WO2013043281A1 - Sensor data carrying capability of phase generated carriers - Google Patents
Sensor data carrying capability of phase generated carriers Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013043281A1 WO2013043281A1 PCT/US2012/051104 US2012051104W WO2013043281A1 WO 2013043281 A1 WO2013043281 A1 WO 2013043281A1 US 2012051104 W US2012051104 W US 2012051104W WO 2013043281 A1 WO2013043281 A1 WO 2013043281A1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
- H04L27/20—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
- H04L27/2096—Arrangements for directly or externally modulating an optical carrier
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
- G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
- G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
- G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
- G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
- G01D5/35383—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using multiple sensor devices using multiplexing techniques
- G01D5/35396—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using multiple sensor devices using multiplexing techniques using other forms of multiplexing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
- H04L27/22—Demodulator circuits; Receiver circuits
- H04L27/223—Demodulation in the optical domain
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2575—Radio-over-fibre, e.g. radio frequency signal modulated onto an optical carrier
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J11/00—Orthogonal multiplex systems, e.g. using WALSH codes
- H04J2011/0003—Combination with other multiplexing techniques
- H04J2011/0009—Combination with other multiplexing techniques with FDM/FDMA
Definitions
- This invention generally relates to communications and carriers used in communications, and more particularly to carrying multiple sensor data on a single carrier.
- Fiber optic sensor systems using phase generated carriers carry information of interest in a phase of an optical signal.
- the "carrier” is manifested as an intentional sinusoidal phase modulation of the optical wave which is used by a sensor - essentially an interferometer - to sense some type of information (e.g., pressure).
- the sensed information transduced by the optical sensor adds an additional phase modulation to the optical signal.
- the optical signal is received at a remote location, usually via a fiber optic means, the sensed information must be extracted from the optical signal - comprising the carrier and the sensed information - in a process commonly called demodulation.
- Demodulation involves first converting the amplitude of the analog optical signal to an electrical signal. In digitally oriented systems the analog electrical signal is next passed through an analog to digital converter (ADC) after which the desired sensed information can be extracted via digital means.
- ADC analog to digital converter
- FDM Frequency Division Multiplex
- DFT discrete Fourier transform
- FFT fast Fourier transform
- the invention in one implementation encompasses an apparatus.
- the apparatus may be configured to receive and demodulate a homodyne carrier signal, where the homodyne carrier signal comprises sensor data of at least two sensors.
- Another implementation of the invention encompasses a method.
- the method comprising receiving sensed signals from at least two sensors, and modulating the sensed signals on a single homodyne carrier.
- a further implementation of the invention encompasses a demodulator that is configured to receive and demodulate a homodyne carrier signal carrying sensed data of at least two sensors.
- FIG. 1 is a representation of one implementation of an example of a sensor panel;
- FIG. 2 is a representation of an example of a communications system for transporting multiple sensor data over a carrier;
- FIG. 3 is a representation of a method for transporting multiple sensor data over a carrier.
- FIG. 1 depicts a sensor panel 100, containing 256 sensors, in one example that is configured to receive a plurality of carrier signals on optical fibers 105a-p, combine the carrier signals with sensor data (i.e., sensed information), and output a signal comprising the carrier and sensor data on another optical fiber 1 10a-p.
- sensor data i.e., sensed information
- optical fibers are used as a medium to carry signals, in other embodiments other types of medium may be used to carry signals.
- a carrier signal for carrying the sensed information of a number of sensors may be sent to the panel 100 on a single fiber, and may be separated out using a demultiplexer so that the carrier signal may be used to carry sensor data for a number of sensors.
- the carriers sent on fibers 105a-p may be combined with or modulated with sensed information received by a sensor, for example sensor 1 15.
- the carrier comprising the modulated sensed data may be communicated on output fiber 1 10a for transmission and demodulation.
- Each input fiber 105a-p may comprise a wavelength ⁇ , a carrier frequency f, and a carrier phase ⁇ .
- Each carrier frequency may carry the sensor information for two sensors, where the carrier phase may act as a discriminant.
- the fiber 105a may comprise carrier signal having wavelength ⁇ - ⁇ , carrier frequency fi and carrier phase ⁇ .
- Carrier fiber 105b may have carrier wavelength ⁇ 2 , carrier frequency f-i , and carrier phase ⁇ 2 .
- Sensor data for two sensors may be carried using one carrier frequency with a carrier phase used as a discriminant. Accordingly, sensor data for a pair of sensors may be modulated on the same carrier frequency using the carrier phase as a discriminant.
- the sensed data of one sensor may be sent on a frequency
- the sensor data of a second sensor may be sent on the same frequency but with a phase offset from the first sensed data.
- These paired sensors may be referred to as a sensor and its paired or prime sensor.
- the remaining sensors may be similarly paired.
- the sensor data for a third and fourth sensor may be sent on wavelengths ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4 using frequency f 2 with discriminants ⁇ and ⁇ 2 .
- FIG. 2 depicts a diagram of a communications system 200.
- the system 200 may be comprised of a multiple-carrier generator 201 that may generate a plurality of carriers.
- Each fiber emanating from the multi-carrier generator 201 may carry a plurality of carriers.
- each fiber comprises two carrier signals.
- a demultiplexer 204 may separate out a carrier signal destined for a sensor that may add sensed information to be demodulated by a demodulator 209.
- a sensor may be part of a sensor array 203.
- the sensor array depicted in FIG. 2 comprises a one dimensional array
- a sensor array comprised of a multidimensional array such as the array depicted in FIG. 1 may also be used.
- each fiber emanating from the multiple carrier generator 201 comprises a carrier signal for two sensors
- each fiber may carry carrier signals for more sensors.
- each fiber emanating from the multiple-carrier generator may comprise carrier signals for sixteen sensors, and a wavelength division demultiplexer may be used to separate out the wavelengths of the sixteen carriers.
- the sensor array 103 may be comprised of sensors, such as, for example, the sensors 1 15 of FIG. 1 .
- Each of the sensors in the sensor array 203 receives or senses data that the sensor then modulates onto one of the carriers.
- the sensors may be optical sensors that receive data and generate an optical output signal.
- the outputs from the sensor array 203 are input to a transmitter 205, which may combine the modulated sensor array 203 signals and couple them together for transmission through a communication medium 207, which for optical data, may be an optical medium 207 such as a fiber optic cable, air or empty space.
- the multiple-carrier phase-modulated signal may be received at a demodulator 209 that demodulates the signals associated with each carrier.
- the results of demodulating the signal may be represented by quadrature (Q) and in- phase (I) components of a first sensor, and quadrature (Q') and in-phase ( ⁇ ) components of a second or paired sensor, where the second sensor is the paired sensor of the first sensor.
- the two sensors' datum may be modulated onto a single carrier frequency.
- the demodulator 209 may include a polarization diversity detector (PDD) 21 1 that converts an optical signal to an electrical signal, an anti-aliasing filter (AAF) 213 that provides any necessary amplification or anti-aliasing functions.
- PDD polarization diversity detector
- AAF anti-aliasing filter
- At least one analog-to-digital (A D) converter 215 that converts a received signal from an analog signal to a digital signal.
- a fast Fourier transformer (FFT) 217 receives output from the A D 215 converter and may perform a fast Fourier transformation on the received information.
- FFT fast Fourier transformer
- a fast Fourier transformer may be used, in other embodiments a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) may be used in lieu of an FFT.
- a frequency bin selector 219 may receive output from the FFT 217.
- the frequency bin selector 219 may place the FFT 217 output data into frequency bins associated with each carrier's first harmonic and second harmonic.
- An I & Q separator 221 may then separate the I & Q and ⁇ & Q' components of a sensor and its paired sensor respectively.
- a magnitude block 223 may determine a magnitude of the I & Q and ⁇ & Q' components of sensed data of a sensor and its paired sensor.
- a block may refer to a computing processor, a component of hardware, firmware, or instructions encoded on a processor.
- a sign block 225 may establish a sign for the I & Q and ⁇ & Q' signal components.
- a calibration path 226 receives FFT 217 output and may perform various calibration functions that may be useful in a sign determination process that takes place in the sign block 225.
- An arctan block 227 may receive a Q/l and Q'/ ⁇ quotient and yield the desired recovered signals for a sensor and its pair. Further details concerning the functionality of the demodulator 209 and the demodulator's 209 components are discussed below.
- Equation (1 ) of the incorporated reference describes the optical intensity received by a system using phase generated carriers and optical sensors. The optical signal is then put through a transducer such that a voltage is generated that tracks the amplitude of the analog optical signal. As such the voltage can be written as:
- V the voltage of the signal
- V n A n + B n COS(M n COSCO n t + O n (t))
- V n the voltage of the n carrier signal
- a n the DC offset component of the n th carrier voltage
- B n the peak amplitude of the time varying portion of the n th carrier voltage
- ⁇ ⁇ (t) the signal of interest on the n th carrier to be recovered
- Equation (2) represents a signal that has gone through a detector (for example, the PDD 21 1 of FIG. 2). These may be voltages due to the n sensors. The A D 215 of FIG. 2 may convert the analog electrical signal to a digital signal. Everything up to the recovered signal is digital. The voltage in equation (2) sums up to a single voltage that may be coming out of the fiber of the PDD 1 1 1 and into the Amplification and Anti-Aliasing Filter 213. [20] In equation (2) above the cosco n t in the inner argument represents the modulation on the carrier signal. In heterodyning modulation a second modulation using sinco n t in addition to cosco n t is used in an additive way to double the information carrying capability of a carrier.
- Equation (2) written for the second sensor of a pair can then be written as:
- V'n A'n + B'nCOS(M'nCOS(CO n t - ⁇ ) + O'n(t))
- V'n the voltage of the n th carrier signal - 2 nd sensor
- A'n the DC offset component of the n th carrier voltage - 2 nd sensor
- B' n the peak amplitude of the time varying portion of the n th carrier voltage - 2 nd sensor
- M'n the modulation depth of the n th phase generated carrier - 2 nd sensor
- ⁇ the phase lag of the modulated carrier of the 2 nd sensor relative to the 1 st sensor
- the voltages V' n of equation (3) may be voltages due to the prime sensors.
- the phase shift ( ⁇ ) may allow us to separate the signals. I.e., separate the n' from the n signal.
- the total signal being processed on a single conductor is then:
- N the total number of carriers
- V n the induced voltage of the n th carrier modulated with cosco n t
- V'n the induced voltage of the n th carrier modulated with cos(co n t - ⁇ )
- equation (2) above can be rewritten in an equivalent form using Bessel functions as:
- Vn An + Bn ⁇ [Jo(M n ) + 2 ⁇ (-1 ) k J 2k (M n )cos2kCO n t]cosO n (t)
- V n the voltage of the n th carrier signal - 1 st sensor
- a n the DC offset component of the n th carrier voltage - 1 st sensor
- B n the peak amplitude of the time varying portion of the n th carrier voltage -
- ⁇ ⁇ (t) the signal of interest on the n th carrier to be recovered - 1 st sensor
- Jk Bessel function of the first kind of the k th order
- Equation (3) above for V' n can be rewritten in an equivalent form using Bessel functions as:
- V'n the voltage of the n th carrier signal - 2 nd sensor
- A'n the DC offset component of the n th carrier voltage - 2 nd sensor
- B' n the peak amplitude of the time varying portion of the n th carrier voltage -
- ⁇ the phase lag of the modulated carrier to the second sensor relative to the 1 st sensor
- any tag along terms associated with the sine and cosine of O(t) will cancel out in the arctan as long as they are equal.
- the A n and Jo(Mn) terms are simply DC terms which are removed by the FFT or DFT processing, for example FFT 217. Also, as explained later the FFT 217, or in other embodiments the DFT, takes out the coskco n t terms as well. The equations for recovering the O n (t) are then:
- O n (t) arctan(sinO n (t) / cosO n (t) )
- O'n(t) arctan(sinO' n (t) / cosO' n (t) )
- Equation (7) and (8) may correspond to the arctan's of box 227 (FIG.2).
- equation (4) indicates the waveforms of equation (5) and (6) are simply summed on the received signal.
- the incorporated reference describes a technique whereby a DFT is used to separate the signals of interest on a per carrier basis including the fundamental and the higher harmonics.
- the first harmonic of co n that is co n itself
- 2 ⁇ ⁇ the second harmonic 2 ⁇ ⁇
- the odd harmonics carry the sinO n (t) information
- the even harmonics carry the cosOn(t).
- the carriers are typically designed so that none of the higher harmonics of a lower carrier interfere with the first and second harmonics of any other carrier.
- the analog electrical signal is band limited by a low pass filter prior to being digitized to prevent higher harmonics form aliasing back over the lower ones. This is typically called an anti-aliasing filter and is necessary in most digital signal processing systems.
- Equations (13) through (16) for the C and D terms now contain the sine and cosine of the O(t) signals. All the other parts will cancel out in the arctan function as described earlier. Equations (9), (1 0), (1 1 ) and (12) can now be rewritten as:
- the in-phase component (I) may be derived from the second harmonic of the carrier, and the quadrature phase component (Q) may be derived from the first harmonic of the carrier.
- equations (21 ) through (24) can be ignored since each time the FFT is calculated and observed the phasor will be at the same angle, ⁇ ⁇ for the Q term and 2 ⁇ ⁇ for the I term. This is an essence of the algorithm as described in the incorporated reference. Basically the FFT has base banded and eliminated the carrier leaving only the information of interest. Thus equations (21 ) through (24) can be re-written as:
- the receiver Although each time the receiver is started it can have an asynchronous start time relative to the modulators start time giving different ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ ' ⁇ after each calibration, the difference between ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ ' ⁇ will be the same. That is because the difference is related to the difference in the lengths of fiber provided to each sensor of the pair which normally would not be changing (except in the case of some sort of repair). Ideally this difference is zero but due to manufacturing tolerances this will not always be the case. By recording this difference, which only has to be calibrated once in the system life, it will be seen that this imperfection will calibrate out.
- the ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ ' ⁇ may have to be calibrated out each time the receiver is started if it cannot be guaranteed that the start relationship between it and the modulators is always the same. This is an implementation choice.
- FPGA programmable gate array
- the FPGA would only need a small amount of additional capacity to compute the correction equations above plus the additional arctan back end processing for the added sensors. This would typically amount to about 10 to 20 percent of the original capacity.
- Modern FPGA's usually come in families so a member of the family with slightly more capacity could be chosen. In many cases this would not even translate to a greater physical foot print for the chip on the receiver card.
- FIG. 3 may depict a method for demodulating a carrier signal that comprises the modulated sensor data from a sensor and its sensor pair.
- a carrier is received at, for example the sensor array 203.
- sensed data from a pair of sensors may be modulated on a carrier and the modulated signal may be communicated to the demodulator 209 for
- the demodulation process may include applying a PDD 21 1 , amplifying the received signal, applying an anti-aliasing filter 213, and/or employing an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 215.
- Digital data output from the A D converter 215 may be collected, at 303, until M samples are obtained.
- the FFT 217 may perform Fourier transformation on the M samples.
- the frequency bins for the first and second harmonics are determined.
- I & Q and ⁇ & Q' components may be separated 308.
- a magnitude of the I & Q and ⁇ & Q' components 309 is determined as described above.
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201280041168.6A CN103748847A (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-08-16 | Sensor data carrying capability of phase generated carriers |
EP12753304.0A EP2759109B1 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-08-16 | Phase multiplexed optical sensor signals on a single carrier frequency |
JP2014531818A JP2015502583A (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-08-16 | Sensing data transfer capability of phase generated carrier |
CA2843156A CA2843156C (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-08-16 | Sensor data carrying capability of phase generated carriers |
AU2012312962A AU2012312962B2 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2012-08-16 | Sensor data carrying capability of phase generated carriers |
NO20140450A NO342955B1 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2014-04-07 | INCREASE SENSOR DATA CARRIERS FOR PHASE-GENERATED CARRIERS |
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US201161537675P | 2011-09-22 | 2011-09-22 | |
US61/537,675 | 2011-09-22 | ||
US13/291,232 | 2011-11-08 | ||
US13/291,232 US9369321B2 (en) | 2011-09-22 | 2011-11-08 | Increasing sensor data carrying capability of phase generated carriers |
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EP (1) | EP2759109B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP2015502583A (en) |
CN (1) | CN103748847A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2012312962B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2843156C (en) |
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US9369321B2 (en) * | 2011-09-22 | 2016-06-14 | Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation | Increasing sensor data carrying capability of phase generated carriers |
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2011
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2012
- 2012-08-16 JP JP2014531818A patent/JP2015502583A/en active Pending
- 2012-08-16 WO PCT/US2012/051104 patent/WO2013043281A1/en active Application Filing
- 2012-08-16 CN CN201280041168.6A patent/CN103748847A/en active Pending
- 2012-08-16 AU AU2012312962A patent/AU2012312962B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2012-08-16 CA CA2843156A patent/CA2843156C/en active Active
- 2012-08-16 EP EP12753304.0A patent/EP2759109B1/en active Active
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2014
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2016
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Patent Citations (4)
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WO2002047434A2 (en) * | 2000-12-04 | 2002-06-13 | Phone-Or Ltd. | Optical microphone system and a method for forming same |
US6944231B2 (en) | 2001-09-06 | 2005-09-13 | Litton Systems, Inc. | Demodulation of multiple-carrier phase-modulated signals |
WO2005010465A2 (en) * | 2003-07-09 | 2005-02-03 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Filtered calculation of sensor array induced phase angle independent from demodulation phase offset of phase generated carrier |
EP2131159A1 (en) * | 2008-06-04 | 2009-12-09 | Sercel | Fiber optic Interferometric sensor array with increased multiplexing density |
Also Published As
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NO20140450A1 (en) | 2014-04-07 |
EP2759109A1 (en) | 2014-07-30 |
CA2843156C (en) | 2020-02-25 |
JP2016197433A (en) | 2016-11-24 |
CA2843156A1 (en) | 2013-03-28 |
NO342955B1 (en) | 2018-09-10 |
AU2012312962A1 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
JP2015502583A (en) | 2015-01-22 |
CN103748847A (en) | 2014-04-23 |
EP2759109B1 (en) | 2017-04-26 |
US20130077091A1 (en) | 2013-03-28 |
AU2012312962B2 (en) | 2016-06-09 |
JP6233820B2 (en) | 2017-11-22 |
US9369321B2 (en) | 2016-06-14 |
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