WO2013064596A1 - Composition de coiffage - Google Patents

Composition de coiffage Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013064596A1
WO2013064596A1 PCT/EP2012/071659 EP2012071659W WO2013064596A1 WO 2013064596 A1 WO2013064596 A1 WO 2013064596A1 EP 2012071659 W EP2012071659 W EP 2012071659W WO 2013064596 A1 WO2013064596 A1 WO 2013064596A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
silicone
hair
hydrophobically modified
silica
composition
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2012/071659
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ezat Khoshdel
Andrew Malcolm Murray
Smita Puntambekar
Su YUAN
Qiqing Zhang
Original Assignee
Unilever Plc
Unilever N.V.
Hindustan Unilever Limited
Conopco, Inc., D/B/A Unilever
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Unilever Plc, Unilever N.V., Hindustan Unilever Limited, Conopco, Inc., D/B/A Unilever filed Critical Unilever Plc
Publication of WO2013064596A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013064596A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K8/06—Emulsions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/25—Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/29—Titanium; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A61K8/89—Polysiloxanes
    • A61K8/896—Polysiloxanes containing atoms other than silicon, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, e.g. dimethicone copolyol phosphate
    • A61K8/898—Polysiloxanes containing atoms other than silicon, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, e.g. dimethicone copolyol phosphate containing nitrogen, e.g. amodimethicone, trimethyl silyl amodimethicone or dimethicone propyl PG-betaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q5/00—Preparations for care of the hair
    • A61Q5/06—Preparations for styling the hair, e.g. by temporary shaping or colouring

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to hair styling creams. Hair styling compositions should meet a number of functional requirements.
  • the present invention relates to hair styling creams that mitigate the sticky feeling.
  • the present invention relates to a method of styling hair comprising the step of applying to the hair a composition comprising an emulsion comprising: a) hydrophobically modified particles selected form the group consisting of silica or metal oxide and mixtures thereof;
  • compositions of the invention may be water in oil or oil in water based emulsions. Preferably they are oil in water based emulsions.
  • silicones can be measured by means of a glass capillary viscometer as set out further in Dow Corning Corporate Test Method CTM004, July 20 1970 at a temperature of 25°C. Hydrophobically modified particles
  • compositions of the invention comprise hydrophobically modified particles of silica, metal oxide or mixtures thereof.
  • hydrophobically modified particles comprise silica or titanium oxide, more preferably hydrophobically modified silica (silicone dioxide) .
  • hydrophobically modified silica comprises the hydrophobic group of formula:
  • R is a C 4 to Cie alkyl group.
  • hydrophobically modified silicone dioxide comprising:
  • silica particles are described in US 7 282 236 and made commercially available from suppliers like Evonik Degussa GmbH under the names Aerosil R812, R202, and R805.
  • Silica having a C4 to C15 alkyl group attached to the silane are preferred.
  • Particularly preferred is octylsilane comprising the group represented by formula above (sold under the name Aerosil R805).
  • the hydrophobically modified silica preferably has a primary particle size (in its dry state) from 1 nm to 100 nm, more preferably from 5 to 70nm.
  • Primary particles sizes can be derived from Transmission Electron Microscopy according to the method described by S. Gu et al in Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 289 (2005) 419-426.
  • Composition of the invention preferably comprise from 0.05 to 15 wt% of the total composition of hydrophobically modified silica, more preferably from 0.1 to 10 wt%, and most preferably from 0.2 to 5 wt%.
  • compositions according to the invention comprise an amino functional silicone.
  • amino functionalised silicone is meant a silicone containing at least one primary, secondary or tertiary amine group, or a quaternary ammonium group.
  • the primary, secondary, tertiary and/or quaternary amine groups may either form part of the main polymer chain or more preferably be carried by a side or pendant group carried by the polymeric backbone.
  • Suitable amino functionalised silicone polymers for use with the invention are described in US 4 185 087.
  • Amino functionalised silicones suitable for use in the invention will typically have a mole % amine functionality in the range of from about 0.1 to about 8.0 mole %, preferably from about 0.1 to about 5.0 mole %, most preferably from about 0.1 to about 2.0 mole %.
  • the amine concentration should not exceed about 8.0 mole % since we have found that too high an amine concentration can be detrimental to total silicone deposition and therefore conditioning performance.
  • the functionalized polymers are of the
  • each R is independently H, or a Ci -4 alkyl, preferably H;
  • each R 1 is independently OR or a Ci -4 alkyl; and each x is independently an integer from 1 to 4 and each y is greater than zero and independently an integer to yield a polymer having a molecular weight from 500 to 1 million, and preferably, from 750 to 25,000, and most preferably from 1 ,000 to 15,000.
  • Particularly preferred are silicones comprising an amino glycol copolymer.
  • Bis (C13-C15 alkoxy) PG amodimethicone such as DC 8500 by Dow Cowning .
  • the functionalized polymer to comprise trimethylsilylamodimethicone.
  • the level of amino functionalised silicone polymers make up from 0.05 to 15 wt% of the total composition, preferably from 0.1 to 10%, and most preferably from 0.2 to 5 wt%.
  • the weight ratio of hydrophobically modified particle to amino functionalised silicone is from 3: 1 to 1 :50, more preferably from 1 : 1 to 1 : 10.
  • a non-amino functional silicone is present, preferably at a weight ratio of greater than 1 : 1 non-amino functional silicone to amino functional silicone, more preferably at a ratio of greater than 2: 1.
  • compositions of the invention may comprise styling polymers.
  • Hair styling polymers are well known articles of commerce and many such polymers are available commercially which contain moieties which render the polymers cationic, anionic, amphoteric or nonionic in nature.
  • the polymers may be synthetic or naturally derived.
  • Styling aids such as vinylic polymer are preferred, in particular block copolymers.
  • the amount of the hair styling polymer may range from 0.1 to 25%, preferably 0.5 to 20 %, more preferably 1 .0 to 18% by weight based on total weight of the composition.
  • anionic hair styling polymers are: copolymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid;
  • the polymer may also contain grafted silicone, such as polydimethylsiloxane.
  • anionic hair styling polymers are: RESYN® 28-2930 available from National Starch (vinyl acetate/crotonic acid/vinyl neodecanoate copolymer);
  • ULTRAHOLD® 8 available from BASF (CTFA designation Acrylates/acrylamide copolymer); the GANTREZ®ES series available from ISP corporation (esterified copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride).
  • Carboxylated polyurethane resins are linear, hydroxyl-terminated copolymers having pendant carboxyl groups. They may be ethoxylated and/or propoxylated at least at one terminal end.
  • the carboxyl group can be a carboxylic acid group or an ester group, wherein the alkyl moiety of the ester group contains one to three carbon atoms.
  • the carboxylated polyurethane resin can also be a copolymer of polyvinylpyrrolidone and a polyurethane, having a CTFA designation
  • PVP/polycarbamyl polyglycol ester Suitable carboxylated polyurethane resins are disclosed in EP-A-06191 1 1 and US Patent No. 5,000,955. Other suitable hydrophilic polyurethanes are disclosed in US Patent Nos. 3,822,238; 4, 156,066; 4, 156,067; 4,255,550; and 4,743,673.
  • Amphoteric hair styling polymers which can contain cationic groups derived from monomers such as t-butyl aminoethyl methacrylate as well as carboxyl groups derived from monomers such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid can also be used in the present invention.
  • Amphoteric hair styling polymer is Amphomer® (Octylacrylamide/ acrylates/butylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer) sold by the National Starch and Chemical Corporation.
  • nonionic hair styling polymers are homopolymers of N- vinylpyrrolidone and copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone with compatible nonionic monomers such as vinyl acetate.
  • Nonionic polymers containing N- vinylpyrrolidone in various weight average molecular weights are available commercially from ISP Corporation - specific examples of such materials are homopolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone having an average molecular weight of about 630,000 sold under the name PVP K-90 and are homopolymers of N- vinylpyrrolidone having an average molecular weight of about 1 ,000,000 sold under the name of PVP K-120.
  • nonionic hair styling polymers are cross-linked silicone resins or gums. Specific examples include rigid silicone polymers such as those described in EP-A-0240350 and cross-linked silicone gums such as those described in WO 96/31 188.
  • Suitable naturally-derived hair styling polymers include shellac, alginates, gelatins, pectins, cellulose derivatives and chitosan or salts and derivatives thereof.
  • Commercially available examples include Kytamer® (ex Amerchol) and Amaze® (ex National Starch).
  • compositions of the invention are also suitable for use as optional components in the compositions of the invention.
  • the ionic copolymers described in WO 93/03703 the polysiloxane-grafted polymers disclosed in WO 93/23446, the silicone-containing polycarboxylic acid copolymers described in WO 95/00106 or WO 95/32703, the thermoplastic elastomeric copolymers described in WO 95/01383, WO 95/06078, WO 95/06079 and WO 95/01384, the silicone grafted adhesive polymers disclosed in
  • WO 95/04518 or WO 95/05800 the silicone macro-grafted copolymers taught in WO 96/21417, the silicone macromers of WO 96/32918, the adhesive polymers of WO 98/48770 or WO 98/48771 or WO 98/48772 or WO 98/48776, the graft polymers of WO 98/51261 and the grafted copolymers described in WO 98/51755.
  • Suitable neutralising agents include 2-amino-2- methyl-1 , 3-propanediol (AMPD); 2-amino- 2-ethyl-1 ,3-propanediol (AEPD); 2-amino-2-methyl-1 -propanol (AMP); 2-amino-1 - butanol (AB); monoethanolamine (MEA); diethanolamine (DEA); triethanolamine (TEA); monoisopropanolamine (MIPA); diisopropanol-amine (DIPA);
  • TIPA triisopropanolamine
  • DMS dimethyl stearamine
  • a long chain amine neutralising agent such as stearamidopropyl dimethylamine or lauramidopropyl dimethylamine may be employed, as is described in US 4,874,604.
  • inorganic neutralisers examples of which include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and borax. Mixtures of any of the above neutralising agents may be used. Amounts of the neutralising agents will range from about 0.001 to about 10% by weight of the total composition.
  • cationic hair styling polymers are copolymers of amino-functional acrylate monomers such as lower alkyl aminoalkyl acrylate, or methacrylate monomers such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, with compatible monomers such as N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl caprolactam, alkyl methacrylates (such as methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate) and alkyl acrylates (such as ethyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate).
  • amino-functional acrylate monomers such as lower alkyl aminoalkyl acrylate, or methacrylate monomers such as dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
  • compatible monomers such as N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl caprolactam
  • alkyl methacrylates such as methyl methacrylate and ethyl methacrylate
  • alkyl acrylates such as ethyl acrylate and n
  • Suitable cationic hair styling polymers are: copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, available from ISP Corporation as Copolymer 845, Copolymer 937 and Copolymer 958; copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone and dimethylaminopropylacrylamide or methacrylamide, available from ISP Corporation as Stylezea CC10; copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidine and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate; copolymers of vinylcaprolactam, N-vinylpyrrolidone and
  • Polyquaternium-4 (a copolymer of diallyldimonium chloride and
  • Polyquaternium-1 1 (formed by the reaction of diethyl sulphate and a copolymer of vinyl pyrrolidone and dimethyl aminoethylmethacrylate), available from ISP as Gafquata 734, 755 and 755N, and from BASF as Luviquat PQ1 1 ;
  • Polyquaternium-16 formed from methylvinylimidazolium chloride and
  • vinylpyrrolidone available from BASF as Luviquat FC 370, FC 550, FC 905 and HM-552;
  • Polyquaternium-46 prepared by the reaction of vinylcaprolactam and
  • Polyquaternium-68 (the polymeric quaternary ammonium salt formed by the polymerization of vinylpyrrolidone, methacrylamide, vinylimidazole and 3-methyl- 1 -vinylimidazolium methosulphate) available from BASF as Luviquat Supreme.
  • the polyquaternium polymers described above are particularly preferred.
  • the amount of the hair styling polymer may range from 0.1 to 12%, preferably 0.5 to 10 %, more preferably 0.75 to 8% by weight based on total weight of the composition.
  • the formulation may include conditioning materials such as surfactants, cationic conditioners suitable for hair, non amino functionalised silicones and their emulsions.
  • composition does not contain anionic or nonionic surfactants.
  • Suitable non amino functionalised silicones include polydiorganosiloxanes, in particular polydimethylsiloxanes which have the CTFA designation dimethicone. Also suitable for use compositions of the invention (particularly shampoos and conditioners) are polydimethyl siloxanes having hydroxyl end groups, which have the CTFA designation dimethiconol. Also suitable for use in compositions of the invention are silicone gums having a slight degree of cross-linking, as are described for example in WO 96/31 188.
  • the viscosity of the emulsified silicone itself (not the emulsion or the final hair conditioning composition) is typically at least 10,000 est.
  • the viscosity of the silicone itself is preferably at least 60,000 est, most preferably at least 500,000 est, ideally at least 1 ,000,000 est. Preferably the viscosity does not exceed 10 9 est for ease of formulation.
  • Emulsified silicones for use the invention will typically have an average silicone particle size in the composition of less than 30, preferably less than 20, more preferably less than 10 microns. Most preferably the average silicone particle size of the emulsified silicone in the composition is less than 2 microns, ideally it ranges from 0.01 to 1 micron. Silicone emulsions having an average silicone particle size of ⁇ 0.15 microns are generally termed microemulsions. Particle size may be measured by means of a laser light scattering technique, using a 2600D Particle Sizer from Malvern Instruments.
  • Suitable silicone emulsions for use in the invention are also commercially available in a pre-emulsified form.
  • Suitable pre-formed emulsions include DC 1784, DC 1785, DC 2- 1865. These are all emulsions/microemulsions of dimethiconol.
  • Cross-linked silicone gums are also available in a pre-emulsified form, which is advantageous for ease of formulation.
  • a preferred example is the material available from Dow Corning as DC X2-1787, which is an emulsion of cross-linked dimethiconol gum.
  • a further preferred example is the material available from Dow Corning as DC X2- 1391 , which is a microemulsion of cross-linked dimethiconol gum.
  • the total amount of silicone incorporated into compositions of the invention depends on the level of conditioning desired and the material used. A preferred amount is from 0.01 to about 12% by weight of the total composition.
  • oils can also be included in the composition such as ester emolliants, polyhydric alcohol esters, wax esters and sugar ester of fatty acids.
  • ester emollients principally based upon mono-, di- and tri- glycerides.
  • Representative glycerides include sunflower seed oil, cottonseed oil, borage oil, borage seed oil, primrose oil, castor and
  • Creams according to the invention may contain a structurant or thickener, typically in an amount of from 0.01 % to 10% by weight.
  • suitable structurants or thickeners are polymeric thickeners such as carboxyvinyl polymers.
  • Particularly preferred thickeners are cationic thickening agents, more preferred are acrylamide/methacrylate based copolymers, especially preferred are polymers of dimethylacrylamide and methacrylate in particular dimethylacrylamide/ethyltrimonium chloride methacrylate copolymer such as Tinovis CD ex BASF.
  • Other materials that can also be used as structurants or thickeners include those that can impart a gel-like viscosity to the composition, such as water soluble or colloidally water soluble polymers like cellulose ethers (e.g.
  • guar gum sodium alginate, gum arabic, xanthan gum, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl guar gum, starch and starch derivatives, and other thickeners, viscosity modifiers, gelling agents, etc. It is also possible to use inorganic thickeners such as bentonite or laponite clays.
  • Such styling products frequently include a carrier and further additional
  • the carriers and additional components required to formulate such products vary with product type and can be routinely chosen by one skilled in the art. The following is a description of some of these carriers and additional components.
  • the pH of the formulation is preferably from 4.5 to 8 at 25°C. More preferably from 5 to 7.
  • Hair care compositions of the present invention can comprise a carrier, or a mixture of such carriers, which are suitable for application to the hair.
  • the carriers are present at from about 0.5% to about 99.5%, preferably from about 5.0% to about 99.5%, more preferably from about 10.0% to about 98.0%, of the
  • composition As used herein, the phrase "suitable for application to hair” means that the carrier does not damage or negatively affect the aesthetics of hair or cause irritation to the underlying skin.
  • compositions according to the invention comprise a buffer or pH adjuster.
  • Preferred buffers or pH adjusters include weak acids and bases such
  • glycine/sodium hydroxide citric acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, acetic salt and salts thereof.
  • a mixture of buffering system is used such as sodium citrate and citric acid.
  • compositions of the invention comprise water as a solvent.
  • Further solvents may be present. Suitable solvents include the C1 -C6 alcohols, lower alkyl acetate and mixtures thereof being preferred.
  • the solvents can also contain a wide variety of additional materials such volatile silicones such as cyclomethicone.
  • compositions of the present invention may also contain adjuncts suitable for hair care.
  • Such ingredients are included individually at a level of up to 2 wt%, preferably up to 1 wt% of the total composition.
  • Suitable hair care adjuncts include amino acids, antidandruff agents, sugars and ceramides, sun-screening agents, carboxylic acid polymer thickeners.
  • compositions of the present invention are formulated into hair care compositions with hair styling claims.
  • the compositions are preferably used to non-permanently style human hair and, more preferably, they are packaged and labeled as such.
  • the term non-permanently mean that during the styling process the inter cystine- disulphide bonds are not broken. This means that there are preferably no reductive agents in the hair care composition.
  • the products are left on hair after application and not immediately washed off (within 10 minutes of application). Such products are known as leave in compositions. Leave in styling compositions are particularly preferred. Process
  • a preferred process comprises forming a pre-emulsion comprising hydrophobic particles (preferably silica) dispersed in the silicone oils (aminosilicone).
  • this phase is free of nonionic and anionic surfactants.
  • composition comprising the following steps: i) forming a first phase by dispersing hydrophobe particles (preferably silica) in silicone oils (aminosilicone); followed by addition to water to form an emulsion.
  • hydrophobe particles preferably silica
  • silicone oils aminosilicone
  • Examples A and B are conventional creams made in a conventional manner.
  • phase 2 the silica particles are dispersed in the silicone oils
  • phase 1 (aminosilicone oil DC8500/ DC 200 fluid 50 est and 5 est).
  • Styling polymer, glycerine, mineral oil, water are respectively added into the oil phase by stirring.
  • phase 1 the thickening polymer Tinovis CD is added into the water phase by stirring slowly followed by the remaining ingredient.
  • Phase I and phase II are combined by light homogenization to form a uniform structure.
  • the NaOH aqueous solution is added to adjust the pH to 5-6 and the fragrance is added in final step. The process takes place under ambient temperature.
  • compositions above were used to style curled hair switches. After one hour all the curled switch treated with the composition of the invention retained their curl. Hair switches (7g per switch) were wet by placing for 30 seconds under metered tap water 35°C at a flow rate of 4L/min. 0.7g Sun Silk shampoo was spread (0.1 g shampoo per 1 g hair switch) along the length of each switch and massaged for 30 seconds, followed by rinsing for 60 seconds. Excess water was removed from the switches.
  • compositions of the invention felt less sticky than the comparative conventional styling creams. Furthermore, addition of a styling polymer to compositions of the invention do not significantly increase the sticky feeling of hair treated therewith.

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Abstract

Procédé de coiffage comprenant une étape consistant à appliquer sur les cheveux une composition contenant une émulsion comprenant : a) des particules modifiées hydrophobiquement choisies dans le groupe comprenant la silice, l'oxyde métallique et des mélanges de ceux-ci ; b) de la silicone à fonction amine ; et c) de l'eau.
PCT/EP2012/071659 2011-11-04 2012-11-01 Composition de coiffage WO2013064596A1 (fr)

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Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014144076A1 (fr) 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Isp Investments Inc. Compositions de soins capillaires comprenant des complexes de polyélectrolytes pour des bienfaits de longue durée
WO2016071057A1 (fr) * 2014-11-07 2016-05-12 Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa Produits de mise en forme temporaire de fibres kératiniques, contenant une poudre d'oxyde métallique modifiée de façon hydrophobe, une silicone à fonction amino et de l'eau
US9539190B2 (en) 2010-05-07 2017-01-10 Conopco, Inc. Skin conditioning compositions containing 12-hydroxystearic acid
WO2017194292A1 (fr) * 2016-05-11 2017-11-16 Unilever N.V. Composition cosmétique
WO2018064511A1 (fr) * 2016-09-30 2018-04-05 L'oreal Compositions et méthodes de traitement des cheveux
US20180092814A1 (en) * 2016-09-30 2018-04-05 L'oreal Foaming cosmetic compositions and methods for producing the same
US10172782B2 (en) 2016-09-30 2019-01-08 L'oreal Compositions and methods for treating hair
CN112041365A (zh) * 2018-04-27 2020-12-04 生活实验公司 持久性化妆品组合物
WO2021005104A1 (fr) 2019-07-11 2021-01-14 Basf Se Composition cosmétique de particules lipidiques de cristaux liquides pour composition de soin capillaire
US11622929B2 (en) 2016-03-08 2023-04-11 Living Proof, Inc. Long lasting cosmetic compositions
US11707426B2 (en) 2017-09-13 2023-07-25 Living Proof, Inc. Color protectant compositions
US12029805B2 (en) 2017-11-20 2024-07-09 Living Proof, Inc. Properties for achieving long-lasting cosmetic performance

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