WO2013186103A1 - Naval platform provided with devices for launching underwater vehicles - Google Patents
Naval platform provided with devices for launching underwater vehicles Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013186103A1 WO2013186103A1 PCT/EP2013/061604 EP2013061604W WO2013186103A1 WO 2013186103 A1 WO2013186103 A1 WO 2013186103A1 EP 2013061604 W EP2013061604 W EP 2013061604W WO 2013186103 A1 WO2013186103 A1 WO 2013186103A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- naval platform
- vehicle
- launching
- path
- naval
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41F—APPARATUS FOR LAUNCHING PROJECTILES OR MISSILES FROM BARRELS, e.g. CANNONS; LAUNCHERS FOR ROCKETS OR TORPEDOES; HARPOON GUNS
- F41F3/00—Rocket or torpedo launchers
- F41F3/08—Rocket or torpedo launchers for marine torpedoes
- F41F3/10—Rocket or torpedo launchers for marine torpedoes from below the surface of the water
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a naval platform such as a surface ship or a submarine proper.
- the invention relates to such a platform of the type comprising means for launching submarine vehicles, for example in the form of launch tubes themselves, in front of which are provided zones of front-tubes in link with the environment of this platform.
- Such tubes and such pre-tube areas are generally used to shoot or launch submarine vehicles that come for example in the form of weapons such as torpedoes or even drones, or even systems of countermeasures. measuring, various probes, or missiles from a naval platform that can be formed by a surface ship or a submarine.
- the object of the invention is therefore to solve these problems.
- the subject of the invention is a naval platform of the type comprising means for launching submarine vehicles, in the form of launching devices properly so called, in front of which are located forward zones. tubes in connection with the environment of the platform and in which are placed means for detecting the position and movements of the vehicle, characterized in that the detection means comprise acoustic barrier means distributed along the path of the vehicle when of his ejection.
- the naval platform comprises one or more of the following claims:
- the acoustic barrier means comprise acoustic transmitters and corresponding receivers placed on either side of the ejection path;
- the acoustic barrier means comprise ultrasonic transmitters and receivers; and the acoustic barrier means are connected to information processing means for determining the passage, position and / or speed of movement of the underwater vehicle along the ejection path.
- FIG. 1 represents a schematic view of a slice, for example before a naval platform such as a submarine proper, equipped with means for launching submarine vehicles, with launch tubes and with forward zones. -tubes, and
- FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the operation of acoustic barrier means forming part of a naval platform according to the invention.
- such an underwater vehicle comprises for example a so-called thick inner shell and a so-called thin outer shell.
- This type of underwater vehicle is generally equipped with launching devices such as torpedo tubes, four of which, for example, are illustrated in this FIG. 1 and are designated by references 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
- launching devices such as torpedo tubes, four of which, for example, are illustrated in this FIG. 1 and are designated by references 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
- Front tube areas designated by the general references 6, 7, 8 and 9 respectively, are located between the torpedo tubes themselves and the environment of the underwater vehicle, designated by the general reference 10 on this figure 1, to guide the underwater vehicles, such as torpedoes, during their ejection.
- the front ends of these zones of front-tubes open at doors respectively 1 1, 12, 13 and 14 arranged for example in the thin shell 15 of the underwater vehicle.
- such launching means have also been equipped with means for detecting the position and displacements of the underwater vehicle along this ejection path, these known means being based on mechanical sensors.
- the detection means comprise acoustic barrier means distributed along this path.
- such means may be placed at the outlet of the launching devices themselves, at the inlet of the front-tube zone, at the exit thereof and at the level of the corresponding door. connection with the environment of the platform.
- these means then comprise acoustic barriers whose operating principle is illustrated in Figures 2 and 3.
- barrier means each comprise an ultrasonic acoustic transmitter as designated by the general reference 16 in these Figures 2 and 3 and a corresponding receiver as designated by the general reference 17, placed on either side of the displacement path of the underwater vehicle.
- the transmitter / receiver pairs are then implanted face to face diametrically opposite for example in the area of front tubes.
- acoustic barrier means can then be connected to information processing means located or distributed aboard the underwater vehicle or the naval platform in general, the latter may be constituted by a surface vessel, these information processing means being designated by the general reference 19 in Figure 1, and comprising for example conventionally, two parts 20 and 21 adapted to manage the weapons launching means placed on each side of the platform. It is then conceivable that such a system can detect, after firing, the presence and movement of the underwater vehicle in the launching devices and the front-tube areas concerned.
- the underwater vehicle When the underwater vehicle leaves the corresponding launch device, it then cuts the various acoustic barriers distributed along the ejection path thereof, according to its advance and it is then possible to detect the passage, the position of it in the path and its speed of evolution by measuring the passage time between two acoustic barriers.
- the information processing means can deliver several pieces of information such as, for example, an activated detection, an underwater vehicle partially out of the launcher, a submarine vehicle released from this launcher, an underwater vehicle in the fore-tube area, a submarine vehicle having partially passed the hull door ,, a submarine vehicle having completely crossed this door, ... and to deliver in addition a display of the speed of displacement of this vehicle while implementing test functions.
- this information may be available either locally on a processing box associated with the launch device directly in the launch facility, or at the command post, etc. of the naval platform.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a naval platform comprising means for launching underwater vehicles, which are provided in the form of actual launching tubes (2, 3, 4, 5), at the front of which are tube-front areas (6, 7, 8, 9), which are connected to the environment (10) of the platform and in which means for detecting the position and movements of the vehicle are arranged, and being characterized in that the detection means include acoustic barrier means distributed along the path of the vehicle during the ejection thereof.
Description
Plateforme navale équipée de dispositifs de lancement de véhicules Naval platform equipped with vehicle launching devices
sous-marins submarines
La présente invention concerne une plateforme navale telle qu'un navire de surface ou un sous-marin proprement dit. The present invention relates to a naval platform such as a surface ship or a submarine proper.
Plus particulièrement, l'invention concerne une telle plateforme du type comportant des moyens de lancement de véhicules sous-marins se présentant par exemple sous la forme de tubes de lancement proprement dits à l'avant desquels sont prévues des zones d'avant-tubes en liaison avec l'environnement de cette plateforme. More particularly, the invention relates to such a platform of the type comprising means for launching submarine vehicles, for example in the form of launch tubes themselves, in front of which are provided zones of front-tubes in link with the environment of this platform.
De tels tubes et de telles zones d'avant-tubes sont généralement utilisés pour tirer ou lancer des véhicules sous-marins qui se présentent par exemple sous la forme d'armes telles que des torpilles ou encore des drones, voire des systèmes de contre- mesure, diverses sondes, ou des missiles à partir d'une plateforme navale qui peut être formée par un navire de surface ou un sous-marin. Such tubes and such pre-tube areas are generally used to shoot or launch submarine vehicles that come for example in the form of weapons such as torpedoes or even drones, or even systems of countermeasures. measuring, various probes, or missiles from a naval platform that can be formed by a surface ship or a submarine.
Cependant, ces moyens présentent un certain nombre d'inconvénients dans la mesure où la position réelle du véhicule sous-marin dans la zone d'avant-tube n'est pas connue avec précision. However, these means have a number of disadvantages insofar as the actual position of the underwater vehicle in the front-tube area is not known precisely.
Des capteurs mécaniques de position d'un missile dans de tels moyens ont par exemple été décrits dans le document US 3,857,321 . Mechanical sensors for the position of a missile in such means have for example been described in US Pat. No. 3,857,321.
Mais cette structure à capteurs mécaniques présente un certain nombre d'inconvénients au niveau de sa fiabilité, de sa maintenance et de ses capacités opérationnelles relativement limitées. But this mechanical sensor structure has a number of disadvantages in terms of reliability, maintenance and relatively limited operational capabilities.
Le but de l'invention est donc de résoudre ces problèmes. The object of the invention is therefore to solve these problems.
A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet une plateforme navale du type comportant des moyens de lancement de véhicules sous-marins, se présentant sous la forme de dispositifs de lancement proprement dits à l'avant desquels se situent des zones d'avant- tubes en liaison avec l'environnement de la plateforme et dans lesquelles sont placés des moyens de détection de la position et des déplacements du véhicule, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de détection comprennent des moyens formant barrière acoustique répartis le long du trajet du véhicule lors de son éjection. To this end, the subject of the invention is a naval platform of the type comprising means for launching submarine vehicles, in the form of launching devices properly so called, in front of which are located forward zones. tubes in connection with the environment of the platform and in which are placed means for detecting the position and movements of the vehicle, characterized in that the detection means comprise acoustic barrier means distributed along the path of the vehicle when of his ejection.
Selon d'autres aspects de l'invention, la plateforme navale comprend l'une ou plusieurs des revendications suivantes : According to other aspects of the invention, the naval platform comprises one or more of the following claims:
- les moyens formant barrière acoustique comprennent des émetteurs acoustiques et des récepteurs correspondants placés de part et d'autre du trajet d'éjection ; the acoustic barrier means comprise acoustic transmitters and corresponding receivers placed on either side of the ejection path;
- les moyens formant barrière acoustique comprennent des émetteurs et des récepteurs ultrasoniques ; et
- les moyens formant barrière acoustique sont raccordés à des moyens de traitement d'informations pour déterminer le passage, la position et/ou la vitesse de déplacement du véhicule sous-marin le long du trajet d'éjection. the acoustic barrier means comprise ultrasonic transmitters and receivers; and the acoustic barrier means are connected to information processing means for determining the passage, position and / or speed of movement of the underwater vehicle along the ejection path.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à l'aide de la description qui va suivre, donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple et faite en se référant aux dessins annexés, sur lesquels : The invention will be better understood with the aid of the description which follows, given solely by way of example and with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
la figure 1 représente une vue schématique d'une tranche par exemple avant d'une plateforme navale telle qu'un sous-marin proprement dit, équipée de moyens de lancement de véhicules sous-marins , à tubes de lancement et à zones d'avant-tubes, et FIG. 1 represents a schematic view of a slice, for example before a naval platform such as a submarine proper, equipped with means for launching submarine vehicles, with launch tubes and with forward zones. -tubes, and
- Les figures 2 et 3 illustrent le fonctionnement de moyens formant barrière acoustique entrant dans la constitution d'une plateforme navale selon l'invention. FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate the operation of acoustic barrier means forming part of a naval platform according to the invention.
On a en effet illustré de façon schématique sur ces figures et en particulier sur la figure 1 , une tranche avant d'une plateforme navale telle qu'un sous-marin proprement dit, désignée par la référence générale 1 par exemple. It has been shown schematically in these figures and in particular in Figure 1, a front edge of a naval platform such as a submarine itself, designated by the general reference 1 for example.
De façon classique, un tel engin sous-marin comporte par exemple une coque interne dite épaisse et une coque externe dite mince. In a conventional manner, such an underwater vehicle comprises for example a so-called thick inner shell and a so-called thin outer shell.
Ce type d'engin sous-marin est en général équipé de dispositifs de lancement tels que des tubes lance-torpilles, dont quatre par exemple sont illustrés sur cette figure 1 et sont désignés par les références 2, 3, 4 et 5 respectivement. This type of underwater vehicle is generally equipped with launching devices such as torpedo tubes, four of which, for example, are illustrated in this FIG. 1 and are designated by references 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
Des zones d'avant-tubes désignées par les références générales 6, 7, 8 et 9 respectivement, se trouvent entre les tubes lance-torpilles proprement dits et l'environnement de l'engin sous-marin, désigné par la référence générale 10 sur cette figure 1 , afin de guider les véhicules sous - marins, comme par exemple des torpilles, lors de leur éjection. Front tube areas designated by the general references 6, 7, 8 and 9 respectively, are located between the torpedo tubes themselves and the environment of the underwater vehicle, designated by the general reference 10 on this figure 1, to guide the underwater vehicles, such as torpedoes, during their ejection.
En général également, les extrémités avant de ces zones d'avant-tubes débouchent au niveau de portes respectivement 1 1 , 12, 13 et 14 aménagées par exemple dans la coque mince 15 de l'engin sous-marin. In general also, the front ends of these zones of front-tubes open at doors respectively 1 1, 12, 13 and 14 arranged for example in the thin shell 15 of the underwater vehicle.
On conçoit alors que lors d'un tir d'un véhicule sous-marin comme par exemple une arme telle qu'une torpille, celui-ci quitte d'abord le dispositif de lancement comme par exemple le tube désigné par la référence générale 2, et se déplace alors dans la zone d'avant-tube 6 afin de franchir la porte 1 1 et donc d'être éjecté dans l'environnement 10 de l'engin sous-marin. It is then conceivable that during a firing of an underwater vehicle such as a weapon such as a torpedo, the latter initially leaves the launcher such as the tube designated by the general reference 2, and then moves in the fore-tube area 6 to cross the door 1 1 and thus be ejected into the environment 10 of the underwater vehicle.
Comme cela a été indiqué précédemment, de tels moyens de lancement ont également été équipés de moyens de détection de la position et des déplacements du
véhicule sous-marin le long de ce trajet d'éjection, ces moyens connus étant à base de capteurs mécaniques. As indicated above, such launching means have also been equipped with means for detecting the position and displacements of the underwater vehicle along this ejection path, these known means being based on mechanical sensors.
Pour résoudre les problèmes évoqués concernant l'utilisation des moyens mécaniques déjà décrits, dans la plateforme navale selon l'invention, les moyens de détection comprennent des moyens formant barrière acoustique répartis le long de ce trajet. To solve the problems mentioned concerning the use of mechanical means already described, in the naval platform according to the invention, the detection means comprise acoustic barrier means distributed along this path.
C'est ainsi par exemple que de tels moyens peuvent être placés en sortie des dispositifs de lancement proprement dits, à l'entrée de la zone d'avant-tubes, à la sortie de celle-ci et au niveau de la porte correspondante en liaison avec l'environnement de la plateforme. Thus, for example, such means may be placed at the outlet of the launching devices themselves, at the inlet of the front-tube zone, at the exit thereof and at the level of the corresponding door. connection with the environment of the platform.
Ceci permet alors non seulement de détecter le passage, et la position précise du véhicule sous-marin le long de ce trajet d'éjection, mais également de déterminer par calcul, la vitesse de déplacement de celui-ci le long de ce trajet d'éjection. This then makes it possible not only to detect the passage, and the precise position of the underwater vehicle along this ejection path, but also to determine by calculation, the speed of movement of the latter along this path of travel. ejection.
En fait, et comme cela a été indiqué précédemment, ces moyens comprennent alors des barrières acoustiques dont le principe de fonctionnement est illustré sur les figures 2 et 3. In fact, and as indicated above, these means then comprise acoustic barriers whose operating principle is illustrated in Figures 2 and 3.
Ces moyens formant barrière comportent en effet chacun un émetteur acoustique ultrasonique tel que désigné par la référence générale 16 sur ces figures 2 et 3 et un récepteur correspondant tel que désigné par la référence générale 17, placés de part et d'autre du trajet de déplacement du véhicule sous-marin. These barrier means each comprise an ultrasonic acoustic transmitter as designated by the general reference 16 in these Figures 2 and 3 and a corresponding receiver as designated by the general reference 17, placed on either side of the displacement path of the underwater vehicle.
On conçoit alors comme cela est illustré sur la figure 3, que lorsque le véhicule sous-marin tel que par exemple une torpille désignée par la référence générale 18, passe entre l'émetteur 16 et le récepteur 17, le chemin acoustique entre l'émetteur et le récepteur correspondant est coupé et qu'il est alors possible de détecter la présence de la torpille. As is illustrated in FIG. 3, it will be understood that when the underwater vehicle, such as for example a torpedo indicated by the general reference 18, passes between the transmitter 16 and the receiver 17, the acoustic path between the transmitter and the corresponding receiver is cut off and it is then possible to detect the presence of the torpedo.
Les couples émetteurs/récepteurs sont alors implantés face à face de façon diamétralement opposés par exemple dans la zone d'avant-tubes. The transmitter / receiver pairs are then implanted face to face diametrically opposite for example in the area of front tubes.
Ces moyens formant barrière acoustique peuvent alors être raccordés à des moyens de traitement d'informations localisés ou distribués à bord de l'engin sous-marin ou de la plateforme navale de façon générale, celle-ci pouvant être constituée par un navire de surface, ces moyens de traitement d'informations étant désignés par la référence générale 19 sur la figure 1 , et comportant par exemple de façon classique, deux parties 20 et 21 adaptées pour gérer les moyens de lancement d'armes placés de chaque côté de la plateforme.
On conçoit alors qu'un tel système permet de détecter, après le déclenchement du tir, la présence et le déplacement du véhicule sous-marin dans les dispositifs de lancement et les zones d'avant-tubes concernés. These acoustic barrier means can then be connected to information processing means located or distributed aboard the underwater vehicle or the naval platform in general, the latter may be constituted by a surface vessel, these information processing means being designated by the general reference 19 in Figure 1, and comprising for example conventionally, two parts 20 and 21 adapted to manage the weapons launching means placed on each side of the platform. It is then conceivable that such a system can detect, after firing, the presence and movement of the underwater vehicle in the launching devices and the front-tube areas concerned.
Lorsque le véhicule sous-marin sort du dispositif de lancement correspondant, il coupe alors les différentes barrières acoustiques réparties le long du trajet d'éjection de celui-ci, en fonction de son avance et il est alors possible de détecter le passage, la position de celui-ci dans le trajet et sa vitesse d'évolution en mesurant le temps de passage entre deux barrières acoustiques. When the underwater vehicle leaves the corresponding launch device, it then cuts the various acoustic barriers distributed along the ejection path thereof, according to its advance and it is then possible to detect the passage, the position of it in the path and its speed of evolution by measuring the passage time between two acoustic barriers.
Les moyens de traitement d'informations peuvent délivrer plusieurs informations telles que par exemple une détection activée, un véhicule sous-marin partiellement sorti du dispositif de lancement, un véhicule sous-marin sorti de ce dispositif de lancement, un véhicule sous-marin dans la zone d'avant-tube, un véhicule sous-marin ayant partiellement franchi la porte de la coque,, un véhicule sous-marin ayant totalement franchi cette porte,... et de délivrer en plus un affichage de la vitesse de déplacement de ce véhicule tout en mettant en œuvre des fonctions de test. The information processing means can deliver several pieces of information such as, for example, an activated detection, an underwater vehicle partially out of the launcher, a submarine vehicle released from this launcher, an underwater vehicle in the fore-tube area, a submarine vehicle having partially passed the hull door ,, a submarine vehicle having completely crossed this door, ... and to deliver in addition a display of the speed of displacement of this vehicle while implementing test functions.
Comme cela a été indiqué, ces informations peuvent être disponibles soit en local sur un coffret de traitement associé au dispositif de lancement directement dans l'installation de lancement, ou au poste de commandement, etc.. de la plateforme navale. As indicated, this information may be available either locally on a processing box associated with the launch device directly in the launch facility, or at the command post, etc. of the naval platform.
Bien entendu, d'autres modes de réalisation encore peuvent être envisagés.
Of course, other embodiments may be envisaged.
Claims
1 . - Plateforme navale du type comportant des moyens de lancement de véhicules sous-marins, se présentant sous la forme de tubes de lancement proprement dits (2, 3, 4, 5) à l'avant desquels se trouvent des zones d'avant-tubes (6, 7, 8, 9) en liaison avec l'environnement (10) de la plateforme et dans lesquelles sont placés des moyens de détection de la position et des déplacements du véhicule, caractérisée en ce que les moyens de détection comprennent des moyens (16, 17) formant barrière acoustique répartis le long du trajet du véhicule lors de son éjection. 1. - Naval platform of the type comprising means for launching submarine vehicles, in the form of launch tubes themselves (2, 3, 4, 5) in front of which are areas of front tubes (6, 7, 8, 9) in connection with the environment (10) of the platform and in which are placed means for detecting the position and displacements of the vehicle, characterized in that the detection means comprise means (16, 17) distributed along the path of the vehicle during its ejection.
2. - Plateforme navale selon la revendication 1 , caractérisée en ce que les moyens formant barrière acoustique comprennent des émetteurs acoustiques (16) et des récepteurs correspondants (17) placés de part et d'autre du trajet d'éjection. 2. - Naval platform according to claim 1, characterized in that the acoustic barrier means comprise acoustic transmitters (16) and corresponding receivers (17) placed on either side of the ejection path.
3. Plateforme navale selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que les moyens formant barrière acoustique comprennent des émetteurs/récepteurs ultrasoniques (16, 17). 3. Naval platform according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the acoustic barrier means comprise ultrasonic transmitters / receivers (16, 17).
4. Plateforme navale selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que les moyens formant barrière acoustique sont raccordés à des moyens (19, 20, 21 ) de traitement d'informations pour déterminer la position et/ou la vitesse de déplacement du véhicule sous-marin le long du trajet d'éjection.
Naval platform according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the acoustic barrier means are connected to information processing means (19, 20, 21) for determining the position and / or the traveling speed. of the underwater vehicle along the ejection path.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1255423A FR2991764B1 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2012-06-11 | NAVAL PLATFORM EQUIPPED WITH DEVICES FOR LAUNCHING SUBMARINE VEHICLES |
| FR1255423 | 2012-06-11 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2013186103A1 true WO2013186103A1 (en) | 2013-12-19 |
Family
ID=47291081
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/061604 WO2013186103A1 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2013-06-05 | Naval platform provided with devices for launching underwater vehicles |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2991764B1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2013186103A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9969470B2 (en) * | 2011-09-30 | 2018-05-15 | Cgg Services Sas | Deployment and recovery of autonomous underwater vehicles for seismic survey |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3807274A (en) * | 1970-08-07 | 1974-04-30 | Subcom Inc | Method for launching objects from submersibles |
| US3857321A (en) | 1973-07-30 | 1974-12-31 | Subcom Inc | Submarine missile launch system |
| DE102006004680B3 (en) * | 2006-02-02 | 2007-04-12 | Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vertreten durch das Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, dieses vertreten durch den Präsidenten des Bundesamtes für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung | Lock for release of sea-marker used by submarine, comprises ultra-sonic device for determination of condition |
-
2012
- 2012-06-11 FR FR1255423A patent/FR2991764B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-06-05 WO PCT/EP2013/061604 patent/WO2013186103A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3807274A (en) * | 1970-08-07 | 1974-04-30 | Subcom Inc | Method for launching objects from submersibles |
| US3857321A (en) | 1973-07-30 | 1974-12-31 | Subcom Inc | Submarine missile launch system |
| DE102006004680B3 (en) * | 2006-02-02 | 2007-04-12 | Bundesrepublik Deutschland, vertreten durch das Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, dieses vertreten durch den Präsidenten des Bundesamtes für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung | Lock for release of sea-marker used by submarine, comprises ultra-sonic device for determination of condition |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2991764B1 (en) | 2014-07-04 |
| FR2991764A1 (en) | 2013-12-13 |
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