WO2013023739A1

WO2013023739A1 - Method for controlling a pasteurization apparatus and pasteurization apparatus

Info

Publication number: WO2013023739A1
Application number: PCT/EP2012/003149
Authority: WO
Inventors: Andre Ratke; Frank KÖPPEL
Original assignee: Khs Gmbh
Priority date: 2011-08-16
Filing date: 2012-07-25
Publication date: 2013-02-21
Also published as: DE102011110210A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for controlling pasteurization apparatuses for containers filled with a filling material, wherein the containers are moved in a transport direction through at least one first treatment section for pre-heating the containers and the filling material, through at least one second treatment section for pasteurizing the containers and the filling material by applying at least one heated treatment liquid to the containers, for example heated water, and through at least one third treatment section for re-cooling the containers and the filling material.

Description

Method of controlling a pasteurizer as well

pasteurizer

The invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1 and to a pasteurizer according to claim 7.

Et al in the beverage industry, it is customary especially for perishable products or filling goods, filled with the respective contents and sealed container and the contents contained in the respective container in

To sterilize or pasteurize pasteurizers or devices. In known pasteurizers, the containers are usually conveyed at a uniform or substantially uniform transport speed by means of a conveyor from an entrance area to an exit area of the pasteurizer. In this case, the containers and the contents are heated to a pasteurization and held there until the respective container and its contents are subjected to the pasteurization required for a desired degree of pasteurization. This is followed by the end of the pasteurization process and to avoid a

Overpasteurization a cooling of containers and contents to one

End temperature.

The tunnel-type pasteurizers used here have

basically a first treatment or heating section, which is generally used for heating or preheating the container to a temperature below the pasteurizing, a second in the transport direction of the container subsequent treatment or Pasteurisierabschnitt serving as Überhitzungsund Pasteurisierbereich for heating the container and the contents to the pasteurizing and for loading the contents with the

Then, in the transport direction of the containers, a third treatment or cooling section is used, which is used to interrupt the pasteurization process after administration of the required pasteurizer units and to cool or cool the containers and the Fill good serves to a starting temperature. In general, the individual treatment sections are each formed by a plurality of successive treatment zones in the transport direction of the containers, in order, inter alia, to achieve a filling and / or container-friendly heating and heating and cooling.

The heating, heating and cooling or re-cooling of the container and thus also of the filling material is usually carried out using

Trickle, spray or nozzle arrangements by spraying and / or overspraying the containers with spray or treatment liquids, e.g. Water, whose

Temperature is adapted at least in uninterrupted or trouble-free operation the desired in this operation temporal temperature profile of the container and the contents. The transport element transporting the containers through the treatment sections or their treatment zones is, for example, a conveyor belt, which is designed for passage of the treatment liquids downwards. Under the conveyor are in the treatment zones collecting elements in the form of

Drip trays or containers provided, from which the respective

Treatment fluid for reuse is recycled via pipelines and pumps to the nozzle assemblies of the treatment zones.

Since the pasteurizer is part of an overall system, the

For example, if it has at least machinery or units for filling, closing, labeling and packaging the containers, it is at least usual to stop the entire system, e.g. in the event of production stoppages and / or malfunctions in the overall system, stop the transport movement of the containers through the pasteurizer, in order to prevent container jams or gaps in the system

To avoid container flow. To avoid overpasteurization and the associated impairment of at least the flavor quality of the filling material, it is also common, those containers that coincidentally in such a stop in the second treatment section, ie in the overheating and Pasteurization are located, at least after the administration of the necessary Pasteurisiereinheiten on or below a so-called cut-off temperature, which is well below the pasteurization temperature, thereby avoiding leading to an overpasteurization of these containers with other Pasteurisiereinheiten.

The cooling of the container and thus the filling material at or below the cut-off temperature is carried out by the loading and / or over-spraying

Treatment liquid, which has a correspondingly reduced temperature.

A gap in the container stream or even emptying the pasteurizer would have the consequence that the thermal balance between the heated and cooled containers is permanently disturbed. In such a malfunction control technical interventions in the heat balance of the machine are necessary because the container would otherwise leave after stopping the pasteurizer initially with too high a final temperature, later the container and the contents after passing through the

Pasteurizing section can not be cooled sufficiently fast, with the risk of overpasteurization, and finally in the

Pasteurizing section of incoming containers and their contents are not heated to the required pasteurizing temperature.

For cooling the container in case of failure at or below the cut-off temperature, for example, resorting to an external cold load, i. the to

Cooling treatment liquid used is cooled with heat dissipation to the outside and / or it is cold to reduce the temperature

Treatment liquid, for example, mixed with cold fresh water. The disadvantage here is, inter alia, that arise by the supply of cold treatment liquid and / or by the removal of heat energy high operating costs, with the exception of the energy costs increasingly the cost of the Cooling or mixing used cold treatment liquid (fresh water) and their subsequent disposal fall into the weight.

There are already known proposals for avoiding the above consequences of interruptions and disturbances. For example, e.g. a pasteurizer known (US 4,331,629), in which energy losses due to disturbances or by occurring in the container stream gaps should be avoided by

Treatment liquids with different temperatures in tanks

cached and after correcting a fault, i. be returned to the process when restarting the container stream. Regarding the too

storing treatment liquids is proposed to remove these on the one hand serving for preheating and pasteurization treatment sections or treatment zones and on the other to be used for cooling the container treatment zone. This results in that the stored treatment liquids each have a mixing temperature. The

Mixing temperatures are between the respective, in the individual

Treatment zones prevailing temperatures optimizing the

Energy balance, especially in the pasteurization and in its treatment zones is not provided.

Also known is a pasteurizer (JP 10-225503), a

Storage tank for hot treatment liquid and a storage tank for cold treatment liquid has. In case of interruption of the

Container transport becomes cold to avoid overpasteurization

Treatment liquid from the associated storage tank to the

Pasteurizing section for cooling the containers and the contents passed.

Also known is a pasteurizer (EP 2 058 386 B1) in which thermal energy is removed from hot pasteurization zones during a production-related stop by diversion of process water streams in the heating and cooling sections of the pasteurizer and these with colder process water from a storage tank or from heating and cooling zones be cooled down. The disadvantage here is, inter alia, that inevitably areas of

Pasteurizer be heated in which this additional heating is not desirable, for example, areas or treatment zones of the adjoining the pasteurization section cooling section, and that supplied from the outside additional cooling water, i. ultimately an external cold load must be used.

Lastly, a pasteurizer EP 10038451 B1 is known in which, in the case of a production-related or due to a fault, stop of the

Container flow by diversion of process water streams in additional

Buffer tanks a momentarily unneeded energy (cold energy or

Heat energy) is stored temporarily, then at the given time, i. after canceling the stop to be able to use again. It is common to the entire state of the art that the heat energy and / or the refrigeration load between the first treatment section and the third treatment section or down- or recooling section are pumped back and forth by means of the treatment liquids in order to reduce the consumption of energy and fresh water and thus To keep the operating costs of the pasteurizer as low as possible, but at the expense of the aforementioned disadvantages.

The object of the invention is a method for controlling

Pasteurizer show, with the without affecting the thermal equilibrium between the serving for preheating and cooling or cooling down treatment sections and without or im

Essentially without heat loss overpasteurization of the container and the contents is reliably prevented at a stop of the container transport. To solve this problem, a method according to claim 1 is formed. A pasteurizer is the subject of claim 7. The peculiarity of the invention is that the cooling of the container located in the pasteurizing and their contents to a desired temperature, for example, at or below the cut-off temperature at a production-related and / or caused by a fault stop the

Container transport takes place by using the internal cold load of the pasteurizer.

The energy thus remains in the pasteurizing section. On an external cold load of other treatment sections, which are provided for preheating and for cooling the container, the cooling of the container on the cut-off temperature must not be resorted to.

"Refrigeration load" in the sense of the invention is generally to be understood as meaning the capability or capacity of a region or volume having a first temperature for absorbing thermal energy from another region or volume at a second higher temperature, in particular for cooling the other region or volume.

For the purposes of the invention, "internal refrigeration load" is to be understood as meaning in particular that refrigerating load which the part of the pasteurizing section and the filled containers present there provide, in which the containers have a temperature, in particular even during normal, uninterrupted and / or trouble-free operation. which is usually smaller than the cut-off temperature.

Since the cooling of the container in the pasteurization takes place at or below the cut-off temperature using the internal cold load, this is the

Energy and / or temperature balance between the serving for warming treatment section and the serving for cooling

Treatment section or its treatment zone not disturbed. As far as e.g. after a consumption of the internal cooling load a discharge of

Heat energy to the environment is required, this is done for example via a cooler, for example via a cooling tower, or else by the supply of fresh water to the pasteurizer.

"Container" are in the context of the invention in particular cans, bottles, tubes, pouches, each made of metal, glass and / or plastic, but also others

Packaging, which are suitable for filling of liquid, pasty or viscous products of all kinds and / or any mixing ratio.

The expression "essentially" or "approximately" in the sense of the invention means deviations from the exact value by +/- 10%, preferably by +/- 5% and / or deviations in the form of changes that are insignificant for the function.

Further developments, advantages and applications of the invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments and from the figures. All are described and / or illustrated

Features alone or in any combination in principle subject of the invention, regardless of their summary in the claims or their dependency. Also, the content of the claims is made an integral part of the description.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to the figures of an embodiment. It shows: in simplified functional representation, a pasteurizer for pasteurizing filled with a liquid product and

sealed containers;

in a temperature-time diagram, the temperature profile of the container and the filled into this container contents during the treatment in the pasteurizer of Figure 1, in a

trouble-free operation. In the figures, 1 is a pasteurizer for pasteurizing containers 2 and products filled therein (contents). The pasteurizer 1, which is part of an overall system with various other components, for example, for providing, filling, closing, labeling and packaging of the container 2, comprises a feed dog 3, with which the container 2 in a transport direction A through the tunnel-like pasteurization 1 and their

Treatment sections 4, 5 and 6 are moved, in the illustrated embodiment, with its container axis oriented in the vertical direction and with the container bottom on the conveyor 3 or on a transport surface formed by this.

Of the treatment sections 4 - 6, which follow one another according to the valency of their reference numerals in the transport direction A, the first serves

Treatment section 4 generally for preheating the container 2 on a

Temperature T1, for example, in the range between 30 ° C - 40 ° C, e.g. to a temperature T1 of about 34 ° C, the second treatment section 5 for

Pasteurizing the container 2 and the contents filled in this by heating to the sterilization or pasteurization temperature T2, for example, 60 ° C - 85 ° C and the third treatment section 6 to terminate the

Pasteurization and to cool or re-cooling the container 2 and the contents to a final temperature T3 well below the pasteurization temperature T2, for example, to a temperature T3 in the range of about 21 ° C - 40 ° C.

The preheating, heating and cooling of the container 2 takes place in the

Treatment sections 4, 5 and 6 respectively by trickling over, loading and / or overspraying the container 2 with a corresponding temperature

having spray or treatment liquid, preferably with water. In order to achieve a steady, in particular also the container and / or the product gentle temperature change in the treatment sections 4, 5 and 6, these sections are each in several in the transport direction A of the container. 2

subdivided adjoining treatment zones through which the containers 2 are moved through each other. In the illustrated embodiment, the treatment sections 4 - 6 are each in four treatment zones 4.1 - 4.4 (treatment sections 4), 5.1 - 5.4

(Pasteurization or treatment section 5) and 6.1 - 6.4 (treatment section 6), these treatment zones in turn the valence of their

Reference numerals accordingly in the transport direction A of the container 2 follow each other.

It goes without saying that number and order of the

Treatment sections and also the treatment zones can be changed without departing from the teachings of the present invention.

Each treatment zone is formed with at least one nozzle arrangement 7, via which the treatment liquid is applied to the container 2 moving through this treatment zone. Below the trained for a passage of the treatment liquids transporter 3 and below the

Transport level of the conveyor 3, the treatment liquid is collected or collected in each treatment zone 4.1 - 4.4, 5.1 - 5.4 and 6.1 - 6.4 for further use with a trough-like collecting element 8, as shown in Figure 1 for ease of illustration only for the treatment zones 5.1 - 5.4 is shown. Treatment zones 4.1 - 4.4 and 6.1 - 6.4 are

For example, with regard to the nozzle assembly 7 and in terms of

Collecting element 8 the treatment zones 5.1 - 5.4 formed accordingly.

In the illustrated embodiment, during normal, trouble-free operation, the treatment liquid in each treatment zone 5.1 - 5.4 is conducted in a separate circuit for this treatment zone, which in addition to the nozzle assembly 7 and the collecting element 8, inter alia, a heater 9, which is designed for example as a heat exchanger, and a circulation pump 10 for the treatment liquid. The temperature of the treatment liquid increases in treatment zones 4.1 - 4.4 from the treatment zone to the treatment zone and in the treatment zones 6.1 - 6.4 from treatment zone to treatment zone, as indicated in the figure 2 with the broken lines. At least during normal or

interruption and / or trouble-free operation of the pasteurizer 1 and the entire system is in the illustrated embodiment, the temperature of the treatment liquid in the treatment zones 5.1 and 5.2 slightly higher than the sterilization temperature T2 and in the treatment zones 5.3 and 5.4 equal to or substantially equal to the pasteurization T2, so that the temperature of the container 2 and the contents according to the curve of Figure 2 at the end of the treatment zone 5.2 finally increases to the sterilization temperature T2.

By a control device 1 1, for example, a plant control of the overall system subordinate and connected to this plant control via a bus system, the administered during the treatment in the treatment section 5 and in particular in the local treatment zones 5.3 and 5.4 each container 2 and its contents Pasteurization , among others from the temperature of the respective treatment liquid, from the amount of treatment liquid applied to the respective container 2, of the duration of the treatment

Treatment or depend on the transport speed of the conveyor 3, monitored and controlled so that each container and its contents by

Sufficiently pasteurized with sufficient pasteurization units, i. especially for the desired Pasteurisierqualität be kept sufficiently long on the sterilization temperature T2, but the quality, in particular the taste quality of the contents impairing overpasteurization is avoided. The control of the pasteurizer units applied to each container 2 and its contents is carried out, for example, by controlling the spray density, i. the amount of treatment liquid applied to each container 2 in the treatment zones 5.1 - 5.4, for example below

Use of a stored in the controller 1 1 program, which determines the relevant parameters for the Pasteurisiereinheiten, such as temperature and quantity the applied treatment liquid, duration of treatment or

Transport speed of the carrier, etc., preferably, the container temperature, for example, with non-contact

Temperature sensors in at least one of the treatment zones 5.1 - 5.4

is measured.

During stoppages or malfunctions in the pasteurizer 1 and / or in the entire system or at a stop of the container flow to or from the pasteurizer 1, this is driven into a stop mode, u.a. By switching off the conveyor 3, the transport of the containers 2 through the pasteurizer 1 or through the treatment sections 4, 5 and 6 is stopped. In order to avoid an overpasteurization of the contents of the containers 2, which are randomly located in the treatment section 5, it is necessary to lower the temperature of the container 2 and the contents to or below a cut-off temperature T4, which is well below the Pateurisiertemperatur T2 is and thus reliably overpasteurization of the container 2 and the

Filling good avoids.

This temperature reduction is achieved by "cooling" the containers 2 by continuing to apply treatment liquid of a correspondingly reduced temperature to the containers 2, i.e. with a temperature which preferably corresponds at most to the cut-off temperature T4.

If the containers to be pasteurized have a temperature which is substantially above the cut-off temperature at the time of the interruption of operation, the cooling at or below the cut-off temperature T4 can also take place in two or more steps. First, the cooling then takes place, for example, by using a treatment liquid whose temperature is above the cut-off temperature T4 but below the current temperature of the container, for cooling purposes. At a later time, possibly also after another

Intermediate steps, then carried out a cooling of the container with a

Treatment medium whose temperature is below the cut-off temperature. The basis of this partial aspect is that at least part of the required refrigeration load can also result from treatment liquid whose temperature is above the cut-off temperature.

The lowering of the container and Füllguttemperatur is of course only in the part of the treatment section 5 and in those treatment zones

necessary, in which during the uninterrupted and / or trouble-free operation, the container and Füllguttemperatur is above the cut-off temperature T4, i. In the illustrated embodiment, in the part of the treatment section 5 formed by treatment zones 5. 5 - 5. Furthermore, the lowering of the container and product temperature controlled by the control device 1 1 is not initiated until the containers 2 or their contents have been introduced

required Pasteurisiereinheiten are charged.

For lowering the container temperature of the container 2 in the treatment zone 5.2 - 5.4 of the treatment section 5 at or below the cut-off temperature T4, the internal refrigeration load that part of the treatment section 5 and the local container 2 is used, in which during the uninterrupted and / or trouble-free operation, the container and product temperature is below the cut-off temperature T4. In the illustrated embodiment, therefore, the cold load of the treatment zone 5.1 and the local container 2 is used, which (cold load) is indicated in the figure 1 by the hatched area 12. For this purpose, in the stop mode deviating from the normal operation of the pasteurizer 1 collected in the collecting element 8 of the treatment zone 5.1

Treatment liquid to the nozzle means 7 of the treatment zones 5.2 - 5.4 passed and discharged via the nozzle means 7 as a treatment liquid at a reduced temperature to the local container 2 for cooling. The collected in the collecting elements 8 of the treatment zones 5.2 - 5.4

Treatment liquid is returned to the nozzle assembly 7 of the treatment zone 5.1, namely for cooling the treatment liquid through the treatment zone 5.1 and the local container 2. After the occurrence of a Break or malfunction is thus the lowering of the container and

Füllguttemperatur at or below the cut-off temperature alone by redirecting the treatment liquid within the treatment section 5 and the local treatment zones 5.1 - 5.4. The total heat energy thus remains in the

Treatment section 5 and it is basically no external cold load required. Only in extreme situations, i. then, when the internal refrigeration load is depleted for lowering the tank and product temperature, it may be necessary in a subsequent process step to resort to an external refrigeration load, i. Dissipating heat energy from the circulation of the treatment liquid to the outside and / or into treatment zones of the treatment sections 4 and / or 5 and / or to introduce fresh cold treatment liquid (for example fresh water) into the circulation of the treatment liquid.

Due to the inventive design and / or control of

Pasteurizer 1 can achieve a significant reduction in the operating costs of the pasteurizer 1.

The invention has been described above by means of an embodiment. It is understood that numerous changes and modifications are possible without thereby departing from the spirit of the invention.

Thus, it was assumed above that in particular the

Treatment section 5 has four treatment zones 5.1 - 5.4. The number of treatment zones of the treatment section 5 may of course also deviate from this.

Furthermore, it was assumed above that during the trouble-free operation, the temperature of the container 2 is only in the treatment zone 5.1 below the cut-off temperature, so that only the treatment zone 5.1 and located in this treatment zone container 2 are used in case of failure as an internal cold load , Of course, it is in a corresponding course of Tank temperature possible that more than just a treatment zone and the local container 2 can be used in case of failure as an internal refrigeration load.

All statements are common but that the lowering of the

Container temperature to the cut-off temperature T4 at a stop or accident by the internal cold load of the Pasteurisier- or treatment section 5 is at least until this internal cold load is used up.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1 pasteurizer

2 containers

3 transporter

4, 5, 6 treatment section

4.1 - - 4.4 Treatment zone

5.1 - - 5.4 treatment zone

6.1 - - 6.4 Treatment zone

7 nozzle arrangement

8 collecting element

9 heating device

10 circulation pump

11 control device

12 internal cold load

A transport direction

Claims

claims

1. A method for controlling pasteurizing devices (1) for filled with a product container (2), wherein the container in a transport direction (A) by at least a first treatment section (4) for preheating the container (2) and the contents, by at least a second treatment section (5) for pasteurizing the containers (2) and the contents by charging the containers (2) with at least one heated treatment liquid, for example heated water, and at least one third

Treatment section (6) for cooling the container (2) and the contents are moved, wherein the container (2) and the contents in a relation to a transport direction (A) first part of the second treatment section (5) to a temperature less than or equal to Pasteurizing temperature (T2) and only in a, in the transport direction (A) adjoining at least one further part of the first treatment section (5) heated to the pasteurizing temperature or maintained at the pasteurization temperature which is greater than the cut-off temperature (T4), and wherein, in an operation stop and / or in a malfunction, switching the operation of the pasteurizer (1) in a stop mode, in which at least the container located in the second part of the second treatment section (5) with the treatment liquid under interrupted container transport Use of a refrigeration load to be cooled to the cut-off temperature, thereby

characterized in that for cooling the container to the cut-off temperature (T4), the cooling load of the at least one first part (5.1) of the second treatment section (5) is used.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the stop mode, the refrigeration load of at least a first part (5.1) of the second

Treatment section (5) for cooling the treatment liquid of the second part (5.2 - 5.4) of the second treatment section (5) is used.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the stop mode, the treatment liquid in the first part of the second

Treatment section (5) or in at least one of these first part forming treatment zone (5.1) after treating the local container (2) obtained at the second part of the second treatment section (5) or at least one, this second part forming treatment zone (5.2 - 5.4) is passed to cool the container (2) and the contents to the cut-off temperature.

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that in the stop mode, the

Treatment liquid from the second part of the second

Treatment section (5) to the first part of this treatment section (5) for the release of heat energy to the first part and the local container is returned.

5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized

characterized in that at least in the second treatment section (5) for controlling and / or regulating the temperature of the container (2) and the

Filled the discharged to the container amount of the treatment liquid and / or the temperature controlled and / or regulated.

6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized

characterized in that the Pasteurisiereinheiten with which the respective container (2) and the contents are applied, controlled and / or regulated, for example, taking into account the temperature and / or amount of the treatment liquid, the treatment time and / or

Transport speed of the container (2).

7. pasteurizing device for pasteurizing containers (2) and the contents filled in these with at least three in a transport direction (A) of the container (2) successive treatment sections (4, 5, 6) through which the container by means of a transport element (3 ) are moved in the transport direction (A) and of which a first treatment section (4) for

I Preheating the container (2) to a preheating temperature (T1), a second in the transport direction (A) subsequent treatment sections (5) for heating the container (2) and the contents of the preheating temperature (T1) to a pasteurizing temperature (2) and for pasteurization the container (2) and the contents and a third treatment section (6) for cooling or cooling the container (2) and the contents to an initial temperature (T3) are used, wherein the treatment sections (4, 5, 6) and / or Treatment zones (4.1 - 4.4, 5.1 - 5.4, 6.1 - 6.4) with trickle, spray or

Nozzle arrangements (7) are designed for applying treatment liquids to the containers (2) for preheating, heating and cooling the containers (2) and the contents, a first part adjoining the first treatment section (4) in the transport direction (A) of the second

Treatment section (5) for heating the container (2) and the contents to a temperature below the pasteurizing temperature (T2) and below a cut-off temperature is formed, and wherein the pasteurization device (1) for switching to a stop mode is formed, in which when stopped transport element (3) in the second part (5.2 - 5.4) located container (2) and their contents by the reduced in temperature

Cooling treatment liquid to the cut-off temperature, characterized in that they for use of the refrigeration load of the first part (5.1) of the second treatment section (5) and there, filled with the filling container (2) for cooling the container ( 2) and the contents of the cut-off temperature is formed.

8. Pasteurizer according to claim 7, characterized in that it is for an exchange of the treatment liquid within the second

Treatment section (5) is formed.

9. pasteurization device according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that it for returning the treatment liquid from the first part (5.1) of the second treatment section (5) to the nozzle assemblies (7) of the second part (5.2 - 5.4) of the second treatment section ( 5) is formed.

10. Pasteurizer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the second treatment section of at least two in the transport direction (A) of the transport element (3) to each other

subsequent treatment zones (5.1 - 5.4) is formed, and that at least one treatment zone (5.1) the first part and at least one in

Transport direction (A) following treatment zone (5.2 - 5.4) forms the second part of the second treatment section (5).

11. Pasteurizer according to one of the preceding claims,

characterized by a control device (11) for controlling the

Containers (2) and the contents supplied to the Pasteurisiereinheiten, for example, by controlling and / or regulating the applied to the container amount of treatment liquid, and / or initiation of the stop mode in the event of an interruption and / or malfunction in the pasteurizer (1) and / or in components or aggregates preceding or following the pasteurizer (1) in an overall plant.

12. Pasteurizer according to one of the preceding claims,

characterized by a cooler or cooling tower for dissipating excess heat.

13. Pasteurizer according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that treatment liquid of the treatment zones 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4 are exchanged crosswise.