WO2013055503A1 - Filtres et diviseurs à fréquence de bande étroite, capteurs photoniques et cavités ayant des modes de cavité présélectionnés - Google Patents

Filtres et diviseurs à fréquence de bande étroite, capteurs photoniques et cavités ayant des modes de cavité présélectionnés Download PDF

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WO2013055503A1
WO2013055503A1 PCT/US2012/055791 US2012055791W WO2013055503A1 WO 2013055503 A1 WO2013055503 A1 WO 2013055503A1 US 2012055791 W US2012055791 W US 2012055791W WO 2013055503 A1 WO2013055503 A1 WO 2013055503A1
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mode
photonic
electromagnetic
cavity
radiation
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PCT/US2012/055791
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English (en)
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Paul J. Steinhardt
Marian FLORESEU
Salvatore Torquato
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The Trustees Of Princeton University
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Priority to US14/350,713 priority Critical patent/US9465141B2/en
Publication of WO2013055503A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013055503A1/fr
Priority to US15/222,332 priority patent/US9885806B2/en
Priority to US15/860,920 priority patent/US11086047B2/en
Priority to US17/374,404 priority patent/US11852781B2/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/1225—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
    • G02F2202/30—Metamaterials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
    • G02F2202/32—Photonic crystals

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates to hyperuniform disordered materials with complete photonic band gaps adapted to support elements of integrated electromagnetic circuits including, without limitation, electromagnetic cavities and waveguides having novel architectures.
  • Waveguides in photonic crystalline arrays have been proposed for many photonic applications, but photonic crystals have the disadvantage that they are highly anisotropic, placing tight constraints on the bending angles for waveguides and prohibiting any waveguide sections that do not align with the high symmetry directions in the crystal.
  • Cavities in photonic crystals have also been proposed and fabricated for use in many photonic applications but, again, confinement of the radiation is anisotropic, making the properties of the cavities more difficult to control and introducing losses (leakage of the radiation).
  • the photonic environment offered by crystalline material provides the strongest confinement along the high- symmetry directions of the crystal (along which are placed scattering centers), but is less effective along the other directions.
  • Phononic crystals are analogous to photonic crystals in that they are fashioned from inhomogeneous materials characterized by periodic variations in their mechanical properties (Sigalas, M., and Economou, E. J. Sound Vib. 158: 377-382, 1992).
  • the electrical and magnetic waves that traverse photonic crystals (except in photonic bandgaps) are analogous, in some ways (Estrada, H. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102: 144301, 2009) to the acoustic and elastic waves that traverse phononic materials (except in phononic bandgaps)
  • the invention provides a designed cavity fabricated in a
  • hyperuniform disordered photonic material having a complete photonic bandgap (i.e., neither electrical or magnetic waves propagate), wherein the cavity confines a photon.
  • the invention provides a designed cavity fabricated in a hyperuniform disordered phononic material having a complete phononic bandgap (i.e., neither acoustic nor elastic waves propagate), wherein the cavity confines a phonon.
  • the invention provides a designed waveguide fabricated in a hyperuniform disordered photonic material having a complete photonic bandgap, wherein the waveguide confines the propagation of a photon.
  • the invention provides a designed waveguide fabricated in a hyperuniform disordered phononic material having a complete phononic bandgap, wherein the waveguide confines the propagation of a phonon.
  • the invention provides a device, either photonic or phononic, comprising a cavity (which may be photonic or phononic) and a waveguide (which may be photonic or phononic) fabricated in a hyperuniform disordered material (photonically or phononically responsive, as appropriate) having a complete bandgap.
  • the aforementioned device comprises a plurality of waveguides disposed at arbitrary angles with respect to one another and in electromagnetic or phononic communication, as appropriate.
  • the communication takes place at a junction of the waveguides.
  • the junction comprises a cavity (electromagnetic or phononic) that communicates with the waveguides and can have one or more localized cavity modes with pre- selectable symmetries.
  • a spectrum of electromagnetic (or acousto-elastic) waves enters through one arm and is divided at the junction into different frequency bands, each of which is directed into different arms.
  • at least a first and a second of the aforementioned waveguides comprise line defects that differ from one another in a way that causes the first and second waveguides to transmit different frequency ranges.
  • the device senses the presence or amount of a substance, which substance may be spaced apart from the device or associated with the device.
  • the substance is exposed to an electromagnetic radiation such that the exposure induces a detectable mode of radiation in the device, wherein said mode is selected from a cavity mode and a waveguide mode, and wherein said mode correlates to a presence or amount of said substance in a space.
  • the device senses a force applied to a target (which may be spaced apart from the device or associated with the device) exposed to an
  • the device senses a quantity of heat applied to a target (which may be spaced apart from the device or associated with the device) exposed to an electromagnetic radiation such that said device induces a detectable mode of said radiation in said device, wherein said mode is selected from a cavity mode and a waveguide mode and wherein said mode correlates to a presence or amount of said force at a specified location.
  • the device senses a quantity of heat applied to a target (which may be spaced apart from the device or associated with the device) exposed to an electromagnetic radiation such that said device induces a detectable mode of said radiation in said device, wherein said mode is selected from a cavity mode and a waveguide mode and wherein said mode correlates to a presence or amount of said heat at a specified location or in a specified space.
  • the invention provides a method of detecting a presence or an amount of a substance in a specified location or space by exposing said substance to an electromagnetic radiation to induce a detectable mode of radiation in a device according to other embodiments of the invention, and correlating said induced mode to said presence or amount.
  • the invention provides a method of detecting a presence or an amount of a force applied to a target in a specified location by exposing said target to an electromagnetic radiation to induce a detectable mode of radiation in a device according to other embodiments of the invention, and correlating said induced mode to said presence or amount of force applied.
  • the invention provides a method of detecting a presence or an amount of a quantity of heat applied to a target in a specified location or space by exposing said target to an electromagnetic radiation to induce a detectable mode of radiation in a device according to other embodiments of the invention, and correlating said induced mode to said presence or amount of said heat.
  • the detected mode is detected as a change selected from the group consisting of phase, frequency, polarization, intensity and dielectric susceptibility, wherein said change is determined qualitatively or quantitatively.
  • a target may "associate" with a material, which may be a photonic or phononic material or otherwise, by binding to the material (e.g., electrostatically, by means of Van der Waal's forces, etc.), by being suspended or dispersed in the material, by covalently combining with the material, etc.
  • "Association" herein requires only that the material, by associating with the target, undergoes a change in one or more of its properties, which change is detectable with an electromagnetic or acousto-elastic sensor and is relatable to the presence or amount of the target.
  • Photonic band gap (PBG) materials are a class of artificially created dielectric materials that carry the concept of manipulating and controlling the flow of light as well as other electromagnetic frequencies.
  • PBG materials typically consist of a dielectric microstructure with two interpenetrating dielectric components, in which the index of refraction varies on a length scale associated with the wavelength of the radiation to be controlled. Under the right conditions, these dielectric microstructures allow the formation of a photonic band gap, a range of frequencies for which electromagnetic wave propagation is prohibited for all directions and polarizations. Then, by reducing or enhancing the effective dielectric at a certain point, it is possible to create a localized state of the electromagnetic field.
  • photonic band gaps and the associated cavity localization and waveguide mechanisms are thought to be an exclusive property of periodic systems, namely photonic crystals.
  • photonic crystals we show, in embodiments of the invention, that there exists a far wider class of cavity architectures that are built around hyperuniform disordered point patterns.
  • Hyperuniform point patterns include periodic, quasiperiodic and certain disordered systems and are characterized by random fluctuations in the distribution of components that grow in variance not as surface area but more slowly than the surface area of the domain considered in 2d and more slowly than the volume of the domain considered in 3d.
  • the cavities and waveguides in hyperuniform photonic structures can be computer-designed and manufactured using standard fabrication techniques used for photonic crystals and have the ability of confining and guiding both TM and TE polarized electromagnetic radiation, a property once thought to be unique to periodic structures.
  • Cavities in hyperuniform disordered heterostructures described herein can be introduced anywhere within the structure and with any isotropic surrounding material and can allow confinement of the electromagnetic radiation in an isotropic way in patterns that can be monopolar, dipolar, quadrupolar or high symmetry within the cavity, as desired, while at the same time the leakage of the localized radiation outside the cavity is minimized in all directions.
  • An embodiment includes a set of devices: new types of waveguides realized in hyperuniform disordered materials with complete photonic band gaps.
  • Waveguide architectures disclosed herein offer advantages over the widely employed waveguides in photonic crystals for certain applications, due to their ability to guide the light and electromagnetic waves of all polarizations through arbitrarily oriented waveguide pathways (channels) in the material and guide both polarizations of the radiation through the same waveguide channel. This is because in the case of photonic crystals or quasicrystals, the waveguiding phenomena strongly depend on the orientation of the waveguide channels with respect to the high symmetry directions of the crystal. For hyperuniform disordered structures, there are no such preferential directions - all directions are equally preferred - so the
  • An embodiment includes use of waveguides realized in hyperuniform disordered materials with complete photonic bandgaps for photonic applications where it is important to control the path of a propagating photon or electromagnetic wave and to manipulate its energy, momentum and/or polarization (collectively, its "mode"), including optical and other
  • An embodiment relates to novel types of photon sources that benefit from the modification of the photonic density of states due to the presence of a waveguide, such as single-photon sources.
  • the photonic environment offered by quasicrystalline heterostructures are more isotropic, and as such may allow loss-loss bending for wider range of angles, but they still do not allow lossless bending for arbitrary angles and may be difficult to construct.
  • the waveguides in hyperuniform disordered heterostructures presented here allow low-loss bending for arbitrary angles. In addition, the waveguides are easier to construct and manipulate.
  • the waveguides disclosed herein are realized by modifying the dielectric constant along arbitrary chosen paths in a hyperuniform disordered material.
  • the material is a hetero structure consisting of two or more materials with different dielectric constants. They are examples of designer materials in which the arrangement of the dielectrics is completely controlled in the fabrication process.
  • the design is chosen so that the random fluctuations in the distribution of dielectric materials of any type increases as less than the area (in 2d) or the circumference times (2/3 ⁇ ) (in 3d).
  • Waveguides in hyperuniform disordered arrangements can be incorporated in the computer design and then the material can be manufactured using the same standard techniques used for photonic crystals.
  • Prototype waveguide channels in hyperuniform disordered materials have
  • An embodiment includes use of waveguides realized in hyperuniform disordered materials with complete photonic bandgaps in most cases where waveguides are used with the advantage that they can bend along arbitrarily oriented pathways. Both TM and TE polarization of light or other electromagnetic waves can be guided along the same waveguide channel.
  • Embodiments include a set of devices: new types of photonic cavities realized in hyperuniform disordered materials with complete photonic band gaps.
  • An embodiment includes employing the devices in photonic applications where it is important to manipulate photons through spatial confinement and the modification of the photonic density of states due to the presence of a point-like defect (cavity).
  • Applications may include but are not limited to micro-lasers, devices employing enhanced optical and other electromagnetic nonLinearities and single-photon sources.
  • An embodiment relates to novel types of light sources that benefit from the modification of the photonic density of states due to the presence of a linear defect (waveguide), such as single-photon sources.
  • the new cavity architectures herein may offer advantages over the widely employed cavities in photonic crystals for certain applications, due to their ability to confine the light in a statistically isotropic photonic environment. Also, unique to these cavities is the simultaneous localization of both polarizations of the radiation, TM and TE, in the same physical structure. In the case of photonic crystals or quasicrystals, the localization phenomena strongly depend on the position of the cavity within the unit cell: the best confinement is realized along the high symmetry directions of the crystal, while in other directions the crystal is less effective in confining the radiation. For hyperuniform disordered structures, there are no such preferential directions and the confinement is considerably more isotropic. Calculations demonstrate that by precisely tuning the physical properties of a cavity in hyperuniform disordered structure, it is possible to accurately control the localized photonic mode pattern within the cavity and induce a rich variety of spatial symmetries in the spatial distribution of the electromagnetic mode.
  • the cavities can be realized by modifying the dielectric constant around an arbitrary point in a hyperuniform disordered material.
  • the material is a heterostructure consisting of two or more materials with different dielectric constants.
  • the dielectric materials act as scattering centers for electromagnetic radiation.
  • the cavity can be implemented by including in the design the reduction in the size or complete elimination of the scattering center at that center of the cavity, or by gradually filling one of the scattering cells of the heterostructure with a high-index of refraction material. Due to the presence of this intentional defect, a localized mode is created within the band gap of the photonic heterostructure and the electromagnetic radiation can be spatially localized by exciting this defect mode.
  • the underlying hyperuniform disordered heterostructure in which the defect is introduced must be constructed in a manner that is hyperuniform; that is, the random fluctuations in the distribution of components must grow as less than the area (in 2d) or the circumference times 2/3 ⁇ (in 3d).
  • An embodiment includes use of cavities realized in hyperuniform disordered materials with complete photonic bandgaps in most cases where cavities are used, with the advantage that they can confine the radiation in a more isotropic way and can realize confined modes exhibiting a variety of symmetries. Both TM (transversal magnetic) and TE (transversal electric) polarization of light can be confined isotropically in the same physical structure.
  • Hyperuniform disordered solids herein may have an advantage in that they are less sensitive to fabrication defects since they are disordered to begin with. This advantage may mean that fabricating waveguides and cavities as described herein is easier.
  • FIG. 1 shows the design of a hyperuniform disordered structure and photographs in side view and top view.
  • FIG. 2 shows the measured transmission spectrum and calculated transmission and density of state ( DOS ) for the hyperuniform sample.
  • FIG. 3 shows photographs of wave-guiding channels and plots of TM-polarized transmission therethrough.
  • FIG. 4 shows the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations of (left) TM and (right) TE band structures (blue and red curves) and Density of States (DOS) (green curve) for the structure shown in FIG. 1.
  • FDTD Finite Difference Time Domain
  • FIG. 6 shows electric field distributions in point defects that form a sinusoidal waveguide in a hyperuniform disordered structure.
  • FIG. 7 shows a photograph of a "Y" junction for frequency splitting and plots of transmission vs. frequency for each branch.
  • FIG. 8 shows 2-step and 3-way frequency splitters and plots of transmission vs. frequency for each guide path.
  • FIG. 9 shows electric field distributions for cavity modes of different symmetries obtained by changing the size of the defect.
  • FIG. 10 is a photograph of a hyperuniform disordered structure showing the experimental setup for interrogating a slice of the structure.
  • FIG. 11 is a plot of TM polarization transmission through slices of varying thickness.
  • FIG. 12 is a plot of TM polarization transmission for various rod configurations.
  • FIG. 13 is a photograph of a filtering waveguide showing particular cavity mode modifications and a plot of TM polarization transmissions for each modification.
  • FIG. 14 shows higher order modes in the waveguide channel of FIG. 6.
  • FIG. 15 shows a photo of and transmission profiles through a 50° bend in an experimental waveguide.
  • FIG. 16 shows a simulated cavity mode obtained by removing one of the dielectric cylinders (FIG. 16a) contrasted to an unperturbed hyperuniform disordered structure (FIG. 16b).
  • FIG. 17 shows the electric field mode distribution as calculated for a few selected localized modes.
  • FIG. 18 shows the evolution of the localized modes associated with a defect cylinder as a function of the dimensionless defect radius.
  • the term “comprising” when placed before the recitation of steps in a method means that the method encompasses one or more steps that are additional to those expressly recited, and that the additional one or more steps may be performed before, between, and/or after the recited steps.
  • a method comprising steps a, b, and c encompasses a method of steps a, b, x, and c, a method of steps a, b, c, and x, as well as a method of steps x, a, b, and c.
  • the term "comprising" when placed before the recitation of steps in a method does not (although it may) require sequential performance of the listed steps, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • a method comprising steps a, b, and c encompasses, for example, a method of performing steps in the order of a, c, and b; c, b, and a, and c, a, and b, etc.
  • altering and grammatical equivalents as used herein in reference to the level of any substance and/or phenomenon refers to an increase and/or decrease in the quantity of the substance and/or phenomenon, regardless of whether the quantity is determined objectively, and/or subjectively.
  • diminish when used in reference to the level of a substance and/or phenomenon in a first instance relative to a second instance, mean that the quantity of substance and/or phenomenon in the first instance is lower than in the second instance by any amount that is statistically significant using any art-accepted statistical method of analysis.
  • photonic material relates to a substantially transparent material characterized by having local dielectric contrasts distributed within the material, which contrasts cause electromagnetic waves/photons entering the material to be reflected, refracted, absorbed, dispersed or otherwise affected, with the result that certain frequencies of the impinging waves/photons may not exit the material but may be retained as waves/photons within the material.
  • electromagnetic waves/photons discussed herein may be referred to as "light” or “light waves” whether or not the frequencies of the particular waves/photons being referred to are in the visible part of the spectrum.
  • band refers to a finite range of electromagnetic waves or acousto-elastic waves of different frequencies within the eleectromagnetic or acousto-elastic spectrum. When a subset thereof is absent from the band, a “band gap” (band-gap, bandgap) exists. Since photonic and phononic materials create such gaps by prohibiting passage of a range of frequencies within the band (a "sub-band”), the term “bandgap" often is used in reference to the material, not to the absent wave energy. Herein, the term may refer to either one, as the context so admits.
  • complete bandgap in the context of electromagnetic radiation (which comprises electrical and magnetic waves in a mix of polarizations) means a band from which both types of wave are absent.
  • acousto-elastic waves in solids the term means a band from which acousto-elastic waves oscillating in the direction of propagation and acousto-elastic waves oscillating transverse to the direction of propagation are both absent.
  • the term refers to a photonic element in a photonic material within which neither an electrical or a magnetic wave (having a particular frequency and direction) is allowed passage, or to a phononic element in a phononic material within which neither a longitudinal nor a transverse wave is allowed passage. It is understood that the bulk material outside the photonic or phononic element forbids passage of waves (at least within a band).
  • photonic element refers to one or more of the local dielectric contrasts in a photonic material or to a region(s) in the material from which dielectric contrast has been removed or quantitatively altered. Manipulation of photonic elements leads to configurations that variously confine (“trap” or “guide”) waves/photons within the material, sometimes to practical effect. Therefore, the term “photonic element” may refer generically to such configurations. Thus, “waveguides,” “resonant cavities,” “photonic filters,” and “photonic splitters” are photonic elements.
  • phononic element refers to one or more of the local contrasts in a mechanical property of a phononic material or to a region(s) in the material from which the mechanical contrast has been removed or quantitatively altered. Manipulation of phononic elements leads to configurations that variously confine (“trap” or “guide”) acousto-elastic waves within the material, sometimes to practical effect. Therefore, the term “phononic element” may refer generically to such configurations. Thus, "waveguides,” “resonant cavities,” “phononic filters,” and “phononic splitters” are phononic elements.
  • in photonic communication refers to a condition wherein a first photonic element can receive from or transmit to a second photonic element a photon/electromagnetic wave.
  • in phononic communication refers to a condition wherein a first phononic element can receive from or transmit to a second phononic element an acousto-elastic wave.
  • photonic cavity relates to a device (or an element within a device) realized in a material that prohibits propagation in at least one direction of either the electrical or the magnetic component, or both, of electromagnetic radiation (energetic particles or waves that are capable of self-propagating in a vacuum at one or more frequencies, the cavity characterized in that it can contain or "trap” within it at least one state or mode of that electromagnetic radiation. That is, the radiation can enter the cavity (and sometimes resonate therein) but cannot propagate out of the cavity.
  • electromagnetic radiation energetic particles or waves that are capable of self-propagating in a vacuum at one or more frequencies
  • defect If that defect is located within a band-gap region of the assembly, it can create a cavity in which the photonic wave/particle remains confined, theoretically forever.
  • phononic cavity is intended to convey the same concept, except that the trapped mode comprises an acousto-elastic wave.
  • mode relates to a state or configuration of electromagnetic or acousto-elastic waves, the state characterized by an energy, a momentum and a polarization.
  • Localized modes may exhibit various "mode symmetries” (e.g., monopole, dipole, quadrupole, etc.) depending upon the number and shape of the fields generated by the "back and forth" travel from one edge of a cavity to another of the trapped wave(s).
  • mode symmetries e.g., monopole, dipole, quadrupole, etc.
  • electromagnetic waveguide relates to a device (or an element within a device) realized as a channel in a material that prohibits propagation of one or more polarizations (electromagnetic radiation comprises an integrated electrical and a magnetic component separated as polar opposites) at one or more frequencies, the waveguide
  • Waveguides allow certain modes to travel through and out of the guide path. Waveguides are created by designing and arranging a "line" of point defects in a bandgap region of a heterostructure. Similarly, phononic waveguides contain and allow the propagation therein of at least one state or mode of acousto-elastic radiation.
  • electromagnetic polarization relates to the fact that electromagnetic radiation is a combination of a time-varying electrical and magnetic impulse, each oscillating in a plane of its own.
  • the planes are disposed orthogonally to each other, which means that the electrical wave is maximally separated from the magnetic wave, i.e. , the waves are "polarized.”
  • the intersection of the planes describes the direction of the radiation.
  • the planes are oriented transverse to the direction of radiation.
  • the radiation is polarized into a "transverse electrical” mode and a "transverse magnetic” mode.
  • a waveguide only oscillations that "fit" within the boundaries of the channel can exist.
  • polarization refers to the fact that the waves can oscillate in the direction of wave propagation or transverse to the direction of propagation.
  • splitter as used herein relates to a plurality of waveguides configured to meet at a junction, optionally with an associated cavity, in a bulk material that prohibits the propagation of radiation for a finite range of frequencies.
  • the waveguides are in
  • the junction is designed such that a mixture of waves, prohibited in the bulk material, can enter one arm and then be divided by frequency as the designer so determines. Also as the designer so determines, the divided waves can be directed into the other arms.
  • An arbitrary number of branches is contemplated and a branch angle may approach 0° at one extreme and 180° at the other.
  • the energy, momentum and/or polarization state of the radiation may be detected as a change in phase, frequency, or intensity.
  • the states or modes of radiation that are allowed to pass into the other arms may be determined by the energy, momentum and polarization of the radiation to affect its phase, frequency and intensity.
  • the term "filter” relates to a device (or an element within a device) that selects a spectrally narrow range of frequencies out of a broad incoming range of frequencies to create a first, narrow band and a second band, different from the broad incoming band because of the extraction, by splitting, of the first band.
  • the narrow-band may be selected for further use and the rest of the incoming frequencies reflected or absorbed (a "band-pass” filter).
  • a “stop-band filter” one or more narrow bands are reflected/absorbed and the rest of the incoming frequencies are transmitted for further use.
  • electromagnetic sensor relates, in one aspect, to a device (or an element within a device) for sensing the presence or amount of a particular target substance in a specified location or space or time. In another aspect, the term relates to a device (or an element within a device) for sensing the presence or amount of a force applied to a target. In another aspect, the term relates to a device (or an element within a device) for sensing the presence or amount of heat in a specified location or space.
  • the target substance or the applied force or heat induces (or quenches) a detectable cavity mode in the electromagnetic radiation. In some embodiments, the target induces (or quenches) in the device a detectable waveguide mode in an electromagnetic radiation.
  • the target or the applied force or the heat induces a change in the energy, momentum and/or polarization state of the radiation, which may be detected as a change in phase, frequency, or intensity of the radiation in the device.
  • a "phononic sensor” operates similarly, except that acousto-elastic radiation is employed instead of electromagnetic radiation.
  • a target may "associate" with a photonic or phononic material by binding to the material (e.g., electrostatically, by means of Van der Waal's forces, etc.), by being suspended or dispersed in the material, by covalently combining with the material, etc.
  • "Association" herein requires only that the material, by associating with the target, undergoes a change in one or more of its electromagnetic properties, which change is detectable with an electromagnetic sensor and is relatable to the presence or amount of the target.
  • a photonic confinement cavity in a quasicrystal can trap wave energies entering the cavity from a wider variety of angles than corresponding cavities in crystals can.
  • waveguides in quasicrystals may be "bent" over a larger selection of bend angles than waveguides in crystals, and still transmit losslessly or with low loss.
  • Quasicrystals do not allow lossless bending for arbitrary angles, however, even if scattering elements with very high refractive index are selected for the construction of the quasicrystal.
  • Quasicrystals have been designed by placing light-scattering centers at points distributed quasiperiodically in two dimensions (US Patent 8,243,362) and in three-dimensions (US Patent 8,064,127). US Patents 8,243,362 and 8,064,127 are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.
  • electromagnetic devices can be fabricated in disordered materials, hyperuniform or otherwise. Given the reflection, back-scatter, leakage and other quality factor problems that such disorder would suggest to persons skilled in the art, effective waveguides, microcavities, filters, resonators, lasers, switches, modulators, etc. of any kind might seem beyond reach, not to mention waveguides that bend or join at arbitrary angles, or resonant cavities with selectable cavity mode symmetries. Discouraging to the notion that waveguides or cavities - particularly ones this versatile - could be fabricated in the face of such disorder are at least the following facts: Disorder in periodic systems "shrinks" bandgaps (Ryu, H. et al., Phys. Rev.
  • Hyperuniform disorder The concept of hyperuniformity was first introduced as an order metric for ranking point patterns according to their local density fluctuations at large length scales (Torquato, S. and Stillinger, F., Phys. Rev. E 68: 04113, 2003).
  • a point pattern in real space is hyperuniform if the number variance a(R) within a spherical sampling window of radius R (in d dimensions), grows more slowly than the window volume for large R, i.e. , more slowly than R d .
  • Crystalline and quasicrystalline point patterns trivially satisfy this property but, as noted supra, it is also possible to have isotropic, disordered hyperuniform point patterns.
  • hyperuniformity means the structure factor 5(k) (a determinant of the extent to which a dielectric structure scatters light) approaches zero as Ikl ⁇ 0. k is the momentum of the wave.
  • the hypeniniform patterns that are relevant here are restricted to the subclass in which random fluctuations of the pattern in the domain under consideration cause the number variance to grow like the
  • kc- Embodiments of the invention are not limited by any theory as to how the embodiments work, but it is believed that, combined with the condition that the structure be derived from a point pattern, increasing kc results in a narrowing of the distribution of nearest- neighbor distances. The net effect is to increase the bandgap so that one obtains the largest band gaps for a given dielectric constant (Florescu et al., PNAS 106: 20658, 2009). Point patterns that conform to any chosen statistical parameter can be computer-designed by methods well-known to persons skilled in the art.
  • Hyperuniform photonic materials may then be constructed by decorating the point pattern (in this case a hyperuniform stealthy pattern) with dielectric materials according to the protocol described in Florescu, M. et al , PNAS 106: 20658, 2009 and outlined in WO 2011/005530. Manufacturing techniques to perform the "decoration" steps are well-known in the art.
  • the hyperuniform disordered photonic materials display an unusual combination of physical characteristics that can be exploited in various embodiments of the invention described and claimed herein. These include statistical isotropy, multiple scattering resulting in localized states, and large, robust, complete bandgaps,
  • Photonic crystals having structural elements as small as the nanometer range have been fabricated (e.g., U.S. Patent Appl. No. 2008/0232755, incorporated herein by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth).
  • Photonic devices that embody aspects of the invention preferably comprise materials of relatively high dielectric constant, but hyperuniform disordered structures tend to be less demanding in this respect than quasicrystals.
  • Samples for investigative use herein were fabricated with commercially purchased A1 2 0 3 cylinders and walls cut to designed heights and widths.
  • the dimensions of the cylinders and walls and their spacings are not critical in any absolute sense.
  • the values can be re-scaled together to fix the frequency range of the photonic band-gap that is optimal for a given embodiment and in part on the preferred dimensions of the device in which the bandgap is being deployed.
  • PBGs for transverse magnetic (TM) polarized radiation were considered in the illustrative embodiments exemplified herein. The same analysis for transverse electric (TE) polarized radiation is well within the capability of the skilled artisan.
  • FIG. 1(a) shows a section of the cylinders and wall network that decorate the 2D hyperuniform disordered structure investigated. The area highlighted in the red box is the exact structure used for the study.
  • FIG. 1(b) and FIG.1(c) are side view and top view
  • A1 2 0 3 and air is not limiting. Any materials that create a dielectric contrast and are otherwise suitable for fabricating cylinders, sheets, foils, etc. are candidates In air, alumina, silicon, silicon nitride, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, silica, indium antimonide (for mid infra-red frequencies) and gallium phosphide could apply, among others, including metals (titanium, for example) embedded in acrylate or similar polymers.
  • FIG. 3(d) shows a waveguide with a sharp 50° bend made by removing cylinders and walls in a path ⁇ 2a wide.
  • FIG. 3(e) shows the measured transmission. The transmission is comparable to that in the straight channel with unity transmission despite the sharp bend, and it is adjustable by modifying defects.
  • the channels function in a 2D disordered hyperuniform dielectric material with an isotropic complete PBG (all angles angles of propagation in the plane and all polarizations).
  • the disordered and hyperuniform material lacks long-range translational order and exhibits no Bragg scattering, but nevertheless results in isotropic photonic bandgaps. These bandgaps, furthermore, support freeform waveguides that are impossible to fabricate in photonic crystals.
  • waveguide embodiments of the invention channel photons robustly in arbitrary directions with facile control of transmission bandwidth (which facilitates filtering), and have the ability to guide both polarizations of radiation through the same waveguide channel.
  • the waveguides can be decorated to produce sharp resonant structures.
  • the potential of photonic, phononic and electronic devices fashioned in hyperuniform disordered structures is thus demonstrated, opening the way for novel application to technologies including but not limited to displays, lasers (Cao, H. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82: 2278, 1999), sensors (Guo, Y. et al., Optics Express 16: 11741, 2008), telecommunication devices (Noda, S. et al, Nature 407: 608, 2000, and optical micro-circuits (Chutinan, A. et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 90: 123901, 2003).
  • United States Patent 6,990,259 (incorporated herein by reference for all purposes) describes a photonic crystal defect cavity biosensor, and its construction and use.
  • the findings disclosed herein by Applicants show that defect cavities in hyperuniform disordered materials perform as well or better. Accordingly, defect cavity biosensors constructed as taught in United States Patent 6,990,259 but employing hyperuniform disordered materials instead of periodic crystalline materials are expected to be used in the same way to good effect.
  • Similarly useful would be the photonic elements described in United States Patent Application 2010/027986 realized in a hyperuniform disordered material.
  • hyperuniform disordered materials can support electromagnetic sensors that rely on waveguides.
  • the guidance provided to make and use electromagnetic sensors based on waveguides realized in photonic crystals also serves for constructing and using similar sensors realized in hyperuniform disordered materials.
  • United States Patent 7,731,902 (incorporated herein by reference for all purposes) provides such guidance for an interferometric sensor, a sensor that measures changes in the refractive index of a fluid, wherein the changes are referable to the concentration of a target or analyte in the fluid, and a sensor having a photonic element whose refractive index changes as a result of the deposition of a target on the photonic element or as a result of a binding of a target to the photonic element.
  • the distribution of dielectric material around bend junctions in bandgaps fashioned in the hyperuniform disordered materials is always statistically isotropic. Therefore, if the defect mode created by the removal of material falls within the PBG, the bend can be oriented at any arbitrary angle.
  • the light propagating through the unusually- shaped waveguide channel simulated by removing dielectric cylinders along the sinusoidally- shaped path (FIG. 6) is tightly confined in the transverse direction, penetrating only in the next few rows of dielectric cylinders.
  • FIG. 14 shows higher-order guided modes obtained by varying the radius of the defect cylinders along the channel path.
  • each waveguide in the interconnected system can be "outfitted" with its own set of line defects and point defects, so that a system may serve as a means of splitting a band of frequencies into two or more sub-bands having selectable frequencies. Since the transmission of each sub-band is independently tunable in each segment of each waveguide, a photonic signal entering the system can be narrow-band filtered within any system to create a virtually unlimited number of specific systems. Highly advantageous in optical circuit design, for example, the designer has essentially unlimited flexibility to design waveguides that accommodate any band structure and as much flexibility in laying out the waveguide channels for any particular circuit.
  • Cavities are easily generated and changed in this structure by removing rods to create voids and placing bundled clusters of rods into the voids.
  • Horn antennas attached to a microwave vector network analyzer were used to measure the reflection and transmission through a slice of the hyperuniform disordered structure, a few wavelengths thick, with and without those cavities (FIG. 10).
  • FIG. 15 shows a photo of and transmission through a 50° bend, which can be considered as two straight channels joined by a cavity at the corner.
  • Waves of various frequencies prohibited from propagating in the bulk PBG material PBG are guided and transmitted in the waveguide channel through this sharp bend.
  • the resonant frequencies in this cavity were modified and optimized by adding and removing various rods. This flexibility and abundance of cavity modes are important for filtering and tuning applications.
  • the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method (Yee, K., IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 14: 302 1966) was used to calculate the propagation of light inside the hyperuniform disordered photonic structures.
  • a broadband source was placed at one end of the computational domain and the transmission signal was recorded at the other end with a line-detector (Oskooi, A., et ah, Comp Phys. Comm. 181: 687, 2010).
  • the Fourier components of the field were then evaluated and the spectra averaged and normalized to the transmission profile in the absence of the structure.
  • quality factor calculations Irvine, W., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96: 057405, 2006
  • the modes were excited with a broadband pulse from a current placed directly inside the cavity.
  • FIG. 4 shows FDTD simulations of (left) TM and (right) TE band structure (blue and red curves) and DOS (green curve) for the hyperuniform structure shown in FIG. la.
  • the complete band gap region is shown by the peach colored area.
  • the PBGs shown are equivalent to the fundamental band gap in periodic systems: the spectral location of the TM gap, for example, is determined by the resonant frequencies of the scattering centers, and always occurs between band N and N + 1, with N precisely the number of cylinders per supercell. Similarly, for TE polarized radiation the band gap always occurs between bands N and N+l where N is now the number of network cells in the structure.
  • FIG. 16 shows a cavity mode obtained by removing one of the dielectric cylinders from a hyperuniform disordered structure. Note that the electric field distribution is highly localized around the defect, extending only up to distances involving 1-2 rows of cylinders beyond the position of the missing cylinder. The quality factor of the two-dimensional confined mode is higher than 10 .
  • FIG. 16b shows a localized photonic mode in the unperturbed hyperuniform disordered structure has a localization length that is 5-6 times larger than that in the cavity mode.
  • FIG. 18 shows the electric field mode distribution for a few selected localized modes. Note the nearly perfect monopole (M), dipolar (D), quadrupolar Q), and hexapolar (H) symmetries associated with certain modes.
  • Different localized modes are indexed based on their approximate symmetry (M,D,H,%), where the first index refers to the order of the mode and the second index refers to the number of modes of a given order (e.g., D 1,2 is the second mode of first-order with a dipole-like symmetry).
  • the evolution of the localized modes associated with a defect cylinder as a function of the dimensionless defect radius is tracked.
  • the dimensionless defect radius in this example is rzVro.
  • rjr ⁇ 0.47 (where /3 ⁇ 4 is the radius of the unperturbed cylinders)
  • the defect mode reaches the mid-point of the PBG and is maximally protected from interactions with the propagating modes from the continua below and above the photonic band gap.
  • the radius of the defect cylinder is increased, it becomes possible to accommodate more localized modes in the defect region, distinguished either by their approximate symmetry or frequency.
  • a total of 12 localized modes can coexist within the same defect.
  • the defect cylinders start to overlap with the surrounding cylinders and the confinement decreases.
  • removing a row of rods generates a channel through which light with frequencies within the band gap can propagate, a so-called crystal waveguide.
  • Light cannot propagate elsewhere in the structure outside the channel because there are no allowed states.
  • the waveguides must be composed of segments whose orientation is confined to the high-symmetry directions of the crystal. As a result, the waveguide bends of 60 ° or 90 ° can be easily achieved, but bends at an arbitrary angle lead to significant radiation loss due to excessively strong scattering at the bend junction and require additional engineering to function properly.
  • EXAMPLE 2 Construction of disordered 2D arrangements of dielectric materials with bandgaps comparable to those in photonic crystals for the same dielectric constant.
  • the photonic design pattern has uniform nearest neighbor connectivity and hyperuniform long-range density fluctuations or, equivalently, a structure factor with the property S(k) ' ⁇ o for wavenumber k ⁇ 0 (Torquato, S. and Stillinger, F., Phy. Rev. E 68: 041113-1, 2003) similar to crystals; at the same time, the pattern exhibits random positional order, isotropy, and a circularly symmetric diffuse structure factor S(k) similar to a glass.
  • a subclass of 2D hyperuniform patterns comprise designs having the largest band gaps for a given dielectric contrast (Florescu et al., PNAS 106: 20658, 2009).
  • These "stealthy" designs have a structure factor S(k) precisely equal to zero for a finite range of wavenumbers k ⁇ kc for some positive kc- Stealthiness means that intermediate as well as long- range density fluctuations are similar to crystals.
  • S(k) precisely equal to zero for a finite range of wavenumbers k ⁇ kc for some positive kc- Stealthiness means that intermediate as well as long- range density fluctuations are similar to crystals.
  • increasing kc results in a narrowing of the distribution of nearest-neighbor distances. The net effect is to increase the band gap.
  • This Example is the first physical realization of a hyperuniform stealthy design (FIG. 1) using commercially purchased A1 2 0 3 cylinders and walls cut to designed heights and widths.
  • the dielectric constant of these A1 2 0 3 materials was measured to be 8.76 at the mid-gap frequency.
  • FIG. 1(b) A platform in the desired hyperuniform pattern with slots of depth 1 cm for the insertion of cylinders and walls was fabricated by stereolithography.
  • FIG. 1(b) A side view of the structure, shows the patterned platform and the inserted cylinders and walls. Cylinders and walls can easily be removed and replaced to make cavities, waveguides, and resonance structures.
  • FIG.1(c) is a top view.
  • microwaves in the spectral range of 7-13 GHz, ⁇ ⁇ 2a were used, and a setup similar to the one described in Man, W., et al. Nature, 436: 993, 2005.
  • the sample was placed between two facing microwave horn antennas.
  • the horns were set a distance of 28a apart to approximate plane waves.
  • Absorbing materials were used around the samples to reduce noise.
  • the transmission is defined as the ratio between transmitted intensity with and without the sample in place.
  • measured transmission normal to the sample boundary was plotted in FIG. 2a (TE) and FIG. 2c (TM).
  • the regions of low transmission agree well with the calculated TE band gap (blue stripe in FIG. 2a) and TM band gap (blue stripe in FIG. 2c).
  • the complete PBG region is where the two stripes overlap.
  • the measured transmitted power was much lower for TM polarization than for TE polarization in both the hyperuniform sample and the square lattice sample.
  • the transmitted power was limited by the horn geometry, namely the rectangular shape and the relatively small radiation acceptance angle of 15°.
  • channels were created by removing two rows of cylinders and walls along a line, as shown in FIG. 3a.
  • the horn antennas were placed right next to the end of the channel for the transmission measurement.
  • the TM transmission spectrum is shown in FIG. 3b, while the calculated TM polarization gap is highlighted with shading.
  • Transmission through the channels is defined relative to transmission intensity between two facing horns separated by the channel length.
  • a broad band of frequencies were guided through the open channel with very high transmission.
  • the resonant frequency in these coupled resonant waveguides can be easily tuned by modifying the position of the defect cylinders.
  • Two sets of defect cylinders marked as red or green dots in FIG. 3a were added separately. Their corresponding transmission spectra are shown in FIG. 3c with red dash dot line or green dash line, respectively.
  • the coupled resonator waveguide can be finely tuned acting as a narrow band pass filter with a high Q factor.
  • FIG 3d shows a waveguide with a sharp 50° bend made by removing cylinders and walls in a path ⁇ 2a wide.
  • FIG. 3e shows the measured transmission.
  • the transmission is comparable to that in the straight channel with unity transmission despite the sharp bend, and it is adjustable by modifying defects. Even more remarkable is the "S" shaped freeform waveguide shown in FIG. 3f.
  • the transmitting and receiving horns are parallel to the input and output of the channel and the transmission is of order unity (FIG. 3g). Again, transmission bands can be easily improved and flexibly tuned using defect cylinders.
  • EXAMPLE 6 Frequency splitters and narrow-band filters.
  • FIG. 7 shows a "Y" shape junction for frequency splitting. Continuous waves of different frequencies were sent into the input port marked as “1" on the photo. Transmissions were measured separately at two different output ports marked as “2" and “3", respectively. At the same time, signals of different frequencies were directed into different branches automatically.
  • the disordered hyperuniform PBG material offers a very flexible platform for defect design to select tunable frequencies, therefore the transmission peaks through two branches of the "Y" shape junction can be controlled and tuned by arranging different distribution of extra defect cylinders in the two output branches.
  • FIG 8 a) and b) show a two-step frequency splitter, c) and d) a three-way frequency splitter.
  • signals of different frequencies are automatically directed into different branches in various architectures.
  • the propagating modes are strongly related to resonances built up inside the channel, enabling us to design local defects to control the passing frequency of each channel.
  • the photonic properties were measured using a HP-8510C vector network analyzer for microwaves with wavelength comparable to twice the cylinder spacing.
  • the structure has a TM polarization PBG from 9.2 to 10.7 GHz and a TE polarization PBG from 8.7 to 9.6 GHz.
  • Wave-guiding channels were constructed and modified by removing rows of building blocks and adding individual extra defect cylinders. Transmission through the channels was measured by placing two microwave horn antennas right next to the channel openings. Absorption materials were placed around the sample to reduce noise.
  • the structure had TM polarization PBG of 9.2 to 10.7 GHz. Cavities were easily generated and changed in this structure by removing rods to create voids and placing bundled clusters of rods into the voids.
  • Horn antennas attached to a microwave vector network analyzer were used to measure the reflection and transmission through a slice of the hyperuniform disordered structure, a few wavelengths thick, with and without those cavities (FIG. 10).
  • cavity modes were revealed by large transmission peaks inside the PBG frequency region. By removing two cylinders in the middle of the structure, cavity modes around 10.3 GHz were excited. The transmission peaks associated with those cavity modes decreased exponentially with the thickness of the sample slice, and still remained detectable when the cavities were at a distance of 2.5a away from the sample edge.
  • FIG. 13 shows a photo of and transmission through a 50° bend, which can be considered as two straight channels joined by a cavity at the corner. Waves of various frequencies inside the PBG were guided and transmitted through this sharp bend. The resonant frequencies in the cavity were modified and optimized by adding and removing various rods. This flexibility and abundance of cavity modes are important for filtering and tuning applications.
  • Additional embodiments include any single embodiment herein supplemented with onr of more element from any one or more other embodiment herein.

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Abstract

La présente invention porte sur des guides d'onde et des cavités électromagnétiques fabriqués dans des matières désordonnées hypémniformes ayant des largeurs de bande interdite photoniques complètes. La présente invention porte également sur des dispositifs comprenant des cavités électromagnétiques fabriquées dans des matières désordonnées hypémniformes ayant des largeurs de bande interdite photoniques complètes. La présente invention porte également sur des dispositifs comprenant des guides d'onde fabriqués dans des matières désordonnées hypémniformes ayant des largeurs de bande interdite photoniques complètes. Les dispositifs comprennent des diviseurs, filtres et capteurs électromagnétiques.
PCT/US2012/055791 2009-06-22 2012-09-17 Filtres et diviseurs à fréquence de bande étroite, capteurs photoniques et cavités ayant des modes de cavité présélectionnés WO2013055503A1 (fr)

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US15/222,332 US9885806B2 (en) 2009-06-22 2016-07-28 Narrow-band frequency filters and splitters, photonic sensors, and cavities having pre-selected cavity modes
US15/860,920 US11086047B2 (en) 2009-06-22 2018-01-03 Narrow-band frequency filters and splitters, photonic sensors, and cavities having pre-selected cavity modes
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CN104464715A (zh) * 2014-11-24 2015-03-25 广东工业大学 一种声子晶体分束器
CN116776752A (zh) * 2023-08-24 2023-09-19 中南大学 一种基于智能编码的声子晶体带隙设计方法及设计系统

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US7588882B2 (en) * 2003-09-23 2009-09-15 Infm Instituto Nazionale Per La Fisica Della Materia Method for fabricating complex three-dimensional structures on the submicrometric scale by combined lithography of two resists
WO2011005530A2 (fr) * 2009-06-22 2011-01-13 The Trustees Of Princeton University Matériaux non cristallins à bandes interdites photonique, électroniques ou phononiques complètes

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US6901101B2 (en) * 2000-11-28 2005-05-31 Rosemount Inc. Optical sensor for measuring physical and material properties
US7588882B2 (en) * 2003-09-23 2009-09-15 Infm Instituto Nazionale Per La Fisica Della Materia Method for fabricating complex three-dimensional structures on the submicrometric scale by combined lithography of two resists
WO2011005530A2 (fr) * 2009-06-22 2011-01-13 The Trustees Of Princeton University Matériaux non cristallins à bandes interdites photonique, électroniques ou phononiques complètes

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CN104464715A (zh) * 2014-11-24 2015-03-25 广东工业大学 一种声子晶体分束器
CN104464715B (zh) * 2014-11-24 2017-12-29 广东工业大学 一种声子晶体分束器
CN116776752A (zh) * 2023-08-24 2023-09-19 中南大学 一种基于智能编码的声子晶体带隙设计方法及设计系统
CN116776752B (zh) * 2023-08-24 2023-11-24 中南大学 一种基于智能编码的声子晶体带隙设计方法及设计系统

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