1 is stopped at the time of shifting to the independent operation, it is necessary to start the fuel cell 1. In this case, only the self-sustaining start relay 15 is turned on (the self-supporting output relay 16 is off), and the fuel cell 1 is started while driving the auxiliary machine 8 by the external power source 13. Then, after starting, the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned on to supply the power generated by the fuel cell 1 to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17.
　自立運転モードでは、制御装置１００は燃料電池１の発電電力を予め定めた一定電力、例えば（定格出力７００Ｗに対し）５００Ｗに制御する。従って、移行時に燃料電池１が運転中であったならば、発電電力を５００Ｗに収束させる。このとき５００Ｗより高い状態から５００Ｗに低下させる場合は、５００Ｗに低下してから、自立専用コンセント１７への電力供給を開始する。５００Ｗより低い状態から５００Ｗに上昇させる場合は、２５０Ｗ程度から自立専用コンセント１７への電力供給を開始する。移行時に燃料電池１が停止中であったならば、起動して５００Ｗまで立上げる。この場合、起動開始後２５０Ｗ程度まで上昇した時点で、自立専用コンセント１７への電力供給を開始する。 In the self-sustained operation mode, the control device 100 controls the generated power of the fuel cell 1 to a predetermined constant power, for example, 500 W (for a rated output of 700 W). Therefore, if the fuel cell 1 is in operation at the time of transition, the generated power is converged to 500W. At this time, when the power is lowered from 500 W to 500 W, power supply to the independent dedicated outlet 17 is started after the power is lowered to 500 W. When raising from 500 W to 500 W, power supply to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 is started from about 250 W. If the fuel cell 1 is stopped at the time of transition, it is activated and started up to 500W. In this case, the power supply to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 is started when the power is increased to about 250 W after the start of activation.
　自立運転モードでは、一定電力（５００Ｗ）の発電中、負荷電力を超える余剰電力（＝一定発電電力－外部負荷電力－補機負荷電力）は、負荷装置としての余剰電力ヒータ９により消費する。 In the self-sustaining operation mode, during the generation of constant power (500 W), surplus power exceeding the load power (= constant generation power-external load power-auxiliary load power) is consumed by the surplus power heater 9 as a load device.
　自立運転モードでは、負荷電力が一定発電電力を超える場合、すなわち、過負荷の場合は、原則的に、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する。すなわち、自立出力リレー１６をオフにして、自立専用コンセント１７への電力供給を停止する。このときも一定電力（５００Ｗ）の発電は継続し、余剰分は、全て、余剰電力ヒータ９で消費する。 In the self-sustained operation mode, when the load power exceeds a certain generated power, that is, in the case of an overload, in principle, the power supply to the external load is stopped. That is, the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned off, and the power supply to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 is stopped. At this time as well, power generation with a constant power (500 W) continues, and all surplus power is consumed by the surplus power heater 9.
　このときの過負荷判定は、継続時間を考慮して行い、次の（１）～（５）の場合に電力供給を停止する。
（１）負荷電力が５００Ｗを超えた状態を５００ｍｓ継続した場合に、電力供給を停止する。
（２）負荷電力が６００Ｗ（５００Ｗ＋１００Ｗ）を超えた状態を１００ｍｓ継続した場合に、電力供給を停止する。
（３）負荷電力が７００Ｗ（５００Ｗ＋２００Ｗ）を超えた状態を数ｍｓ継続した場合に、電力供給を停止する。
（４）ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の入力電流が５０Ａを超えた状態を数ｍｓ継続した場合に、電力供給を停止する。
（５）ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の出力電圧（昇圧電圧）が３００Ｖより低下した状態を数ｍｓ継続した場合に、電力供給を停止する。 The overload determination at this time is performed in consideration of the duration, and power supply is stopped in the following cases (1) to (5).
(1) When the load power exceeds 500 W for 500 ms, the power supply is stopped.
(2) The power supply is stopped when the load power exceeds 600 W (500 W + 100 W) for 100 ms.
(3) The power supply is stopped when the load power exceeds 700 W (500 W + 200 W) for several ms.
(4) When the state where the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 exceeds 50 A is continued for several ms, the power supply is stopped.
(5) When the state where the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 is lower than 300 V is continued for several ms, the power supply is stopped.
　外部負荷への電力供給を停止する際は、自立出力リレー１６をオフにするが、自立出力リレー１６へのオフ指令から実際にオフするまでには遅れ時間（数１０ｍｓ）があるため、スピードが求められる場合は、次のようにして電力供給を停止する。 When the power supply to the external load is stopped, the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned off. However, since there is a delay time (several tens of ms) from the turn-off command to the self-supporting output relay 16 until the power is actually turned off, the speed is increased. If required, power supply is stopped as follows.
　ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４を停止（ゲートオフ）させる。これにより電力供給を直ちに停止することができる。しかし、ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４を停止させると、余剰電力ヒータ９への電力供給が止まり、燃料電池１での発電が停止されて、水素が余る状態となる。そこで、自立出力リレー１６へのオフ指令と同時又はこれに先立ってＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４を停止させ、自立出力リレー１６のオフ後（遅れ時間の経過後）に、ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４を稼動（ゲートオン）する。これにより、余剰電力ヒータ９への電力供給が再開され、水素消費が促される。よって、突入電流を瞬時に防止するために効果的な電力供給停止方法は、ゲートオフ＋リレーオフ指令→解列（リレーオフ）→ゲートオン→余剰電力ヒータ供給の手順である。尚、この電力供給停止方法は、前述の（１）～（５）の電力供給停止シーンの中では、特に（４）及び（５）のシーンで、採用するのが望ましい。 ＤＣ Stop the DC / AC inverter 4 (gate off). Thereby, power supply can be stopped immediately. However, when the DC / AC inverter 4 is stopped, power supply to the surplus power heater 9 is stopped, power generation in the fuel cell 1 is stopped, and hydrogen remains. Therefore, the DC / AC inverter 4 is stopped simultaneously with or prior to the turn-off command to the self-sustained output relay 16, and the DC / AC inverter 4 is operated after the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned off (after the delay time has elapsed). Gate on). Thereby, the power supply to the surplus power heater 9 is restarted, and the consumption of hydrogen is promoted. Therefore, an effective power supply stopping method for preventing an inrush current instantaneously is a procedure of gate off + relay off command → disconnection (relay off) → gate on → surplus power heater supply. It should be noted that this power supply stop method is preferably employed in the above-described power supply stop scenes (1) to (5), particularly in the scenes (4) and (5).
　電力供給停止後は、予め定めた一定時間（例えば３０秒）後に、再度、自立出力リレー１６をオンにして、自立専用コンセント１７への電力供給を再開する。
　そして、電力供給再開後に負荷状態を再度チェックし、適正な負荷であれば、電力供給を継続するが、過負荷であれば、電力供給を再び一定時間（３０秒）停止する。この一定時間（３０秒）は、ユーザーが負荷を減少させることを期待しての待ち時間である。 After the power supply is stopped, the self-sustained output relay 16 is turned on again after a predetermined time (for example, 30 seconds), and the power supply to the self-supporting dedicated outlet 17 is resumed.
Then, after restarting the power supply, the load state is checked again. If the load is appropriate, the power supply is continued. If the load is overloaded, the power supply is stopped again for a certain time (30 seconds). This fixed time (30 seconds) is a waiting time in which the user expects to reduce the load.
　ここで、制御装置１００の機能をまとめれば、次の通りである。
　制御装置１００は、自立運転時に燃料電池１の発電電力を予め定めた一定電力（５００Ｗ）に制御する自立発電電力制御部と、自立運転時に負荷電力を超える余剰電力を負荷装置（余剰電力ヒータ９）により消費する余剰電力消費部と、自立運転時に負荷の大きさと継続時間とに基づいて過負荷状態を検出し、過負荷状態のときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する過負荷時制御部と、を備える。 Here, the functions of the control device 100 are summarized as follows.
The control device 100 includes a self-generated power control unit that controls the generated power of the fuel cell 1 to a predetermined constant power (500 W) during the self-sustaining operation, and surplus power that exceeds the load power during the self-sustaining operation. ) To detect the overload condition based on the surplus power consumption part consumed by the power supply and the load size and duration during independent operation, and to stop the power supply to the external load in the overload condition A section.
　前記過負荷時制御部は、自立運転時に負荷電力を検出する負荷電力検出部と、自立運転時の負荷電力が所定の電力しきい値を超えた状態が所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する第１の電力供給停止部と、を含んで構成される。ここで、前記電力しきい値は、段階的に複数設定され、前記所定時間は、前記複数の電力しきい値のそれぞれに対応させて、前記電力しきい値が大きいほど短く設定される。 The overload control unit includes a load power detection unit that detects load power during independent operation, and an external load when a state where the load power during the autonomous operation exceeds a predetermined power threshold continues for a predetermined time or more. And a first power supply stop unit that stops power supply to the power supply. Here, a plurality of the power threshold values are set stepwise, and the predetermined time is set to be shorter as the power threshold value is larger, corresponding to each of the plurality of power threshold values.
　前記過負荷時制御部は、また、自立運転時にパワーコンディショナー２への入力電流を検出する電流検出部と、前記入力電流が所定の電流しきい値を超えた状態が所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する第２の電力供給停止部と、を含んで構成される。 The overload control unit is configured to detect a current detection unit that detects an input current to the power conditioner 2 during a self-sustaining operation, and when the input current exceeds a predetermined current threshold for a predetermined time or longer. A second power supply stop unit that stops power supply to the external load.
　前記過負荷時制御部は、また、自立運転時にパワーコンディショナー２での昇圧電圧を検出する電圧検出部と、前記昇圧電圧が所定の電圧しきい値より低下した状態が所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する第３の電力供給停止部と、を含んで構成される。 The overload control unit also includes a voltage detection unit that detects a boosted voltage in the power conditioner 2 during self-sustained operation, and a state where the boosted voltage is lower than a predetermined voltage threshold for a predetermined time or longer. And a third power supply stop unit that stops power supply to the external load.
　前記過負荷時制御部（その電力供給停止部）は、外部負荷への電力供給を停止するに際し、自立出力リレー１６へのオフ指令と同時又はこれに先立ってＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４の作動を停止し、自立出力リレー１６のオフ後にＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４の作動を再開させる。 The overload control unit (its power supply stop unit) stops the operation of the DC / AC inverter 4 at the same time as or prior to the turn-off command to the independent output relay 16 when stopping the power supply to the external load. Then, after the independent output relay 16 is turned off, the operation of the DC / AC inverter 4 is resumed.
　前記過負荷時制御部は、また、外部負荷への電力供給停止時に、燃料電池１の発電電力を負荷装置（余剰電力ヒータ９）により消費する発電電力消費部を含んで構成される。
　前記過負荷時制御部は、外部負荷への電力供給を予め定めた一定時間（３０秒）停止し、一定時間経過後に電力供給を再開する。 The overload control unit is also configured to include a generated power consumption unit that consumes the generated power of the fuel cell 1 by the load device (surplus power heater 9) when power supply to the external load is stopped.
The overload control unit stops power supply to the external load for a predetermined time (30 seconds), and resumes power supply after the predetermined time has elapsed.
　次に図２及び図３により制御の流れをフローチャートにより説明する。
　図２は制御装置１００により実行されるモード切換制御のフローチャートである。尚、初期状態は系統連系運転モードであるとする。 Next, the flow of control will be described with reference to flowcharts with reference to FIGS.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the mode switching control executed by the control device 100. It is assumed that the initial state is the grid connection operation mode.
　Ｓ１では、停電などにより運転モード切換スイッチ２０がオン操作されたか否かを判定し、オン操作された場合に、Ｓ２へ進む。 In S1, it is determined whether or not the operation mode changeover switch 20 has been turned on due to a power failure or the like. If the operation mode switch 20 has been turned on, the process proceeds to S2.
　Ｓ２では、系統解列を実行する。次のＳ３では、燃料電池（ＦＣ）１が停止中か否かを判定し、停止中であれば、Ｓ４へ進んで、燃料電池１を起動する。燃料電池１が運転中の場合、又は、燃料電池１の起動が完了した場合は、Ｓ５の自立運転モードへ移行する。 In S2, system disconnection is executed. In next S3, it is determined whether or not the fuel cell (FC) 1 is stopped. If it is stopped, the process proceeds to S4 to start the fuel cell 1. When the fuel cell 1 is in operation or when startup of the fuel cell 1 is completed, the process proceeds to the self-sustaining operation mode of S5.
　その後は、Ｓ６で復電などにより運転モード切換スイッチ２０がオフ操作されたか否かを判定し、オフ操作されるまで、Ｓ５の自立運転モードを継続する。オフ操作された場合は、Ｓ７へ進む。
　Ｓ７では、系統連系を実行する。そして、Ｓ８の系統連系運転モードへ戻る。 Thereafter, in S6, it is determined whether or not the operation mode changeover switch 20 has been turned off by power recovery or the like, and the self-sustaining operation mode in S5 is continued until the operation is turned off. If it is turned off, the process proceeds to S7.
In S7, grid interconnection is executed. And it returns to the grid connection operation mode of S8.
　図３は制御装置１００により実行される自立運転モードのフローチャートである。
　Ｓ１１では、発電電力を予め定めた一定電力、例えば５００Ｗに固定して、外部負荷に電力を供給し、余剰電力は余剰電力ヒータ９により消費する設定とする。 FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the self-sustained operation mode executed by the control device 100.
In S 11, the generated power is fixed to a predetermined constant power, for example, 500 W, the power is supplied to the external load, and the surplus power is set to be consumed by the surplus power heater 9.
　Ｓ１２では、電力計測器１２により負荷電力を計測し、電流計２１によりＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の入力電流を検出し、電圧計２２によりＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の出力電圧（昇圧電圧）を計測する。 In S12, the load power is measured by the power meter 12, the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 is detected by the ammeter 21, and the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 is measured by the voltmeter 22.
　Ｓ１３では、ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の出力電圧（昇圧電圧）が３００Ｖより低下したか否かを判定し、低下した場合は、Ｓ１４へ進み、低下した状態が数ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、３００Ｖより低下した状態が数ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ１３又はＳ１４での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ１５へ進む。 In S13, it is determined whether or not the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 has decreased below 300V. If it has decreased, the process proceeds to S14, and it is determined whether or not the decreased state has continued for several ms. . As a result of these determinations, when the state of lower than 300 V continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S13 or S14 is NO, the process proceeds to S15.
　Ｓ１５では、ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の入力電流が５０Ａを超えたか否かを判定し、超えた場合は、Ｓ１６へ進み、超えた状態が数ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、５０Ａを超えた状態が数ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ１５又はＳ１６での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ１７へ進む。 In S15, it is determined whether or not the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 has exceeded 50 A. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S16, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 50 A continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S15 or S16 is NO, the process proceeds to S17.
　本実施形態のフローにおいては、ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の出力電圧、入力電流の順に各値を判定する制御フローになっているが、この理由としては以下の事を考慮して決定している。
　発電電力において、負荷電流の変動が生じると、その出力電圧も同時に変動する。その変動分の電力は、一時的にＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の２次側のバス部に設けられたバイパスコンデンサから供給される。よって、一時的にバス部に生じた電圧の変動を検出したＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３は、帰還制御により発電電力の供給電流を制御することでバス部の電圧を一定に保つように働く。上記の事から、最初にＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の後段の電圧を計測してその値を判定することで、安定した電力が供給されているかどうかの判定材料に成り得る。 In the flow of the present embodiment, the control flow is such that each value is determined in the order of the output voltage and the input current of the DC / DC converter 3, and this reason is determined in consideration of the following.
When the load current fluctuates in the generated power, the output voltage fluctuates at the same time. The power corresponding to the fluctuation is temporarily supplied from a bypass capacitor provided in the secondary bus portion of the DC / DC converter 3. Therefore, the DC / DC converter 3 that has detected the voltage fluctuation temporarily generated in the bus unit works to keep the voltage of the bus unit constant by controlling the supply current of the generated power by feedback control. From the above, by first measuring the voltage at the subsequent stage of the DC / DC converter 3 and determining the value thereof, it can be a material for determining whether or not stable power is being supplied.
　Ｓ１７では、負荷電力が７００Ｗを超えた（発電電力より２００Ｗ超過）か否かを判定し、超えた場合は、Ｓ１８へ進み、超えた状態が数ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、７００Ｗを超えた状態が数ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ１７又はＳ１８での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ１９へ進む。 In S17, it is determined whether or not the load power exceeds 700 W (200 W exceeding the generated power), and if it exceeds, the process proceeds to S18, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 700 W continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S17 or S18 is NO, the process proceeds to S19.
　Ｓ１９では、負荷電力が６００Ｗを超えた（発電電力より１００Ｗ超過）か否かを判定し、超えた場合は、Ｓ２０へ進み、超えた状態が１００ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、６００Ｗを超えた状態が１００ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ１９又はＳ２０での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ２１へ進む。 In S19, it is determined whether or not the load power exceeds 600W (exceeds 100W from the generated power), and if it exceeds, the process proceeds to S20, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state continues for 100 ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 600 W continues for 100 ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S19 or S20 is NO, the process proceeds to S21.
　Ｓ２１では、負荷電力が発電電力である５００Ｗを超えたか否かを判定し、超えた場合は、Ｓ２２へ進み、超えた状態が５００ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、５００Ｗを超えた状態が５００ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ２１又はＳ２２での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ１２へ戻る。 In S21, it is determined whether or not the load power has exceeded 500 W, which is the generated power. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S22, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for 500 ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 500 W continues for 500 ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S21 or S22 is NO, the process returns to S12.
　Ｓ２３では、過負荷との判定に基づいて、自立出力リレー１６をオフにして、自立専用コンセント１７への電力供給を停止する。このとき５００Ｗ一定の発電は継続するので当然に大きな余剰電力を生じるが、余剰電力は全て余剰電力ヒータ９に供給して消費し、適宜熱利用する。 In S23, based on the determination of overload, the independent output relay 16 is turned off, and the power supply to the independent dedicated outlet 17 is stopped. At this time, since the constant power generation of 500 W is continued, naturally a large surplus power is generated. However, all surplus power is supplied to the surplus power heater 9 and consumed, and heat is appropriately used.
　自立出力リレー１６をオフにすることで電力供給を停止する場合、リレーの動作には時間遅れがあるので、瞬時に電力供給を停止することは困難である。従って、瞬時に電力供給を停止することが求められる場合は、次のような手順で電力供給を停止する。
（１）ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４を停止する。
（２）ほぼ同時に自立出力リレー１６をオフにする。
（３）自立出力リレー１６がオフとなるタイミングでＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ４を再稼動する。
（４）余剰電力ヒータ９に余剰電力を供給する。 When power supply is stopped by turning off the independent output relay 16, it is difficult to stop power supply instantaneously because there is a time delay in the operation of the relay. Therefore, when it is required to stop the power supply instantaneously, the power supply is stopped in the following procedure.
(1) The DC / AC inverter 4 is stopped.
(2) The self-supporting output relay 16 is turned off almost simultaneously.
(3) The DC / AC inverter 4 is restarted at the timing when the independent output relay 16 is turned off.
(4) Surplus power is supplied to the surplus power heater 9.
　次のＳ２４では、Ｓ２３での電力供給停止から予め定めた一定時間、例えば３０秒経過したか否かを判定し、３０秒経過した時点で、Ｓ２５へ進んで電力供給を再開する。このときも発電電力は５００Ｗに固定して、外部負荷に電力を供給し、余剰電力は余剰電力ヒータ９により消費する設定とする。 In the next S24, it is determined whether or not a predetermined time, for example, 30 seconds has elapsed since the power supply stop in S23, and when 30 seconds have elapsed, the process proceeds to S25 and the power supply is resumed. At this time, the generated power is fixed to 500 W, the power is supplied to the external load, and the surplus power is set to be consumed by the surplus power heater 9.
　尚、図３のフローチャートにおいては、Ｓ１１の部分が自立発電電力制御部及び余剰電力消費部に相当し、Ｓ１２～Ｓ２５の部分が過負荷時制御部に相当する。
　Ｓ１２～Ｓ２５の過負荷時制御部に関しては、Ｓ１２の部分が負荷電力検出部、電流検出部及び電圧検出部に相当し、Ｓ１７、Ｓ１８、Ｓ１９、Ｓ２０、Ｓ２１、Ｓ２２及びＳ２３の部分が第１の電力供給停止部に相当し、Ｓ１５、Ｓ１６及びＳ２３の部分が第２の電力供給停止部に相当し、Ｓ１３、Ｓ１４及びＳ２３の部分が第３の電力供給停止部に相当する。また、Ｓ２３の部分は発電電力消費部を兼ねる。 In the flowchart of FIG. 3, the portion S11 corresponds to the self-generated power control unit and the surplus power consumption unit, and the portions S12 to S25 correspond to the overload control unit.
Regarding the overload control unit of S12 to S25, the part of S12 corresponds to the load power detection unit, the current detection unit and the voltage detection unit, and the parts of S17, S18, S19, S20, S21, S22 and S23 are the first. The parts S15, S16 and S23 correspond to the second power supply stop part, and the parts S13, S14 and S23 correspond to the third power supply stop part. Moreover, the part of S23 also serves as a generated power consumption part.
　図４及び図５は制御例を示している。ここでは、補機負荷電力を無視し、外部負荷電力と余剰ヒータ電力との総和が発電電力の５００Ｗになるように制御しているものとする。 4 and 5 show control examples. Here, it is assumed that auxiliary load power is ignored and control is performed such that the sum of external load power and surplus heater power is 500 W of generated power.
　図４の制御例１では、ｔ１のタイミングで負荷が投入され、突入電流により、外部負荷電力が一時的に７００Ｗを超えた例である。この場合には、数ｍｓの継続時間で電力供給が停止される設定のため、実際に外部負荷への電力供給が停止され、これに対応して発電電力（５００Ｗ）が余剰電力ヒータにより消費される。そして、電力供給の停止は３０秒間続き、３０秒経過時点で電力供給が再開されるも、再び過負荷と判定されて電力供給が停止されている。 4 is an example in which a load is applied at the timing t1 and the external load power temporarily exceeds 700 W due to an inrush current. In this case, since the power supply is set to be stopped for a duration of several ms, the power supply to the external load is actually stopped, and the generated power (500 W) is consumed by the surplus power heater correspondingly. The Then, the stop of the power supply continues for 30 seconds, and the power supply is restarted when 30 seconds have elapsed, but it is again determined as an overload and the power supply is stopped.
　これに対し、図５の制御例では、ｔ１のタイミングで負荷が投入され、突入電流により、外部負荷電力が一時的に５００Ｗを超えた例である。この場合には、比較的長い５００ｍｓの継続時間で電力供給が停止される設定のため、外部負荷への電力供給は停止されず、余剰分のみが余剰電力ヒータにて消費されている。これにより、自立運転時に作動させることができる電気製品を増やすことができる。 On the other hand, in the control example of FIG. 5, a load is applied at the timing t1, and the external load power temporarily exceeds 500 W due to the inrush current. In this case, since the power supply is set to be stopped for a relatively long duration of 500 ms, the power supply to the external load is not stopped, and only the surplus power is consumed by the surplus power heater. Thereby, the electrical products which can be operated at the time of a self-supporting operation can be increased.
　次に本発明の他の実施形態として図６及び図７の自立運転モードのフローチャートについて説明する。尚、図６及び図７のフローは、図３のフローのＳ１２の直後にＳ３０の判定を追加し、Ｓ１３、Ｓ１４の直後にＳ３１、Ｓ３２の判定を追加し、Ｓ１５、Ｓ１６の直後にＳ３３、Ｓ３４の判定を追加したものである。従って、図６及び図７のフローにおいて、図３のフローと同内容のステップには同一符号を付してある。 Next, a flowchart of the self-sustaining operation mode of FIGS. 6 and 7 will be described as another embodiment of the present invention. 6 and 7, the determination of S30 is added immediately after S12 of the flow of FIG. 3, the determinations of S31 and S32 are added immediately after S13 and S14, and S33, immediately after S15 and S16. The determination of S34 is added. Therefore, in the flow of FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, steps having the same contents as those of the flow of FIG.
　Ｓ１１では、発電電力を予め定めた一定電力、例えば５００Ｗに固定して、外部負荷に電力を供給し、余剰電力は余剰電力ヒータ９により消費する設定とする。 In S 11, the generated power is fixed to a predetermined constant power, for example, 500 W, the power is supplied to the external load, and the surplus power is set to be consumed by the surplus power heater 9.
　Ｓ１２では、電力計測器１２により負荷電力を計測し、電流計２１によりＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の入力電流を検出し、電圧計２２によりＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の出力電圧（昇圧電圧）を計測する。そして、Ｓ３０へ進む。 In S12, the load power is measured by the power meter 12, the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 is detected by the ammeter 21, and the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 is measured by the voltmeter 22. Then, the process proceeds to S30.
　Ｓ３０では、負荷電力が発電電力である５００Ｗを超えたか否かを判定する。５００Ｗを超えていない場合は、電力供給を停止する必要はないと判断し、Ｓ１２の負荷計測を繰り返す。
　５００Ｗを超えた場合は、電力供給を停止するか否かについてのより詳細な判定のため、Ｓ１３へ進む。 In S30, it is determined whether or not the load power exceeds 500 W that is the generated power. If 500 W is not exceeded, it is determined that it is not necessary to stop the power supply, and the load measurement in S12 is repeated.
If it exceeds 500 W, the process proceeds to S13 for more detailed determination as to whether or not to stop power supply.
　Ｓ１３では、ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の出力電圧（昇圧電圧）が３００Ｖより低下したか否かを判定し、低下した場合は、Ｓ１４へ進み、低下した状態が数ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、３００Ｖより低下した状態が数ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３（図７）へ進む。Ｓ１３又はＳ１４での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ３１へ進む。 In S13, it is determined whether or not the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 has decreased below 300V. If it has decreased, the process proceeds to S14, and it is determined whether or not the decreased state has continued for several ms. . As a result of these determinations, when the state of lower than 300 V continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 (FIG. 7) in order to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S13 or S14 is NO, the process proceeds to S31.
　Ｓ３１では、ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の出力電圧（昇圧電圧）が３５０Ｖより低下したか否かを判定し、低下した場合は、Ｓ３２へ進み、低下した状態が数１０ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、３５０Ｖより低下した状態が数１０ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ３１又はＳ３２での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ１５へ進む。 In S31, it is determined whether or not the output voltage (boost voltage) of the DC / DC converter 3 has decreased below 350V. If it has decreased, the process proceeds to S32, and it is determined whether or not the decreased state has continued for several tens of milliseconds. . As a result of these determinations, when the state of lower than 350 V continues for several tens of ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S31 or S32 is NO, the process proceeds to S15.
　Ｓ１５では、ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の入力電流が５０Ａを超えたか否かを判定し、超えた場合は、Ｓ１６へ進み、超えた状態が数ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、５０Ａを超えた状態が数ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ１５又はＳ１６での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ３３へ進む。 In S15, it is determined whether or not the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 has exceeded 50 A. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S16, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 50 A continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S15 or S16 is NO, the process proceeds to S33.
　Ｓ３３では、ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ３の入力電流が４０Ａを超えたか否かを判定し、超えた場合は、Ｓ３４へ進み、超えた状態が数１０ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、４０Ａを超えた状態が数１０ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ３３又はＳ３４での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ１７へ進む。 In S33, it is determined whether or not the input current of the DC / DC converter 3 has exceeded 40A. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S34, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several tens of ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 40 A continues for several tens of ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop the power supply due to overload. If the determination in S33 or S34 is NO, the process proceeds to S17.
　Ｓ１７では、負荷電力が７００Ｗを超えた（発電電力より２００Ｗ超過）か否かを判定し、超えた場合は、Ｓ１８へ進み、超えた状態が数ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、７００Ｗを超えた状態が数ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ１７又はＳ１８での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ１９へ進む。 In S17, it is determined whether or not the load power exceeds 700 W (200 W exceeding the generated power), and if it exceeds, the process proceeds to S18, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for several ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 700 W continues for several ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S17 or S18 is NO, the process proceeds to S19.
　Ｓ１９では、負荷電力が６００Ｗを超えた（発電電力より１００Ｗ超過）か否かを判定し、超えた場合は、Ｓ２０へ進み、超えた状態が１００ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、６００Ｗを超えた状態が１００ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ１９又はＳ２０での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ２１へ進む。 In S19, it is determined whether or not the load power exceeds 600W (exceeds 100W from the generated power), and if it exceeds, the process proceeds to S20, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state continues for 100 ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 600 W continues for 100 ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S19 or S20 is NO, the process proceeds to S21.
　Ｓ２１では、負荷電力が発電電力である５００Ｗを超えたか否かを判定し、超えた場合は、Ｓ２２へ進み、超えた状態が５００ｍｓ継続したか否かを判定する。これらの判定の結果、５００Ｗを超えた状態が５００ｍｓ継続したときは、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。Ｓ２１又はＳ２２での判定でＮＯの場合は、Ｓ１２へ戻る。 In S21, it is determined whether or not the load power has exceeded 500 W, which is the generated power. If it has exceeded, the process proceeds to S22, and it is determined whether or not the exceeded state has continued for 500 ms. As a result of these determinations, when the state exceeding 500 W continues for 500 ms, the process proceeds to S23 in order to stop power supply due to overload. If the determination in S21 or S22 is NO, the process returns to S12.
　尚、Ｓ１３、Ｓ３１、Ｓ１５、Ｓ３３、Ｓ１７、Ｓ１９、Ｓ２１の各判定でＹＥＳの場合、それぞれ、Ｓ１４、Ｓ３２、Ｓ１６、Ｓ３４、Ｓ１８、Ｓ２０、Ｓ２２の継続時間の判定へ進むが、例えばＳ１３の判定でＹＥＳの場合のＳ１４の継続時間の判定では、その時点での３００Ｖ未満の状態の継続時間が所定時間（数ｍｓ）に達しているか否かを判定し、未だ達していない場合は、すぐさま次のＳ３１の判定へ進む。従って、Ｓ１３、Ｓ３１、Ｓ１５、Ｓ３３、Ｓ１７、Ｓ１９、Ｓ２１の各判定は、ほとんど時間遅れなくなされ、実質的には並列処理となる。そして、Ｓ１２からの本ルーチンが繰り返されている間に、例えば３００Ｖ未満の状態が所定時間（数ｍｓ）継続すると、Ｓ１４での継続時間の判定でＹＥＳとなり、過負荷ゆえ電力供給を停止すべく、Ｓ２３へ進む。 If the determinations at S13, S31, S15, S33, S17, S19, and S21 are YES, the process proceeds to the determination of the duration of S14, S32, S16, S34, S18, S20, and S22. In the determination of the duration of S14 in the case of YES in the determination, it is determined whether or not the duration of the state of less than 300 V at that time has reached a predetermined time (several ms), and if not yet, immediately The process proceeds to the next determination of S31. Therefore, each determination of S13, S31, S15, S33, S17, S19, and S21 is made with almost no time delay, and is substantially parallel processing. If, for example, a state of less than 300 V continues for a predetermined time (several ms) while this routine from S12 is repeated, the determination of the duration in S14 is YES, and the power supply should be stopped due to overload. The process proceeds to S23.
　Ｓ２３での電力供給停止の処理、その後のＳ２４、Ｓ２５での電力供給再開の処理については、図３のフローにて説明した通りであり、ここでの説明は省略する。 The power supply stop processing in S23 and the subsequent power supply restart processing in S24 and S25 are as described in the flow of FIG. 3, and description thereof is omitted here.
　図６及び図７のフローのように、負荷電力に対する電力しきい値に加え、入力電流に対する電流しきい値、及び、昇圧電圧に対する電圧しきい値についても、段階的に複数設定し、対応する継続時間は、しきい値に応じて設定することによって、より適切な過負荷判定が可能となる。
　また、各判定は実質的に時間遅れなく並列処理でなされ、過負荷状態を様々な視点からとらえて、速やかに対応することができる。 6 and 7, in addition to the power threshold for the load power, a plurality of current thresholds for the input current and voltage thresholds for the boost voltage are set in a stepwise manner. By setting the duration time according to the threshold value, more appropriate overload determination can be performed.
In addition, each determination is made by parallel processing with substantially no time delay, and an overload state can be seen from various viewpoints and can be dealt with promptly.
　尚、上記の説明では、制御装置１００は、パワーコンディショナー２から独立して設けられているが、制御機能の一部をパワーコンディショナー２内のコントローラに分担させて、協働で運転を制御してもよい。あるいは、制御装置１００自体をパワーコンディショナー２の筐体内に収納配置するようにしてもよい。
　また、上記の説明では、発電電力や、各種のしきい値、継続時間等について、数値を示して説明したが、これは理解を容易にするためであり、数値限定する趣旨ではない。 In the above description, the control device 100 is provided independently of the power conditioner 2, but a part of the control function is shared by the controller in the power conditioner 2 to control the operation in cooperation. Also good. Alternatively, the control device 100 itself may be accommodated in the casing of the power conditioner 2.
In the above description, the generated power, various threshold values, durations, and the like have been described with numerical values, but this is for ease of understanding and is not intended to limit the numerical values.
　また、図示の実施形態はあくまで本発明を例示するものであり、本発明は、説明した実施形態により直接的に示されるものに加え、請求の範囲内で当業者によりなされる各種の改良・変更を包含するものであることは言うまでもない。 The illustrated embodiments are merely examples of the present invention, and the present invention includes various improvements and modifications made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the claims in addition to those directly shown by the described embodiments. Needless to say, it is included.
　１　固体酸化物形燃料電池（ＳＯＦＣ）
　２　パワーコンディショナー
　３　ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ
　４　ＤＣ／ＡＣインバータ
　５　系統連系リレー
　６　系統電源
　７　家庭内負荷
　８　補機
　９　余剰電力ヒータ（ＡＣヒータ）
１０　ソリッドステートリレー
１１　電力計測器
１２　電力計測器
１３　外部電源
１４　外部電源用ＤＣ／ＤＣコンバータ
１５　自立起動リレー
１６　自立出力リレー
１７　自立専用コンセント
１８　切換リレー
２０　運転モード切換スイッチ
２１　電流計
２２　電圧計 1 Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
2 Power conditioner 3 DC / DC converter 4 DC / AC inverter 5 System interconnection relay 6 System power supply 7 Domestic load 8 Auxiliary machine 9 Surplus power heater (AC heater)
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Solid state relay 11 Electric power measuring device 12 Electric power measuring device 13 External power supply 14 DC / DC converter 15 for external power supplies Self-supporting start relay 16 Self-supporting output relay 17 Self-supporting exclusive outlet 18 Switching relay 20 Operation mode switch 21 Ammeter 22 Voltmeter

Claims (12)

  1. 　燃料と酸化剤との電気化学反応により発電する固体酸化物形燃料電池と、この燃料電池の出力側に設けられるパワーコンディショナーと、前記燃料電池及び前記パワーコンディショナーを制御し、系統電源との連系による系統連系運転と系統電源から解列しての自立運転とを切換可能な制御装置と、を備える、固体酸化物形燃料電池システムであって、
    　前記制御装置は、自立運転時に負荷の大きさと継続時間とに基づいて過負荷状態を検出し、過負荷状態のときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する過負荷時制御部を備えることを特徴とする、固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。     Solid oxide fuel cell that generates electric power by electrochemical reaction between fuel and oxidant, power conditioner provided on the output side of the fuel cell, control of the fuel cell and the power conditioner, and interconnection with a system power source A solid oxide fuel cell system, comprising: a control device capable of switching between grid interconnection operation and independent operation separated from the grid power source,
    The control device includes an overload control unit that detects an overload state based on a load size and a duration during independent operation, and stops power supply to an external load in the overload state. A feature of a solid oxide fuel cell system.
  2. 　前記過負荷時制御部は、
    　自立運転時に負荷電力を検出する負荷電力検出部と、
    　自立運転時の負荷電力が所定の電力しきい値を超えた状態が第１の所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する第１の電力供給停止部と、
    を含んで構成されることを特徴とする、請求項１記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。     The overload controller is
    A load power detection unit that detects load power during independent operation;
    A first power supply stop unit that stops power supply to the external load when the state in which the load power during the self-sustained operation exceeds a predetermined power threshold continues for a first predetermined time;
    The solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising:
  3. 　前記電力しきい値は、段階的に複数設定され、
    　前記第１の所定時間は、前記複数の電力しきい値のそれぞれに対応させて、前記電力しきい値が大きいほど短く設定されることを特徴とする、請求項２記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。     A plurality of the power thresholds are set in stages,
    3. The solid oxide fuel according to claim 2, wherein the first predetermined time is set to be shorter as the power threshold is larger corresponding to each of the plurality of power thresholds. 4. Battery system.
  4. 　前記過負荷時制御部は、
    　自立運転時に前記パワーコンディショナーへの入力電流を検出する電流検出部と、
    　前記入力電流が所定の電流しきい値を超えた状態が第２の所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する第２の電力供給停止部と、
    を含んで構成されることを特徴とする、請求項１記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。     The overload controller is
    A current detection unit for detecting an input current to the power conditioner during the independent operation;
    A second power supply stop unit that stops power supply to an external load when the state where the input current exceeds a predetermined current threshold continues for a second predetermined time or more;
    The solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising:
  5. 　前記電流しきい値は、段階的に複数設定され、
    　前記第２の所定時間は、前記複数の電流しきい値のそれぞれに対応させて、前記電流しきい値が大きいほど短く設定されることを特徴とする、請求項４記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。     A plurality of the current threshold values are set in stages,
    5. The solid oxide fuel according to claim 4, wherein the second predetermined time is set to be shorter as the current threshold value is larger corresponding to each of the plurality of current threshold values. 6. Battery system.
  6. 　前記過負荷時制御部は、
    　自立運転時に前記パワーコンディショナーでの昇圧電圧を検出する電圧検出部と、
    　前記昇圧電圧が所定の電圧しきい値より低下した状態が第３の所定時間以上継続したときに、外部負荷への電力供給を停止する第３の電力供給停止部と、
    を含んで構成されることを特徴とする、請求項１記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。     The overload controller is
    A voltage detection unit for detecting a boosted voltage in the power conditioner during the independent operation;
    A third power supply stop unit that stops power supply to an external load when the boosted voltage is lower than a predetermined voltage threshold for a third predetermined time or more;
    The solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising:
  7. 　前記電圧しきい値は、段階的に複数設定され、
    　前記第３の所定時間は、前記複数の電圧しきい値のそれぞれに対応させて、前記電圧しきい値が小さいほど短く設定されることを特徴とする、請求項６記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。     A plurality of the voltage thresholds are set in stages,
    7. The solid oxide fuel according to claim 6, wherein the third predetermined time is set to be shorter as the voltage threshold is smaller corresponding to each of the plurality of voltage thresholds. Battery system.
  8. 　前記パワーコンディショナーは、直流電力を交流電力に変換するインバータの出力側から自立運転時に外部負荷へ電力を供給する自立出力ラインと、該自立出力ラインを導通・遮断する自立出力リレーとを有し、
    　前記過負荷時制御部は、外部負荷への電力供給を停止するに際し、前記自立出力リレーへのオフ指令と同時又はこれに先立って前記インバータの作動を停止し、前記自立出力リレーのオフ後に前記インバータの作動を再開させることを特徴とする、請求項１記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。     The power conditioner has a self-sustained output line that supplies power to an external load at the time of self-sustained operation from the output side of the inverter that converts DC power to AC power, and a self-sustained output relay that conducts and shuts off the self-sustained output line,
    When the power supply to the external load is stopped, the overload control unit stops the operation of the inverter simultaneously with or prior to the off command to the self-sustained output relay, and after the self-sustained output relay is turned off, 2. The solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the operation of the inverter is resumed.
  9. 　前記過負荷時制御部は、外部負荷への電力供給停止時に、前記燃料電池の発電電力を負荷装置により消費する発電電力消費部を含んで構成されることを特徴とする、請求項１記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。 The said overload control part is comprised including the generated electric power consumption part which consumes the electric power generated by the said fuel cell by a load apparatus at the time of the electric power supply to an external load being stopped. Solid oxide fuel cell system.
  10. 　前記過負荷時制御部は、外部負荷への電力供給を予め定めた一定時間停止し、一定時間経過後に電力供給を再開することを特徴とする、請求項１記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。 2. The solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the overload control unit stops the power supply to the external load for a predetermined time and restarts the power supply after a predetermined time elapses. .
  11. 　前記制御装置は、
    　自立運転時に前記燃料電池の発電電力を予め定めた一定電力に制御する自立発電電力制御部と、
    　自立運転時に負荷電力を超える余剰電力を負荷装置により消費する余剰電力消費部と、
    を備えることを特徴とする、請求項１記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。     The control device includes:
    A self-generated power control unit for controlling the generated power of the fuel cell to a predetermined constant power during the self-sustaining operation;
    A surplus power consumption unit that consumes surplus power exceeding the load power during the self-sustained operation by the load device;
    The solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, comprising:
  12. 　自立運転時の外部負荷への電力供給は、自立専用コンセントを介して行われることを特徴とする、請求項１記載の固体酸化物形燃料電池システム。 2. The solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein power supply to the external load during the self-sustaining operation is performed through a self-supporting outlet.
PCT/JP2013/066488 2012-06-29 2013-06-14 Solid oxide fuel cell system WO2014002799A1 (en)

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