WO2013177147A2 - Copolymer-xerogel nanocomposites useful for drug delivery - Google Patents
Copolymer-xerogel nanocomposites useful for drug delivery Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013177147A2 WO2013177147A2 PCT/US2013/041996 US2013041996W WO2013177147A2 WO 2013177147 A2 WO2013177147 A2 WO 2013177147A2 US 2013041996 W US2013041996 W US 2013041996W WO 2013177147 A2 WO2013177147 A2 WO 2013177147A2
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
- A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/5115—Inorganic compounds
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
- A61K9/0024—Solid, semi-solid or solidifying implants, which are implanted or injected in body tissue
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
- A61K9/7007—Drug-containing films, membranes or sheets
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
- A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/18—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing inorganic materials
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/22—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing macromolecular materials
- A61L15/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L15/44—Medicaments
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
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- A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L15/46—Deodorants or malodour counteractants, e.g. to inhibit the formation of ammonia or bacteria
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/40—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material
- A61L27/44—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material having a macromolecular matrix
- A61L27/446—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material having a macromolecular matrix with other specific inorganic fillers other than those covered by A61L27/443 or A61L27/46
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
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- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
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- A61L27/58—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/12—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material
- A61L31/125—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material having a macromolecular matrix
- A61L31/128—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material having a macromolecular matrix containing other specific inorganic fillers not covered by A61L31/126 or A61L31/127
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L31/148—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
- A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L31/16—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
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- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
- A61L2300/404—Biocides, antimicrobial agents, antiseptic agents
- A61L2300/406—Antibiotics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/60—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a special physical form
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- A61L2400/00—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L2400/12—Nanosized materials, e.g. nanofibres, nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes; Nanostructured surfaces
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to narioco ' rnposites useful for drug delivery applications which provide controlled delivery of therapeutic agents, including drug "depots", wound dressings, stents and tissue scaffolds.
- biomaterials can provide effective local deli very of therapeutic agents with controlled release kinetics.
- These biomaterials must, be able to meet challenging requirements for both mechanical and biological functionality in such criti-cal applications as implantable drug delivery depots, wound dressings and stents.
- the challenge is particularly acute for hydrophobic drugs with limited aqueous solubility that limits formulation concentrations and hence limits drug diffusion to target substrates such as pathogenic biofllm infections in chronic wounds and on orthopedic fracture fixation devices, peripheral nerves involved in chronic pain syndromes, solid tumors or cardiovascular stents experiencing restenosis.
- Biodegradable composites that combine the processability and viseoelasticity of biodegradable organic polymers with the mechanical strength of biodegradable ceramic filler materials offer significant potential, to meet these biomaterial performance requirements when, as is often the case, the properties of polymers or ceramics alone are inadequate. High mechanical.
- iMMIoj Early treatment of bodily wounds is generally limited to hemostasia and administration of pain medication.
- the initial treatment consists of applying hemostatic agents such as eh osan bandages and Quick-Clot , M zeolite.
- Wound dressings being deployed on the battlefield are not designed to deliver pain medication.
- Existing injectable hydrogelx, such as Durecfs SABER.' M system for delivery of bupivacaine are not designed for battlefield applications because they cannot withstand the conditions that occur during transport of patients to medical facilities.
- traditional anesthetic delivery systems such as direct injection, epidural catheters, and intra-articular indwelling catheters are not designed or convenient for battlefield applications.
- Staphylococcus aureus (MRS A), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enteroc.ocaisfae.cium, Escherichia cob, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobaeter species, and Acmeiabact.er bamnanni.
- Topical delivery of antimicrobials and other therapeutic agents is advantageous because systemic toxicity is avoided and high local concentrations can be achieved thai are often necessar to eradicate drug-resistant microbial biofiJms, particularly in cases where systemic delivery resulting from ischemia at wound sites can limit other parenteral or oral drug delivery routes.
- a moist environment promotes wound healing and this is generally accomplished in the clinic by ihe application of occlusi ve polymeric foydrogel wound dressings,
- Compartment syndrome occurs when elevated intramuscular pressure decreases vascular perfusion of a muscle compartment to a point no longer sufficient to maintain viability of the muscle and neural tissue contained within the compartment.
- Compartment syndromes can result from multiple types of injuries including orthopedic
- blast injury can only be part of soft tissue injury or it can be a combination of the other etiologies including components of orthopedic, vascular and/or soft tissue, More recently with the increasing number of casualties from blast injury, it is
- Compartment syndromes must be treated early in the time line of wound care that begins at the battlefield and ends in the hospital. If a compartment syndrome is not diagnosed early, a Volk- mann contracture can occur with massive loss of all tissues within the compartment. Untreated compartment syndrome can lead to tissue necrosis, permanent functional impairment, renal failure, and death. However, the standard diagnosis of compartment syndrome by clinical signs - including myoneural pain with passive stretch, paresthesia, and paresis - is often masked by other injuries in patients with blast injuries who suffe polytrauma, [0010
- Assisted Closure System is used to cover and protect the wound.
- the open wounds are then kept dressed for 48 to 72 hours until the patients are returned, to the operating room for a second look to allow further debridement of non-viable muscle tissue if Indicated. Fasciotomies,. however, extend hospital stays and change a closed injury to an. open injur)', greatly increasing the chance of ' infection. Further, there is s me debate about the criterion for performing a fasciotomy, with recommendations varying from prophylactic fasciotomy at norma! pressure to finding a pressure from 30 mm H to 45 mm Hg.
- ⁇ Mill ⁇ has been suggested that impeding the early cellular events leading to ischemia and pressure build up in the compartment can. be the first line of defense.
- Controlled release focuses on delivering biologically active agents locally over extended time periods.
- the site specificity of the delivery reduces the potential side effects that can be associated with general administration of drugs through oral, or parenteral therapy.
- Prevalent mechanisms for the delivery of biological agents by controlled release devices are either resorption of the drug carrier material or diffusion. The resorption of these devices can, however, cause an inflammatory tissue response which interferes with the treatment sought for with the biomotecules.
- nanocomposites are thus attractive bioactive biomatertals for appl.icalio.ns including w un dressings, tissue engineering applications;, cardiovascular stents and nerve guides or conduits.
- One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a
- copolymer-xeroge! nanocomposite comprising a biodegradable, biocompatible copolymer, silica nanoparticles and one or more therapeutic agen ts,
- a further embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of forming a therapeutic agent-loaded copolymer-xerogel nanocomposite, comprising the steps of :
- Another embodiment of the present invention provides drag depots, wound dressings, tissue scaffolds, cardiovascular stents and nerve guides containing the copolymer- xeroge! nanoeomposites.
- the devices are adapted to bind and release therapeutic agents, thereby providing controlled delivery of the therapeutic agents for healthcare applications.
- One embodiment of the invention is directed to a copolymer-xerogel nanocomposite, comprising a biodegradable, biocompatible copolymer, silica nanoparticles and one or more therapeutic agents, in a preferred embodiment, the biodegradable, biocompatible copolymer has a molecular weight greater than 20,000 Da! ons.
- the therapeutic agent comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of antibiotics, local anesthetics, and combinations of two or more thereof.
- the therapeutic agent is rifempiefn and/or bupivacaine.
- live biodegradable copolymer comprises a copolymer of tyrosme-pofy(alkyl.ene g3yeol ⁇ -derived poiyfether carbonate).
- the biodegradable copolyme comprises a polycarbonate comprising desaminotyrosyl tyrosine ester and poiyietnySene glycol).
- the above copolymer-xerogel nanocomposite is adapted to provide controlled release of the therapeutic agent(s). [0019
- Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of forming a therapeutic agent-loaded eopolymer-xerogel nanocomposite, comprising:
- the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of antibiotics, local anesthetics, and combinations of two or more thereof.
- the therapeutic agent is rifampicin and/or bupivacaine.
- a drug depot comprising the above nanocomposite
- a wound dressing comprising the above nanocomposite
- tissue scaffold comprising the above nanocomposite
- a cardiovascular stent comprising the above nanocomposite.
- the one or more therapeutic agents of the nanocomposite are selected from the group consisting of drugs which control restenosis.
- the cardiovascular stent is adapted to provide controlled release of the drugs which control restenosis.
- the therapeutic agents are selected from the group consisting of everolinms, sirolimus frapamycin), otaroiimus, and paclitaxei.
- FIG. 1 Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a method of treating a wound comprising applying to the wound a eopolymer-xerogel nanocomposite, comprising a biodegradable, biocompatible copolymer, silica nan.oparticl.es and one or more therapeutic agents.
- the method is adapted to provide controlled release of the therapeutic agent(s).
- the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consistin of antibiotics, local anesthetics, and combinations of two or more thereof
- said therapeutic agent is rifampicin and/or bupivacaine.
- Another embodiment of the invention is directed to a hollo tube nerve guide comprising the above nanocomposite.
- the one or more therapeutic agents of the nanocomposite are selected from the group consisting of neurotrophic factors.
- the hollow tube nerve guide is adapted to provide controlled release of the neurotrophic factors.
- FIG. 1 shows the chemical structure of tyrosine-? EG -derived poly(ether carbonate). Adjustable parameters are; x, the mole fraction, of the desaminotyrosyl tyrosine- derived monomer (DTK) (x is fixed at 90% in one embodiment) and y, the mole fraction of PEG (y is fixed at 10% in one embodiment); , the pendent alkyl chain length (i.e. the monomer is "DTE" when the pendent group is ethyl, or "DTO” when it is oct l); and the PEG molecular weight is fixed at 1 ,000 Daiions (degree of po!ymenzation ::: 23) in one embodiment.
- DTK desaminotyrosyl tyrosine- derived monomer
- PEG the pendent alkyl chain length
- the PEG molecular weight is fixed at 1 ,000 Daiions (degree of po!ymenzation ::: 23) in one embodiment
- FIG. 2 shows a nanocomposite film of the invention (QO01G/ 25) containing 25% silica xerogel before (A) and after (8) heating the film at 700 C C to bum off the poIy(DTO 10%.l > EGcarbonate) copolymer matrix,
- FIG. 4 shows the glass transition temperatures of composites as a function of silica xerogel particle sixe distributions.
- B001 Of Ik.) first bar
- Composites of HOC ) 10( 1 ) with micron-scale silica xerogel composites (gray bars) and E0010/N30 nanocomposite (black bar) are all at a fixed silica xerogel content of 30% (w/w).
- j 29J figure 5 displays the effect of silica xerogel content on the glass transition temperature, Tg, of nanocomposites.
- Figure 9 displays the hy irolytic mass loss of nancomposites as a function of silica content; v ⁇ copolymer (OO l 0); ATM nanocomposite with 5% xerogel; ⁇ TM naiiocomposite with 25% xerogel; « « nanocomposite with 50% xerogel.
- Figure .10 shows a graph of bupivacaine release from copolymer
- microcomposite and nanocomposite versus time: o - - copolymer poly(DTO-iO%PBG l k) carbonate (O0010), 0 ⁇ microcomposite (O0010/MSO) and A- nanocomposite (O0010/N50).
- the microcomposite and nanocomposite contain the same silica loading, 50 wt% 5 and the bupivacaine content is fixed at 8 wi% for ail of the samples.
- J003SJ Figure 1 1 shows a graph of the nanocomposite release of rifamplcin versus time. Rifarnpicin loading was 10% (wt:wt) in the poly(.DTO-10%PEG Ik) carbonate/10% silica (O0010/N 10) nanocomposite.
- the efficacy of prior controlled delivery devices for therapeutic agents is generally limited by the problem of so-called burst release .kinetics.
- the nanocomposites of the present invention rtxiuce or eliminate the burst release, instead. roviding continuous and constant rates of release of the therapeutic agent that are essential for sustained, effective therapeutic activity.
- the .nanocomposites uniquely combine materia! and drug delivery properties that are essential for wound dressings and various drug delivery applications.
- the inventive nanocomposites are biocompatible ⁇ i.e.
- biodegradable, flexible, mechanically robust, and in particular are formabie into various devices which are capable of providing continuous controlled release of a wide array of therapeutic agents for a useful period, of time.
- robust, flexible and formabie nature of the nanocomposites enables their use as implanted, depots or wound dressings not only in hospitals and civilian uses but also in the far more demanding conditions of military uses such as on a battlefield or field hospital.
- the silica nanopartieles are preferably biodegradable silica-baaed glass nanoparticS.es.
- a preferred route of processing the particles is by a sol-gel methodology, although other methods can be used.
- the polymers are preferably high molecular weight, biocompatible, biodegradable amphophilic hydrogels comprised of, for example, polyi vinyl alcohol) (FV ' A); poiy(al.kylene oxides), including poly(ethylene oxide) (PEG, or PEG); polycaprolaetone (PCI.,); polymers of desaniinotyrosyl tyrosine; poly(lactic acid) (FLA), polygiyeolie acid (PGA), copolymers of lactic and glycolic acid f PLGA); polysaccharides; peptides; and linear, block or graft copolymers of these.
- FV ' A polyi vinyl alcohol
- poiy(al.kylene oxides) including poly(ethylene oxide) (PEG
- Amphophilic polymer properties are conferred by the presence of one or more hydrophilic monomer units and one or more hydrophobic monomer units. Amphophilic properties enable sustained, controlled deliver of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.
- Examples o desaminotyr syl tyrosine polymers include polycarbonates, poly- ary!ates, poiylminiocarbonates, polyethers, poiyuretlianes, po!ycarbamates, polythiocarboaates, polycarbonodithionates, poiyphosphoesters, polyphosphazmes and polythiocarbamales of this monomer family.
- Polycarbonates, specifically poJyfarnide carbonates), as well as polyurelhanes, polycarbamates, po!ythiocarbonates, polycarbonodithionates and poiythiocarbamat.es are prepared by the process disclosed by U.S.
- Patent No, 5, 198,507 the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
- Methods adaptable for use to prepare polyary late- polymers of the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,317,077 and 5,658,995, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- Polyesters, specifically poly(ester amides) are prepared by the process disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 5,2.16,1 15, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Random block copolymers of these polymers with poly(alkylcne oxides) can be prepared as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,658,995, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
- Radio-opaque versions of the foregoing polymers are prepared according to the methods disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 6,475,477, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the polymers and copolymers can be cross-linked, either by covatent or ionic bonding, to form the hydrogels or to otherwise promote critical performance properties including gelling, fluid adsorption and increased mechanical strength.
- Versions of these polymers with free pendant earboxylic acid groups available for cross-linking are prepared according to the methods disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 6, 120,491 , the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein, by reference.
- Cross-linked versions of these polymers are prepared according to the methods disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 7,368,169, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the nanocomposites provide controllable binding and release of therapeutic agents, thereby providing controlled delivery of the therapeutic agents for healthcare applications.
- the polymers and the silica iianoparticles independently can contain therapeutic agents,, are independently capable of binding these agents, and can. i ndependently release such agents, it is sufficient that either the polymer or the nanoparticles contains therapeutic agents, although both can contain them.
- the nanocomposites of nanoparticles in various biocompatible, biodegradable polymers provides a unique matrix that enables better control of the kinetics of delivery of the therapeutic agents than can be attained by either the polymers or nanoparticles alone.
- the nanoparticles are embedded in . polymers having the form of a film, which enables the use of the outstanding release properties of the nanoparticles in applications where a solid sheet is needed for treatment, such as in wound dressings,
- the polymer-nanopartiele- nanocomposite is fabricated for use in the depot delivery of therapeutic agents such as organic drug compounds, genes, oligonucleotides, and proteins, and in wound treatment applications such as for compartment syndrome* chronic and phantom pain treatment * hemostasis and infectio control.
- therapeutic agents such as organic drug compounds, genes, oligonucleotides, and proteins
- wound treatment applications such as for compartment syndrome* chronic and phantom pain treatment * hemostasis and infectio control.
- therapeutic agents including, without limitation, antibiotics, local anesthetics, analgesics, vasodialaiors, and vasoconstrictors can be so delivered.
- nanocomposites can be formulated for pseudo-first order release of one or more therapeutic agents therefrom.
- biodegradable, biocompatible silica- polymeric nanocomposites that control delivery of local anesthetics and antibiotics directly to the wound site to provide pain relief and infection control.
- the biomaterial nanocomposite films provide sustained treatment of the peripheral nerves located at the wound site with a local anesthetic that functions as a sodium channel blocker to shut, down the tiring of the afferent axons that cam- the pain signals back to the brain. This- educes or eliminates the imprinting process in the central nervous system that is recognized as a key component of chronic pain.
- sustained delivery at the wound site of ami microbial agents eliminates infections caused by pathogenic biofUms that might otherwise lead to osteomyelitis, non-healing of bone fractures and other serious complications.
- a biocompatible nanocomposite designed to counteract the effects of compartment sy ndrome of the tissues.
- the present invention provides nanocomposites of biocompatible polymers and bio- resorbable silica-based sol-gels that deliver antt-apoptotie and pro-angiogenie factors to seal damaged cell membranes and thereby repair damaged tissues.
- the nanocomposites also absorb extracellular fluid within the compartment to reduce hydrostatic pressure and minimize the extent of damaged tissue.
- These treatments can be used prophylactic-ally to reduce, if not eliminate the need for fasciotoroies. When required, the treatments can be used to accelerate healing after lasciotomies.
- a cardiovascular stent comprising the inventive nanoeomposite.
- the therapeutic agents of the nanocomposi te are selected from the group consisting of drugs which control restenosis; These can include agents selected from the group consisting of everoiimus, sirolinius (rapamycm), zotarolimus, and paelitaxel.
- the cardiovascular stents of the invention are- adapted to provide controlled release of these drugs, which thereby eliminates, reduces, delays or otherwise controls the restenosis process. This control of restenosis can last from months to years, preferably 6 months to 5 years.
- Another aspect of the invention is directed to a hollow tube nerve guide or conduit comprising the inventive nanocomposite.
- the therapeutic agents of the .nanocomposite are selected from the group consisting of neurotrophic factors.
- the nerve guides of the invention are adapted to provide controlled release of the neurotrophic factors, thereby stimulating regeneration of nerve tissue.
- TEOS Tetraethyl orihosilicaie
- the resulting films are. found to be optically transparent ( Figure 2), which is indicative of dispersion of silica at sub-micron particle size. Afte burning off the copolymer at 700 °C, the residual silica maintains the original shape of the film sample, which is further indicative of the uniform dispersion of the silica throughout the copolymer matrix. The observed shrinking of the film is expected given that only 25% of the mass remains afterburning the copolymer.
- the glass transition temperature, Tg is a measure of the motion of polymer chain segments and is dependent on chain rigidity, cohesi ve energy density, polarity, molecular weight and cross-linking between chains. Above the Tg the cooperative movement of a certain number of backbone units is allowed and the polymer chains can slide past each other when a force is applied.
- Tg * s are all 38 ⁇ 39 w €, the same as that of the copolymer alone ( Figure 4).
- T his is indicative of minimal perturbation of polymer chain motions by the micron- scale silica particles and hence of weak kterfaciai interactions between the copolymers and silic particles.
- the Tg is 8.5 °C, which is 46 °C higher than that of the copolymer or the micron-scale xerogei particle composites. This is indicative of a significant interfacial interaction between, the copolymer chains and the nana- scale silica particles that significantly restricts copolymer chain segment mobility,
- nanocomposites preclude covalent. bonding between the copolymer chains and the silica, the observed Tg behavior with increasing xeroge! content is consistent with an increasing number of interfacial non-covaleni binding interactions including hydrogen bonding between silica-derived hydroxy 1 groups and the copolymer's PEG chain oxygen atoms and DTE amide group nitrogen atoms
- the Young's moduli for nanocomposites at silica xerogei concentrations between 0.5% and 5% were between 16 MPa and 384 MPa, about twice that of the po!yi DTE- 10%PEG 1 k.) carbonate copolymer alone, and increase rapidly to 920 MPa at 30% xerogei (Table I ⁇ .
- the EWC was also Jbund to decrease as the silica concentration increased, a trend that was seen with many but not ail composites and which depended upon the nature of the polymers nd inorganic components, their particle volume fraction and any non-cova ' lent or c valent bonding between the components.
- Nanocomposite degradation was faster than for i e copolymer alone, which was ascribed to the rapid dissolution of nano-scale silica particles. There was a significant mass loss in the first 24 hr for the nanocomposites of up to 8% for the 50% silica-containing specimen and, since the copolymer itself did not significantly degrade in that time frame, this mass loss of the nanocomposit.es was attributed to the rapid dissol ution of the silic nanopatticies adsorbed on or near the outer surfaces of the specimens.
- the water uptake and degradation rate of the composites can be increased by increasing the hydrophilic PEG content of the copolymers and can be decreased by substitution of the more hydrophobic DTO mononier for the DTE monomer.
- the drug-loaded copolymer is in a rubbery state (the Tg is 2°C).
- the nanocomposites are in a glassy state as evidenced by the higher Tg (59°C). Therefore the copolymer chain mobilities in. the nanocomposites are more restricted and water uptake is reduced, which slows drug solubilization and diffusion out of the nanocomposite compared to the pristine copolymer.
- the silica nanoparticl.es appear also to impede efflux from the nanocomposites by binding the drugs and/or by acting as physical barriers to flow.
- the drug in the microeomposites the drug is initially confined entirely within naiiopores of the xerogel particles and the copolymer matrix acts as a barrier membrane to further control water influx and drug efflux.
- the porosity of the micron-scale xerogel particles and the hydrophobieil of the copolymer matrix determine the drug release kinetics of the microeomposites. which for the O00I0/M50 is fester than for the nanocomposite and essentially zero-order, i.e., pseudo-zero order over the first 72 hr. ( Figure 10)
- essentially zero-order .release and “near zero-order release” refer to the release kinetics of polymer compositions under physiological conditions, in which the release rate of drug from the composition varies by no more than ⁇ 10% over the sustained release phase following the Initial burst for a period of about 1 week to about 4 years.
- One embodiment had a sustained release for a period between about one month to about three years.
- Additional, embodiments included compositions in which the release rate of drug from the composition varied by no more than ⁇ 9%, ⁇ 7,5%, or ⁇ 5% over the sustained release phase following the initial burst,
- the release profile can be shortened to less than one week by subsequent processing such as rinsing the blend to remove drug at or -near the surface or by coating the composition with a bioerodib!e polymer that is either drug free ot has a reduced drug content.
- the release rate of the antibiotic, rifarapicin, from the nanoeomposite was similar to that of bupivacaine from the nanocomposite.
- the initial loading of rifampicin wa 10% wt:wt in the po!y(DT010% PEGifc) carbonate ( ⁇ 0010 ⁇ .0) nanocomposite.
- the initial rifampicin release over the first 24 hr was about 10% of the rifampicin loading and this was followed by a slower second stage release rate.
- rifampicin is hydrophobic, with an octanol/water partition coefficient of log -2,72 and water solubility of 1.4 mg ml; similarly, for bupivacaine, the log P is 3.41 and the water solubility is 2.4 mg ml.
- the cumulative rifampicin release data are plotted as a function of t ! " they can be fit by a single straight line (correlation coefficient of 0.98) which is consistent with the Higuchi model for diffusion controlled drug release.
- the hydrogen bonding interfacial interactions between the large number ethylene oxide units in the copolymer backbone and the silica nanoparticles can act as physical cross-linkers and explain the reduced polymer chain mobility reflected by the increased Tg.
- the Tg behavior of the present nanocomposites contrasts with, similarly prepared nanocomposites based upon poly ⁇ K-eaproIactone) and TEOS-derived silica, where no significant increase in Tg is observed with increased silica content in the nanocomposites.
- the difference between the poiyfg- caprolactone) nanocomposites and poly(DTE ⁇ 10%PEG I k) carbonate nanocomposites can be ascribed to the large number of PEG oxygen atoms present in po.ly(! T ⁇ 1 ()%PHG I k) carbonate copolymers compared to the poiy(e-capfolactone), which provides only a very limited number of ester group oxygen atoms for hydrogen bonding to the silica-derived hydroxy! groups, and hence there is no significant increase in interfacial. hydrogen bondin as the silica nanoparticie content is increased in the poly(e ⁇ caprolactone) nanocomposites.
- nanocomposites of silica xerogels and tyrosine- po!yC ethylene glycol )-derived po!y(ether carbonates) provide a broad, tunable range of mechanical properties and bio.-degradabil.ity under physiological conditions.
- the strong tensile properties of the nanocomposites. and their controlled release of hydrophobic drugs make these biomateria!s highly attractive for applications such implantable drug delivery depots and wound dressings for treating ai ), and orthopedic infection, for tissue engineering substrates, for cardiovascular stents and for nerve guides or conduits.
- the polymers copolymers and silica nanoparticies independently can contain therapeutic agents, are independently capable of binding these agents, and can independently release such agents, it is sufficient that either the polymer or the nanoparticies contains
- nanocoinposite of the nanoparticks in the polymer pro vides a unique matrix that enables far better control of the kinetics of delivery of the therapeutic agents than can be attained by either the polymers or the nanoparticies alone.
- These nanoeomposUes provide uniq u control of binding and release of therapeutic agents, thereby providing controlled delivery of the therapeutic agents for healthcare applications.
- the nanoeomposUes carabine the advantages of the drug binding and release kinetics of silica sol- gels with the mechanical flexibility and drug binding of polycarbonate- films, and further, are uniquely formable into various devices,
- Th drug delivery system of the present invention permits fine tuning of drug loading and drug release kinetics while providing the mechanical strength and stability properties characteristic of heterogeneous nanoeompositea.
- the nanoeomposUes of the present invention are designed to reduce burst release and provide the continuous and constant rates of release of a therapeutic agent thai is essential for sustained, effective therapeutic activity.
- the release- of one or more therapeutic agents from the present nanoeomposUes can be pseudo first order release (le., the release kinetics of the present nanoconrposites can be characterized by a substantially constant release of therapeutic agent over time).
- Conditions for synthesizing the silica nanopartkles can be controlled to produce a particular controlled release profile for a therapeutic agent corresponding to a concentration with known therapeutic effect.
- the drug molecules, incorporated in nano-sized pore channels of the nanopartkles and non-covIERly bound by the copolymers of the biocompatible film, will release by diffusion through the aqueous phase that penetrates into the nanocomposiles.
- the parameters of the silica nanopartkle synthesis affects the fundamental properties of the particles that control release of the therapeutic agent. These parameters include specific surface area, granule or powder size, and pore size and porosity. Formation of
- nanoeomposites of nanoparticies in polymers can be by compression molding; the copolymer compositions (pendent ester R chain lengths, PEG molee-ular weight and PEG/DTR molar ratios) can be varied systematically to achieve an optimum loading efficiency of the drug-loaded silic sol-gel nanoparticles .and to improve the mechanical properties of the films, such as tensile and flex strengths.
- the .nanocoo posites of the present invention are useful in depot delivery of therapeutic agents such as organic drug compounds, genes, oligonucleotides, and proteins, and in wound treatment applications such as for compartment syndrome, chronic and phantom pain treatment, heniostasis, and infection control.
- the nanocomposites of the present invention can be useful in various therapeutic applications, including treatment of pain resulting from wounds and prophylactic * treatment of compartment syndrome associated, with wounds.
- silica-based nanoparticles and tyrosine-based copolymers can be synthesized to effectively bind and release therapeutic agents such as bupfvaca e and raepivacaine.
- sol-gels and copolymers can be synthesized to effectively bind and release anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenie factors. While the therapeutic nanocoraposiies of the present invention can be described in connection with a single drug, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the therapeutic nanocomposites are capable of concurrent delivery of multiple drugs.
- biocompatihe nanoeomposites applied directly to the wound site beginning as soon as possible after the wound or surgery occurs.
- the biocompatihe nanoeomposites provide sustained treatment of the peripheral nerves located at the wound site with a local anesthetic that functions as a sodium, channel blocker to shut down, the firing of the afferent axons that carry the pain signals back to the brain.
- This technology can potentially reduce or eliminate the imprinting process in the central nervous system that is recognized as a key component of chronic pain.
- a local anesthetic can be bound to a nanoconiposite matrix, comprised of silica nanoparticles incorporated in a tyrosine based polycarbon te- PEG film to provide controlled release of the anesthetic.
- the local anesthetic is preferably mepivieame or bupivicaine, because of their high activity with low cardiovascular side effects.
- the iianoeomposiies are preferably effective for up to 72 boors, permitting easy use on the battlefield, in combat support hospitals, and civilian and veterans' hospitals.
- silica oanoparticles silica sol
- biodegradable, biocompatible copolymer preferabl a desaminotyrosyl tyrosine ester-PEG carbonate copolymer.
- the immediate and sustained delivery of local anesthetic enables quicker recover times, shorter hospital stays, earlier achievement of phy sical therapy milestones, and lo were rates of narcotic use and abuse among military and civilian patient populations.
- a prophylactic treatment of a wound site to avoid the onset of compartment syndrome and associated fasctotomy treatment Even when faseiotomy is ultimately required, treatment in accordance with the invention provides for more rapid and complete healing of incision and wound sites.
- nanocomposites made from polymers such as tyrosine-based block copolymers and silica nanoparticies can be designed and formed as a polymer-nanoparticle wound dressing to remove fluid from injured muscle compartments,
- the biocompatible nanocomposites can be composed of ty rosine-based copolymers and silica sol-gels in the form of nanocomposite films or other shaped devices that are adapted to absorb 100% or more of their weight in body fluid while maintaining their flexibility, adhesion, and mechanical integrity.
- well-established synthetic polymer chemistry methods for forming cross-linked polymers can be employed.
- the nanocomposite dressing is capable of concurrently delivering a selected therapeutic agent to the wound site.
- the therapeutic agent can be incorporated in the resorbable nanocomposite of silica nanopattieSes and biodegradable, biocompatible copolymer.
- the therapeutic agent incorporated into the nanocomposite can include one or more of an anti- apoplotic factor, a pro-angi genie factor, and a polymeric surfactant
- Degradable polyesters polyt ' glyeolic acid) (PGA), poly (lactic aeld) (FLA), their copolymers (PLGA), and poiydioxanone, are the predominant synthetic, degradable polymers with extensive regulatory approval histories in the USA. Although the utility of these materials as sutures and in a number of drug delivery applications is well established, these polymers cannot meet many of the material properties required for drug delivery devices. j0092] For example, all of these polyesters release acidic degradation products, limiting their utility to applications where acidity at the implant site is not a concern.
- polyesters also tend to be .relatively rigid, inflexible materials, a disadvantage when, mechanical compliance with soft tissue or blood vessels is required,
- chemical properties of these polyesters is not substantially tunable, being limited to . nly a few combinations of fixed monomer structures, which limits thermodynamic and kinetic parameters that control drug binding and release.
- the present invention encompasses a broad class of tunable, desaminoiyrosyl tyrosine ester (DTK) diphenolic monomers that can be used to prepare polycarbonates and other polymer families. Amon these polymers, tyros ine-dersved polycarbonates have been studied most extensively and have been found to be tissue-compatible, strong, tough, hydrophobic materials thai degrade slowly under physiological conditions.
- DTK desaminoiyrosyl tyrosine ester
- tyrosine-based block copolymers rather than polylactides because of the tar greirter tunability of the tyrosine-based blocks and because the polylactides are known to have inflammatory effects s vivo whereas the tyrosine-based copolymers do. not.
- these .tyrosine-derived diphenolic monomers are eopolymerized with blocks of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a class of poly(eth.er carbonate is is obtained that is elasiomeric with remarkable tensi le strengths and elongations.
- Teiraethoxysilane was purchased from Strein Chemicals, Newbury- port, MA. Pyridine 99% was purchased from Ae.ros (MorrisPlains.MI). Polyfethyiene glycol) of molecular weight 1 ,000 (PEG I K) and bis(trichioromet yl)carb4)nate were purchased from Fluka (Milwaukee, T), Methylene chloride HPLC grade and methanol HPLC grade were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Morris Pkras,NJ).
- Tetrahydrofuran (TUP) high, purity sol vent stabilized with 250 ppm BHT was purchased from BM.D (Gibbstown, NJ), A-propanot bupivacaine hydrochloride, rifamptcin, Dulbecco's phosphate buffer saline, acefonitrile HPLC grade and water solution containing 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic- acid for HPLC were purchased from Sigma ASdrieh (Milwaukee, WT).
- copolymers are referred to as poly(DTR ⁇ co-/P.EG M carbonate) where R represents the type of ester pendent chain, / represents the percent molar fraction of PEG units present within the backbone, and M represents the molecular weight of the PEG blocks.
- po!y(DTE-eo ⁇ 5%PEG I (KK) carbonate) refers to a copolymer prepared from the ethyl ester of desam oiyTosyHyrosine containing 5 mo.l% of PEG blocks of a verage molecular weight of 1000 g/ ' mol.
- This molecular design provides tunability through three independent variables to enable optimization of materials properties (i) the pendent chain (ii) overaii PEG content /; and (Hi) length (molecular weight) M of the PEG block.
- Teirahydrofuran THF was then added to dilute the reaction mixture to a 5% (w/v) solution. j0097J The copolymer was precipitated by slowly adding the mixture into 10 volumes of ethyl ether. For further purification, copolymers with lower PEG content ( ⁇ 70% by weight) were redissoSved m THF (5% w/v) and repreeipitated by slowly adding the polymer solution into 10 volumes of water.
- Copolymers with higher PEG content (70% by weight) were redissob/ed in THF (10% w v) and reprecipitated by slowly adding the polymer solution into 10 volumes of isopropanol in each case, the precipitated copolymer was collected and dried under vacuum,
- the molecular weight of the copolymers can. be controlled by the duration of the reaction and determined by gel permeation chromatography using THF as the solvent and using polystyrene standards. Chemical structure and. polymer purity can be monitored by FT-I , H-N R, and C-NMR.
- the glass transition temperatures (T g ), crystallinity, and melting points of each copolymer can be determined by differential scanning c Sorimetry (DSC") and the decomposition temperature obiained by thermognsvimetrie analysis (TGA), with heating rales for both DSC and TGA of 10"C/min using an. average sample size of 15 mg.
- Polycarbonate copolymers of poly(etliylene glycol) (PEG) and desamlno- tyrosyi tyrosine esters (DTR) can be prepared by solution . phosgenation as illustrated in Figure 3. These copolymers have weight-average molecular weights up to about 200,000 and have symmetrical molecular weight distributions. To obtain structure-activity relationships, copolymers were prepared with either 5% PEG 1000 or 5% PEG2000 and different pendent ester chains (RTM E (ethyl), 8 (butyl), H (hexyl), and O (octyl)).
- RTM E ethyl
- 8 butyl
- H hexyl
- O octyl
- the effect of PEG content was determined by preparing a series of poly(DTE ⁇ co-PEG 1 00 carbonatej's with PEG content ranging from 1 mot% to 70 moi%.
- AH of these copolymers were soluble in common organic solvents and those with high PEG content (70 wt%) were also soluble in water.
- Increasin the length of the hydrophobic pendent R. chain lowers the glass transition temperature, T 3 ⁇ 4 , in a linear fashion.
- the copolymers were observed to be thermally stable up to abou 300°C.
- the binding and release of organic drug compounds by the copolymers is a function, of the hydrophobic! iy of the drug molecules as well as the hydrophobieity of the copolymer.
- the relative affinity of the copolymers for a drug can. be predicted by their thermodynamic solubility parameters. ⁇ 01. ⁇ ]
- Organosilanes such as tetraethyoxysilane (TEOS) or ietrarnethoxysilane (TMOS) were used as the precursor molecules for the synthesis of the silica sol-gels via hydrolysis and condensation reactions.
- the hydrolysis reaction which can be either acid or base catalyzed, replaces alkoxide groups with hydroxy!
- the po!y(eth.er carbonate) copolymer used throughout this study was composed of desammoryrosyl tyrosine ethyl ester (DTE) monomer and polyCethylene glycol) (PEG) of molecular weight 1 ,000 Daltons (Fig. I ), which is referred to as poly(DTE-co- .10%PE ⁇ .1 k carbonate) and abbreviated as E00I 0,
- poly(DTO-103 ⁇ 4PEGI k carbonate) contained desaminotyrosyl tyrosine octyl ester (DTO) monomer and PEG and is abbreviated as O0010.
- the two copolymers were synthesized following a previously reported method and their structure is illustrated in Figure I .
- the copolymer composition was confirmed by ⁇ N R ( MSO-rf ' i), Variaa VNMRS 400M& spectrometer) and Fourier transform infrared
- FTIR spectroscop
- M n number average and weight average (M3 ⁇ 4) molecular weights of the copolymer were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC; Waters Corp, 5 15 HPLC pump, 717 autosampier, 410 Ri detector, and Empower 2 software) with 103 and 105 Angstrom gel columns (Polymer Laboratories/ Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) in series, with ⁇ -!F as mobile phase and a flow rate of i ml mm 1 . Calibration was based on polystyrene standards (Polymer Laboratories/ Agilent),
- Mierocomposites of the copolymer and micron-scale xerogel particles were prepared via solution blending method.
- 350 mg EQ01.0 copolymer was dissolved in ? m.L THF and 150 mg dry xerogel with the desired particle size was vigourosly mixed in for 2 minutes.
- the slurry was then poured into a PTFE mold and the solvent was slowly evaporated over 48 h in the fume hood to yield a uniform film.
- the resulting film was dried under nitrogen flow for 24 h arid in a vacuum oven at 50°C for 24 h.
- micron-scale silica particle composites were abbreviated as, e.g., EOOIO/X 30(10), meaning a matrix of the copolymer EGO 10 containing 30% (wt:wt) silica xerogel (X) having a particle size of 10-20 ⁇
- the nanocomposites were prepared in situ by adding deio.nk.ed water to T.BOS in a 20 raL scintillation vial to obtain a watenTEOS molar ratio, Ms, of 6-1 .
- the TEOS hydrolysis reaction was catalyzed by adding 1 N HCl to a final concentration of 0.35 M HO.
- the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for about 16 l.rrs to allow complete TEOS hydrolysis without allowing the silica polycondensation reaction to reach the gel point. Volumes of silica sol were transferred into small vials containing 10% solutions of poly(DTE-l 0%PEG1 k carbonate) in glacial acetic acid.
- the silica sol volumes transferred and the copolymer amounts used were chosen such that the theoretical amount of SiC3 ⁇ 4 formed after hydrolysis corresponded to 0.5, 1 , 3, 5, 10, 25, 30 and 50 wi% SiGyoopolyraer In the final nanocomposites,
- the nanoeomposite solutions were then stirred for 5 minutes, poured into Teflon Petri dishes and dried under nitrogen .flow overnight, and then placed in a vacuum oven at 40°C for a total of 96 h.
- nano-seale silica composites were abbreviated as, e.g., EO010 N3O, meaning a nanocomposite (N) of E0010 copolymer with 30% (wt:wt) silica erogel.
- Transmission electron microscopy (TBM) of the nanocoraposite films was performed by embedding them in a low viscosity epoxy resin and then cutting 50 nm thick samples using an ultamicrotome equipped with diamond knife. The thin sections were transferred to carbon-coated copper grids (200-mesh) and imaged, in a JEOL lOOC transmission electron microscope operated at accelerating voltage of 100 kV. No heavy metal staining of sections prior to imaging was necessary.
- Thermogravimetrie (TGA) experiments were performed in air and the temperature was ramped from 25 to 600 deg C at a 10 deg/min rate.
- the glass transition temperature (Tg) was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (2 10 Modulated DSC, TA Instruments) on 10- 15 mg samples. Specimens were sealed in aluminum pans and subjected to a heat-cool-reheat temperature program from -50 to 150 a C at a heating rate of lO /mm. The glass transition temperature were taken as the inflection points in the second heating scans of the DSC temperature program.
Abstract
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US10835495B2 (en) | 2012-11-14 | 2020-11-17 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Compositions containing a biologically active material and a non-ordered inorganic oxide material and methods of making and using the same |
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WO2016168669A1 (en) * | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-20 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Biocompatible implants for nerve re-generation and methods of use thereof |
CN107530475A (en) * | 2015-04-15 | 2018-01-02 | 新泽西州立拉特格斯大学 | Biocompatible implant and its application method for nerve regneration |
US10940235B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2021-03-09 | Rutgers, The State University Of New Jersey | Biocompatible implants for nerve re-generation and methods of use thereof |
CN107530475B (en) * | 2015-04-15 | 2021-06-08 | 新泽西州立拉特格斯大学 | Biocompatible implants for nerve regeneration and methods of use thereof |
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