Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
  • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
  • B01D61/06—Energy recovery
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
  • B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
  • B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
  • B01D61/026—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration comprising multiple reverse osmosis steps
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
  • B01D2313/24—Specific pressurizing or depressurizing means
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
  • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
  • Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis

Definitions

• the present invention generally relates to a method and system for desalinating water with variable salinity.
• RO Reverse osmosis
• Sea water typically contains from about 25000 to 45000 parts per million (ppm) of total dissolved solids (“TDS”) whereas the term brackish water is commonly used to refer to water that has lower salinity compared to sea water but higher salinity compared to fresh water.
• Brackish water typically contains from about 500 to 5000 ppm TDS.
• Reverse osmosis desalination plants that are equipped to treat a full variation of salinity water, for example, salinity water ranging from seawater to brackish water, typically comprise a seawater RO system to treat seawater and a separate brackish water RO system to treat brackish water.
• a seawater RO system to treat seawater
• a separate brackish water RO system to treat brackish water.
• brackish water is usually subjected to reverse osmosis at a lower pressure and high recovery rate as compared to sea water.
• the seawater RO systems and brackish water RO system are typically operated separately and independently of one another.
• a system for desalinating saline water comprising: (a) a first reverse osmosis (RO) stage comprising one or more pressure vessels, said first RO stage configured to receive a feed stream of saline water to thereby produce a first reject stream and a first permeate, stream, wherein the permeate stream contains lower salinity - relative to the reject stream; (b) a second RO stage comprising one or more pressure vessels, said second RO stage being configured to receive the first reject stream to thereby produce a second reject stream and a second permeate stream; (c) a variable pressurizing means located upstream of said RO stages, said variable pressurizing means capable of adjusting the pressure of said feed stream; and (d) a pressure recovery means configured to recover energy from said second reject stream wherein the pressure recovery means is capable of adjusting the pressure of said feed stream.
• RO reverse osmosis
• An advantage of the disclosed system resides in the provision of at least two integrated pressure control means, including the variable pressurizing means and the pressure recovery means, to control and generate optimal pressures of the feed stream entering the first or second RO stage based on the salinity of the feed stream to cause effective desalination. Consequently, the disclosed system can be used to handle feed stream containing a full variation of salinity ranging from 2000 ppm to 45000 ppm of TDS.
• Yet another advantage of the disclosed system lies in its improved energy efficiency as the energy of the highly pressurized second reject stream can be substantially recovered by the pressure ' recovery means.
• the recovered energy may then be applied to the incoming feed stream to thereby reduce the pressure load on the variable pressurizing means.
• the pressure recovery means also acts as an integrated pressure controller to provide improved flexibility in overall pressure control of the desalination system.
• a further advantage of the above disclosed system is its robustness in desalinating feed water of variable salinity, thereby obviating the need to provide separate seawater RO systems and brackish water RO systems.
• the desalination process can be performed continuously and real-time adjustments can be made to the operating pressures of the reverse osmosis modules through the variable pressurizing means ana energy recovery - means- tc accommodate and react to changes in the salinity of the feed water without having to take the system offline or to switch to another membrane system.
• the disclosed system may further comprise an inter-stage pressurizing means located between the first and second RO stages.
• the inter-stage pressurizing means may be configured to further pressurize the reject stream exiting the first RO stage before the reject stream is passed into the second RO stage.
• the aforementioned three pressurizing means including the variable pressurizing means, the pressure recovery means and the inter-stage pressurizing means, can be operated in combination to provide rapidly adjustable pressure conditions for the first and/or second RO stages and thereby allow the system to meet the required pressure variation for treating feed water of variable salinity.
• a continuous method for desalinating saline water comprising the step of: (a) providing a feed stream of saline water; (b) variably adjusting the pressure of said feed stream in response to the salinity of the feed stream; (c) subjecting said feed stream to a first RO step to thereby produce a first reject stream and a first permeate stream, said first permeate containing lower salinity relative to said first reject stream; and (d) subjecting . said first reject stream to a second RO step to thereby produce a second reject stream and a second permea e stream.
• the disclosed method also provides numerous advantages including the ability to treat feed water having salinity ranging from 2000 to 45,000 ppm without having to provide separate treatment protocols, improved energy efficiency due to the energy recovering step and the flexibility to variably adjust the pressures of the first and second RO stages, in accordance with the salinity of the feed water, to provide optimal pressures for effective desalination.
• the above disclosed system and method may provide desalinated water having a TDS of 500 ppm or lower.
• the desalinated product water has a TDS of lower than 300 ppm.
• total dissolved solids refers to the sum of the dissolved inorganic salts and organic matter dissolved in water in molecular and ionized form.
• TDS is typically used as a measurement of the "salinity" of a given body of water and is expressed in units of parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per litre (mg/L) . Therefore, the term “salinity” should be construed accordingly .
• the term "about”, in the context of concentrations of components of the formulations, typically means +/- 5% of the stated value, more typically +/- 4% of the stated value, more typically +/- 3% of the stated value, more typically, +/- 2% of the stated value, even more typically +/- 1% of the stated value,, and even more typically +/- 0.5% of the stated value .
• range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosed ranges. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range.. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed sub-ranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
• the feed water to be treated by the disclosed system is water pumped from a river mouth ⁇ or " dTrectly " from “ the sea ' or " a mixture of both.
• the feed water is sea water having salinity from 2,000 to 40,000 ppm.
• variable pressurizing means of the disclosed system comprises a variable speed high pressure pump that is fluidly communicated with the " first RO stage.
• the variable speed high pressure pump is capable of being electronically adjusted to provide continuous increments or reductions in the generated pressure.
• the variable speed high pressure pump is capable of being adjusted in 1% increments or reductions in pressure output.
• the pressure recovery means of the disclosed system comprises a Turbo-Charger device.
• Turbo-charger devices are well known in the art and typically comprise at least two hydraulic-powered components mounted on a common shaft. The two hydraulic- powered components are typically isolated from each other.. In operation, one of the components may be a turbine which recovers energy from the highly pressurized second reject stream. The recovered energy is then transferred to the other hydraulic-powered component through rotation of the common shaft and the recovered energy may be used to pressurize the incoming feed water.
• the advantage of the Turbo-charger device is that it allows the disclosed system to recover energy, which would otherwise have been lost following the discharge of the reject stream. More importantly, the turbo-charger also serves as an integrated, variable speed pump which provides additional control over the pressure of the feed stream entering the RO stages. This feature directly contributes to the disclosed system' s ability to handle feed water of variable salinity.
• the inter-stage pressurizing means may comprise, a pressure booster "" pump t " ha ⁇ t is electronical1y " ⁇ and/or manually adjustable in its pressure output.
• the inter-stage pressurizing means is an electrically driven inter-stage booster pump provided with a variable speed drive. Similar to variable speed high pressure pump disclosed earlier, it is preferred that the inter-stage booster pump is capable of being electronically adjusted in small, step-wise increments or reductions in pressure output. In one embodiment, the pressure output of the inter-stage booster pump is adjustable in 1% increments or reductions.
• the disclosed system may further comprise recycling means to recycle the second reject stream to the feed stream. This may be done to increase the salinity of the feed water. For example, while the system is in continuous operation and a drop in the salinity of the feed water is experienced, rather than reducing the pressures of the RO stages, an operator may simply choose to partially or fully recycle the second reject stream to mix with the incoming feed stream. An advantage of doing so is that it would reduce the pressure variation required and increase overall recovery of sea water.
• the disclosed system may further comprise recycling means capable of recycling the first or second permeate stream or both to the feed stream. This may be done where a reduction of the salinity of feed water is desired. For example, while the system is in continuous operation and an increase in salinity is experienced, rather than increasing the pressures of the RO stages (which would entail increased energy costs) , an operator may choose to at least partially recycle the permeate streams back to the feed stream to reduce the salinity of the feed water. As discussed above, an advantage of doing so is that it would reduce the pressure variation required in operatIng-tTTis "" s " ystem7
• the disclosed system may further comprise sampling means capable of measuring and transmitting salinity data of the feed stream.
• the sampling means may comprise a sensor capable of measuring electrical conductivity may be placed in fluid contact with the feed water to measure its conductivity and wherein the sensor is capable of converting conductivity data to salinity data.
• the disclosed system may further comprise an online control system configured to receive the salinity data transmitted from the sampling means, wherein the control system may be electronically coupled to one or more of the variable pressurizing means, inter-stage pressurizing means and pressure recovery means, to adjust pressures in the first and/or the second RO stages in response to a change in salinity of the feed water.
• control system may be further configured to activate the either one of the recycling means described above, to thereby adjust the salinity of said feed water.
• electronically-actuated valves may be installed to direct at least a part of the reject stream or the permeate stream back to the feed stream for mixing. The open/close configuration of these valves may be suitably controlled by electronic signals transmitted from the control system in response to the salinity data collected by the sampling means.
• the disclosed system may further comprise a bypass means configured to allow the second reject stream to at least partially bypass the pressure recovery means.
• the bypass means may be activated such that the proportion of the reject stream passed to the Turbocharger " is reduced and correspondingly, the additional pressurization to the feed stream is reduced.
• the bypass means may comprise an arrangement of valves capable of directing at least a portion of the reject flow away from the Turbocharger.
• the system may be operated such that the Turbocharger is completely bypassed, i.e., no reject stream is directed to the Turbocharger at all.
• the total number of pressure vessels provided in each of the first and second RO stages of the disclosed system may be the same (i.e. a non-tapered, two-stage array design) .
• this non-tapered arrangement improves overall operational flexibility for handling feed water of variable salinity.
• each of the first and second RO stages contains no more than seven RO pressure vessels within each stage.
• Each pressure vessel may house one or more RO membrane modules therein. The number of RO membrane modules in each pressure vessel are independently same or different.
• the pressure vessels housed within each of the first and second RO stages may comprise the same type of RO membranes.
• the RO membrane modules used may be seawater- type membrane modules.
• the RO membrane modules are composed of " composite polyamide membranes.
• One or more of the above disclosed system may be arranged to work in co-operation in a desalination plant to achieve a desired water production output per day.
• the continuous method for desalinating saline water may comprise .
• the feed water may be subject to pre-treatment steps to remove undissolved matter.
• pre-treatment steps may include but are not limited to, sedimentation, equalization, coagulation, flocculation, clarification followed by sedimentation, dissolved air flotation, media filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and a combination of one or more pre-treatment steps mentioned above.
• the method may further comprise a step (e) of recovering pressure energy from the second reject stream. This can be done, for instance, through passing the second reject stream to an energy recovery device, such as a turbo-charger.
• an energy recovery device such as a turbo-charger.
• the method may further comprise a step (f) of applying the recovered pressure energy in step (e) to variably adjust the pressure of the feed stream in step (b).
• the pressurizing step (b) may be undertaken to generate a feed stream with pressures from " about 20 bars to about 60 bars, from about 20 bars to about 50 bars, from about 20 bars to about 40 bars, from about 20 bars to about 30 bars, from about 30 bars to about 50 bars, from about 30 bars to about 40 bars, from about 40 bars to about 50 bars, depending on the salinity of the feed stream.
• the pressure under which step (c) is performed is about 20 to 50 bars.
• the disclosed method may further comprise a step
• step (cl) of increasing pressure of the first reject stream before step (d) may be accomplished by providing one or more inter-stage booster pumps along the flow path of the first reject stream.
• the adjusted pressure of the first reject stream may be in a range of from about 30 bars to about 70 bars, from about 30 bars to about 60 bars, from about 30 bars to about 50 bars, from about 30 bars to about 40 bars, from about 40 bars to about 60 bars, from about 40 bars to about 50 bars and from about 50 bars to about 60 bars, prior to undergoing step (d) .
• the actual pressure may depend on the salinity of the reject stream and the desired recovery rate.
• the disclosed method may further comprise a recycling step (g) of recycling the second reject stream to the feed stream to increase salinity of the feed stream.
• the disclosed method may also comprise a recycling step (h) of recycling said first or second permeate stream or both to the feed stream to decrease the salinity . of the feed stream.
• the disclosed method may further comprise a sampling step (i) of measuring salinity data of the feed stream.
• the sampling step (i) may be accomplished by the provision of a sensor capable of measuring electrical conductivity.
• the sensor may be placed into fluid contact with the feed stream to measure its conductivity.
• the sensor is one that is capable of converting the conductivity data to corresponding salinity data.
• salinity data collected by the sensor is transmitted to an online control system.
• the method may further comprise operating the control system to set pressure values for the one or more of the following steps (b) , (cl) and (f), in response to the salinity data.
• the control system may be further operated to set recycle rates of step (g) and/or step (h) to improve the control of the salinity of feed water.
• step (e) may comprise a partial recovery of the pressure energy of the second reject stream. This may be due to a variety of reasons, for instance, the salinity of the feed stream to be treated is substantially low and therefore . the pressure requirement is reduced for effective desalination. In this case, the pressure energy of the second reject stream may only be partially recovered via by-passing a fraction of the reject stream to be discharged without passing through an energy recovery device, such as a turbo-charger. In yet another embodiment, step (e) may comprise completely discharging the second reject stream via a by-pass conduit without recovering any pressure energy.
• Fig. 1 shows one embodiment of the desalination system of the present invention, where energy is recovered via a turbo-charger device.
• Fig. 2 shows yet another embodiment of the desalination system of the present invention, where the turbo-charger device is partially bypassed.
• Fig. 3 shows another embodiment of the desalination system of the present invention, with recycle of the reject stream back to the feed stream.
• Fig. 4 shows a further embodiment of the desalination system of the present invention, where feed stream with TDS exceeding 25000 ppm is treated
• Fig. 5 shows a further embodiment of the desalination system of the present invention, where feed stream with TDS exceeding 25000 ppm is treated, and wherein the permeate product is partially recycled.
• Feed stream 200 is water that has been drawn from a natural water body, such as an estuary, and has been pre-treated with one or more of the following pretreatment steps, settling, sedimentation, clarification, and filtration.
• Feed stream 200 is stored in a filtered water tank. 201 which is fluidly communicated with the desalination system of the present invention.
• the feed stream 200 may have TDS in the range of 10,000 to 25,000 ppm.
• a fixed speed pump 203 pumps feed water stored in tank 201 towards a reverse osmosis system.
• the reverse osmosis system is a non-tapered, two- stage array design comprising a first RO stage 209 and a second RO stage 213.
• Both RO stages 209 and 213 comprise pressure vessels housing one or more sea water membrane modules capable of treating high salinity water.
• the fixed speed pump 203 pressurizes the feed water 200, forming a pressurized stream 204. Pressurized stream 204 is then further pressurized by a variable speed pump 205 to form a pressurized stream 206. Pressurized stream 206 is thereafter subjected to further pressurization by a turbocharger 207. The pressurized feed water is subsequently . passed towards the first RO stage 209.
• feed water 200 is passed through a plurality of membrane modules wherein the water is forced through a reverse osmosis membrane to form a permeate stream 214 whereas dissolved salts are retained in a concentrate (or "reject") stream 210.
• the permeate stream is post-treated (not shown) for pH correction and chlorination before being distributed to users as product water 300.
• the reject stream 210 is then passed towards the second RO stage 213. Prior to entering pressure vessels in the second RO stage 213, the reject stream 210 may undergo further pressurization by an inter-stage, variable speed booster pump 211. As the salinity of reject stream 210 is expected to be higher than feed stream 200, the additional pressurization by the variable speed booster pump 211 ensures that there is sufficient pressure to drive a second reverse osmosis step.
• the reject stream 210 is passed through an identical number of membrane pressure vessels as the first RO stage 209, to recover additional water " ⁇ in ⁇ " a "" permeate stfea "" m _ 2T5
• the dissolved salts " are then discharged via reject stream 216.
• Permeate stream 215 may be mixed downstream with the first permeate stream 214 to lower the salinity of the mixed stream relative to permeate stream 214.
• the reject stream 216 remains highly pressurized and is made to pass through a turbocharger 207.
• the turbocharger 207 comprises at least two hydraulic-powered turbines 207A and 207B, which are mounted on a common shaft.
• turbine 207B recovers energy from the highly pressurized reject stream 216.
• the recovered energy is then transferred to the other turbine 207A via rotation of the common shaft.
• the recovered energy is then used to pressurize the incoming feed water 206 as described above..
• the reject stream 216 forms a low pressure, high salinity discharge stream 220 which may be discharged back into the environment.
• water recovery rate ranges from about 55% to about 60%.
• the system may provide a sensor (not shown) to measure the conductivity of the feed water to thereby determine its salinity. The sensor then transmits these data to an online control system (not shown) which then controls the pressure output of the variable speed pump 205, the inter-stage booster pump 211 and the turbocharger 207A.
• the three variable pressure devices provide the required pressure variation to effectively and continuously desalinate water having TDS of 10000 to 25000 ppm.
• Figs. 2 and 3 show another embodiment of the disclosed desalination system, but differs from the embodiment of Fig. 1 in that the feed water treated contains—lower than 10, 000 ppm TDS .
• a by-pass valve 217 is provided such that at least a fraction of the reject stream 216 does not pass through the turbocharger 207B, which allows for a partial or no recovery of the pressure energy.
• the turbocharger 207B it is possible for the turbocharger 207B to be entirely by- passed and the .reject stream 216 is discharged directly without energy recovery. Accordingly, the by-pass valve provides additional pressure control to the system by controlling the additional pressure (if any) that is applied to feed water stream 206 before it enters the first RO stage 209.
• variable speed pump 205 and the inter-stage booster pump can also be simultaneously adjusted to apply lower pressures to the system flow.
• the variable speed pump 205 is configured to pressurize the water to about 10 to 18 bars;
• the turbocharger 207A is configured to pressure the water to about 10 to 25 bars;
• the inter-stage booster pump 211 is configured to pressurize the reject stream 210 to about 10 to 30 bars.
• the system may also provide a recycle stream 218 where at least a portion of zhe reject stream 216 is recycled back to the " feed " stream 200 to artificially boost the salinity content.
• the requirement for pressure variation can be substantially reduced. For instance, if salinity of the feed water decreased from 25,000 ppm to less than 10,000 ppm, it may be more efficient to recycle reject stream 216 to feed stream 200 to artificially boost the salinity to a higher value than to drastically decrease the pressure output of the variable pressure components 205, 207A and 211 to accommodate the low salinity feed water.
• the recycle of reject stream 216 affords improved flexibility of the desalination system.
• Figs . A and 5 show yet another embodiment of the presently described desalination system, wherein the feed water may have variable salinity higher than 25,000 ppm.
• the same reference numerals are used in Figs. 4 and 5 to refer to corresponding elements described in Fig. 1.
• variable speed pump 205 is typically configured to pressurize feed water 204 to about 20 to 36 bars; the inter-stage booster pump 211 is configured to pressurize the reject stream 210 to about 50 to 70 bars; all of the reject stream 216 is channeled to the turbocharger 207B without bypass to recover substantially all the pressure energy in the reject stream 216; and, applying the recovered pressure, turbocharger 207A then pressurizes the feed stream 206 to about 35 to 50 bars.
• Fig. 5 further provides for a permeate recycle stream 219, wherein the permeate 219 is recycled back to the feed stream 200 to artificially lower the salinity of the feed stream.
• This recycling step reduces the overall pressure required for effective desalination and reduces the pressure load on the variable pressure devices, such as the variable speed pump 205 and the inter-stage booster pump 211.
• the disclosed system is capable of operating continuously to accommodate feed water of inconsistent salinity varying from less than 10,000 ppm to greater than 25,000 ppm.
• the disclosed system and method overcomes a significant technical problem in the prior art, namely that separate treatment systems and protocols are required for desalinating sea water (high salinity) and brackish water (low to moderate salinity) respectively.
• This is typically a problem, for example, when the water to be treated is obtained from an estuary which is composed in part of sea water, and in part of fresh river water and therefore may exhibit a high degree of variance in its salinity.
• the disclosed system and method overcomes this technical problem by operating a combination of variable pressure devices and providing optional recycling streams that are capable of being adjusted / activated in response to changes in the salinity of the feed water.
• the disclosed system and method allows variable salinity water to be treated in an unitary system or plant, which is especially useful where there are significant space constraints.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
• Nanotechnology (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)

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Citations (3)

• 2012
  • 2012-03-29 IN IN7426DEN2014 patent/IN2014DN07426A/en unknown
  • 2012-03-29 WO PCT/SG2012/000110 patent/WO2013147702A1/en active Application Filing

Patent Citations (3)

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