WO2013151443A1 - Combined power and heating station - Google Patents

Combined power and heating station Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013151443A1
WO2013151443A1 PCT/NO2013/050063 NO2013050063W WO2013151443A1 WO 2013151443 A1 WO2013151443 A1 WO 2013151443A1 NO 2013050063 W NO2013050063 W NO 2013050063W WO 2013151443 A1 WO2013151443 A1 WO 2013151443A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heat
energy
distribution network
amount
heat source
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO2013/050063
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Trond AAS
Harald Nes RISLÅ
Kjetil SØRVIG
Original Assignee
Viking Heat Engines As
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Viking Heat Engines As filed Critical Viking Heat Engines As
Priority to EP13772566.9A priority Critical patent/EP2839221B1/en
Priority to CN201380018773.6A priority patent/CN104395675A/en
Priority to JP2015504524A priority patent/JP6158911B2/en
Priority to US14/389,227 priority patent/US9222360B2/en
Priority to IN8832DEN2014 priority patent/IN2014DN08832A/en
Priority to KR1020147029507A priority patent/KR20150013132A/en
Publication of WO2013151443A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013151443A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01B—MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
    • F01B23/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01B23/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/18—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
    • F01K3/24—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters with heating by separately-fired heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K17/00—Using steam or condensate extracted or exhausted from steam engine plant
    • F01K17/02—Using steam or condensate extracted or exhausted from steam engine plant for heating purposes, e.g. industrial, domestic
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D10/00—District heating systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D12/00—Other central heating systems
    • F24D12/02—Other central heating systems having more than one heat source
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D18/00—Small-scale combined heat and power [CHP] generation systems specially adapted for domestic heating, space heating or domestic hot-water supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2101/00—Electric generators of small-scale CHP systems
    • F24D2101/60—Thermoelectric generators, e.g. Peltier or Seebeck elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2101/00—Electric generators of small-scale CHP systems
    • F24D2101/70—Electric generators driven by internal combustion engines [ICE]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2103/00—Thermal aspects of small-scale CHP systems
    • F24D2103/10—Small-scale CHP systems characterised by their heat recovery units
    • F24D2103/13—Small-scale CHP systems characterised by their heat recovery units characterised by their heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/04—Gas or oil fired boiler
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/06—Solid fuel fired boiler
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/11—Geothermal energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/16—Waste heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/32—Heat sources or energy sources involving multiple heat sources in combination or as alternative heat sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/10—The dispersed energy generation being of fossil origin, e.g. diesel generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/40—Geothermal heat-pumps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/70—Hybrid systems, e.g. uninterruptible or back-up power supplies integrating renewable energies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
    • Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier
    • Y02P80/15—On-site combined power, heat or cool generation or distribution, e.g. combined heat and power [CHP] supply

Definitions

  • a combined heat and power plant (CHP plant) is described, in which a primary heat source is in thermal contact with a heat distribution network for heat energy via a primary heat exchanger.
  • a method of operating a CHP plant is described as well.
  • the invention has for its object to remedy or reduce at least one of the drawbacks of the prior art or at least provide a useful alternative to the prior art.
  • the invention provides a combined heat and power (CHP) plant which, in addition to producing heat at a relatively low temperature (up to 120 °C), is self-sufficient in electrical energy and can possibly also deliver a surplus of electrical energy to an external electricity distribution network.
  • CHP combined heat and power
  • the CHP plant including a primary heat source, in which the combustion of a fuel, typically by biomass being burnt, provides for a primary heat-distribution fluid to achieve a prescribed
  • a heat-distribution network also called a district heat-distribution network
  • a secondary heat source in which the combustion of a fuel, typically the same type of fuel as in the primary heat source, provides for a secondary heat-distribution fluid to be heated to a temperature higher than that of the primary heat-distribution fluid, in order thereby to provide a more high-grade heat energy, which is used for the operation of an energy converter, typically a heat engine which drives an electric generator, or a thermoelectric generator which converts heat energy into electrical energy.
  • the electrical energy is used for the operation of the primary heat source and possibly all or parts of the heat-distribution network.
  • surplus energy may be transmitted to an external distribution network for electrical energy via an electrical interfacing device, which may also be used when the CHP plant has a deficiency of self-produced electrical energy, for example in a situation with a shutdown of the energy converter or the secondary heat source.
  • This may be achieved by means of one or more heat exchangers that transmit(s) residual heat from the energy converter to the primary heat-distribution fluid by all or parts of the primary heat-distribution fluid circulating through a heat exchanger in the energy converter.
  • the proportion between the primary and the secondary heat sources may typically lie in the range between 2: 1 and 20: 1, wherein, typically, the aim is to provide approximately 5 kW of electrical energy from the energy converter.
  • the secondary heat source will typically deliver heat in the range of 150-300 °C distributed by means of heated thermo-oil, pressurized water or the like, which in turn is circulated to the energy converter. In periods of less need for heat energy, it is conceivable that only the secondary heat source is kept operative, as surplus heat (residual heat) from the energy converter provides a sufficient energy supply to the heat-distribution network.
  • the electrical energy supplied from the energy converter may also be distributed on the external electricity distribution network, before it is then directed back to the internal electricity distribution network. This is generally done in cases in which a metering system records energy in versus energy out, and separate meters can thereby be used to monitor the energy flow into and out of the system.
  • a metering system records energy in versus energy out, and separate meters can thereby be used to monitor the energy flow into and out of the system.
  • the electrical interfacing device may be restricted to forming only an interface between the energy converter and the external electricity distribution network, as the internal electricity distribution network will then always be directly connected to the external electricity distribution network.
  • the invention is not limited to one specific configuration.
  • the primary heat source may also include heat sources which are not based on combustion, for example various waste-heat sources or geothermal heat sources.
  • the heat-exchanger fluid circuit which is connected to the secondary heat source may also be provided with a bypass heat exchanger, which can transfer heat directly to the heat distribution network whenever needed, for example during a shutdown of the energy converter.
  • thermofluids For heat conveyance in general, several types of thermofluids can be used, and the most obvious ones will be water, air or various industrial heat-transmission fluids such as various thermo-oils or silicone oils.
  • the heat distribution network may consist of an air inlet, a fan, pipes and heat exchangers and also a hot-air outlet, wherein the hot air may be used for heating or, for example, drying of different materials, for example biomass.
  • the heat distribution network will be an open system, as the thermofluid, the air, that is, will be exchanged with the atmosphere all the time, as opposed to closed systems, such as most local/district heating plants which often use a closed circuit with water as the thermofluid.
  • the invention relates more specifically to a combined heat and power plant in which at least a primary heat source is thermally connected to a heat distribution network for heat energy via one or more primary heat exchangers, characterized by at least one secondary heat source being thermally connected to one or more energy converters arranged to generate, when an amount of heat energy is supplied from the at least one secondary heat source, an amount of electrical energy for an internal electricity distribution network in the CHP plant.
  • the internal electricity distribution network and an external electricity distribution network may be electrically interconnected via an electrical interfacing device arranged to transmit at least parts of the generated amount of electrical energy from said energy converter(s) to the external electricity distribution network.
  • the electrical interfacing device may be arranged for transmitting an amount of electrical energy at least corresponding to the amount of electrical energy generatable in said energy converter from the external electricity distribution network to the internal electricity distribution network.
  • the heat distribution network may include at least one tertiary heat exchanger which is thermally connected to one or more of said energy converters and is arranged for the transmission of an amount of residual heat energy from said energy converter(s).
  • Said tertiary heat exchanger(s) may be arranged upstream of said primary heat exchanger(s).
  • An air pre-heater may be thermally connected to one or more of said energy converters and may be arranged to receive a portion of an amount of residual heat energy from said energy converter(s).
  • the ratio between the nominal thermal power capacity of the primary heat source and the nominal thermal power capacity of the secondary heat source may be in the range of 2 : 1-20: 1.
  • the invention relates more specifically to a method of operating a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, characterized by the method including the following steps:
  • a l in order to, by thermal contact between at least one primary heat source and the heat distribution network via one or more primary heat exchangers, transmit heat energy from said primary heat source(s) to a thermofluid in the distribution network; b) by means of one or more energy converters, converting into electrical energy an amount of heat energy which is supplied to said energy converter(s) from at least one secondary heat source;
  • the method may include the further step of:
  • a2) by thermal contact between the at least one secondary heat source and the heat distribution network, supplying an amount of heat energy via at least one tertiary heat exchanger in the form of residual heat from the conversion, by said energy converter(s), into electrical energy of the amount of heat energy supplied from said secondary heat source.
  • the method may include the further step of:
  • the method may include the further step of:
  • Figure 1 shows a principle drawing of a district heating plant according to the prior art
  • Figure 2 shows a principle drawing of a first embodiment of a combined heat and power plant according to the invention
  • Figure 3 shows a principle drawing of a second embodiment of a combined heat and power plant according to the invention.
  • Figure 4 shows a principle drawing of a third embodiment of a combined heat and power plant according to the invention.
  • the reference numeral 1 indicates a combined heat and power (CHP) plant according to the invention.
  • a primary heat source 11 is connected to a heat distribution network 15 arranged to deliver heat energy Q at a heat consumer 16.
  • the primary heat source 11 may be a boiler normally dimensioned per se, having a nominal output of 0.1-1 MW.
  • the primary heat source 11 may be heated through the burning of a supply fuel 18 suitable therefor, for example biomass, under a supply of air 181, an amount of heat energy Q L1 being made available to a primary heat exchanger 111 which forms part of the circulation circuit formed by the heat distribution network 15.
  • the primary heat source 11 heats a first heat distribution fluid suitable therefor, for example water or a thermo-oil, which circulates in the heat distribution network 15 with an outlet temperature limited to approximately 120 °C at a pressure not exceeding approximately 2 bars.
  • a first heat distribution fluid suitable therefor for example water or a thermo-oil, which circulates in the heat distribution network 15 with an outlet temperature limited to approximately 120 °C at a pressure not exceeding approximately 2 bars.
  • a secondary heat source 12 may be a smaller boiler with a nominal output of approximately 50 kW.
  • the secondary heat source 12 may be heated through the burning of a fuel 18' suitable therefor, for example the same type of fuel as that used by the primary heat source 11, under a supply of air 181, an amount of heat energy Q L 2 being made available to a first secondary heat exchanger 121.
  • the secondary heat source 12 heats a second heat distribution fluid suitable therefor, for example water under overpressure or a thermo-oil, circulating in a heat-exchanger fluid circuit 122, to an outlet temperature considerably higher than 120 °C, typically 150-300 °C.
  • An amount of heat energy Q H is transmitted to a second secondary heat exchanger 131 in an energy converter 13, typically formed as a heat engine or a thermoelectric generator, which, by means of the heat energy Q H supplied, generates electrical energy P E i_, typically at a nominal power output of approximately 5 kW.
  • the electrical energy P E i_ which is delivered to an internal electricity distribution network 19, is used for the operation of electrical components (not shown) connected to the primary heat source 11 and possible other electric consumers in the CHP plant 1.
  • the heat distribution network 15 forms a closed circuit for the circulation of the first heat distribution fluid and the transmission of an amount of heat energy Q to one or more heat-energy consumers 16, shown schematically here as one heat-energy consumer 16.
  • the heat distribution network 15 is additionally connected to a tertiary heat exchanger 151 arranged in the energy converter 13 and arranged to transmit residual heat energy Q L from the energy converter 13 and thereby preheat the return flow of the cooled, first heat distribution fluid circulating in the heat distribution network 15.
  • the residual heat energy Q L is advantageously supplied upstream of the primary heat exchanger 111 to the primary heat source 11 to achieve a lowest possible heat-sink temperature for the energy converter 13 and thereby high efficiency.
  • an air pre-heater 182 may be used, which, in the embodiment shown according to figure 4, gets heat supplied from the heat distribution network 15 which, downstream of the tertiary heat exchanger 151, is laid in a loop passing through the air pre-heater 182.
  • the air pre-heater 182 may be connected to a separate heat distribution circuit (not shown) which is in thermal contact with the energy converter 13, for example via the tertiary heat exchanger 151 or a further heat exchanger (not shown) arranged in connection with the energy converter 13 for the transmission of a portion of the residual heat energy Q L .
  • the supply of residual heat energy Q L by the energy converter 13, according to the embodiments shown in the figures 3 and 4, may be sufficient to cover the demand for heat energy Q.
  • the operation of the primary heat source 11 may be stopped.
  • the need for electrical energy P E i_ will decrease, and the residual heat energy Q L available may be increased.
  • the proportion between the primary and secondary heat sources 11, 12 is typically 2 : 1-20: 1, that is to say the primary heat source 11 may be provided with a burner of an ordinary size for this type of plant, that is to say typically between 100 and 1000 kW, whereas the secondary heat source is provided with a relatively small burner, typically of approximately 50 kW.
  • the CHP plant 1 may be used for a great number of purposes in which heat energy generated by the combustion of a fuel is to be distributed. Typical areas of application are plants for burning waste, biomass, regular district heating plants, wood driers (chips, shavings and sawn-timber driers) and so on.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Air Supply (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Steam Or Hot-Water Central Heating Systems (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
  • Greenhouses (AREA)

Abstract

A combined heat and power plant (1) is described, in which at least one primary heat source (11) is thermally connected to a heat distribution network (15) for heat energy (Q) via one or more primary heat exchangers (111), and in which at least one secondary heat source (12) is thermally connected to one or more energy converters (13) arranged to, when an amount of heat energy (QH) is supplied from the at least one secondary heat source, generate an amount of electrical energy (PEL) for an internal electricity distribution network (19) in the combined heat and power plant (1). A method of operating a combined heat and power plant (1) is described as well.

Description

COMBINED POWER AND HEATING STATION
A combined heat and power plant (CHP plant) is described, in which a primary heat source is in thermal contact with a heat distribution network for heat energy via a primary heat exchanger. A method of operating a CHP plant is described as well.
Modern district heating stations use, to a great extent, biomass as the energy source, the biomass being burnt and the energy released being utilized to heat water to a suitable temperature. To avoid coming under regulatory requirements, for example, for steam boilers or the like, such district heating plants are, as a rule, operated at a temperature not higher than 120 °C and a working pressure of up to 2 bars. In spite of their, in part, large energy production, plants cannot be operated as independent units as they must have electrical energy from an external distribution network for the operation of pumps et cetera.
The invention has for its object to remedy or reduce at least one of the drawbacks of the prior art or at least provide a useful alternative to the prior art.
The object is achieved through features which are specified in the description below and in the claims that follow.
The invention provides a combined heat and power (CHP) plant which, in addition to producing heat at a relatively low temperature (up to 120 °C), is self-sufficient in electrical energy and can possibly also deliver a surplus of electrical energy to an external electricity distribution network. This is achieved by the CHP plant including a primary heat source, in which the combustion of a fuel, typically by biomass being burnt, provides for a primary heat-distribution fluid to achieve a prescribed
temperature, typically up to 120 °C, for circulation in a heat-distribution network, also called a district heat-distribution network, and in which, in addition to the primary heat source, a secondary heat source is arranged, in which the combustion of a fuel, typically the same type of fuel as in the primary heat source, provides for a secondary heat-distribution fluid to be heated to a temperature higher than that of the primary heat-distribution fluid, in order thereby to provide a more high-grade heat energy, which is used for the operation of an energy converter, typically a heat engine which drives an electric generator, or a thermoelectric generator which converts heat energy into electrical energy. The electrical energy is used for the operation of the primary heat source and possibly all or parts of the heat-distribution network. In addition, surplus energy may be transmitted to an external distribution network for electrical energy via an electrical interfacing device, which may also be used when the CHP plant has a deficiency of self-produced electrical energy, for example in a situation with a shutdown of the energy converter or the secondary heat source.
It may also be a purpose of the invention to utilize residual heat from the energy converter, this residual heat being transmitted, to the greatest extent possible, to the primary heat-distribution fluid that is used to transmit heat energy from the CHP plant to consumers connected to an associated heat-distribution network. This may be achieved by means of one or more heat exchangers that transmit(s) residual heat from the energy converter to the primary heat-distribution fluid by all or parts of the primary heat-distribution fluid circulating through a heat exchanger in the energy converter.
The proportion between the primary and the secondary heat sources may typically lie in the range between 2: 1 and 20: 1, wherein, typically, the aim is to provide approximately 5 kW of electrical energy from the energy converter.
The secondary heat source will typically deliver heat in the range of 150-300 °C distributed by means of heated thermo-oil, pressurized water or the like, which in turn is circulated to the energy converter. In periods of less need for heat energy, it is conceivable that only the secondary heat source is kept operative, as surplus heat (residual heat) from the energy converter provides a sufficient energy supply to the heat-distribution network.
In some cases, the electrical energy supplied from the energy converter may also be distributed on the external electricity distribution network, before it is then directed back to the internal electricity distribution network. This is generally done in cases in which a metering system records energy in versus energy out, and separate meters can thereby be used to monitor the energy flow into and out of the system. In several existing European small hydro-electric power stations, that is the way it works today. In other words, all the power produced is first fed out on the external network, as power consumed in the internal network is always taken from the external network. In that respect, the electrical interfacing device may be restricted to forming only an interface between the energy converter and the external electricity distribution network, as the internal electricity distribution network will then always be directly connected to the external electricity distribution network. There are also more ways of configuring the electricity distribution flow in and at a CHP plant, and the invention is not limited to one specific configuration.
The primary heat source may also include heat sources which are not based on combustion, for example various waste-heat sources or geothermal heat sources.
The heat-exchanger fluid circuit which is connected to the secondary heat source may also be provided with a bypass heat exchanger, which can transfer heat directly to the heat distribution network whenever needed, for example during a shutdown of the energy converter.
For heat conveyance in general, several types of thermofluids can be used, and the most obvious ones will be water, air or various industrial heat-transmission fluids such as various thermo-oils or silicone oils.
In a simple embodiment, the heat distribution network may consist of an air inlet, a fan, pipes and heat exchangers and also a hot-air outlet, wherein the hot air may be used for heating or, for example, drying of different materials, for example biomass. In such a case, the heat distribution network will be an open system, as the thermofluid, the air, that is, will be exchanged with the atmosphere all the time, as opposed to closed systems, such as most local/district heating plants which often use a closed circuit with water as the thermofluid.
In a first aspect, the invention relates more specifically to a combined heat and power plant in which at least a primary heat source is thermally connected to a heat distribution network for heat energy via one or more primary heat exchangers, characterized by at least one secondary heat source being thermally connected to one or more energy converters arranged to generate, when an amount of heat energy is supplied from the at least one secondary heat source, an amount of electrical energy for an internal electricity distribution network in the CHP plant.
The internal electricity distribution network and an external electricity distribution network may be electrically interconnected via an electrical interfacing device arranged to transmit at least parts of the generated amount of electrical energy from said energy converter(s) to the external electricity distribution network. The electrical interfacing device may be arranged for transmitting an amount of electrical energy at least corresponding to the amount of electrical energy generatable in said energy converter from the external electricity distribution network to the internal electricity distribution network.
The heat distribution network may include at least one tertiary heat exchanger which is thermally connected to one or more of said energy converters and is arranged for the transmission of an amount of residual heat energy from said energy converter(s).
Said tertiary heat exchanger(s) may be arranged upstream of said primary heat exchanger(s).
An air pre-heater may be thermally connected to one or more of said energy converters and may be arranged to receive a portion of an amount of residual heat energy from said energy converter(s).
The ratio between the nominal thermal power capacity of the primary heat source and the nominal thermal power capacity of the secondary heat source may be in the range of 2 : 1-20: 1.
In a second aspect, the invention relates more specifically to a method of operating a combined heat and power (CHP) plant, characterized by the method including the following steps:
a) providing an amount of heat energy for one or more heat-energy consumers connected to a heat distribution network,
a l) in order to, by thermal contact between at least one primary heat source and the heat distribution network via one or more primary heat exchangers, transmit heat energy from said primary heat source(s) to a thermofluid in the distribution network; b) by means of one or more energy converters, converting into electrical energy an amount of heat energy which is supplied to said energy converter(s) from at least one secondary heat source;
c) transmitting the electrical energy from said energy converter(s) to an internal electricity distribution network;
d) when there is a surplus of electrical energy, transmitting to an external electricity distribution network a portion of the generated electrical energy via an electrical interfacing device; and
e) when there is a deficiency of electrical energy, transmitting electrical energy from the external electricity distribution network to the internal electricity distribution network via the electrical interfacing device. The method may include the further step of:
a2) by thermal contact between the at least one secondary heat source and the heat distribution network, supplying an amount of heat energy via at least one tertiary heat exchanger in the form of residual heat from the conversion, by said energy converter(s), into electrical energy of the amount of heat energy supplied from said secondary heat source.
The method may include the further step of:
f) supplying the amount of heat energy via said tertiary heat exchanger(s) upstream of said primary heat source(s).
The method may include the further step of:
g) supplying heat energy to an air supply for said primary heat source(s) by means of an air pre-heater, the heat energy being, at least in part, residual heat energy from said energy converter(s).
In what follows, an example of a preferred embodiment is described, which is visualized in accompanying drawings, in which :
Figure 1 shows a principle drawing of a district heating plant according to the prior art;
Figure 2 shows a principle drawing of a first embodiment of a combined heat and power plant according to the invention;
Figure 3 shows a principle drawing of a second embodiment of a combined heat and power plant according to the invention; and
Figure 4 shows a principle drawing of a third embodiment of a combined heat and power plant according to the invention.
Reference is made in particular to the figures 2, 3 and 4 as regards the description of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The prior art, as it appears from figure 1, exhibits some principal features shared by the invention, and like elements are indicated by the same reference numerals.
The reference numeral 1 indicates a combined heat and power (CHP) plant according to the invention. A primary heat source 11 is connected to a heat distribution network 15 arranged to deliver heat energy Q at a heat consumer 16. The primary heat source 11 may be a boiler normally dimensioned per se, having a nominal output of 0.1-1 MW. The primary heat source 11 may be heated through the burning of a supply fuel 18 suitable therefor, for example biomass, under a supply of air 181, an amount of heat energy QL1 being made available to a primary heat exchanger 111 which forms part of the circulation circuit formed by the heat distribution network 15. Via the primary heat exchanger 111, the primary heat source 11 heats a first heat distribution fluid suitable therefor, for example water or a thermo-oil, which circulates in the heat distribution network 15 with an outlet temperature limited to approximately 120 °C at a pressure not exceeding approximately 2 bars.
A secondary heat source 12 may be a smaller boiler with a nominal output of approximately 50 kW. The secondary heat source 12 may be heated through the burning of a fuel 18' suitable therefor, for example the same type of fuel as that used by the primary heat source 11, under a supply of air 181, an amount of heat energy QL2 being made available to a first secondary heat exchanger 121. The secondary heat source 12 heats a second heat distribution fluid suitable therefor, for example water under overpressure or a thermo-oil, circulating in a heat-exchanger fluid circuit 122, to an outlet temperature considerably higher than 120 °C, typically 150-300 °C. An amount of heat energy QH is transmitted to a second secondary heat exchanger 131 in an energy converter 13, typically formed as a heat engine or a thermoelectric generator, which, by means of the heat energy QH supplied, generates electrical energy PEi_, typically at a nominal power output of approximately 5 kW. The electrical energy PEi_ which is delivered to an internal electricity distribution network 19, is used for the operation of electrical components (not shown) connected to the primary heat source 11 and possible other electric consumers in the CHP plant 1.
An electrical interfacing device 14, for example an inverter, is connected to the internal electricity distribution network 19 in the CHP plant 1 and an external electricity distribution network 17 in such a way that a surplus of electrical energy PEi_ from the energy converter 13 can be supplied to the electricity distribution network 17, and a deficiency in energy PEL from the energy converter 13 can be covered by a supply from the electricity distribution network 17, for example in a situation in which a shutdown of the secondary heat source 12 or the energy converter 13 will require a supply from external electrical-energy sources.
The heat distribution network 15 forms a closed circuit for the circulation of the first heat distribution fluid and the transmission of an amount of heat energy Q to one or more heat-energy consumers 16, shown schematically here as one heat-energy consumer 16. In the embodiment shown in the figures 3 and 4, the heat distribution network 15 is additionally connected to a tertiary heat exchanger 151 arranged in the energy converter 13 and arranged to transmit residual heat energy QL from the energy converter 13 and thereby preheat the return flow of the cooled, first heat distribution fluid circulating in the heat distribution network 15. The residual heat energy QL is advantageously supplied upstream of the primary heat exchanger 111 to the primary heat source 11 to achieve a lowest possible heat-sink temperature for the energy converter 13 and thereby high efficiency.
It may be an advantage to preheat the air supply 181 to increase the efficiency of the primary heat source 11 in particular. For this purpose, an air pre-heater 182 may be used, which, in the embodiment shown according to figure 4, gets heat supplied from the heat distribution network 15 which, downstream of the tertiary heat exchanger 151, is laid in a loop passing through the air pre-heater 182. In an embodiment not shown, the air pre-heater 182 may be connected to a separate heat distribution circuit (not shown) which is in thermal contact with the energy converter 13, for example via the tertiary heat exchanger 151 or a further heat exchanger (not shown) arranged in connection with the energy converter 13 for the transmission of a portion of the residual heat energy QL.
When there is little need for heat energy, for example in summer, the supply of residual heat energy QL by the energy converter 13, according to the embodiments shown in the figures 3 and 4, may be sufficient to cover the demand for heat energy Q. In such a situation, the operation of the primary heat source 11 may be stopped. When the operation of the primary heat source 11 is stopped, the need for electrical energy PEi_ will decrease, and the residual heat energy QL available may be increased.
The proportion between the primary and secondary heat sources 11, 12 is typically 2 : 1-20: 1, that is to say the primary heat source 11 may be provided with a burner of an ordinary size for this type of plant, that is to say typically between 100 and 1000 kW, whereas the secondary heat source is provided with a relatively small burner, typically of approximately 50 kW.
The CHP plant 1 according to the invention may be used for a great number of purposes in which heat energy generated by the combustion of a fuel is to be distributed. Typical areas of application are plants for burning waste, biomass, regular district heating plants, wood driers (chips, shavings and sawn-timber driers) and so on.

Claims

C l a i m s
1. A combined heat and power plant (1) in which at least one primary heat source (11) is thermally connected to a heat distribution network (15) for heat energy (Q) via one or more primary heat exchangers (111), c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that at least one secondary heat source (12) is thermally connected to one or more energy converters (13) arranged to, when an amount of heat energy (QH) is supplied from the at least one secondary heat source (12), generate an amount of electrical energy (PEi_) for an internal electricity distribution network (19) in the combined heat and power plant (1).
2. The combined heat and power plant (1) according to claim 1, wherein the internal electricity distribution network (19) and an external electricity distribution network (17) are electrically interconnected via an electrical interfacing device (14) arranged for the transmission of at least parts of the generated amount of electrical energy (PEL) from said energy converter(s) (13) to the external electricity distribution network (17).
3. The combined heat and power plant (1) according to claim 2, wherein the electrical interfacing device (14) is arranged for the transmission of an amount of electrical energy at least corresponding to the amount of electrical energy (PEi_) generatable in said energy converter(s) (13) from the external electricity distribution network (17) to the internal electricity distribution network (19).
4. The combined heat and power plant (1) according to claim 1, wherein the heat distribution network (15) includes at least one tertiary heat exchanger (151) which is thermally connected to (one of) said energy converter(s) (13) and is arranged for the transmission of an amount of residual heat energy (QL) from said energy converter(s) (13).
5. The combined heat and power plant (1) according to claim 4, wherein said tertiary heat exchanger(s) (151) is/are arranged upstream of said primary heat exchanger(s) (111).
6. The combined heat and power plant (1) according to claim 1, wherein an air pre-heater (182) is thermally connected to one or more of said energy converters ( 13) and is arranged to receive a portion of an amount of residual heat energy (QL) from said energy converter(s) (13).
7. The combined heat and power plant (1) according to claim 1, wherein the ratio between the nominal thermal power capacity (QLi) of the primary heat source (11) and the nominal thermal power capacity (QL∑) of the secondary heat source (12) is in the range of 2: 1-20: 1.
8. A method of operating a combined heat and power plant (1), c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the method includes the following steps: a) providing an amount of heat energy (Q) for one or more heat-energy consumers (16) connected to a heat distribution network (15),
al) in order to, by thermal contact between at least one primary heat source (11) and the heat distribution network (15) and via one or more primary heat exchangers (111), transmitting heat energy from said primary heat source(s) (11) to a thermofluid (152) in the distribution network (15); b) by means of one or more energy converters (13), converting into electrical energy (PEL) an amount of heat energy (QH) which is supplied to said energy converter(s) (13) from at least one secondary heat source (12); c) transmitting the electrical energy (PEi_) from said energy converter(s) (13) to an internal electricity distribution network (19);
d) when there is a surplus of electrical energy, transmitting to an external electricity distribution network (17) a portion of the generated electrical energy (PEi_) via an electrical interfacing device (14); and e) when there is a deficiency in electrical energy, transmitting electrical energy from the external electricity distribution network (17) to the internal electricity distribution network (19) via the electrical interfacing device (14).
9. The method in accordance with claim 8, wherein the method includes the further step of:
a2) by thermal contact between the at least one secondary heat source (12) and the heat distribution network (15), supplying an amount of heat energy via at least one tertiary heat exchanger (151) in the form of residual heat energy (QL) from the conversion, by said energy converter(s) (13), into electrical energy (PEi_) of the amount of heat energy (QH) supplied from said secondary heat source (12).
10. The method in accordance with claim 9, wherein the method includes the further step of:
f) supplying the amount of heat energy via said tertiary heat exchanger(s) (151) upstream of said primary heat source(s). The method in accordance with claim 8, wherein the method includes the further step of:
g) supplying heat energy to an air supply (181) for said primary heat source(s) (11) by means of an air pre-heater (182), the heat energy being at least in part, residual heat energy (QL) from said energy converter(s) (13).
PCT/NO2013/050063 2012-04-04 2013-04-03 Combined power and heating station WO2013151443A1 (en)

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EP13772566.9A EP2839221B1 (en) 2012-04-04 2013-04-03 Combined power and heating station
CN201380018773.6A CN104395675A (en) 2012-04-04 2013-04-03 Combined power and heating station
JP2015504524A JP6158911B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2013-04-03 Combined heat and power station
US14/389,227 US9222360B2 (en) 2012-04-04 2013-04-03 Combined power and heating station
IN8832DEN2014 IN2014DN08832A (en) 2012-04-04 2013-04-03
KR1020147029507A KR20150013132A (en) 2012-04-04 2013-04-03 Combined power and heating station

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NO20120412A NO336971B1 (en) 2012-04-04 2012-04-04 CHP plants for a district or district heating plant and method of operation of a CHP plant

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KR20150013132A (en) 2015-02-04
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EP2839221A4 (en) 2016-03-23
US9222360B2 (en) 2015-12-29
US20150069756A1 (en) 2015-03-12
IN2014DN08832A (en) 2015-05-22
EP2839221A1 (en) 2015-02-25
NO336971B1 (en) 2015-12-07
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CN104395675A (en) 2015-03-04
JP6158911B2 (en) 2017-07-05

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