Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
  • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
  • A61B6/4266—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a plurality of detector units
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
  • A61B6/02—Arrangements for diagnosis sequentially in different planes; Stereoscopic radiation diagnosis
  • A61B6/03—Computed tomography [CT]
  • A61B6/037—Emission tomography
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
  • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
  • A61B6/4208—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector
  • A61B6/4258—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector for detecting non x-ray radiation, e.g. gamma radiation
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
  • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
  • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
  • G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
  • G01T1/164—Scintigraphy
  • G01T1/1641—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras
  • G01T1/1644—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras using an array of optically separate scintillation elements permitting direct location of scintillations
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
  • G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
  • G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
  • G01T1/24—Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors
  • G01T1/249—Measuring radiation intensity with semiconductor detectors specially adapted for use in SPECT or PET
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
  • A61B6/04—Positioning of patients; Tiltable beds or the like
  • A61B6/0407—Supports, e.g. tables or beds, for the body or parts of the body
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
  • A61B6/04—Positioning of patients; Tiltable beds or the like
  • A61B6/0487—Motor-assisted positioning
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
  • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
  • A61B6/4275—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis using a detector unit almost surrounding the patient, e.g. more than 180°
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
  • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
  • A61B6/4291—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis the detector being combined with a grid or grating
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
  • A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
  • A61B6/5205—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving processing of raw data to produce diagnostic data

Definitions

• the present application relates generally to nuclear medical imaging. It finds particular application in conjunction with whole-body single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and will be described with particular reference thereto. However, it will be understood that it also finds application in other usage scenarios and is not necessarily limited to the aforementioned application.
• SPECT whole-body single photon emission computed tomography
• Whole-body SPECT is a nuclear imaging technique in which a radiotracer is administered to the patient.
• the radiotracer typically includes a radioisotope coupled with a biological substance, such as glucose, with uptake in targeted areas of the body.
• the targeted areas include cancer lesions, specific organs, and the like.
• Gamma photons are emitted by the radiotracer as the radiotracer decays, and the emitted gamma photons are recorded by cameras. The data recorded by the cameras are used to reconstruct images of the patient showing any lesions in the body.
• Anger or gamma ray cameras are typically affixed to a rotating gantry.
• the bulky and heavy cameras rotate or index about the patient and record gamma photons.
• Two cameras, indexed at 32 different angular equi-spaced positions provide good resolution images.
• the axial length of the active camera or detector area is limited. As many as 5 different axial positions are needed to image the entire body.
• the rotation to 32 positions for each of 5 axial positions results in a lot of movement and a long overall time period to record the entire body.
• a typical overall time period to record the entire body is 20-30 minutes or more.
• a large massive and expensive gantry is employed to move and hold lead shielded cameras in precise positions, and permit precise indexing for all of the positions.
• the present application discloses a new and improved whole-body SPECT system which addresses the above referenced matters, and others.
• a whole body SPECT system includes a patient support and a gantry which includes a plurality of radiation detectors arranged circumferentially around the patient support.
• the patient support supports a patient and moves the patient in an axial direction through the static gantry.
• One or more processors connected to the plurality of detectors records strikes of gamma photons in the radiation detectors and reconstruct the recorded strikes of the gamma photons into a SPECT image.
• a whole body nuclear imaging system includes a patient support, a gantry, and one or more processors.
• the patient support supports a patient.
• the gantry includes a plurality of rings of radiation detectors arranged circumferentially around the patient support. The patient support and the gantry are movable relative to each other in an axial direction.
• the radiation detectors detect gamma radiation emitted from the patient supported by the patient support.
• the one or more processors are connected to the plurality of radiation detectors and reconstruct the detected gamma radiation into a whole body image.
• a method of whole body nuclear imaging includes, after administering a radiotracer to a patient, advancing the patient axially through a static gantry which includes a circumferential arrangement of gamma photon detectors. Gamma photon strikes are recorded in each detector of the static gantry. Advancing the patient and recording the gamma photon strikes are continued until the patient has advanced through the static gantry. A whole body image is reconstructed from the recorded gamma photon strikes.
• One advantage is the reduced cost.
• Another advantage resides in reduced imaging time, by as much as a factor of 9 to 2-3 minutes for a whole body image.
• Another advantage resides in the parallelism offered by a fixed array of radiation detectors over individual cameras.
• Another advantage resides in the elimination of rotational camera movement.
• Another advantage resides in reduced mechanical complexity with the elimination of a rotating gantry.
• Another advantage is the overlap in detectors which increases efficiency and counteracts patient attenuation.
• FIGURE 1 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a whole-body SPECT imaging system with a static gantry.
• FIGURE 2 schematically illustrates one embodiment of the gantry with a 3 ring configuration of radiation detectors.
• FIGURE 3 schematically illustrates another embodiment of the gantry with a 3 ring configuration of radiation detectors.
• FIGURE 4 illustrates various embodiments of the radiation detector.
• FIGURE 5 diagrammatically illustrates an embodiment of one radiation detector using a slit-slat collimator.
• FIGURE 6 diagrammatically illustrates an embodiment of a radiation detector with multiple slits and common slats.
• FIGURE 7 flowcharts one method of using an embodiment of the whole body
• FIGURE 1 an embodiment of a whole-body SPECT imaging system 10 with a static gantry 12 is schematically illustrated.
• a patient support 14 is mounted on a platform 16 such that the patient support moves in an axial direction 18 to move the patient through the static gantry 12.
• the patient support 14 moves with a constant axial movement.
• stepping the patient is also contemplated.
• the platform 16 can also, optionally, provide movement up and down to support easier patient loading or access to the patient support 14.
• An alternative embodiment holds the patient support static and moves the gantry axially the length of the patient.
• the static gantry 12 includes one or more rings of radiation detectors around the patient support 14.
• the gantry crosses the patient support under the moving part of the patient support.
• An elliptical shape with a wide lateral opening follows the contour of the body and accommodates heavy patients.
• the ring is 62 cm wide and 46 cm high which includes a 5 cm "keep out" region or region of space between the patient and the gantry.
• the gantry 12 can also have other shapes such as circular.
• the gantry can also be adjustable by either adding and removing individual detectors or by increasing the gantry dimensions and having a sparse arrangement of detectors.
• a data acquisition processor 20 is connected to the radiation detectors, and receives and records the signals from the plurality of radiation detectors in a data memory 22.
• the radiation detectors record the detector, the locations on the detector, the axial locations of the patient, and an energy of each gamma photon with strikes on the detectors as the patient is moved by the patient support through the eliptical or circular opening in the static gantry 12.
• a reconstruction processor 24 reconstructs the data into a 3D whole body image and stores the image in a memory, such as a medical records database 26 using a picture and archive communication system (PACS).
• the radiation detectors communicate wirelessly with the acquisition processor 20.
• An imaging work station 30, which can be local or remote, is in hardwired or in wireless communication with the medical records database 26.
• the imaging work station 30 includes a processor and memory 32, a display device 34, and at least one input device 36 such as a keyboard, mouse, or microphone.
• the work station retrieves the images of the underlying image data and performs further image enhancements, displays all or a selected portions of the images, and the like.
• FIGURE 2 schematically illustrates one embodiment of the gantry 12 with 3 rings 40a, 40b, 40c of radiation detectors 42. Larger and smaller numbers of rings are also contemplated.
• the plurality of radiation detectors 42 can be configured, for example with 52 detectors deposed in each ring.
• Each detector can be modular such as a fixed size such as 32 x 32 mm and face the geometric center of the ring at a pretermined angle, e.g. 90°.
• the embodiment includes three rings with the radiation detectors in each ring differently tilted in a transaxial plane.
• the radiation detectors include slit-slat collimators.
• a slit 44 is limited to an opening angle of approximately 70 degrees and extends in the axial direction 18 on each radiation detector and faces the patient support. Radiation detectors are located as near as possible to the patient for system efficiency and spatial resolution leaving a keep out region, e.g. 5 cm between the patient and the detectors. Larger openings are impractical due to an increase in penetration through edges and depth-of-interation effect in flat detectors. Because the slits 44 are located near the patient, more than one radiation detector 42 angle is used to provide a total cross section of the patient. To provide multiple angles, the multiple rings of radiation detectors are used. The radiation detector angle in each ring is tilted to provide a complete cross section viewing from within each radial position in the gantry. The detectors can be circumferentially aligned as shown in FIGURE 2 or can be circumferentially offset, e.g. by one third of a detector as shown in FIGURE 3.
• the radiation detector 42 can be configured with different types of collimators.
• One embodiment includes a slit-slat collimator 46 configuration in which the slit 44 is paired with parallel slats 48.
• Alternative embodiments include a fan slit collimator 50 in which the slit is paired with divergent slats 48, a single pinhole collimator 54, a multi-pinhole collimator 56, and the like.
• one embodiment of one radiation detector 42 uses the slit-slat collimator 46.
• a sheet 60 of strongly radiation absorbing metal such as lead or tungsten faces the patient.
• an opening is formed to define the slit 44.
• Perpendicular to the facing sheet are parallel slats 48 of strongly radiation absorbing metal which extend in a transaxial direction.
• the gamma photon detectors 70 At the edge of the slats opposite the facing sheet 60 are the gamma photon detectors 70.
• the detectors include one or more scintillation crystals 72 and an array of photo-sensors 74, such as (analog or digital) silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), avalanched photodiodes (APDs), photodiodes, solid state diodes, or the like.
• the scintillator 72 can be a single sheet or pixelated. If pixelated, the individual crystals can be coupled in various configurations with the photo detectors such as 1 :4, 1 : 1, sparse layouts, offsets and the like. The crystals produce light when struck by a gamma photon, and the photo-sensors receive the light scintillations, and generate electrical signals indicative of the location and energy of each scintillation.
• the scintillator is eliminated and the photodetectors are replaced with solid state detectors that convert the receiveied radiation directly to the signal, such as Cadium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors, or the like.
• CZT Cadium Zinc Telluride
• the gamma photon detectors can be arranged in arrays in sizes such as 1 x 4 mm.
• the arrays can be grouped into tiles such as a rectangular arrangement which includes 32 rows of 8 1 x 4 mm arrays for a total area 32 x 32 mm.
• the maximum angle of view of the slit opening 80 is 70 degrees.
• a set of radiation detectors includes adjacent detectors in adjacent rings which are tilted differently from the same radial position. This overlap between radiation detectors leads to a 60% higher efficiency in the center of the body which counteracts effects of patient attenuation. The higher efficiency results in better image quality in the inner part of the patient body.
• the overlap in range is optimized so that no region outside the maximum field-of-view for large patients is seen by the radiation detectors.
• a single ring of detectors can be used which mechanically rotate back and forth so as to sweep the field-of-view from each radial position and provide complete cross section coverage.
• space is needed between the radiation detectors and the patient body as the patient body moves axially relative to the detectors, and the detectors to view the body through each slit opening which includes a maximum opening.
• the keep out region or space between the patient body and the ring of detectors provides an optimal balance.
• a comparison of features of one embodiment of 3 ring detector arrangement and one embodiment of a 6 ring detector arrangement is shown with the low energy high resolution (LEHR) detectors from a BrightView system in the following table.
• LEHR low energy high resolution
• the sensitivity of the 6 ring system is double the sensitivity of the 3 ring system at 612 and 306 respectively.
• the sensitivity of the 3 ring system is slightly less than the LEHR detectors.
• the resolution is constant between the two ring systems and slightly less than the LEHR detectors.
• the active detector area for the 6 ring system is double that of the 3 ring system while still less than the active detector area of the LEHR detectors.
• the whole body volume image can be constructed as a stack of planar images.
• a planar image can be take from arbitrary angles and arbitrary selected parts of a volume data. Detectability is improved over traditional planar imaging through the ability to move through slices of the volume in viewing locations of lesions.
• CNR contrast to noise ratio
• An example uses a cylindrical body of 400 mm diameter, a lesion of 16 mm diameter, and a contrast Co in the center.
• the CNR is calculated for planar imaging and reconstructed slices.
• a factor of V2 is included which replaces 1/VQ by a factor of 6.
• the CNR is calculated and show relative to each other using a planar image (CNR P ), a reconstructed central slice (CNR r ), all slices summed in a volume (CNR V ), and for a lesion volume (CNRi).
• the example shows that the CNR for a single slice (CNR r ) or multiple slices in the interval of (0.27, 0.6] is better than planar imaging (CNR P ). Comparing the example of the lesion volume to the planar image gives a .8/.27 or approximately 3 times the CNR which can be used to reduce imaging time by a factor of 9. Reducing the imaging time by a factor of 9 can reduced the overall image time from more than 20 minutes to approximately 2-3 minutes.
• FIGURE 6 diagrammatically illustrates an embodiment of a radiation detector with multiple slits 44 with common slats 48.
• Multiple rectangular gamma photon detectors 74 such as SiPM tiles are located proximate to each slit.
• one method of using an embodiment of the whole body SPECT system is flowcharted.
• a patient is loaded on the patient support 14 and administered a radiotracer according to the radiotracer protocol.
• the patient is advanced axially 18 through the opening in the static gantry 12 in a step 90.
• the detector, the location on the detector, the patient location, and the energy level for each gamma photon strike is recorded as the patient passes through the field of view.
• the entire cross section of the patient is recorded without movement of the detectors in the gantry.
• the process continues in step 94 until the patient has advanced completely through the static gantry.
• a whole body image is reconstructed using the recorded gamma ray strike data.
• the volume image is stored in the medical records database 26.
• the work station 30 is used to display the whole-body image or a portion of an image such as a planar image, a surface rendering or the like. Oblique slices can be presented from any of multiple angles.
• the method described can be implemented using one or more processors executing one or more computer readable instructions encoded on a computer readable storage medium such as physical memory which causes the one or more processors to carry out the instructions. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more processors can execute instructions carried by transitory mediums such as a signal or carrier wave.

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• 2012
  • 2012-11-15 IN IN3723CHN2014 patent/IN2014CN03723A/en unknown
  • 2012-11-15 WO PCT/IB2012/056446 patent/WO2013076629A1/en active Application Filing
  • 2012-11-15 BR BR112014012015A patent/BR112014012015A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2012-11-15 JP JP2014541797A patent/JP6114298B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2012-11-15 RU RU2014125267/14A patent/RU2014125267A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2012-11-15 EP EP12816120.5A patent/EP2747656B1/en active Active
  • 2012-11-15 US US14/357,629 patent/US10213173B2/en active Active

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