WO2013091034A1 - Método para ensaios de carregamentos não uniformes em tubos - Google Patents
Método para ensaios de carregamentos não uniformes em tubos Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013091034A1 WO2013091034A1 PCT/BR2011/000488 BR2011000488W WO2013091034A1 WO 2013091034 A1 WO2013091034 A1 WO 2013091034A1 BR 2011000488 W BR2011000488 W BR 2011000488W WO 2013091034 A1 WO2013091034 A1 WO 2013091034A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- uniform
- casing column
- tube
- testing
- chamber
- Prior art date
Links
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
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- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
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- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000873224 Capparaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017336 Capparis spinosa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/007—Measuring stresses in a pipe string or casing
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
- E21B49/003—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells by analysing drilling variables or conditions
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
- G01M5/0041—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by determining deflection or stress
- G01M5/005—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by determining deflection or stress by means of external apparatus, e.g. test benches or portable test systems
- G01M5/0058—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by determining deflection or stress by means of external apparatus, e.g. test benches or portable test systems of elongated objects, e.g. pipes, masts, towers or railways
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
- G01M5/0075—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by means of external apparatus, e.g. test benches or portable test systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
- G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
- G01N3/12—Pressure testing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
- G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
- G01N2203/0244—Tests performed "in situ" or after "in situ" use
- G01N2203/0246—Special simulation of "in situ" conditions, scale models or dummies
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
- G01N2203/0262—Shape of the specimen
- G01N2203/0274—Tubular or ring-shaped specimens
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for testing tubes to be subjected to nonuniform stresses.
- Such a method encompasses a preparation of casing column pipes used in oil fields for testing in conventional hydrostatic chambers.
- the method allows to apply non-uniform circumferential efforts, simulating operating conditions as close as possible to the real ones, providing an analysis of the reactions of the tested structure in scenarios similar to the real conditions.
- This physical phenomenon is significantly influenced by the deviating state of stresses acting, the absolute temperature and type of salt.
- salt creep must be considered throughout the well's life, depending on the casing used, construction conditions and well operating conditions, in particular also considering certain events and conditions that may occur during the life of the well. of the same, changing the conditions of state of stresses and temperature acting.
- Pipe collapse resistance is a complex combination of several variables, namely: geometric characteristics, material properties, applied loads and clamping conditions.
- the mechanical properties of the material have the yield stress, the modulus of elasticity, the shape of the stress-strain curve and the residual stresses.
- the applied loads it may have been associated to the external load acting circumferentially other loads, such as traction and axial compression, flexion, torsion and internal pressure.
- fixation conditions there is the length at which the free (not crimped) tube is subjected to stress and the area of contact with the rock.
- test equipment currently available for determining the pipe collapse load only allows the mounting of a pipe section in a chamber, further sub- mitting it following increasing hydrostatic loading over time until it collapses.
- Collapse pressure calculations are performed using analytical equations specified by API 5CT (ISO 11960), which is based on uniformly distributed radial loading.
- hydrostatic chambers have deficiencies, especially as they produce only hydrostatic loads in the pipes, which does not represent the phenomenon that can actually occur in salt zones and stress anisotropy regions.
- US 2008/0034885 A1 and US 7051600 disclose some examples of equipment that is capable of subjecting a structure to multiple stresses, but this equipment is not sufficient to generate simultaneous and non-uniform stresses throughout a structure and therefore is not capable of to validate the values obtained in numerical modeling.
- US 7669482 describes equipment capable of applying pipe forces, displacements, temperature and pressures to simulate well bottom conditions. However, besides being a large and expensive equipment, its description does not show any internal details of the apparatus.
- the depositor's own document BR 020100121966 of December 30, 2010 discloses an equipment whose components have been adequately constructed to subject a structure to multiple, simultaneous and non-uniform stresses, therefore able to validate with great precision the values obtained in numerical modeling in question.
- it is also large equipment, expensive and built to achieve high performance, aimed at testing any structure with long characteristics, and not only for simulations due to cementation failure, but for several other simulations such as creep, buckling, twisting, among others.
- a hydrostatic testing chamber is currently capable of subjecting an oil well casing column to homogeneous stresses only, and that to date there are no techniques that make use of this stress analysis device to provide means for simulating the actuation of non-uniformly applied stresses along oil well casing columns.
- the invention described below aims to structure a method for applying non-uniform loads to structures using a conventional hydrostatic chamber.
- the present invention relates to a method for testing non-uniform pipe loads from hydrostatic chambers.
- conventional test specimens in which a specimen mounted under specific configurations is provided.
- the specimen is obtained from two tubes disposed within each other flanged to form a chamber between the outer surface of the inner tube and the inner surface of the outer tube, said chamber being able to be filled. with cement interspersed with previously determined empty portions.
- the inner tube represents a section of casing column disposed within a containment tube, and the hollow portions are simulations of cementation failures.
- the emptied portions may optionally be provided with an access means through the casing column, whereby it is possible to pressurize them using, for example, an air compressor or a common pump.
- the specimen receives semi-spherical flanges at both ends, and an access means for applying pressure within the casing column using an air compressor or a pump.
- the specimen is introduced into the conventional hydrostatic chamber and the pressure increase of said chamber begins.
- the uniform stresses generated by the hydrostatic chamber associated with the action of the compressors, capable of altering the pressures in the simulated failure areas and inside the casing column, reproduce a controlled scenario of non-uniform forces (N) on the casing column. analysis, which will have its deformations measured by means of sensor elements inserted in the tube itself.
- Figure 1 depicts the section of a casing column within a hydrostatic chamber during a traditional stress and strain analysis.
- Figure 2 depicts the longitudinal section of a casing column within the conventional hydrostatic chamber.
- Figure 3 depicts an exemplary diagram of a well condition installed against a geomorphology called "canopy” or salt tongue.
- Figure 4 shows a schematic diagram of the invention in which a conventional longitudinal section hydrostatic chamber is used with a specimen mounted therein in accordance with the proposed method.
- Figure 5 is a cross section of a conventional hydrostatic chamber with a specimen simulating a well constructed under ideal conditions.
- Figure 6 is a cross section of a conventional hydrostatic chamber with a specimen simulating a well constructed under non-uniform loading conditions.
- Figure 7 presents some examples of cement failure failures by means of hollow portions that can be viewed in section.
- the invention is an innovative method for conducting oil well casing testing from the actuation of non-uniform loading artificially generated within conventional hydrostatic chambers.
- the basic principle of the method which focuses on the artifices needed to obtain a realistic testing scenario, is sufficient for those skilled in the art to immediately realize that small changes can be employed to generate methodological variations or modalities from the same conventional equipment. used.
- the invention provides, from existing equipment, means for the validation of numerical simulations, performed by digital processing, of the integrity of the wells that will be constructed in salt zones or regions with stress anisotropy, since the criteria (tests , equipment, etc.) established by the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard do not provide for shipments generated in non-uniform ways.
- API American Petroleum Institute
- one more available means can be used in the market that can be used to qualify the coating columns installed in salt zones or in regions with stress anisotropy, and may also provide reduction in costs and risks of construction and operation of oil wells, due to the use of existing technical resources.
- Figure 1 shows the section of a casing column (100) within a hydrostatic chamber (200) subjected to compressive forces (C) on its outer surface (101) during a traditional stress and strain analysis.
- Figure 2 demonstrates in a section in longitudinal section, the same casing column (100) within the hydrostatic chamber (200), where it is possible to verify that the interior of casing column (100) remains at atmospheric pressure while loading is performed. evenly distributed over the perimeter and length of the casing column. That is, an API condition, which occurs in a cylindrical well with centered pipe in the well and no cementation failure.
- the equipment and methods employed show a simulation of a well constructed under ideal conditions, that is, a circular well, with a well centered coating, with 100% cementation and located in an isotropic region.
- a well located in salt zones the loading due to the salt creep should be evenly distributed along the perimeter of the casing, which is the API condition, and thus the likelihood of pipe collapse is reduced.
- Figure 3 presents the schematic image of a cross section of a geomorphology called "canopy" or typical salt tongue, and a diagrammatic representation of a well condition installed in this scenario, which as a function of the creep behavior of this structure and well construction conditions could cause loss of well integrity.
- Figure 4 shows a schematic representation of the invention in which a conventional longitudinal section hydrostatic chamber (200) is used with a specimen (10) mounted therein according to the proposed method which comprises the preparation of the test tubes.
- casing column (100) for non-uniform stress testing purposes due to situations such as failure in cementation, presence of stress anisotropy and well as irregular geometry.
- the method consists largely of the preparation of the specimen (10).
- the specimen (10) must be prepared from a basic assembly simulating a well scenario and its components.
- Figure 5 is a cross section of a conventional hydrostatic chamber (200) with a casing column (100) to be tested using a specimen (10) simulating a well constructed under ideal conditions, ie a circular well with a casing column (100) perfectly centered in the well, having 100% cementation throughout its perimeter.
- the test set for this simulation is formed by the conventional hydrostatic chamber (200) containing said specimen (10), which consists of a section of casing column (100) surrounded by commonly used cementing material (11) , which in turn is supported by a containment tube (12). In this condition, the load is evenly distributed along the perimeter of the specimen (10) and consequently also by the casing column (100).
- a specimen (10) can be obtained from two flanged or non-concentric tubes (102) to form a chamber between the outer surface (101) of an inner tube and the inner surface of an outer tube, said chamber being able to contain a cement fill until it cures.
- the API condition is reproduced once again, even with the presence of a cementation layer (11) between the actuation point of the compressive forces (C) exerted by the fluid within the conventional hydrostatic chamber (200) on the containment tube (12), and the surface of the casing column (100).
- the loading, represented by the compressive forces (C) is transferred from the surface of the containment tube (12) to the cementation layer (11), and from this to the outer surface (101) of the casing column (100), homogeneously.
- the containment tube (12) is made of a thin and low strength metal material, acting only as a support element of the cementation layer (11) of the specimen (10).
- the method proposes the mounting of specimens (10) of specific configurations to simulate non-uniform loading, which can be generated by situations such as cementation failure, presence of stress and well anisotropy as irregular geometry.
- Figure 6 is a cross-section of the same conventional hydrostatic chamber (200) with a casing column (100) to be tested using a specimen (10) simulating a well constructed under non-loading conditions. due to any of the situations described above: a circular or oval well, with a casing column (100) centered or not in the well, having low or high quality cementation all fill.
- the specimen (10) is prepared with a casing column section (100) disposed within the containment tube (12) but may or may not be centered with respect to the containment tube (12). Consideration should also be given to providing an ovalized containment tube (12) to simulate a possibility of the elliptical well scenario.
- the chamber formed between the two tubes has at least one predetermined deflated portion (13) obtained by arranging a balloon with air or fluid, or any other filler material that is unrepresentative in the effects of charge transfer, such as foam.
- a balloon with air or fluid, or any other filler material that is unrepresentative in the effects of charge transfer, such as foam.
- foam polyurethane, polyethylene, styrofoam, composites and even metal frame, wood, bamboo, among others.
- the deflated portion 13 may represent from 1% to 100% of the total perimeter of the casing column 100 disposed concentrated in a pipe segment or in symmetrically or non-symmetrically distributed portions along the perimeter. Some examples of cementation failure conditions through the hollow portions 13 can be viewed, as a percentage of the perimeter of the casing column 100, through Figure 7. The remainder of the cemented chamber, as shown in Figure 6, It may also have the quality of cementation altered in a controlled manner in certain regions by modifying component percentages, porosity, etc.
- one or more of the deflated portions (13) optionally receive an access means (13a) through the casing column (100) to allow air or fluid pressure change of this region. during the tests.
- the pressure change can be achieved by means of an air compressor or a common pump (15).
- the specimen (10) also receives semi-spherical flanges (103) at both ends, and an access means (16) through which the interior of the casing column (100) can be pressurized using a compressor. air or pump (15b).
- the loading represented by the compressive forces (C) is transferred from the surface of the containment tube (12) to the cementation layer (11), and from this irregularly to the outer surface (101) of the casing column (100), generating a non-uniform controlled pattern of loads on the tube to be tested, representing the casing column (100).
- the disclosed method thus demonstrates an ability to unevenly distribute the intensities and location of the loads on the test structure precisely and is susceptible to control and analysis.
- the new method for testing non-uniform pipe loads from conventional hydrostatic chambers also finds application in the study of the effects of saline rock creep on cladding columns.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2011384425A AU2011384425B2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | Method for testing non-uniform loads in pipes |
GB1412408.5A GB2518280B (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | Method for testing non-uniform loads in pipes |
US14/360,830 US10078042B2 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | Method for testing non-uniform loads in pipes |
MX2014007412A MX347717B (es) | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | Método para probar cargas no uniformes en tuberías. |
PCT/BR2011/000488 WO2013091034A1 (pt) | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | Método para ensaios de carregamentos não uniformes em tubos |
NO20140849A NO20140849A1 (no) | 2011-12-22 | 2014-07-02 | Fremgangsmåte for å teste ikke-uniforme laster i rør |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/BR2011/000488 WO2013091034A1 (pt) | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | Método para ensaios de carregamentos não uniformes em tubos |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2013091034A1 true WO2013091034A1 (pt) | 2013-06-27 |
Family
ID=48667534
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/BR2011/000488 WO2013091034A1 (pt) | 2011-12-22 | 2011-12-22 | Método para ensaios de carregamentos não uniformes em tubos |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10078042B2 (pt) |
AU (1) | AU2011384425B2 (pt) |
GB (1) | GB2518280B (pt) |
MX (1) | MX347717B (pt) |
NO (1) | NO20140849A1 (pt) |
WO (1) | WO2013091034A1 (pt) |
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CN105738213A (zh) * | 2016-02-29 | 2016-07-06 | 李延 | 一种液体式浅埋隧道模型试验围岩边界条件加载装置 |
WO2016118154A1 (en) * | 2015-01-23 | 2016-07-28 | Landmark Graphics Corporation | Determining stresses in a pipe under non-uniform exterior loads |
CN106197805A (zh) * | 2016-07-28 | 2016-12-07 | 刘亢 | 一种模拟多弯曲套管中管柱摩擦阻力测量方法 |
CN108414351A (zh) * | 2018-01-02 | 2018-08-17 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | 一种套管非均匀外挤能力评价方法 |
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Also Published As
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GB2518280A (en) | 2015-03-18 |
NO20140849A1 (no) | 2014-07-02 |
GB201412408D0 (en) | 2014-08-27 |
AU2011384425A1 (en) | 2014-08-14 |
GB2518280B (en) | 2018-08-01 |
MX347717B (es) | 2017-05-10 |
US20150101397A1 (en) | 2015-04-16 |
AU2011384425B2 (en) | 2017-08-24 |
US10078042B2 (en) | 2018-09-18 |
MX2014007412A (es) | 2015-03-06 |
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