WO2013057275A1 - Procédé et dispositif de détermination du taux d'usure d'un roulement à rouleaux - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de détermination du taux d'usure d'un roulement à rouleaux Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013057275A1
WO2013057275A1 PCT/EP2012/070798 EP2012070798W WO2013057275A1 WO 2013057275 A1 WO2013057275 A1 WO 2013057275A1 EP 2012070798 W EP2012070798 W EP 2012070798W WO 2013057275 A1 WO2013057275 A1 WO 2013057275A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bearing
mhz
ultrasonic
ultrasonic signal
sound generator
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2012/070798
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jeroen Bongaerts
Jordi JIMENEZ VIADER
Original Assignee
Aktiebolaget Skf
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aktiebolaget Skf filed Critical Aktiebolaget Skf
Publication of WO2013057275A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013057275A1/fr

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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M13/00Testing of machine parts
    • G01M13/04Bearings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/52Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with devices affected by abnormal or undesired conditions
    • F16C19/522Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with devices affected by abnormal or undesired conditions related to load on the bearing, e.g. bearings with load sensors or means to protect the bearing against overload
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/58Raceways; Race rings
    • F16C33/583Details of specific parts of races
    • F16C33/586Details of specific parts of races outside the space between the races, e.g. end faces or bore of inner ring
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C41/00Other accessories, e.g. devices integrated in the bearing not relating to the bearing function as such
    • F16C41/007Encoders, e.g. parts with a plurality of alternating magnetic poles
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01LMEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G01L5/0009Force sensors associated with a bearing
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/04Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for radial load mainly
    • F16C19/06Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for radial load mainly with a single row or balls
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2202/00Solid materials defined by their properties
    • F16C2202/30Electric properties; Magnetic properties
    • F16C2202/36Piezoelectric
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2233/00Monitoring condition, e.g. temperature, load, vibration
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2360/00Engines or pumps
    • F16C2360/31Wind motors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for determining the wear rate of a roller bearing during its operation, wherein the roller bearing has at least two bearing rings and roller elements between the bearing rings. Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for determining the wear rate of a roller bearing.
  • the wear status of the bearing rings if of importance as the man skilled in the art can decide on the basis of the wear of the raceways if a maintenance and/or replacement action is required. This is specifically true, if failure of the bearing and/or the systems in which the bearings reside must be avoided. It is, for example, significant cheaper to do necessary maintenance, respectively replacement, activities in due time at a wind turbine system before any malfunction takes place, compared with waiting until a breakdown of the system occurs.
  • US 7,066,027 B2 describes a method for determining the thickness of a lubricant film, which is disposed between two bodies. Here a frequency spectrum on a reflected ultrasound wave is measured and analysed which is sent towards the film which thickness is to be measured.
  • a s o l ut i o n is characterized in that the method comprises the steps: a) emitting a radially directed ultrasonic signal from a radial inner or outer surface of at least one of the bearing rings into the roller bearing by means of an ultrasonic sound generator, wherein the bearing and/or the bearing rings are in a load-free status at least at the radial position at which the ultrasonic signal is emitted; sensing an ultrasonic signal at the radial inner or outer surface which is reflected at the raceway of the bearing ring by means of a receiver; measurement of the time of flight between the emission of the ultrasonic signal and the return of the reflected ultrasonic signal, calculation of the location of the raceway from the measured time of flight and storing the calculated value of the location; d) repeating steps a) to c) at least once after a predetermined time.
  • the calculated locations according to mentioned step c) are preferably compared with a given basic value for a maximal wear. In this case, an alarm signal can be emitted when the calculated location is smaller than the given basic value.
  • steps a) to c) can be carried out for at least two different locations along an axial extension of the bearing ring. In doing so, a wear profile can be obtained along the time and along the axial extension of the bearing rings.
  • the measurement of the location of the raceway takes place in a load free status of the bearing and/or its rings, thus it is preferably done by carrying out above steps a) to c) for a load free bearing.
  • the measurement of the location of the raceway in the load free status of the bearing and/or its rings can also be done by carrying out above mentioned steps a) to c) in a status, in which no roller element is arranged between the two bearing rings in a radial direction starting from the ultrasonic sound generator.
  • the central frequency of the ultrasonic pulse determines the resolution of the time-of-flight (TOF) method.
  • TOF time-of-flight
  • absorption of the ultrasonic wave increases significantly in bearing materials, such as steel. This puts a practical upper limit on the central frequency that can be employed.
  • an ultrasonic signal is emitted into the roller bearing which has preferably a frequency between 10 MHz and 200 MHz, specifically preferably between 20 MHz and 100 MHz, most preferably between 30 MHz and 60 MHz.
  • the acquisition frequency of the electronics on the receiving element is at least 500 MHz. More preferred is a frequency of at least 1 GHz, most preferred is a frequency of at least 2 GHz.
  • the combination of high- frequency ultrasonic signal with high frequency of the acquisition electronics determines the accuracy of the time-of-flight method. This allows with respect of the speed of sound in a metallic material (steel) a resolution of several micrometers concerning the radial displacement.
  • Emitting and receiving of ultrasonic signals can be done by one and the same element, preferably by a piezo-active element.
  • the device for determining the wear rate of a roller bearing during its operation is characterized in that the device comprises an ultrasonic sound generator and a receiver for an ultrasonic signal (both including the required electronics), wherein the sound generator and the receiver are located at a radial inner or outer surface of one of the bearing rings.
  • the ultrasonic sound generator and the receiver can be located in a common housing. Also, a plurality of ultrasonic sound generators and receivers can be arranged in an array forming a one-piece component.
  • the device can further comprise time measuring means for measuring the time between the emission of an ultrasonic signal by the sound generator and a signal coming back by the receiver.
  • the sound generator is preferably designed to emit an ultrasonic signal between 10 MHz and 200 MHz, specifically preferably between 20 MHz and 100 MHz, most preferably between 30 MHz and 60 MHz.
  • the sound generator is preferably designed to emit an ultrasonic signal (pulse) in the above mentioned and preferred frequency ranges with a narrow pulse length of several oscillations.
  • Equipment known in the art can be used to generate such pulses.
  • the ultrasonic sound generator and the receiver can be fixed at the bearing ring by an adhesive.
  • the ultrasonic sound generator and the receiver can be piezo-active elements. Those piezo-active elements can form the ultrasonic sound generators and the receivers in one and the same element.
  • the piezo-active elements are preferably attached onto the bearing ring surface opposite to the raceway in a manner that provides optimal acoustic coupling.
  • the acoustic sound wave is focused onto the bearing raceway to increase temporal and spatial resolution. This can be done by acoustic lenses, by shaping the piezoelements, by using phase modulation methods or similar focusing methods known to experts in the art.
  • the time-of- flight method to determine the actual location of the raceway it thus used here to determine wear rates with a sufficient resolution (of at least 3 micrometers).
  • the concept can be combined with a measurement along the axial direction of the bearing. This delivers the possibility to obtain a nondestructive determination of a wear rate profile of the bearing.
  • the proposed determination of wear can be done in-situ during the regular operation of the bearing, so that preventive actions are redundant.
  • condition monitoring process can be improved, facilitated and made more cost efficient.
  • Preferred applications of the proposed method are large bearing systems with a respective high cost risk in the case that the bearing breaks down due to excessive wear.
  • the basic idea of the present concept is thus to use an ultrasonic method to determine the actual location of the raceway of a bearing ring.
  • the concept uses ultrasonic pulses and determines the time of flight of the return of the reflected acoustic wave from the surface of the bearing ring to the raceway.
  • the time of flight method is used to determine the displacement of the raceway due to wear.
  • this can be done in a nondestructive manner on real applications.
  • the suggested method and the proposed device it becomes possible to determine the wear of the bearing ring (inner and/or outer bearing ring) in an easy manner. Due to the selected frequency of the ultrasonic sound generator and the frequency of the acquisition electronics a resolution of the displacement due to wear of only a few micrometers can be obtained. That is, the wear of the bearing ring can be determined in a quite precise way.
  • Fig. 1 shows a radial cross section through a roller bearing
  • Fig. 2 shows a magnified part of the upper center part of the roller bearing according to figure 1.
  • a roller bearing 1 which has an outer bearing ring 2 and an inner bearing ring 3. Between the bearing rings 2, 3 roller elements 4 are arranged. The roller elements 4 are equidistantly distributed around the circumference of the bearing rings 2, 3. The roller elements 4 are held and guided by a cage (not shown). So, when a load F is to be transferred from one bearing ring to the other via the roller elements 4 the specific location is moving in circumferential direction where the transfer of the force takes place.
  • a small housing or array 9 which contains an ultrasonic sound generator 6 and a receiver 8 for sound waves, is fixed at a radial outer surface 5 of the outer bearing ring 2.
  • the fixation can take place by means of an adhesive.
  • two components are arranged, i. e. the ultrasonic sound generator 6 and the receiver 8 for sound waves, see Fig. 2.
  • the two components sound generator 6 and receiver 8 are forming a single element, especially a piezo- active element what is a preferred embodiment.
  • the emitting and receiving element are one and the same piezo-active element.
  • An electrical signal is used to create an acoustic signal when it is emitting and the returning acoustic signal results in turn in an electric signal at the same element.
  • the emitter and receiver are the same object.
  • the ultrasonic sound generator 6 is designed to emit an ultrasound wave between 30 MHz and 60 MHz.
  • This emitted ultrasonic signal S is emitted in radial direction r from the radial outer surface 5 into the outer bearing ring 2.
  • the signal S travels with the speed of sound in radial direction of the material of the bearing ring 2 until it reaches the raceway 7 of the outer bearing ring 2.
  • a part of the signal S is reflected at the raceway 7 so that a reflected ultrasonic signal S' is traveling back with the speed of sound to the surface 5.
  • the reflected signal S' is detected by the receiver 8.
  • Time measurement means 10 which are also incorporated in the housing 9, measures the time from the emission of the signal S till the return of the reflected signal S'.
  • the location of the raceway r 0 can be calculated by evaluating the time of flight of the emitted signal till its return to the outer surface 5. This is done for a load-free status.
  • Fig. 2 it is shown in an exaggerated manner that the location of the raceway 7 is changing due to wear.
  • a new bearing ring 2 comes up with a value for the location of the raceway which is r 0 , this value becomes smaller due to wear during the operation time of the roller bearing 1.
  • a location r t is shown which is smaller than r 0 due to wear which took place in the meantime.
  • the mentioned measurement and calculation of the location of the raceway is repeated in defined time intervals (e. g. every hour or every day) and the respective values of r 0 , r .. . are stored in a respective storage (not depicted).
  • a basic value r ⁇ which is allowable for maximal wear can be stored. By comparing of a measured and calculated value for the location of the raceway with this basic value an efficient monitoring of the wear status of the bearing ring can take place. Alarm can be given, when the actual value falls below the basic value. This means, that the maximum allowable wear is reached.
  • Fig. 2 two locations 11 ' and 11 " are depicted in Fig. 2, which are distanced from another in axial direction a. Also the array 9 comes up with additional ultrasonic sound generators 6 and receivers 8. By doing so a wear profile along the axial extension can be detected; this gives the man skilled in the art additional information concerning the wear which takes place in the bearing.
  • the speed of sound in steel is typically 5,900 m/s.
  • the temporal resolution needs to be 0.17 ns, equivalent to 5.9 GHz.
  • a frequency of 2 GHz of the acquisition electronic is preferred, so that a dislocation of a minimum of ca. 3 micrometers can be resolved.
  • ultrasound frequencies will be those with sufficient transmission through the steel as well as with a sharp enough profile to accurately determine the return time of the pulse.
  • An ultrasonic frequency between 30 MHz and 60 MHz is preferred.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)
  • Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de détermination du taux d'usure d'un roulement à rouleaux (1) durant son fonctionnement, le roulement à rouleaux (1) ayant au moins deux bagues de roulement (2, 3) et des éléments rouleaux (4) entre les bagues de roulement (2, 3). Pour permettre une mesure facile et précise de l'usure dans le roulement, l'invention est caractérisée en ce que le procédé comprend les étapes de : a) émission d'un signal ultrasonore dirigé radialement (S) depuis une surface intérieure ou extérieure radiale (5) de l'une des bagues de roulement (2, 3) dans le roulement à rouleaux (1) au moyen d'un générateur d'ultrasons (6), le roulement (1) et/ou les bagues de roulement (2, 3) étant dans un état exempt de charge au moins à la position radiale à laquelle le signal ultrasonore (S) est émis ; b) détection d'un signal ultrasonore (S') à la surface intérieure ou extérieure radiale (5) qui est réfléchi au chemin de roulement (7) de la bague de roulement (2, 3) au moyen d'un récepteur (8) ; c) mesure du temps de vol entre l'émission du signal ultrasonore (S) et le retour du signal ultrasonore réfléchi (S'), calcul de la position (r0, r1…) du chemin de roulement (7) à partir du temps de vol mesuré et stockage de la valeur calculée de la position (r0, r1…) ; d) répétition des étapes a) à c) au moins une fois après un temps prédéterminé.
PCT/EP2012/070798 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Procédé et dispositif de détermination du taux d'usure d'un roulement à rouleaux WO2013057275A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201161549853P 2011-10-21 2011-10-21
US61/549,853 2011-10-21

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WO2013057275A1 true WO2013057275A1 (fr) 2013-04-25

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Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2012/070796 WO2013057273A1 (fr) 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Procédé et dispositif de détermination de la charge supportée par un roulement à rouleaux
PCT/EP2012/070798 WO2013057275A1 (fr) 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Procédé et dispositif de détermination du taux d'usure d'un roulement à rouleaux
PCT/EP2012/070800 WO2013057276A1 (fr) 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Procédé et dispositif de détermination d'une zone de charge dans un roulement à rouleaux

Family Applications Before (1)

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PCT/EP2012/070796 WO2013057273A1 (fr) 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Procédé et dispositif de détermination de la charge supportée par un roulement à rouleaux

Family Applications After (1)

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PCT/EP2012/070800 WO2013057276A1 (fr) 2011-10-21 2012-10-19 Procédé et dispositif de détermination d'une zone de charge dans un roulement à rouleaux

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9371630B1 (en) 2014-12-19 2016-06-21 Caterpillar Inc. Determination of undercarriage idler and roller wear based on final drive speed
US9475526B2 (en) 2014-08-23 2016-10-25 Caterpillar Inc. Track link having a wear sensing device
US9557244B2 (en) 2014-11-10 2017-01-31 Caterpillar Inc. Thrust bias detection system
US9592866B2 (en) 2014-11-06 2017-03-14 Caterpillar Inc. Track assembly having a wear monitoring system
US9868482B2 (en) 2014-10-29 2018-01-16 Caterpillar Inc. Track roller assembly with a wear measurement system
WO2023180412A1 (fr) * 2022-03-24 2023-09-28 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Palier à roulement doté d'un ensemble capteur ultrasonore pour surveiller un endommagement de chemin de roulement

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DK3339853T3 (da) * 2016-12-22 2019-12-09 Nordex Energy Gmbh Fremgangsmåde til akustisk undersøgelse af løbebanen af et stort rulleleje
CN107796611B (zh) * 2017-10-20 2020-05-15 烟台清能风力发电有限公司 一种用于检测风力发电机异常工作的报警系统
ES2829148T3 (es) * 2018-01-18 2021-05-28 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy As Una disposición de cojinetes y una turbina eólica
DE102019203756A1 (de) * 2019-03-20 2020-09-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren zur Bestimmung einer auf ein Bewegungslager einwirkenden Kraft
CN112857807B (zh) * 2021-03-26 2021-10-26 中国矿业大学 交变载荷滚动轴承应力超声原位监测试验装置及方法

Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7066027B2 (en) 2000-08-29 2006-06-27 University Of Sheffield Method and apparatus for determining thickness of a lubricant film
DE102005053335A1 (de) * 2005-11-07 2007-05-10 Rothe Erde Gmbh Verfahren zur Messung des Verschleißes an den Laufflächen von Dichtungslaufringen und Verschleißmeßvorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
WO2011107107A1 (fr) * 2010-03-01 2011-09-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Module palier doté d'un capteur

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19919006C2 (de) * 1999-04-27 2003-08-14 Fag Kugelfischer Ag & Co Kg Einrichtung zum Messen von Lagerdaten
US6571632B1 (en) 2000-05-18 2003-06-03 The Torrington Company Method and apparatus to provide dynamic ultrasonic measurement of rolling element bearing parameters
WO2006057269A1 (fr) * 2004-11-24 2006-06-01 Jtekt Corporation Dispositif de detection et palier a roulement avec capteur
JP2008175664A (ja) * 2007-01-18 2008-07-31 Ntn Corp 車輪用軸受の軸受荷重検出装置

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7066027B2 (en) 2000-08-29 2006-06-27 University Of Sheffield Method and apparatus for determining thickness of a lubricant film
DE102005053335A1 (de) * 2005-11-07 2007-05-10 Rothe Erde Gmbh Verfahren zur Messung des Verschleißes an den Laufflächen von Dichtungslaufringen und Verschleißmeßvorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
WO2011107107A1 (fr) * 2010-03-01 2011-09-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Module palier doté d'un capteur

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9475526B2 (en) 2014-08-23 2016-10-25 Caterpillar Inc. Track link having a wear sensing device
US9868482B2 (en) 2014-10-29 2018-01-16 Caterpillar Inc. Track roller assembly with a wear measurement system
US9592866B2 (en) 2014-11-06 2017-03-14 Caterpillar Inc. Track assembly having a wear monitoring system
US9557244B2 (en) 2014-11-10 2017-01-31 Caterpillar Inc. Thrust bias detection system
US9371630B1 (en) 2014-12-19 2016-06-21 Caterpillar Inc. Determination of undercarriage idler and roller wear based on final drive speed
WO2023180412A1 (fr) * 2022-03-24 2023-09-28 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Palier à roulement doté d'un ensemble capteur ultrasonore pour surveiller un endommagement de chemin de roulement

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WO2013057276A1 (fr) 2013-04-25

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