WO2013013674A1 - Systèmes magnétisables monocouche et multicouche, fabrication et utilisation desdits systèmes - Google Patents

Systèmes magnétisables monocouche et multicouche, fabrication et utilisation desdits systèmes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013013674A1
WO2013013674A1 PCT/DE2012/200048 DE2012200048W WO2013013674A1 WO 2013013674 A1 WO2013013674 A1 WO 2013013674A1 DE 2012200048 W DE2012200048 W DE 2012200048W WO 2013013674 A1 WO2013013674 A1 WO 2013013674A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
magneto
magnetizable
optical
layer
magnetization
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DE2012/200048
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Kah Ming MOK
Heidemarie Schmidt
Camelia SCARLAT
Ines WEBER
Original Assignee
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf E.V.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf E.V. filed Critical Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf E.V.
Publication of WO2013013674A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013013674A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
    • G01R33/032—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using magneto-optic devices, e.g. Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
    • G02F1/091—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect based on magneto-absorption or magneto-reflection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2201/00—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00
    • G02F2201/16—Constructional arrangements not provided for in groups G02F1/00 - G02F7/00 series; tandem
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F10/00—Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure
    • H01F10/08—Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure characterised by magnetic layers
    • H01F10/10—Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure characterised by magnetic layers characterised by the composition
    • H01F10/18—Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure characterised by magnetic layers characterised by the composition being compounds
    • H01F10/20—Ferrites
    • H01F10/24—Garnets
    • H01F10/245—Modifications for enhancing interaction with electromagnetic wave energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F10/00—Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure
    • H01F10/26—Thin magnetic films, e.g. of one-domain structure characterised by the substrate or intermediate layers
    • H01F10/265—Magnetic multilayers non exchange-coupled

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an arrangement of nnagnetisierbaren single and multi-layer system, especially for the magneto-optical coupling of electromagnetic waves to a magnetizable single and
  • Multilayer system with magnetizable individual layers, as well as their production and use.
  • the magnetic moment in magnetizable materials depends on
  • a magnetizable single and multi-layer system consists of one or more stacked layers, of which at least one layer is magnetizable.
  • Ferromagnetic materials e.g. Iron, nickel, cobalt
  • Memory for the externally applied magnetic field H and can after switching off the external magnetic field H have a magnetic order, ie a finite magnetization M j .
  • Setting a spontaneous magnetic order is temperature dependent and occurs in ferromagnetic materials below the Curie temperature.
  • the temperature dependence of the magnetic order is in
  • Magneto-optic discs are magnetically written and optically read, combining the advantages of magnetic and laser technology for capturing and storing data.
  • the magneto-optical disks are locally heated with a laser writing beam above the Curie temperature. After cooling, the magnetization remains present.
  • the differently magnetized areas reflect light differently by the magneto-optic Kerr effect, so that the
  • the laser reading beam can be used.
  • the laser reading beam has a lower power than the laser Write beam because he does not need to heat the material.
  • Magneto-optical storage media are expensive but very good backup memories.
  • magnetizable multilayer systems in which the magnetization of at least one layer in one direction depends reversibly on an externally applied magnetic field H used.
  • Multilayer systems consisting of two ferromagnetic layers, which are separated by an insulating layer, show the effect of
  • TMR Tunnel magnetoresistance
  • TMR structures are in
  • TMR structures are also used in magnetic sensors and as storage elements in
  • MRAM Magnetic random access memory
  • Multilayer systems consisting of two ferromagnetic layers, which are separated by a non-magnetic metal intermediate layer, show the effect of giant magnetoresistance (GMR).
  • GMR giant magnetoresistance
  • GMR structures depends on the magnetic orientation of the two ferromagnetic layers to each other. The GMR effect is smaller than the TMR effect. GMR structures are used in read heads of hard disks which have a smaller capacity than the disks with read heads with TMR structures.
  • Multilayer systems depend on the size and direction of the
  • Magneto-optics means the interaction of
  • Magneto-optic effects are given as standard with respect to the orientation of the magnetization of the individual layers to the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave. Thus, a distinction is made between longitudinal (Faraday effect), transverse and polar magneto-optical effects.
  • electromagnetic wave for example, wavelength or
  • the magneto-optical effects are quantum-mechanical in nature and can be determined by means of the MAXWELL equations and the material-dependent conductivity tensor ⁇ , dielectric tensor ⁇ and magnetic
  • Permeability tensor ⁇ describe. Knowing the dependent on the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave material tensors leads to a description of how electromagnetic waves in a
  • a modulator impresses information to an electromagnetic wave, e.g. by varying the intensity, phase, polarization or direction of the electromagnetic wave.
  • a switch e.g.
  • the optical isolator is therefore a special case of a modulator for switching on and off electromagnetic waves.
  • birefringence is an optical phenomenon that occurs in many anisotropic media and by different propagation of electromagnetic waves for
  • Birefringence occurs e.g. by magnetooptical coupling of a
  • Pockels and Kerr cells An example of an application for the electro-optical coupling are Pockels and Kerr cells. In them, the refraction and polarization behavior of a material is changed linearly (Pockels effect) and quadratically (Kerr effect) by an externally applied electric field. Be typical changes in the refractive index ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ 10 '5. After propagation of the
  • Pockels cells are usually crystals, eg NH 4 H 2 PO, LiNbO 3 , LiTaO 3 , KH 2 PO.
  • Materials for Kerr cells are mostly isotropic point-symmetric media (gases, liquids, certain glasses). The electro-optical effects are used in variable refractive index retardation plates
  • Phase modulation to change the light polarization and to change the light intensity as well as used in lenses with variable focal length.
  • Achievable modulation frequencies range from a few hundred MHz to a few GHz.
  • the modulation frequency can be increased by integrated optical design, z.
  • an electro-optic modulator has one
  • Insulators These are optically isotropic and magnetizable materials, which become optically anisotropic by applying a magnetic field and the polarization direction of the electromagnetic wave as a function of rotate the angle between the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave and the magnetic field exactly 45 ° between both ends of the magnetizable material.
  • polarizing filters At both ends of the optical isolator are polarizing filters, which are rotated by 45 ° to each other. Electromagnetic waves of appropriate wavelength can pass unobstructed through the rear polarizing filter, while the polarization direction of back-reflected electromagnetic waves has been rotated by 90 ° and these can not pass the front polarizer.
  • optical isolators function perfectly only at a certain wavelength; at all other wavelengths, light is also transmitted in the opposite direction and part of the light is filtered out in the forward direction by the analyzer.
  • electro-optical modulator DE 60307919 T
  • Magneto-optical modulators in which the modulating magnetic field is generated with a current-carrying coil.
  • the electro-optical modulator and not higher than a few kHz.
  • the heating of the current-carrying coil is also disadvantageous. Therefore, the magneto-optical modulator becomes low only for one
  • DE 60307919 T discloses a magneto-optical modulator which is operated in a wide frequency range and which is free from the disadvantages of the electro-optical modulator, such as the DC drift and the optical impairment.
  • a biasing magnetic field is aligned almost along the light propagation direction, while the magnetic RF field is oriented in a direction different from the light propagation direction. Furthermore, the magnetic RF field is generated by a
  • a magnetizable line e.g. a stripline
  • an RF signal can be fed from an antenna into an RF magnetic field generator, thereby building up an optical communication system for wireless RF signals.
  • Modulator according to DE 60307919 T be used only at a frequency close to the ferromagnetic resonance frequency of the magnetizable material of the magnetizable line.
  • ⁇ Describe adjacent diagonal elements in the magneto-optical dielectric tensor ⁇ . Provided that no further optical anisotropies occur, ⁇ can be decomposed into a symmetrical and an antisymmetric component.
  • the antisymmetric component of the magneto-optical Dielektrizticianstensors ⁇ contains the magneto-optical coupling, which is a complex material constant and in the first
  • Magneto-optic dielectric tensor ⁇ can theoretically be predicted for various magnetizable materials. A comparison between theory and experiment shows, however, that the asymmetric component of the magneto-optical dielectric tensor ⁇ depends on strains in the magnetizable single and multi-layer structure and that this Influences on the net spin polarization and the electronic band structure of the magnetizable material must be taken into account when calculating the asymmetric component of the magneto-optical dielectric tensor ⁇ .
  • Multiplexing methods are methods for signal and message transmission in which several signals are combined and simultaneously via a
  • Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology is an optical frequency division multiplexing technique that uses different wavelengths of light to transmit multiple signals in parallel. In principle, each signal to be transmitted of a light frequency is modulated during wavelength division multiplexing. For telecommunications are called
  • three signals can be transmitted simultaneously.
  • Luminous flux which contains all discrete wavelengths, over one
  • Fiber optic cable to the receiving site, where he in demultiplexer means
  • Filtering techniques is separated into the individual channels.
  • the problem is the realization of suitable multiplexers and demultiplexers. So far, electro-optical effects are used for this purpose.
  • Electro-optical modulators combined.
  • magneto-optical sensors for the visualization of stray magnetic fields.
  • the Earth's magnetic field at the Earth's surface is 0.031 kA / m.
  • sensor materials for magneto-optics e.g. monocrystalline ferromagnetic garnet layers based on bismuth substituted rare earth iron garnet of stoichiometry
  • Magneto-optical sensors can be classified according to their imaging properties in “analog” imaging and “binary” imaging sensors.
  • Analog imaging magneto-optical sensor layers are able to
  • the object of the invention is an arrangement of a magneto-optical
  • the invention describes the design of the magneto-optical system to achieve the "target" polarization of the reflected or transmitted wave.
  • Figure 1 shows on both sides of the structure of a magnetizable
  • the magnetizable single layer system comprises an optional carrier T and a magnetizable single layer S.
  • a carrier T forms between the carrier T and the single layer S, a boundary layer or an interface G from.
  • the thicknesses of these layers and of the carrier are denoted ds, de dT. Electromagnetic waves hit under the
  • Coupling constant & a magnetizable single layer it may be useful that only monochromatic light, which in one
  • Monochromator 10 is generated, and optionally subsequently polarized in the polarizer 11 is used.
  • Figure 1 The two parts of Figure 1 are intended to illustrate that the thickness ds of the layer S is relevant to the polarization result of the reflected wave.
  • Figure 2 shows on both sides the structure of a magnetizable
  • the magnetizable multilayer system comprises an optional carrier T and at least two magnetizable single layer Si.
  • a carrier T forms between the carrier T and the adjacent to the carrier single layer Sn a boundary layer or an interface G from.
  • the thicknesses of these layers and of the carrier are denoted dsi, de dT.
  • the individual layers Si and Si + i with 1 ⁇ i ⁇ n-1 and n, the number of magnetizable layers, interfaces which, if the layers Si consist of metals, form opposite the boundary layer G.
  • the layers Si and S n in the left and Si and S n in the right figure 2 are optional.
  • Figure 2 The two parts of Figure 2 are intended to illustrate that the order of the layer Si is relevant to the polarization result of the reflected wave.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a possible use of this method for small objects with nonplanar interfaces, e.g. If these are irradiated with an electromagnetic wave having a wavelength which is smaller than the object size, and the size of the "light spot" 22 is less than the wavelength, the method for
  • Determination of the properties of these nanoparticles can be used because the bold areas can be regarded as parallel to each other interfaces.
  • the material 21 in which the magnetizable material 22 is embedded is optional.
  • FIG. 4 shows a possible a) series connection or b)
  • Multilayer systems which can be combined and expanded as desired and used in magneto-optical multiplexers.
  • the object is achieved by using a magnetizable single and multilayer system 1 consisting of an optional carrier T and at least one magnetizable single layer S, Si.
  • Magneto-optical properties of the magnetizable single layers are by the magnetization M ⁇ of the layer Si and the thickness di the nnagnetisierbaren layer and by the wavelength-dependent magneto-optical Dielektrizticianstensor ⁇ given.
  • the main diagonal elements of the dielectric Tensor ⁇ , the single layer Si are by the wavelength-dependent refractive index N, and the
  • the single layer Si is the vector product of the complex
  • the magnetization M ⁇ is determined by means of independent
  • Magnetic field ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ or non-linear depend on the external magnetic field.
  • Coupling constant Q of the single layer S, Si is, as in Fig. 1st
  • the Müller-matrix polarimetry in reflection or transmission in the magnetic field under saturation magnetization conditions preferably at least two differently thick, but equally strained, magnetizable single layers Si same composition and crystal structure performed on the same carrier material T.
  • Figure 1 - left partial illustration When using a magnetizable single-layer system on a support T, as shown in Figure 1 - left partial illustration, or when using a magnetizable multilayer system on a support T, Figure 1 - shown right partial illustration, forms between the carrier T and the at the Support adjacent single layer S or S n, a boundary layer of thickness dG or an interface G from. It is also forming between the individual layers Si and Si + i, where 1 ⁇ i ⁇ n-1 and n denotes the number of individual layers Si, interfaces which, if the
  • the wavelength-dependent magneto-optical coupling constant Q is a thickness-independent material parameter. Only if the wave-dependent magneto-optic coupling constants ß ), from
  • Dielectricity tensor ⁇ , and the thickness d, the individual layers Si and the dielectric tensor ⁇ and the thickness dT of the carrier T allows a theoretical prediction of the magneto-optical response of
  • the magnetizable single or multi-layer system can not contain plane-parallel interfaces between the individual layers Si. In this case, the magnetizable single or multi-layer system is segmented.
  • Electron-magnetic wave meets segmented areas. These individual segments 22 are plane-parallel and each individual layer Si in this segment 22 has a constant thickness di.
  • the Mueller matrix can be calculated using the magneto-optic dielectric tensor ⁇ , and the thicknesses d, the monolayers Si and the magneto-optical response of each segment 22 of the magnetizable single or multilayer system to an electromagnetic incident on the segment 22 at the angle of incidence ⁇ Wave with a given wavelength ⁇
  • Coupling constants for individual spectral ranges are determined.
  • Coupling of the incident electromagnetic waves is very strong, only possible.
  • a major advantage is that in the applications of the arrangement produced by this method, the requirements for the specific magneto-optical single or multi-layer system with respect to angle of incidence of the light, polarization state of the light, frequency of the light are taken into account.
  • the inventive method allows easy adjustment of the desired target polarization.
  • the arrangement according to the invention can be used to measure the
  • Magnetic field gradients and used to determine the magnetization of the individual layers.
  • magneto-optical modulation of several wavelengths of the incident light by series or parallel connection of several of these arrangements for individual wavelength ranges.
  • the inventive method allows the optimal design of magnetizable single and multi-layer systems.
  • Electromagnetic wave can be optimized by calculating the Mueller matrix of the magneto-optical system as a function of the thickness d, d of magnetizable single layers S, Si and analyzing the magneto-optical response with respect to the "target" polarization.
  • Magneto-optical Dielektrizticianstensor ⁇ for the magneto-optical memory, which for electromagnetic waves with the wavelength ⁇ and the polarization state of the laser reading beam as large as possible
  • the "target" polarization must be magnetized along one of the
  • the magnetization of the to be developed Materials can follow the modulating magnetic field synchronously by applying the modulating magnetic field with respect to its direction and amplitude change.
  • the material to be developed must simultaneously have optimized magneto-optic properties so that the "target" polarization is achieved for an electromagnetic wave of given wavelength.
  • several magneto-optic modulators may be combined in series or in parallel.

Abstract

L'invention concerne la conception d'un ensemble d'un système magnéto-optique, selon lequel pour une longueur d'onde prédéfinie de l'onde électromagnétique incidente, une polarisation définie de l'onde réfléchie ou transmise est obtenue. L'ensemble selon l'invention et le procédé d'utilisation sont utilisés pour optimiser la conception d'un système magnéto-optique, afin d'obtenir la polarisation « cible » de l'onde réfléchie ou transmise ou d'un accumulateur magnéto-optique ou d'un capteur de champ magnétique. L'invention permet en outre d'élaborer un modulateur magnéto-optique ou un multiplexeur doté de composants magnéto-optiques.
PCT/DE2012/200048 2011-07-27 2012-07-27 Systèmes magnétisables monocouche et multicouche, fabrication et utilisation desdits systèmes WO2013013674A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102011052217.4A DE102011052217B4 (de) 2011-07-27 2011-07-27 Verfahren zum Bestimmen der wellenlängenabhängigen magnetooptischen Kopplungskonstante einer zu charakterisierenden Schicht in einem Schichtsystem mit einer oder mehreren magnetisierbaren Schichten
DE102011052217.4 2011-07-27

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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WO2014135586A1 (fr) * 2013-03-05 2014-09-12 Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf E.V. Dispositif magnéto-optique comportant des grilles de polarisation optiques réalisées en métaux non-magnétiques structurés

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