WO2013096941A1 - Mémoire quantique à l'état solide sur la base d'un spin nucléaire couplé à un spin électronique - Google Patents

Mémoire quantique à l'état solide sur la base d'un spin nucléaire couplé à un spin électronique Download PDF

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WO2013096941A1
WO2013096941A1 PCT/US2012/071543 US2012071543W WO2013096941A1 WO 2013096941 A1 WO2013096941 A1 WO 2013096941A1 US 2012071543 W US2012071543 W US 2012071543W WO 2013096941 A1 WO2013096941 A1 WO 2013096941A1
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Prior art keywords
spin
electronic
nuclear
nuclear spin
optical radiation
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PCT/US2012/071543
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English (en)
Inventor
Georg KUCSKO
Peter Maurer
Liang Jiang
Norman YAO
Mikhail Lukin
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President And Fellows Of Harvard College
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Priority to US14/365,161 priority Critical patent/US9361962B2/en
Publication of WO2013096941A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013096941A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
    • G11C11/02—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements
    • G11C11/16—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect
    • G11C11/161—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using magnetic elements using elements in which the storage effect is based on magnetic spin effect details concerning the memory cell structure, e.g. the layers of the ferromagnetic memory cell
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06N—COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS BASED ON SPECIFIC COMPUTATIONAL MODELS
    • G06N10/00—Quantum computing, i.e. information processing based on quantum-mechanical phenomena
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11C—STATIC STORES
    • G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
    • G11C13/04—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using optical elements ; using other beam accessed elements, e.g. electron or ion beam

Definitions

  • Stable quantum bits capable both of storing quantum information for macroscopic time scales and of integration inside small portable devices, are an essential building block for an array of potential applications.
  • the realization of such stable quantum bits represents an outstanding challenge at the interface of quantum science and engineering.
  • Such qubits are the essential building blocks for an array of potential applications in quantum communication and computation, many of which rely on the ability to maintain qubit coherence for extended periods of time.
  • a system comprising: a solid state lattice containing an electronic spin coupled to a nuclear spin; an optical excitation configuration which is arranged to generate first optical radiation to excite the electronic spin to emit output optical radiation without decoupling the electronic and nuclear spins; wherein the optical excitation configuration is further arranged to generate second optical radiation of higher power than the first optical radiation to decouple the electronic spin from the nuclear spin thereby increasing coherence time of the nuclear spin; a first pulse source configured to generate radio frequency (RF) excitation pulse sequences to manipulate the nuclear spin and to dynamically decouple the nuclear spin from one or more spin impurities in the solid state lattice so as to further increase the coherence time of the nuclear spin; a second pulse source configured to generate microwave excitation pulse sequences to manipulate the electronic spin causing a change in intensity of the output optical radiation correlated with the electronic spin and with the nuclear spin via the coupling between the electronic spin and the nuclear spin; and a detector configured to detect the output optical
  • RF radio frequency
  • a method of manipulating a solid state lattice containing an electronic spin coupled to a nuclear spin comprising: applying first optical radiation and microwave excitation pulse sequences to manipulate the electronic spin into a magnetic state and thus initialize the nuclear spin via coupling between the electronic spin and the nuclear spin; applying second optical radiation to the solid state lattice, said second optical radiation having a higher power than said first optical radiation to decouple the electronic spin from the nuclear spin; applying radio frequency (RF) excitation pulse sequences to the solid state lattice to manipulate the nuclear spin and to dynamically decouple the nuclear spin from one or more spin impurities in the solid state lattice so as to increase the coherence time of the nuclear spin; turning off the second optical radiation such that the electronic spin is re-coupled to the nuclear spin; applying third optical radiation to the solid state lattice after turning off the second optical radiation, said third optical radiation being of lower power than said second optical radiation such that the electronic spin emits output optical
  • RF radio frequency
  • optical radiation is used to both initialize the nuclear spin and to read-out the nuclear spin via the electronic spin.
  • the nuclear spin is coupled to the electronic spin.
  • RF pulse sequences can be applied to address the nuclear spin and to decouple the nuclear spin from one or more spin impurities in the solid state lattice so as to increase the coherence time of the nuclear spin.
  • high power optical radiation can be applied to the electronic spin to decouple the electronic spin from the nuclear spin so as to increase the coherence time of the nuclear spin.
  • the electronic spin may be re-coupled to the nuclear spin by turning off the high power optical radiation.
  • a lower power optical radiation may then be used to address the electronic spin which emits optical radiation which is correlated with nuclear spin due to coupling between the nuclear spin and the electronic spin.
  • This lower power radiation may be substantially identical to that used during initialization of the nuclear spin.
  • Microwave excitation pulse sequences can be used during read-out to manipulate the electronic spin causing a change in intensity of the output optical radiation correlated with the electronic spin and with the nuclear spin via the coupling between the electronic spin and the nuclear spin.
  • the optical excitation configuration may comprise separate optical sources for generating the lower power optical radiation and the higher power optical radiation.
  • the optical excitation configuration may comprise a single optical source for generating the lower power optical radiation and the higher power optical radiation, the single optical source being configured such that power can be varied to switch between lower and higher power optical radiation.
  • the RF excitation pulse sequences may comprise a Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughan (MREV)-8 pulse sequence.
  • the RF excitation pulse sequences may comprise at least one of: a Hahn-echo sequence; a CPMG sequence; and an XY pulse sequence.
  • MREV Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughan
  • Such RF pulse sequences have been found to efficiently de-couple the nuclear spin from other nuclear spins present within a solid state lattice.
  • the system may be configured to perform a single-shot detection of the nuclear spin state by repetitive readout of the electronic spin.
  • the nuclear spin may be measured via a CnNOTe logic gate and repetitive readout. This approach allows high fidelity initialization and read-out.
  • a magnetic shield may be provided around the solid state lattice to shield the solid state lattice from external magnetic noise.
  • the system may further comprise a static magnetic field generator which induces splitting of degenerate electronic and nuclear spin states in the solid state lattice.
  • a static magnetic field generator which induces splitting of degenerate electronic and nuclear spin states in the solid state lattice.
  • the spin state splitting is driven by an external field and the optical output is utilized to measure the external field. In this case no magnetic shielding and static field generator is required.
  • the earth's magnetic field may be utilized for the static magnetic field.
  • the electronic spin comprises a nitrogen-vacancy defect (NV ) located within a diamond lattice.
  • NV nitrogen-vacancy defect
  • the NV " defect has a number of advantageous properties for quantum applications including:
  • Its electronic structure comprises emissive and non-emissive electron spin states which allows the electron spin state of the defect to be read out through photons. This is convenient for reading out information from synthetic diamond material used in sensing applications such as magnetometry, spin resonance spectroscopy, and imaging. Furthermore, it is a key ingredient towards using the NV " defects as qubits for long-distance quantum communications and scalable quantum computation. Such results make the NV " defect a competitive candidate for solid-state quantum information processing (QIP).
  • QIP solid-state quantum information processing
  • the electronic spin of the present invention corresponds to an NV " spin defect.
  • the methodology described in the present specification could be applied to other electronic spin defects.
  • the nuclear spin comprises a C isotope within a diamond lattice. 13 C is naturally present in diamond material and the concentration can be controlled by, for example, using isotopically purified carbon source gases in a CVD diamond synthesis process.
  • other nuclear spins could be utilized.
  • 15 N may be introduced into a diamond crystal lattice and used as the nuclear spin.
  • the nuclear spin could be provided by a 15 N atom which forms part of an NV " spin defect such that both nuclear and electronic spins are provided within the NV " spin defect.
  • the system is configured to operate with the solid state lattice at room temperature.
  • one major achievement of this invention is the realization of long quantum coherence times at room temperature enabling practical quantum based devices without the requirement of cryogenic cooling.
  • embodiments can achieve a nuclear spin coherence time of at least 0.1 second, 0.2 second, 0.3 second, 0.5 second, 0.8 second, 1 second, 2 seconds, 10 seconds, 30 seconds, or 1 minute at room temperature.
  • higher nuclear spin coherence times may be achieved by modifying the system further to include a temperature control system to maintain the solid state lattice at a desired operating temperature and/or by providing a frequency tracking system for tracking variations in transition frequencies of the electronic spin.
  • FIG. 2A is a schematic block diagram of a system that generates a solid state single qubit with extended coherence time, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present application.
  • FIG. 2B illustrates three nuclear transitions of the C nuclear spin upon initialization and readout.
  • FIGs. 4 A and 4B illustrate the enhancement of the nuclear coherence time of C using optical dissipation.
  • FIG. 4C is a plot of nuclear coherence as a function of laser power.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an RF decoupling pulse sequence used in some embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6 is a plot of nuclear memory fidelity as a function of time.
  • room temperature solid state qubits are disclosed that are based on an individual nuclear spin in a solid, and that are capable of storing quantum information during macroscopic timescales.
  • a single nuclear spin (in a solid state lattice) is initialized into a well-defined state, using a nearby electronic spin that is weakly coupled to the nuclear spin, in some embodiments of the present application.
  • the electronic spin is also used to read out the nuclear spin in a single shot with high fidelity.
  • the nuclear coherence time and hence the qubit memory lifetime is extended by three orders of magnitude or more.
  • the nuclear coherence time can reach macroscopic timescales.
  • a coherence time of the nuclear spin may be at least 1 second, 2 seconds, 10 seconds, 30 seconds, or 1 minute.
  • the individual nuclear spin is a
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a room temperature solid-state qubit 100, modeled as a four- level spin system.
  • the qubit 100 consists of an NV
  • the diamond material comprises an NV " electronic spin defect located in close
  • the distance between the electronic spin and the nuclear spin may be no more than 20 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, or 2 nm.
  • both the NV " electronic spin defects and the C nuclear spin defect should have a high intrinsic coherence time. This can be achieved by providing very high purity diamond material both in terms of chemical impurities and isotopic impurities. As such the material is advantageously isotopically purified to reduce the "spin bath" within the diamond
  • the C concentration may be no more than 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% in at least a region surrounding the electronic spin and the nuclear spin (e.g. in at least a region defined by a cube of edge length 10 times the distance between the electronic and
  • the 13 C concentration may be no less than 0.0001%, 0.0005%, 0.001% in at least a region surrounding the electronic spin and the nuclear spin.
  • the diamond sample may
  • the coherence of the C may be extended by going to lower 13 C concentrations although this may result in less NV - " : 13 C pairs forming within the diamond lattice.
  • the substitutional nitrogen concentration may, for example, be no more than 300 ppb, 100 ppb, 50 ppb, 20 ppb, 10 ppb, 5 ppb, or 1 ppb in at least a region surrounding the electronic spin and the nuclear spin.
  • the substitutional nitrogen concentration may, for example, be no less than 0.0001 ppb, 0.001 ppb, 0.01 ppb, or 0.1 ppb in at least a region surrounding the electronic spin and the nuclear spin. In principle even lower concentrations of substitutional nitrogen can be no more than 300 ppb, 100 ppb, 50 ppb, 20 ppb, 10 ppb, 5 ppb, or 1 ppb in at least a region surrounding the electronic spin and the nuclear spin.
  • the substitutional nitrogen concentration may, for example, be no less than 0.0001 ppb, 0.001 ppb, 0.01 ppb, or 0.1 ppb in at least a region surrounding the electronic spin and the nuclear spin. In principle even lower concentrations of substitutional nitrogen can
  • a concentration of silicon of 100 ppb or less, 50 ppb or less, 20 ppb or less, 10 ppb or less, 5 ppb or less, 2 ppb or less, 1 ppb or less, 0.5 ppb or less, 0.2 ppb or less, 0.1 ppb or less, or 0.05 ppb or less;
  • SiV silicon-vacancy
  • SiV concentration of the silicon-vacancy
  • PL photo luminescence
  • a concentration of intrinsic paramagnetic defects i.e. defects which have a non-zero magnetic spin
  • 1 ppm or less 0.5 ppm or less, 0.2 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less, 0.05 ppm or less, 0.02 ppm or less, 0.01 ppm or less, 0.005 ppm or less, or 0.001 ppm or less;
  • the single crystal CVD diamond material may have one or more of the
  • the single crystal CVD diamond material may comprise a plurality of layers having different quantities and/or distributions of impurities.
  • one or more of the layers may have one or more of the aforementioned impurity characteristics.
  • J,)) are split by a Zeeman shift 134 (yncB , and addressed via RF radiation with Rabi frequency Q ⁇ e.
  • a proximal NV center spin may be about 1 to 2 nm.
  • the coupling strength at such a distance is sufficiently large to allow for the preparation and measurement of the nuclear spin qubit with high fidelity.
  • the diamond sample may be magnetically shielded from external perturbations, and a static magnetic field applied along the NV symmetry axis.
  • -1) electronic spin states can be addressed via microwave radiation.
  • the free-electron precession of an individual NV center can then be measured via a Ramsey sequence.
  • the coupling strength, originating from a hyperfme interaction, corresponds to an electron-nuclear separation of roughly 1.7 nm.
  • FIG. 2A is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a system 200 that generates a solid state qubit having a significantly extended coherence time, based on a single spin.
  • the system 200 includes an optical source 220, such as a laser, that generates optical radiation to excite an electronic spin 224 in a solid state sample 230, so that a nuclear spin 232 in the sample 230 can be initialized and addressed by correlation with the electronic spin 224.
  • the solid state sample 230 is a solid state lattice containing the electronic spin 224 and the weakly coupled nuclear spin 232.
  • the optical source 220 generates optical radiation that induces controlled optical dissipation that decouples the electronic spin 224 from the nuclear spin 232 during the initialization and addressing of the nuclear spin 232. In this way, coherence time of the nuclear spin is greatly increased.
  • the system 200 further includes an RF source 240 that generates RF excitation pulses.
  • the RF source 240 generates dynamic decoupling RF pulse sequences that dynamically decouple the nuclear spin 232 from other nuclear impurities in the solid state lattice 230, so as to increase the coherence time of the nuclear spin 232 even further.
  • the system 200 further includes a detector 250 configured to detect output optical radiation correlated with the electronic spin, after optical excitation by the optical source and RF excitation by the RF source, so as to detect a nuclear spin state of the nuclear spin.
  • the results indicate a projected hyperfme interaction A
  • (2 ⁇ ) (2.66 ⁇ 0.08) kHz.
  • An important facet of quantum control involves the ability to perform high-fidelity initialization and readout.
  • single shot detection of the nuclear spin state is achieved by repetitive readout.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a circuit diagram 300 for repetitive readout of a single nuclear spin 310 ( ⁇ n>), in one or more embodiments of the present application.
  • the readout employs a plurality of C TrustNOT e gates 320 consisting of an electronic spin Ramsey followed by readout and repolarization.
  • the electronic spin is first polarized into the
  • a C n NOT e logic gate 320 electro spin-flip conditioned on the nuclear spin
  • the resulting state of the electronic spin is optically detected.
  • this sequence is repeated multiple times to improve the readout fidelity.
  • repetitive readout measurements can be post-selected that are below a threshold corresponding to 147 counts per 2.2 s and above a threshold corresponding to 195 counts per 2.2 s. This allows the nuclear spin state to be prepared with > 97% fidelity.
  • a second repetitive readout measurement is performed, after successful initialization via projection. This allows the readout count statistics to be extracted, dependent on the nuclear spin state. In the extracted statistics, the two distributions for the count rates of
  • T ln time may be measured as a function of laser intensity. While in the dark no decay was observed on a time scale of 200 s, consistent with predictions from a spin-fluctuator model, T ln dropped to 1.7 ⁇ 0.5 s when illuminated with a weak optical field, and increased linearly for higher laser intensities.
  • FIGs. 4A and 4B illustrate the enhancement of the nuclear coherence time of C using optical dissipation.
  • the nuclear spin is again prepared via a projective measurement, after which an NMR Ramsey pulse sequence is applied.
  • the final state of the nuclear spin is detected via repetitive readout.
  • the results demonstrate that in the dark, the nuclear coherence time T 2n * is limited to about 8.2 ⁇ 1.3 ms.
  • the electronic spin and the nuclear spin must be effectively decoupled, during the storage interval. In some embodiments, this is achieved by subjecting the electronic spin to controlled dissipation.
  • the NV center is excited by a focused green laser beam, resulting in optical pumping of the NV center out of the magnetic states (
  • the NV center also undergoes rapid ionization and deionization at a rate, , proportional to the laser intensity. When these transition rates exceed the hyperfme coupling strength, the interaction between the nuclear and electronic spins is strongly suppressed, owing to a phenomenon analogous to motional averaging.
  • FIG. 4C is a plot of nuclear coherence as a function of laser power.
  • FIG. 4C illustrates the dependence of T 2n* on green laser intensity, showing a linear increase for low intensities and saturates around 1 s.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an RF decoupling pulse sequence 510, used in some embodiments of the present application.
  • the composite sequence illustrated in FIG. 5 is designed to both average out the internuclear dipole-dipole interactions (to first order) and to compensate for magnetic field drifts.
  • a modified Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughan (MREV) decoupling sequence is used to increase the nuclear coherence time. It consists of 16 MREV-8 pulse trains interwoven with eight phase-re focusing ⁇ -pulses. In the illustrated embodiment, each MREV-8 pulse sequence is achieved through ⁇ /2 rotations around four different axes. Applying this decoupling sequence in combination with green excitation can further extend the coherence time to beyond 1 sec, as illustrated by the data points 430 in FIG. 4C.
  • MREV Mansfield-Rhim-Elleman-Vaughan
  • MREV-8 pulse sequence may be used, in addition to or in lieu of the above-described MREV-8 pulse sequence: a Hahn-Echo pulse sequence; a CPMG (Carr Purcell Meiboom Gill) sequence; and an XY pulse sequence.
  • depolarization rate of the electronic spin is much faster than the nuclear Rabi frequency.
  • the curve 420 in FIG. 4C demonstrates that the above-described model is in good agreement with experimental data.
  • the application of the decoupling sequence also allows nuclear-nuclear dephasing.
  • One of the main imperfections in this decoupling procedure originates from a finite RF detuning.
  • the upper dashed curve 420 in FIG. 4C is obtained by accounting for this imperfection, and demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental data.
  • the above model indicates that the coherence time increases almost linearly as a function of applied laser intensity, suggesting a large potential for improvement.
  • FIG. 6 is a plot as a function of time of nuclear memory fidelity (i.e. storage fidelity) as a function of time.
  • the average fidelity is determined by preparing and measuring the qubit along three orthogonal directions. In the illustrated embodiment, the qubit was measured along the following directions:
  • the system as described herein may be configured to operate with the solid state lattice at room temperature.
  • the use of higher laser powers to further increase nuclear spin coherence is limited by heating of the diamond sample which causes drifts in the ESR transition. By reducing laser heating, carefully tracking transition frequencies,
  • coherence times in excess of 1 minute will be achievable.
  • a temperature control system to maintain the solid state lattice at a desired operating temperature.
  • a larger diamond sample may be provided to spread heat away from the point of laser contact. More efficient thermal mounting of the diamond sample using bonding materials with high thermal conductivity reducing thermal barrier resistance will also aid heat dissipation.
  • Further cooling may be provided using suitable cooling fluids and/or fan systems such that the temperature of the solid state lattice is maintained at a desired operating temperature (at least within an acceptable operating temperature range). Such measures will allow higher power lasers to be utilized leading to further increases in coherence time.
  • any drift in ESR transitions can also be compensated by actively tracking the transition frequency which will also allow higher power lasers to be used thus leading to further increases in coherence time.
  • the ultimate limit of coherence times will be set by the phonon-induced nuclear depolarization, yielding Ti n max ⁇ 36 hours.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un système comprenant un réseau à l'état solide contenant un spin électronique couplé à un spin nucléaire ; une configuration d'excitation optique qui est agencée pour générer un premier rayonnement optique pour exciter le spin électronique pour émettre un rayonnement optique de sortie sans découpler les spins électronique et nucléaire ; la configuration d'excitation optique étant en outre agencée pour générer un second rayonnement optique de puissance supérieure au premier rayonnement optique pour découpler le spin électronique du spin nucléaire, accroissant ainsi le temps de cohérence du spin nucléaire ; une première source d'impulsions configurée pour générer des séquences d'impulsions d'excitation à fréquence radio (RF) pour manipuler le spin nucléaire et pour découpler dynamiquement le spin nucléaire d'une ou plusieurs impuretés de spin dans le réseau à l'état solide de manière à accroître encore le temps de cohérence du spin nucléaire ; une seconde source d'impulsions configurée pour générer des séquences d'impulsions d'excitations à micro-ondes pour manipuler le spin électronique, entraînant un changement d'intensité du rayonnement optique de sortie corrélé au spin électronique et au spin nucléaire via le couplage entre le spin électronique et le spin nucléaire ; et un détecteur configuré pour détecter le rayonnement optique de sortie corrélé au spin électronique et au spin nucléaire de manière à détecter un état de spin nucléaire du spin nucléaire.
PCT/US2012/071543 2011-12-23 2012-12-23 Mémoire quantique à l'état solide sur la base d'un spin nucléaire couplé à un spin électronique WO2013096941A1 (fr)

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