WO2013068484A1 - Procédés de préparation d'aliments pour poissons enrobés avec des agents améliorant l'appétissance - Google Patents

Procédés de préparation d'aliments pour poissons enrobés avec des agents améliorant l'appétissance Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013068484A1
WO2013068484A1 PCT/EP2012/072169 EP2012072169W WO2013068484A1 WO 2013068484 A1 WO2013068484 A1 WO 2013068484A1 EP 2012072169 W EP2012072169 W EP 2012072169W WO 2013068484 A1 WO2013068484 A1 WO 2013068484A1
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Prior art keywords
fish
feed
pellets
palatability
feed pellets
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PCT/EP2012/072169
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English (en)
Inventor
Vincent Fournier
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Specialites Pet Food
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Priority to EP12783223.6A priority Critical patent/EP2775856A1/fr
Publication of WO2013068484A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013068484A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K40/30—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by encapsulating; by coating

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of fish feed.
  • the invention concerns a method for determining a coefficient of enhancement (K e ) for standardizing palatability of fish feed pellets when coating said pellets with a palatability enhancer useful in fish feed.
  • the invention provides a method for standardizing palatability of fish feed pellets for use in aquaculture, a method for preparing coated fish feed pellets having standardized palatability, and a method for enhancing growth of fish in aquaculture.
  • land-based raw materials e.g., blood meal, bone meal, feather meal, and other types of meal produced from other slaughterhouse waste, for example poultry meal
  • plant-based raw materials e.g., soy meal, wheat meal, rapeseed meal, rice meal, and the like.
  • the fish feed industry has become more and more interested in finding satisfying alternatives to fish meal and fish oil to be used for preparing feed for fish farming.
  • the dietary level of fish meal remains crucial for achieving feed performance, affecting both feed palatability and feed utilization.
  • the level of fish meal in feed designed for carnivorous fish species tends to decrease and is close to reach a critical threshold for fish growth and feed utilization.
  • Plant- and land-based feedstuffs are now commonly proposed in fish feed formulations as an alternative to fish meal.
  • balancing the dietary amino acid profile of plant-rich diets to meet the fish amino acid requirements is not efficient enough to get satisfying fish and feed performances. Feed palatability is firstly affected when substituting fish meal by plant- and land-based meals.
  • the feeding behaviour of fish is characterized by no feed nibbling and fast pellet ingestion.
  • the transit time of pellets in the water is very short as they are eaten very fast by the fish when distributed.
  • Pellets are not (or rarely) broken in the mouth of fish.
  • a satisfying palatability enhancer needs thus to have a high contact with water to stimulate olfactory and gustatory fish receptors and to be easily sensed by the fish.
  • the present Inventors have thus conducted a lot of trials as reported in the Examples below, to evaluate (i) the best method for applying a palatability enhancer to fish feed and (ii) the best palatability enhancer amount to be applied to the fish feed, in order to reach the highest palatability effect regardless the fish meal content of the fish feed.
  • the present invention provides a method for fitting the conditions for applying a palatability enhancer to the fish feed size.
  • the present invention concerns a method for determining a coefficient of enhancement (K e ) for standardizing palatability of fish feed pellets when coating said pellets with a palatability enhancer (PE) useful in fish feed.
  • K e coefficient of enhancement
  • PE palatability enhancer
  • the present invention also relates to a method for standardizing palatability of fish feed pellets for use in aquaculture using said coefficient of enhancement K e .
  • the present invention further provides a method for preparing coated fish feed pellets having standardized palatability using said coefficient of enhancement K e .
  • the invention further concerns coated fish feed pellets having standardized palatability that are obtainable by the foregoing method.
  • the present invention is related to methods for enhancing growth of fish in aquaculture.
  • the present invention further provides a kit useful in aquaculture comprising, in a single package, one or more PEs and one or more means for communicating information or instructions with respect to the use of said PEs for coating fish feed pellets in order to achieve standardized palatability.
  • Figure 1 Schematic representation of a typical fish trial as performed by the Inventors.
  • Figure 4 Influence of the method for applying the PE on the feed utilization (feed conversion ratio, FCR) by European seabass fed dietary treatments for 15 days.
  • Figure 5A Influence of the amount of PE (Q) on the feed intake of European seabass fed dietary treatments for 15 days.
  • FIG. 5B Dose-response relationship between the amount of PE (Q) and the feed intake of European seabass fed dietary treatments for 15 days.
  • Figure 6A Influence of the amount of PE (Q) on the growth of European seabass fed dietary treatments for 15 days.
  • FIG. 7 Influence of the amount of PE (Q) on the feed utilization by European seabass fed dietary treatments for 15 days.
  • Figure 9 Influence of PE coating on growth of European seabass fed a fish meal free diet for 15 days - Mean, minimum and maximum responses on 27 trials.
  • FM fish meal.
  • Figure 10. Influence of PE coating on the feed utilization by European seabass fed a fish meal free diet for 15 days - Mean, minimum and maximum responses on 27 trials.
  • Figure 14 Optimal PE amount (Q op timai) for coating feed pellets for seabass and seabream, as a function of the pellet size and based on a calculated value for K e of 1.06 mg PE/cm 2 apparent surface of the pellet.
  • Figure 15. Optimal PE amount (Q op timai) for coating feed pellets for salmon, as a function of the pellet size and based on a calculated value for K e of 1 .06 mg PE/cm 2 apparent surface of the pellet.
  • ranges are stated in shorthand, so as to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range.
  • a range of 0.1-1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0, as well as the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1-1.0, such as 0.2-0.5, 0.2-0.8, 0.7-1.0, etc.
  • pen will be used below to refer to anyone of a pen, a pond, a tank, and a cage.
  • fish refers to any fish species that can be reared for the purposes of supplying dietary fish to the population (humans and animals, in particular, companion animals).
  • group of fish that are defined by the nutritional requirements and feeding habits of the fish: the group of carnivorous fish, the group of omnivorous fish, and the group of herbivorous fish.
  • barb species Piertius spp.
  • black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus
  • Chinese mud carp Cirrhinus molitorella
  • climbing perch Alignudineus
  • common carp Cyprinus carpio
  • crucian carp Carassius carassius
  • pirapatinga Piaractus brachypomus
  • Silver or Java barb Barbonymus gonionotus
  • Indian mrigal carp Cirrhinus mrigala
  • Pacu Pieractus mesopotamicus
  • Tilapia species [Oreochromis spp.
  • a fish according to the present invention is a "carnivorous" fish.
  • a “model fish” herein designates a fish species which is chosen for studies as being representative of other fish species in terms of physiological needs and/or physiological responses and/or behaviour. Accordingly, a “model fish” is a fish which is chosen for studies as being representative of other fish species belonging to the same group of fish as defined above. It is thus admitted that the results observed upon studying a model fish can legitimately be transposed to other fish species.
  • a standard model for carnivorous fish is European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (Altan et al., 201 1).
  • a model for omnivorous fish is tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
  • a model for herbivorous fish is Chinese grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
  • Standardizing or “optimizing” the palatability of a fish feed
  • said fish feed is equally, homogeneously, uniformly and regularly palatable, and this, all along the fish rearing cycle and whatever the size of the pellets.
  • the same amount (Q) of PE should be applied to each pellet by coating.
  • the palatability-enhancing effect will be as constant and uniform as possible for all the pellets of a same batch, all along the shelf life of the pellets and all along the fish rearing cycle. If so, the pellets are thus considered as having an enhanced palatability that is "standardized” or “optimized”. I n addition, industrial production costs of such "standardized" palatable pellets can advantageously be significantly reduced.
  • feed means a product or composition that is intended for ingestion by a fish and provides at least one nutrient to the fish.
  • the composition of the feed depends on the group of fish that will be fed with said feed.
  • a feed for carnivorous fish is different from a feed for omnivorous fish and from a feed for herbivorous fish, the two latter feeds being also different from each other.
  • fish, especially carnivorous fish need protei n, fat, mi nerals and vitamins in order to grow and to be in good health.
  • feed according to the present invention excludes "baits" that are only used to attract fish.
  • extrusion means to create an object having a fixed cross-sectional profile. This is done by pulling or forcing a formable material through a die opening having the desired cross-section.
  • extruders of the single screw or double screw type are used.
  • the extruded material is a mixture of protein raw materials, starch containing raw materials, fat, and water.
  • the water may be added to the mixture in the form of water or steam .
  • the mixture may comprise minerals and vitamins and possibly pigment.
  • the mixture may be preheated in a preconditioner where the heating takes place by addition of steam to the mixture. Steam and water may also be added to the substance inside the extruder.
  • the dough-like substance is forced by means of the screws toward a constriction in the outlet end of the extruder and on through a die plate where the substance gets a desired cross-sectional shape.
  • a rotating knife cutting the string coming out of the die holes into desired length. Normally, the pressure on the outside of the die plate will be equal to the surrounding pressure.
  • the extruded product is generally referred to as "extrudate".
  • extrusion is meant herein cooking extrusion either by means of a single screw extruder or a double screw extruder.
  • extruded feed is meant a feed produced by cooking extrusion either by means of a single screw extruder or a double screw extruder.
  • Extruded fish feed is typically in the form of pellets. Most of, if not all, currently-available "extruded feed” contain less than about 10% water and are oil-coated.
  • a “pressed feed” is meant a feed produced by means of a feed press. This process differs from extrusion in several ways. There is used less water and steam in the process. The feed mixture is forced through a die ring from the inside out by means of rollers rotating on the inside of the die ring. Temperature and pressure are lower than in extrusion, and the product is not porous. The process entails that the starch is not as digestive as after extrusion.
  • a “pressed feed” will normally contain less than about 10% water after pressing and any oil coating. It is not necessary to dry a pressed feed. The feed is cooled prior to optional packaging.
  • a “formulated fish feed” is meant a feed composed of one or more protein sources such as, but not limited to, marine protein including, inter alia, fish meal and krill meal, vegetable protein (e.g., soy meal, rapeseed meal, wheat gluten, corn gluten, lupine meal, pea meal, sunflower seed meal, and rice meal), and slaughterhouse waste such as blood meal, bone meal, feather meal, and poultry meal.
  • protein sources such as, but not limited to, marine protein including, inter alia, fish meal and krill meal, vegetable protein (e.g., soy meal, rapeseed meal, wheat gluten, corn gluten, lupine meal, pea meal, sunflower seed meal, and rice meal), and slaughterhouse waste such as blood meal, bone meal, feather meal, and poultry meal.
  • a "formulated feed” further contains fats such as fish oil and/or plant- based oils (e.g., rapeseed oil and soy oil), and/or land-based fats (in particular, poultry fat) as energy sources.
  • a formulated feed also contains a binder, usually in the form of a starch-containing raw material, such as wheat or wheat flour, potato flour, rice, rice flour, pea flour, beans or tapioca flour, to give the feed the desired strength and form stability.
  • a typical "formulated feed” further contains minerals and vitamins for taking care of good growth and good health of the fish.
  • the feed may also contain further additives such as pigments.
  • a “formulated fish feed” is thus a composite feed wherein the relative amounts between proteins, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and any other additives is calculated to be optimally adapted to the nutritional needs of the group of fish and of the fish species based on the age of the fish, the rearing method and the environmental conditions. It is common that feeding is done with only one type of feed at once and with that every piece of feed is nutritionally adequate. Thus, a “formulated fish feed” commonly has an approximate composition of 25-60 wt% protein, 5-40 wt% lipid, and 3-15 wt% moisture. By a “dry, formulated feed” is meant a feed of the pressed or extruded type.
  • pellet used herein refers to particulate chunks or pieces formed by either a press or extrusion process.
  • the pieces can vary in sizes and/or shapes, depending on the process or the equipment. Since the fish is farmed using a fish feed product, starting with fingerlings (having the weight of about 1 g) up to large fish having a weight of several kilograms (e.g. 4 to 5 kg), various pellet sizes are required and used in the feeding at different stages of the growth of the fish. Size and/or shape of the pellets have indeed to be adapted to the size of the fish. Thus, during one cycle of fish rearing, pellets of increasing sizes are used as the fish is growing.
  • pellets of 5 different sizes are commonly used to comply with the fish growth (see Table 2 below).
  • the size of the pellet to be used is determined by the size of the fish in accordance with prior practice. Examples are given in Tables 1 to 3 below.
  • the "size" of a fish feed pellet is defined by a diameter (d) and a height (h) of the cylinder.
  • Common pellets have a diameter in the range from about 0.5 mm to about 25 mm, including particular diameter values like 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12 mm.
  • the height of a cylindrical pellet is generally about 1 to about 1 .5 times its diameter.
  • fish feed pellets in the form of cylinders can have a same value for both the diameter (d) and the height (h) of the cylinder. Given that a fish feed pellet is herein assimilated to a cylinder, the
  • N 2 x ⁇ x (d/2) x h + 2 x ⁇ x (d/2) 2 wherein d and h define the size of the pellet as described above.
  • N is herein defined as the number of pellets contained in a batch having a given volume or a given weight (volume or weight of the total fish feed; e.g., 1 kg). In practice, for a batch of 1 kg, N can easily be determined as follows:
  • N 1000 / p wherein p is the average weight of 1 pellet (in g) as determined after weighing 100 pellets individually, and N is the number of pellets contained in said batch of 1 kg.
  • feed pellets fulfil both definitions of "feed” and “pellets” above.
  • feed pellets refer not only to the composition and formulation of the feed but also to the physical structure, the shape, the size, and the density of the pellets.
  • model feed pellets fish feed pellets of reference that have a defined size that can be easily determined and that are used in a method for determining a coefficient of enhancement (K e ) as described below. Said K e coefficient is useful for standardizing palatability of fish feed pellets when coating said pellets with a PE.
  • model feed pellets are used in said method together with a model fish as defined above.
  • palatability means a preference of a fish for one feed to another. Palatability refers to the overall willingness of a fish to eat a certain feed. Advantageously but not necessarily, palatability further refers to the capacity of the eaten feed to satisfy the fish. Whenever a fish shows a preference, for example, for one of two or more feeds, the preferred feed is more "palatable” and has “enhanced palatability".
  • the palatability of one feed compared to one or more other feeds can be determined, for example, by testing consumption of the feeds by fish. Such preference can arise from any of the fish senses, but typically is related to, inter alia, taste, smell, aroma, flavour, texture, and/or mouth feel.
  • a fish feed stated herein to have "enhanced palatability" is one for which a fish exhibits preference compared to a control feed composition.
  • palatability enhancers mean any material that enhances the palatability of a feed composition to a fish.
  • a PE may be a single material or a blend of materials, and it may be natural , processed or unprocessed, synthetic, or part of natural and part of synthetic materials.
  • a PE useful in fish feed is an edible composition that provides a taste, smell, aroma, flavour, texture, mouth feel, and/or organoleptic sensation that is appealing or pleasing to the fish.
  • PEs useful in fish feed belong to the ACTIPALTM product line (Aquativ, SPF, France).
  • a "palatability-enhancing composition ingredient” is any compound, composition or material that is suitable for fish consumption.
  • palatability-enhancing composition ingredients are animal meals and/or hydrolysates, fish meals and/or hydrolysates, krill meals and/or hydrolysates, crustacean meals and/or hydrolysates, mollusk meals and/or hydrolysates (including worms), feather meals and/or hydrolysates, yeasts and/or hydrolysates and/or extracts , plant hydrolysates, algae meals and/or hydrolysates and/or extracts, nitrogen compounds [e.g.
  • amino acid means a molecule containing both an amino group and a carboxyl group.
  • amino acids are ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ - or ⁇ - amino acids, including their stereoisomers and racemates.
  • peptide By the term “peptide”, it is meant herein a short chain of amino acids. By “short chain of amino acids”, it is typically referred to a chain having from 2 to about 6 amino acids. I n particular, a “peptide” in the present context has a molecular weight (MW) equal to or less than about 1000 Da.
  • DH degree of hydrolysis
  • Methods used in the food and feed industries, and more specifically in the fish feed industry, for quantifying the DH are typically based on one of the following principles: (1 ) determination of soluble nitrogen in the presence of a precipitating agent such as trichloroacetic acid (TCA); or (2) determination of free alpha amino groups by colorometric methods (e.g., titration with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, TNBS), or pH titration of the released protons.
  • DH may advantageously be determined by an OPA (o-phthaldialdehyde)-based method as described in Nielsen (2001).
  • OPA o-phthaldialdehyde
  • TCA-soluble nitrogen may be determined by the Kjeldhal assay (A.O.A.C.
  • a "nucleoside” is a compound containing a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar (usually, ribose or deoxyribose), such as adenosine, inosine, uridine, guanosine, cytidine, ribothymidine, deoxyadenosine, deoxyinosine, deoxythymidine, deoxyuridine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and the like.
  • ribose or deoxyribose such as adenosine, inosine, uridine, guanosine, cytidine, ribothymidine, deoxyadenosine, deoxyinosine, deoxythymidine, deoxyuridine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine, and the like.
  • a “nucleotide” is any compound consisting of a nucleoside combined with a phosphate group such as adenosine monophosphate, inosine monophosphate, thymidine monophosphate, uridine monophosphate, guanosine monophosphate, cytidine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, inosine diphosphate, thymidine diphosphate, uridine diphosphate, guanosine diphosphate, cytidine diphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, inosine triphosphate, thymidine triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, cytidine triphosphate, deoxyadenosine monophosphate, deoxyinosine monophosphate, deoxythymidine monophosphate, deoxyuridine monophosphate, deoxyguanosine monophosphate, deoxycytidine monophosphate, deoxyadenosine diphosphat
  • lipids examples include tallow, oils, fats from any origin such as animal, plant (including vegetable), dairy or marine oils, all of these being indifferently herein referred to as "lipids", “fats” or “oils”.
  • Plant oils which are available in large quantities are typically canola oil, soybean oil, corn oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, linseed oil, palm oil, safflower oil, and the like, as well as byproducts thereof.
  • Typical animal fats are tallow, lard, poultry fat, beef fat, and the like, as well as by-products thereof.
  • Marine oils are typically tuna oil, sardine oil, salmon oil, anchovy oil, other pelagic fish oil, and the like, as well as by-products thereof. Also are encompassed herein the fats that are derived from animal, plant, marine sources, or that are produced by fish, animals and plants. Preferably, fish feed contains marine oils.
  • palatability-enhancing composition ingredients include more particularly "nutrients” or “macronutrients”, and “micronutrients”.
  • nutrients are, without limitation, fish-, plant- and land-based raw materials, nitrogen compounds (e.g. , proteins, peptides, amino acids, especially free amino acids, amino acid derivatives), carbohydrates, fats, and the like.
  • micronutrients include, without limitation, vitamins, minerals and oligoelements, such as vitam ins A, C, E, B12 , D3, folic acid , D-biotin, cyanocobalamin, niacinamide, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, menadione, beta- carotene, calcium pantothenate, choline, inositol, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper, iodine, and the like.
  • vitamins, minerals and oligoelements such as vitam ins A, C, E, B12 , D3, folic acid , D-biotin, cyanocobalamin, niacinamide, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, menadione, beta- carotene, calcium pantothenate, choline, inositol, calcium, phosphorus, potassium,
  • the term "nutrients” may be used to refer to nutrients or to micronutrients or to both. Of course, the exact meaning of this term will be made clear by the context to the skilled artisan.
  • Preservatives are in particular used for ensuring a long shelf life of feed, in particular of fish feed.
  • Preservatives comprise natural or synthetic anti-oxidants (such as etoxyquine, BHA, BHT, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, tocopherols, rosemary extracts, and the like); chelatants (e.g., citric acid); as well as sorbic acid or sorbic salts (e.g., potassium sorbate), and other acids like phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • a “pigment” means herein any substance of natural origin or any synthetic colour that is suitable (preferably, approved or certified) for use in fish feed. Pigments are useful to, inter alia, give an appetizing colour to a fish feed and/or give an appetizing colour to the fish intended for consumption by animals and/or humans. Examples of commonly used pigments in aquaculture are carotenoids (such as canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, etc.), and the like.
  • a “variable” as used herein is one of the following: initial biomass, final biomass, initial fish number, final fish number, feed consumption, and dead fish weight. Those variables are illustrated in Fig. 1 .
  • a cycle of fish rearing includes a period of time D of feeding the fish (Fig. 1).
  • the "initial fish number" variable (n, in Fig. 1 ) is defined as the total number of fish that are initially contained in the pen, i.e., at the beginning of said period of time D.
  • the "initial biomass” variable (B, in Fig. 1 ) is defined as the total weight of the n, fish initially contained in the pen.
  • the “final fish number” variable (n f in Fig. 1) is defined as the total number of living fish that are finally contained in the pen, i.e., at the end of said period of time D.
  • the “final biomass” variable (B f in Fig. 1) is defined as the total weight of the n f fish finally contained in the pen.
  • the "dead fish weight” variable (B d in Fig. 1 ) is defined as the total weight of the n d fish.
  • the variable “feed consumption” or “feed intake” (Fc) is defined as the weight of the feed really consumed by the fish in the pen during said period of time D. As shown in Fig. 1 , Fc can be calculated using Equation (5):
  • Fc Fd - Fu
  • Fd is the dry weight of the total feed that is distributed in excess in the pen during said period of time D
  • Fu is the dry weight of the total uneaten feed that is recovered daily from the pen during said period of time D.
  • a “parameter” as used herein is one of the following: initial mean fish weight, final mean fish weight, biomass gain, feed consumption, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio.
  • initial mean fish weight the average value of said parameter that is achieved during said period of time D.
  • maximum mean fish weight the average value of said parameter that is achieved during said period of time D.
  • Equation (7) The "final mean fish weight” parameter (W f ) is defined by Equation (7):
  • SGR (expressed, e.g., in %/day) does not take into account the amount of feed fed to obtain growth. It is a measure of growth rate only. SGR depends on the digestibility of the fish feed and its profile in terms of protein and fat ratio, as well as of amino acid and fatty acid compositions.
  • the "feed intake” parameter (Fi) is defined by Equation (10):
  • Fi can be expressed in g feed / kg of average biomass of fish / day.
  • the "feed conversion ratio” parameter is an economic parameter indicating how efficiently the fish grows on the feed. Fish growth actually corresponds to protein, fat and water deposition in the muscle. FCR thus reflects the "feed utilization" by the fish, or the "feed efficiency”. FCR is defined by Equation (1 1 ):
  • FCR Fc / B+ FCR varies between fish species and also with the size of the fish.
  • FCR may typically be from about 0.7 to about 2.
  • Industrial fish feed in the form of pressed feed and extruded feed contains low amounts of water, typically from about 5 to about 10%. The fish body has a higher water content. This is the reason why the FCR of different feeds should theoretically take into account the water content of the feeds as water does not contribute to growth. More precisely, the FCR should theoretically be calculated on a dry matter basis. However, as the water content is within a narrow range and as it is cumbersome for the fish farmer to calculate dry matter FCR, FCR is usually calculated on the feed including water content. Unless otherwise specified, weights are herein expressed in grams.
  • Coating or “top-coating”, as used herein, refers to topical deposition of a palatability-enhancing composition onto the surface of a fish feed, such as by spraying, dusting, and the like.
  • inclusion refers to addition of a palatability-enhancing composition internally to a fish feed preparation, by mixing it with the fish feed preparation, before further processing steps for obtaining the final fish feed.
  • long shelf life means a shelf life from about 6 to about 12 months, provided appropriate storage conditions are fulfilled.
  • “Appropriate conditions” for storage and long shelf life of fish feed pellets are well known in the art. For instance, as most foodstuffs and feedstuffs, fish feed pellets should be protected from moisture and heat in order to preserve organoleptic and/or physical properties thereof. Fish feed pellets can be stored either under a packaged form in appropriate packaging units (e.g., micropunched plastic bags) or loose, in silos for example.
  • the term "single package” means that the components of said kit are physically associated in or with one or more containers and considered as a unit for manufacture, distribution, sale, or use.
  • Containers include, but are not limited to, bags, boxes, cartons, bottles, pouches, packages of any type or design or material, over-wrap, shrink-wrap, stapled or otherwise affixed components, or combinations thereof.
  • a single package may be containers of individual components physically associated such that they are considered as forming a unit for manufacture, distribution, sale, or use.
  • a "means for communicating information or instructions” is a kit component under any form suitable for providing information, instructions, recommendations, and/or warranties, etc.
  • Such a means can comprise a document, digital storage media, optical storage media, audio presentation, visual display containing information.
  • the means of communication can be a displayed web site, brochure, product label, package insert, advertisement, visual display, etc.
  • database means an organized collection of information that may be available under any appropriate form and on any appropriate supporting material (paper, electronic, and the like).
  • a “database” more specifically relates to a collection of one or more values of a coefficient of enhancement K e as a function of PEs: a value K e 1 specific to one PE (PE1 ), a value K e 2 specific to another PE (PE2), a value K e 3 specific to yet another PE (PE3), etc.
  • the Inventors aimed at identifying the most efficient method to be used for applying a PE in fish feeds.
  • PEs in fish feeds
  • two methods can be contemplated: either a conventional incorporation by inclusion or a more original application by top- coating.
  • top-coating represents the best solution to apply PEs in fish feeds. Indeed, as illustrated in Fig. 3 and 4, it is necessary to increase the level of inclusion of the PE to 2% to reach the same effect as that of a PE applied by top- coating at 1 %. It comes that top-coating is the most efficient and the least costly solution to apply PEs in fish feeds. Noticeably, this conclusion goes against the conventional practice of manufacturers of fish feeds who usually incorporate PEs by inclusion. Thus, in all aspects of the present invention described below, PEs are applied onto fish feeds by top-coating.
  • the Inventors aimed at determining the optimum level of PE to be applied on fish feeds by top-coating so as to observe the highest effect of said PE.
  • the Inventors thus propose to rely on a coefficient of enhancement (K e ) to manufacture in a simple, easy, and costless way, standardized coated fish feed pellets (e.g., a same amount of PE coats each pellet of a batch). Thanks to this K e coefficient, the Inventors make it now possible to expedite determination of the optimal amount of a given PE to apply onto pellets by top-coating.
  • the K e coefficient depends on the PE that is used for coating fish feed pellets, the Inventors provide herein a method to obtain a database of coefficients of enhancement K e as a function of PEs.
  • the present invention addresses for the first time an important issue due to the risk of a lack of efficiency of palatability enhancement upon coating fish feed with PEs .
  • the apparent area of the pellets is changed, resulting in a risk of an heterogeneous top-coating of the pellets.
  • the pellets cannot be coated efficiently with the same amount of PE when the apparent area of the pellets changes.
  • the apparent area of the pellets changes, then the amount of PE used for coating the pellets has to be adapted.
  • the present invention makes it possible to have a same amount of PE coating fish feed pellets in a batch, whatever the size and/or density of the pellets. This means that, with the present invention, all pellets of a batch are coated with the same and optimal amount of PE per unit of apparent area.
  • a first aspect of the present invention concerns a method for determining a coefficient of enhancement (K e ) for standardizing palatability of fish feed pellets when coating said pellets with a PE useful in fish feed, comprising: a) providing a model fish and model feed pellets having a defined size; b) coating said model feed pellets with increasing amounts (Q) of said PE; c) feeding said coated model feed pellets to said model fish during a period of time D; d) determining, for each amount Q, the following variables: B,, n,, B f , n f , Fc, and B d over said period D; e) calculating at least one parameter selected from Fi, SGR and FCR, as a function of the Q amount; f) selecting the Q op timai-mo d ei amount achieving an optimal value of said calculated parameter; g) determining apparent area (AA) of one model feed pellet and number (N) of model feed pellets per weight of the total fish feed; and h
  • K e is from about 0.4 to about 3.
  • the K e coefficient varies depending on the physical form of the PE (dry or liquid).
  • K e is preferably from about 0.4 to about 2, with preferred values from about 1.0 to about 1 .2.
  • K e is preferably from about 1.6 to about 3, with preferred values from about 2.2 to about 2.4.
  • variable and parameter determination is important in aquaculture, at least for the following reasons.
  • some feed is commonly lost because feed pellets break apart in the feeding system and the broken pieces are too small to be eaten or are so small that they are recognized as dust.
  • some feed pellets are not eaten by the fish but just sink through the water column (Fu as defined above).
  • some feed is lost because the fish are fed to satiation, while feeding continues (known as "overfeeding" or feeding "in excess”).
  • underfeeding may occur, in which case the FCR increases because a higher proportion of the feed nutrients (fish-, plant- or land-based raw materials, nitrogen compounds, fat, carbohydrates, and the like) will be used for metabolic purposes instead of being used for muscle deposition.
  • feed nutrients fish-, plant- or land-based raw materials, nitrogen compounds, fat, carbohydrates, and the like
  • fish feed typically comprises one or more of: - sources of protein, carbohydrate and lipid [for example, fish meal, fish oil, animal meal (for example blood meal, feather meal, poultry meal and/or other types of meal produced from other slaughterhouse waste), animal fat (for example poultry oil), vegetable meal (e.g., soya meal, lupine meal, pea meal, bean meal, rape meal, sunflower meal), vegetable oil (e.g., rapeseed oil, soya oil), gluten (e.g., wheat gluten, corn gluten) and added amino acids (e.g., lysine, methionine)]; and/or
  • - sources of protein, carbohydrate and lipid for example, fish meal, fish oil, animal meal (for example blood meal, feather meal, poultry meal and/or other types of meal produced from other slaughterhouse waste), animal fat (for example poultry oil), vegetable meal (e.g., soya meal, lupine meal, pea meal, bean meal, rape meal, sunflower meal), vegetable oil (e
  • phosphorus sou rces e. g . , m onocalci um phosphate, d ical ci u m phosphate
  • said parameter calculated in step e) is SGR.
  • K e further depends on the group of fish under consideration (carnivorous, omnivorous, or herbivorous) since the model fish is representative of any other fish belonging to the same group.
  • Said model fish is selected from a model carnivorous fish, a model omnivorous fish, and a model herbivorous fish.
  • said model fish is a model carnivorous fish, preferably European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax.
  • said model fish is a model omnivorous fish, preferably Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus.
  • said model fish is a model herbivorous fish, preferably Chinese grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella.
  • one K e value (K e 1 ) is determined for (1 ) a model fish representative of a group of fish (carnivorous, omnivorous, or herbivorous), (2) model feed pellets, and (3) one given PE (PE1 ).
  • one or more corresponding K e values (K e 2, K e 3, K e 4, etc.) can be determined so that a database can be obtained.
  • a database will thus contain K e values as a function of PEs (K e 2 specific to PE2, K e 3 specific to PE3, K e 4 specific to PE4, etc.), for a given group of fish (carnivorous, omnivorous, or herbivorous).
  • the method above further comprises one or more steps i) of re-performing steps a) to h) using another PE (if more than one step i) is performed, then a different PE is used for each step i) so that a different K e value is determined).
  • the method above further comprises a step j) of obtaining a database including K e values specific to PEs for a given group of fish (carnivorous, omnivorous, or herbivorous).
  • Th is can be done for i nstance by experimentally testing a sufficient number of amounts Q (at least 5, preferably at least 6, yet preferably at least 7, yet more preferably at least 8 different values for Q) so that one can observe an increasing slope followed by a plateau in the values of the zootechnical parameters (as illustrated by, e.g., Figs. 5B and 6B).
  • the database is obtained usi ng a model model fish representative of a group of fish (carnivorous, omnivorous, or herbivorous) and model feed pellets.
  • the K e value specific to a given PE can then be used to standardize palatability of any other feed pellets (different from model feed pellets) intended to be consumed by any other fish (of the same group of fish but different from the model fish).
  • the thus obtained database makes it possible to optimize top-coating of any feed pellets to be consumed by any fish of a given group of fish (carnivorous, omnivorous, or herbivorous), using a particular PE.
  • the K e value specific to said particular PE that is known as a result of the method above (and that is advantageously included in a database) can be used to optimally coat any feed pellets intended to be consumed by any fish of a given group of fish (carnivorous, omnivorous, or herbivorous), so that palatability of the thus obtained coated feed pellets is standardized.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is related to a method for standardizing palatability of fish feed pellets (candidate feed pellets, different from model feed pellets) for use in aquaculture, comprising: a) coating fish feed pellets with a PE useful in fish feed using a coefficient of enhancement (K e ) determined by the aforementioned method (using model feed pellets and a model fish); and b) obtaining said fish feed pellets having standardized palatability.
  • K e coefficient of enhancement
  • fish feed pellets that are different from the model feed pellets and that will be coated with an optimal amount of PE for achieving a standardized palatability of the coated feed pellets can be referred to as "candidate feed pellets" in the present description.
  • the candidate feed pellets and/or the fish that is expected to consume these pellets is(are) different from the model feed pellets and/or the model fish used in the method for determining K e according to the first aspect of the present invention, respectively.
  • the fish that is expected to consume the candidate feed pellets belongs to the same group (carnivorous, omnivorous, or herbivorous) as the model fish.
  • this method for preparing coated candidate fish feed pellets further comprises a step f) after said step e), of packaging said coated fish feed pellets having standardized palatability under appropriate conditions.
  • the method for preparing coated candidate fish feed pellets further comprises a step g) after said step e) or f), of storing said coated fish feed pellets having standardized palatability under appropriate conditions.
  • said PE useful in fish feed preferably comprises a protein hydrolysate.
  • Appropriate PEs preferably have a high content of free amino acids and/or of peptides and/or of nucleotides.
  • fat can be sprayed on the feed pellets before coating with the PE.
  • fat can be mixed with the PE before coating the feed pellets.
  • fish feed pellets preferably have a size defined by a diameter (d) and a height (h) of a cylinder.
  • Fish feed pellets are commonly obtained by a cooking extrusion process. Cooking extrusion of material containing starch causes the starch granules to swell such that the crystalline starch in the granules is released and may unfold. This is referred to as gelatinization of the starch.
  • the starch molecules will form a network contributing to bind the extrudate together.
  • starch-containing raw materials are added due to their binding ability in the final fish feed. The natural prey for carnivorous fish does not contain starch.
  • Carnivorous fish thus have small amounts of enzymes able to change starch to digestible sugar.
  • Cooking of the starch makes it more digestible. This is partly due to the starch no longer being in a raw, crystalline form, and partly that the cooking process starts a decomposition of starch into smaller sugar units, which are easier to digest.
  • Another effect of cooking extrusion on the mixture of protein, carbohydrates and fat is that these will form complexes and bindings that may have both positive effects on the digestibility of the mixture.
  • a further effect of cooking extrusion is that the extrudate become porous. This is due to the pressure drop and the temperature drop over the die opening. The water in the extrudate will immediately expand and be liberated as steam leaving a porous structure in the extrudate.
  • This porous structure may be filled with oil in a later process step.
  • An extruded feed will typically contain between 18 and 30% water after extrusion. After extrusion, this feed usually goes through a drying step and, advantageously, a following step of oil coating.
  • the end product generally contains about 10% of water or less and will thus have a long shelf life as the water activity is so low i n such feeds , that g rowth of fungus and mould is prevented and also that bacterial decay is avoided.
  • the feed is cooled and can be packaged.
  • a further aspect of the present invention concerns coated fish feed pellets having standardized palatability that can be obtained by a method of preparation as described above.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for enhancing growth of fish in aquaculture.
  • said method comprises at least: a) preparing coated fish feed pellets having standardized palatability according to the method of preparation described above; and b) feeding said coated feed pellets to fish so as to enhance growth thereof.
  • said method comprises at least: a) feeding coated feed pellets as herein described to fish so as to enhance growth thereof.
  • the feed pellets (candidate feed pellets) and/or the fish that is expected to consume these pellets is(are) different from the model feed pel lets and/or the model fish used in the method for determining K e according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • the fish that is expected to consume the candidate feed pellets belongs to the same group (carnivorous, omnivorous, or herbivorous) as the model fish.
  • kits useful in aquaculture comprising, in a single package, one or more PEs and, optionally, one or more means for communicating information or instructions with respect to the use of said PEs for coating fish feed pellets (candidate feed pellets) in order to achieve standardized palatability.
  • a preferred fish is a carnivorous fish, e.g., sea bream, sea bass, salmon, amberjack, trout, turbot, plaice, and the like.
  • European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was selected as being considered as an appropriate model carnivorous fish (Altan et al., 201 1 ).
  • the diets containing 40% FM was considered as a positive control.
  • the dietary FM was substituted by a mixture of plant-based meal, free amino acids and a phosphorous source.
  • the diets were distributed in excess to the fish, by automatic feeder (Arvotech, Finland), 10 feed distributions per day.
  • Uneaten feed was collected every day by home-made feed waste collectors, pooled and kept frozen till the end of the trial. At the end, the frozen uneaten feed was dried by evaporation and weighed.
  • pellet sizes were ranging from 1.5mm to 3mm (value of both d and h).
  • Fish were counted and weighted at the beginning of the trial (15 day duration) and every 4 weeks (84-day duration). Before every weighing, fish were fasted for 24 h.
  • SGR specific growth rate
  • Fi feed intake
  • FCR feed efficiency
  • a dry PE named AP31 belonging to the ACTIPALTM product line developed and commercialized by SPF (on behalf of its activity AQUATIV), was used for the studies. This PE is characterized by a high level of protein hydrolysis, free amino acid and nucleotides. 1.4.2. Method for applying PEs
  • the PE was mixed with the other raw materials before grinding and then extruded.
  • Top-coating (or coating) was performed in a 2-kg Forberg mixer (Forberg International, Larvik, Norway) with a speed of about 50 rpm. Fish oil was first applied at a level of 1 % (duration of the application: about 30 s) then the dry PE was dusted for about 60 s while mixing, and then the mixer was kept switch on for about 60s for retention. II- Results
  • the objective of the trial was to compare the effect of a PE when applied either by inclusion in or by top-coating of a FM free diet.
  • a dosage of 1 % was arbitrarily selected for the application by coating and two dosages were tested for the application by inclusion (1 and 2%).
  • the duration of the trial was 15 days.
  • the size of pellets was 2mm (value of both d and h) and the feed ration was the same for all the treatments excepted for the negative control which was reduced after the first day of trial, due to a high level of uneaten feed.
  • the objective of the trial was to study the dose response of a PE applied by coating and to define the optimal PE amount (Q op timai-modei) allowing to reach the optimal values for the zootechnical parameters Fi, SGR, and FCR.
  • the optimal PE amount Q op timai-modei
  • model feed pellets and a model fish were used.
  • Feed were overfed for 15 days with daily collection of uneaten feed. Feed intake, growth rate and feed utilization were calculated. The size of the feed pellets was 2mm (value of both d and h).
  • the data presented herein are a compilation of results from 27 trials conducted with seabass fed a FM free diet made of 2mm pellets coated or not with 2% PE (corresponding to 1.06 mg PE/cm 2 ). The duration of each trial was 15 days and the fish were overfed with daily collection of uneaten feed. The data thus collected during these 27 trials showed a significant positive effect of the PE coating on feed intake and growth of fish fed the FM free diet (figs. 8 and 9). The application of the PE by coating also allowed to improve significantly the feed utilization (fig. 10). The analysis of the minimum and maximum values collected during the 27 trials shows that coating fish feed with a PE is an appropriate solution to reduce any deviation of the zootechnical parameters Fi, SGR, and FCR, that could be observed trial by trial.
  • the objective of the trial was to evaluate the effect of a PE applied by coating on diets containing different amounts of FM.
  • the fish were overfed for 84 days with collection of uneaten feeds.
  • the PE was applied at 2% on a 2mm pellet during the first 56 days of trial then at 1 .6% on a 2.5mm pellet (value of both d and h) during the last 28 days of trials, each equivalent to a K e of 1 .06 mg PE/cm 2 .
  • the final growth rate was significantly affected by the dietary amount of FM (fig. 12). At 10%, 20% and 30% FM, applying a PE by coating allowed to improve the fish growth rate, but this result was not significant (P>0.05). At 10% FM, applying a PE by coating allowed to reach the result observed with 20% FM and was thus sufficient to compensate a lack of 10% FM. At 20% FM, applying a PE by coating al lowed to reach the same result as that obtained with 40% FM d iet, compensating a lack of 20% FM. No increase was recorded in the effect when the PE was coated on a 40% FM diet.
  • coating fish feed with an appropriately selected amount of PE is shown to be a very advantageous solution to enhance palatability of feed designed for fish, in particular for carnivorous fish, containing low amounts of FM ( ⁇ 40%).
  • Figures 14 to 16 illustrate the variation of Q op timai as a function of the pellet size for seabass and seabream (Fig. 14), for salmon (Fig. 15), and for turbot (Fig. 16), based on a calculated value for K e of 1.06 mg PE/cm 2 apparent surface of the pellet.
  • the feed pellets are candidate feed pellets, different from model feed pellets.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de détermination d'un coefficient d'amélioration (Ke) pour normaliser l'appétissance de pastilles d'aliments pour poissons lors de l'enrobage desdites pastilles avec un agent améliorant l'appétissance utile pour les aliments pour poissons. En utilisant ledit coefficient d'amélioration Ke, la présente invention permet d'obtenir un procédé de normalisation de l'appétissance de pastilles d'aliments pour poissons à utiliser en aquaculture, un procédé de préparation de pastilles d'aliments pour poissons enrobées présentant une appétissance normalisée et un procédé d'amélioration de la croissance des poissons en aquaculture.
PCT/EP2012/072169 2011-11-08 2012-11-08 Procédés de préparation d'aliments pour poissons enrobés avec des agents améliorant l'appétissance WO2013068484A1 (fr)

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JP2015142566A (ja) * 2013-12-26 2015-08-06 国立大学法人 鹿児島大学 養魚用飼料
KR20180105627A (ko) * 2016-07-25 2018-09-28 주식회사 인트론바이오테크놀로지 오일이 코팅된 박테리오파지를 포함한 양어용 사료 및 이의 제조 방법
WO2019148062A1 (fr) * 2018-01-29 2019-08-01 Mitchell Gregory Attractifs pour poissons
CN114304434A (zh) * 2021-12-03 2022-04-12 湖南今汉药业有限公司 迷迭香在制备预防和/或治疗水产动物烂身病产品中的应用、水产饲料及其制备方法

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JP2015142566A (ja) * 2013-12-26 2015-08-06 国立大学法人 鹿児島大学 養魚用飼料
KR20180105627A (ko) * 2016-07-25 2018-09-28 주식회사 인트론바이오테크놀로지 오일이 코팅된 박테리오파지를 포함한 양어용 사료 및 이의 제조 방법
KR102368437B1 (ko) * 2016-07-25 2022-02-28 주식회사 인트론바이오테크놀로지 오일이 코팅된 박테리오파지를 포함한 양어용 사료 및 이의 제조 방법
WO2019148062A1 (fr) * 2018-01-29 2019-08-01 Mitchell Gregory Attractifs pour poissons
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CN114304434A (zh) * 2021-12-03 2022-04-12 湖南今汉药业有限公司 迷迭香在制备预防和/或治疗水产动物烂身病产品中的应用、水产饲料及其制备方法

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