WO2013012401A1 - Appareil et procédé destinés à améliorer la sécurité de l'appairage des casques et oreillettes bluetoothtm - Google Patents

Appareil et procédé destinés à améliorer la sécurité de l'appairage des casques et oreillettes bluetoothtm Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013012401A1
WO2013012401A1 PCT/US2011/001278 US2011001278W WO2013012401A1 WO 2013012401 A1 WO2013012401 A1 WO 2013012401A1 US 2011001278 W US2011001278 W US 2011001278W WO 2013012401 A1 WO2013012401 A1 WO 2013012401A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pairing
bluetooth
display
user
digit number
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2011/001278
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Alan D. KOZLAY
Original Assignee
Kozlay Alan D
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kozlay Alan D filed Critical Kozlay Alan D
Priority to PCT/US2011/001278 priority Critical patent/WO2013012401A1/fr
Publication of WO2013012401A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013012401A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/06—Authentication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
    • H04M1/72—Mobile telephones; Cordless telephones, i.e. devices for establishing wireless links to base stations without route selection
    • H04M1/724—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones
    • H04M1/72403—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality
    • H04M1/72409—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality by interfacing with external accessories
    • H04M1/72412—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality by interfacing with external accessories using two-way short-range wireless interfaces
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W12/00—Security arrangements; Authentication; Protecting privacy or anonymity
    • H04W12/50—Secure pairing of devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/18—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security using different networks or channels, e.g. using out of band channels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
    • H04M1/60—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers including speech amplifiers
    • H04M1/6033—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers including speech amplifiers for providing handsfree use or a loudspeaker mode in telephone sets
    • H04M1/6041—Portable telephones adapted for handsfree use
    • H04M1/6058—Portable telephones adapted for handsfree use involving the use of a headset accessory device connected to the portable telephone
    • H04M1/6066—Portable telephones adapted for handsfree use involving the use of a headset accessory device connected to the portable telephone including a wireless connection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M2250/00—Details of telephonic subscriber devices
    • H04M2250/02—Details of telephonic subscriber devices including a Bluetooth interface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W76/00—Connection management
    • H04W76/10—Connection setup
    • H04W76/14—Direct-mode setup
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W84/00—Network topologies
    • H04W84/18—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks

Definitions

  • the field of the invention relates to wireless BluetoothTM communications security. More particularly, the field of the invention relates to increasing wireless communication security during pairing (device association) of "display-less", wireless BluetoothTM equipped earbuds and headsets (and other display-less Bluetooth devices) with
  • Bluetooth devices having a display (“display-bearing”) e.g., cellphones, PDAs, etc. 2. Background Technology of the Invention
  • a variety of electronic devices are enabled for wireless communication between and among each other using one or more standardized wireless communication protocols.
  • One of the most popular wireless communication protocols currently on the market in wide use is the BluetoothTM wireless protocol for device association.
  • the BluetoothTM wireless communication protocol is used for exchanging data and for "device association”— aka, "device pairing”— of two Bluetooth devices, over short distances via radio wave transmission. Both fixed and mobile devices can use Bluetooth. This facilitates creating (close-by) personal area networks (PANs). PANs generally are office, home, car, or mobile networks that are used by one person or a few people operating and communicating in a very near-by working area.
  • BluetoothTM wireless devices can be associated— i.e., connected and paired together— by first exchanging shared, verifiable information wirelessly, to enable the subject wireless devices to "trust" each other, prior to establishing interactive sessions conducted via open BluetoothTM wireless radio communications.
  • MITM Man-ln-The-Middle Attack
  • a rogue device which attempts to insinuate itself into the legitimate BluetoothTM "trust dialogue" during pairing. While the two victim devices are attempting to discover (find) each other and pair (interactively communicate) with each other for the first time, an attacker's rogue device in between the two legitimate devices attempts to respond to both of the victims' devices in order to compel them both to believe they have found each others' (legitimate) device, when, in fact, they're only each communicating with and/or through the attacker's rogue device (which then facilitates indirect communication between the two victim devices through the rogue intermediary).
  • SSP Secure Simple Pairing
  • OOB Out-Of-Bounds
  • Numeric Comparison The choice of which model is used is based on the input and output capabilities of the two devices to be paired.
  • the first three models Pass Key Entry, OOB and Numeric Comparison
  • MITM attack whereas the Just Works model does not. This is because the Just Works model is used when there is no display for output and no keyboard for numerical input on at least one of the two devices and, therefore, it provides no mechanism to verify that the two devices are
  • the Numeric Comparison model is used when both devices have a display for output. It is assumed that a minimal set of buttons is available to the user to be used to convey a confirmation by the user. Both devices calculate a random 6 digit number that only the two devices could know and both devices display the number on the screen and the user must compare the number shown on each screen to ensure they match and press a button on both devices to confirm in order to allow pairing to continue.
  • An attacking MITM device cannot mathematically cause the same 6 digit number to be generated between itself and each of the victim devices: thus, they would not match.
  • Traditional Bluetooth headsets and earbuds do not have a display for output or a keyboard for numeric input or an alternative communications medium to facilitate trust exchange.
  • the Just Works model is the only appropriate model to use.
  • the Just Works model begins just as the Numeric Comparison model does by generating the 6 digit number but, since there is no display for output, Just Works assumes user confirmation and proceeds with pairing without actual user confirmation. Without the user confirmation of the 6 digit number, Just Works model is vulnerable to the MITM attack.
  • BluetoothTM 2.1 (or higher) headsets and earbuds with the capacity to securely and predictably complete device association (pairing) using the more-secure "Numeric Comparison" association model, rather than using the "Just Works” model traditionally employed in BluetoothTM 2.1 pairing with wireless (but display-less) headsets and earbuds. It is a related primary object of the invention to create a method of voice-based Bluetooth security for device association (pairing). This is accomplished by facilitating an allowing the displayless and keyboardless user's comparison of the 6-digit number, e.g., in their headsets and/or earbuds.
  • the technique involves implementing a means for converting the random 6-digit number into audio indicia, e.g., wherein a recorded or synthesized voice stored in memory e.g., "speaks” and/or “beeps” or sounds tones representative of the 6-digit number.
  • a recorded or synthesized voice stored in memory e.g., "speaks” and/or “beeps” or sounds tones representative of the 6-digit number.
  • This allows the display-less user to conduct “numeric comparison", insofar as the user hears recorded speech, and/or a sequence of beeps or tones sounded into his ear by the headset's or earbud's speaker.
  • Yet another primary object of the invention is to decrease or eliminate
  • Each device may obtain a confirmation image based on their respective confirmation values.
  • a confirmation image is uniquely associated with a confirmation value so that no two confirmation values can be associated with the same confirmation image.
  • the images for both the first and second devices are provided to an operator for authentication. If the confirmation images are identical, an association between the first and second devices may be confirmed by the operator. Comparing confirmation images may increase the reliability of operator authentication and is more efficient than comparing values. Linsky claims what BluetoothTM SSP does but with the change that, instead of user looking at the display on each device to compare numbers displayed, the display would show images to be compared. Presumably enough different images would exist to provide sufficient possibilities. But, Linsky is not comparable to the present invention because his images still require a display. Although there are other devices relating to BluetoothTM headsets and earbuds, it does not currently appear that there are any other art that's directly-comparable to that disclosed as the present invention as relates to Bluetooth 2.1 (or higher)
  • COMPARING NUMERIC COMPARISON and JUST WORKS ASSOCIATION MODELS Secure Simple Pairing uses four association models referred to as Numeric Comparison, Just Works, Out Of Band, and Passkey Entry. Two association models are described in more detail in the following sections. The association model used is based on I/O capabilities of the two devices. (From BluetoothTM 2.1 Specification) Numeric Comparison: The Numeric Comparison association model is designed for scenarios where both devices are capable of displaying a six digit number and both are capable of having the user enter "yes" or "no". A good example of this model is the cell phone / PC scenario.
  • the user is shown a six digit number (from “000000” to "999999") on both displays and then asked whether the numbers are the same on both devices. If "yes” is entered on both devices, the pairing is successful.
  • the numeric comparison serves two purposes. First, since many devices do not have unique names, it provides confirmation to the user that the correct devices are connected with each other. Second, the numeric comparison provides protection against MITM attacks. Note that there is a significant difference from a cryptographic point of view between Numeric Comparison and the PIN entry model used by Bluetooth Core Specification and earlier versions. In the Numeric Comparison association model, the six digit number is an artifact of the security algorithm and not an input to it, as is the case in the Bluetooth security model.
  • Just Works The Just Works association model is primarily designed for scenarios where at least one of the devices does not have a display capable of displaying a six digit number nor does it have a keyboard capable of entering six decimal digits. A good example of this model is the cell phone/mono headset scenario where most headsets do not have a display.
  • the Just Works association model uses the Numeric Comparison protocol but the user is never shown a number and the application may simply ask the user to accept the connection (exact implementation is up to the end product
  • the Just Works association model provides the same protection as the Numeric Comparison association model against passive eavesdropping but offers no protection against the MITM attack. (From BluetoothTM 2.1 Specification) NB: The above comparisons are quotations from the Bluetooth 2.1 Specification. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: The present invention disclosed herein provides a means of implementing higher security assurance than is now provided by the Just Works model described above. The improvement of the invention comprises an apparatus and a method which employs the BluetoothTM 2.1 Numeric Comparison association model to provide new and additional security.
  • a display- bearing device e.g., a cellphone, Blackberry, or other PDA with display and keyboard
  • a display-less device e.g., to a prospective pairing headset and/or earbud
  • Wireless BluetoothTM 2.1 headsets and/or earbuds did not (and still do not) have a screen display means to allow the user to visually-verify the generated and displayed 6-digit number (so earbuds and headsets currently use Just Works instead of using Numeric Comparison).
  • the present invention's innovation is to functionally provide an output means for the 6-digit number (in lieu of or in addition to a display), on one or both devices, by means of having the 6-digit number "spoken" by recorded or synthesized voice (or represented by other predetermined acoustic indicia, e.g., long and/or short beeps, audio tones, melodic tones, etc.) which comprises audio conducted into the user's ear.
  • acoustic indicia e.g., long and/or short beeps, audio tones, melodic tones, etc.
  • the user's confirmation of the 6-digits matching can either be effectuated visually or vocally to a voice pattern recognition engine for additional security and/or by simple button press or involve usage of a tilt sensor or other acceptance actuation component.
  • the innovation of the invention is to allow better security for BluetoothTM 2.1 (or higher) headsets and earbuds using
  • Numeric Comparison pairing instead of Just Works. Numerical Comparison requires that the user confirm on both devices before pairing will continue. The user can convey confirmation through button push, voice recognition, or tilt/motion sensor. If the user decides to reject the pairing process due to unmatched number or any other reason, the user can convey the rejection directly through button push or voice recognition or tilt/motion sensor or by timeout without confirmation.
  • the headset or earbud that is expecting user confirmation (of a match of the 6 digit number for comparison via audio into the user's ear) can expect confirmation after each digit is sounded or one time after all 6 digits are sounded.
  • the present invention as disclosed herein has been shown to provide an apparatus and a method for a more secure pairing of BluetoothTM 2.1 (or higher) headsets and earbuds with their Bluetooth-connected cell phones, PDAs, and other connectible communications platform devices, through facilitating Numeric Comparison Association model than can be achieved through the Just Works
  • the apparatus is provisioned by implementing into earbuds and headsets of the present invention a circuit with embedded components including a processor having a non-volatile memory, a voice synthesizer, a speaker, and at least one control button, in addition to implementing the standard transceiver components needed for deploying BluetoothTM wireless communications between a platform BluetoothTM 2.1 (or higher) device and a BluetoothTM 2.1 (or higher) headset or earbud.
  • the invention provides means for accepting and verifying that a 6-digit string of numbers output on a remote device exactly matches a 6-digit string of numbers spoken into the user's earpiece.
  • the apparatus of the present invention receives a signal from the remote device to be paired to.
  • the apparatus uses the signal to calculate which digit representations to retrieve from memory and speak these same digits into the user's earpiece, this is implemented in hardware, software, and/or firmware.
  • the apparatus retrieves digit representations from memory and "speaks" into a user's ear, which is taken from the 6-digit sequence of 6 numeric digits from the set ⁇ 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ⁇ .
  • a "Middle-C Octave" e. g.
  • different predetermined frequency tones can be used which are easily recognized and/or customized in by user or factory. Other audio combinations are possible limited only by the imagination of the designer and/or user seeking predetermined "signature” tones and/or melodies representative of the 6 digits.
  • 112 Device Displays a 6 Digit User Confirmation Value, User Presses Button if Values Agree
  • This invention addresses the security of pairing devices in which one of the device pair has no display screen and therefore cannot display a User
  • Bluetooth Specification V2.1 are performed and the devices prepare to
  • the Ear Bud 104 will assert that it can display the User Confirmation Value (6 digits) and both devices proceed to Bluetooth Simple Pairing Step 7, Prepare for Numeric Comparison 110.
  • the Bluetooth Cellular Phone 100 will display the User Confirmation Value 102 in accordance with the Bluetooth Standard.
  • the Bluetooth Ear Bud 104 will electronically generate sounds to" speak" the numbers 106 on its earpiece speaker so that the user can hear the number. If the displayed number 102 and the audio spoken number 106 match, then a button (not shown) will be pushed by the user(s) on both devices to continue the simple pairing process.
  • the Ear Bud 104 may be constructed to accept a voice response "yes” or “no” (not shown) in lieu of pressing or not pressing a button.
  • a voice response "yes” or “no” (not shown) in lieu of pressing or not pressing a button.
  • the displayed number 397031 matches the audio numbers 397031 , so the user would press the button on both devices to authenticate their identity.
  • the spoken number 106 is not part of the Bluetooth standard, but, using this invention can be implemented without violating the standard.
  • the Bluetooth Simple Pairing 116 Steps 8-11 of Bluetooth Specification V2.1 are completed to complete pairing and enable the devices to be used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Telephone Function (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention a trait à un système Bluetooth amélioré qui permet un appairage plus sûr de deux dispositifs Bluetooth, dont un n'a pas d'écran. Jusqu'ici, seul le modèle d'association Secure Simple Pairing (SSP) Just Works est utilisé si l'un des dispositifs ne possède pas d'écran. Just Works est vulnérable aux attaques connues sous le nom d'attaques par rejeu (Man-In-The-Middle, MITM). Au contraire, cette invention est basée sur la comparaison numérique, qui est plus sûre que Just Works, car les deux appareils utilisent un même numéro à 6 chiffres généré de manière aléatoire. Cette innovation permet d'appairer des dispositifs Bluetooth sans écran (casques ou écouteurs) et des dispositifs munis d'un écran, car le numéro à 6 chiffres correspondant affiché sur le dispositif à écran est « prononcé » ou traduit en sons (enregistrements vocaux, bips, tonalités) dans l'oreille de l'utilisateur d'un dispositif sans écran. Ainsi, les utilisateurs de dispositifs sans écran entendent des sons (sous forme de mots ou de bips) équivalents aux numéros à 6 chiffres affichés, ce qui facilite la comparaison, la mise en correspondance et l'appairage Bluetooth sécurisé. Cela limite ou évite les risques d'attaques MITM.
PCT/US2011/001278 2011-07-19 2011-07-19 Appareil et procédé destinés à améliorer la sécurité de l'appairage des casques et oreillettes bluetoothtm WO2013012401A1 (fr)

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PCT/US2011/001278 WO2013012401A1 (fr) 2011-07-19 2011-07-19 Appareil et procédé destinés à améliorer la sécurité de l'appairage des casques et oreillettes bluetoothtm

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015009122A1 (fr) * 2013-07-19 2015-01-22 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Procédé et dispositif de communication
US9661495B2 (en) 2014-09-02 2017-05-23 Apple Inc. Device activation method and system
CN108616851A (zh) * 2016-12-28 2018-10-02 中科创达软件股份有限公司 一种蓝牙连接方法及蓝牙设备
CN112565515A (zh) * 2016-09-06 2021-03-26 苹果公司 用于与外围设备无线配对并显示关于外围设备的状态信息的设备、方法和图形用户界面

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US20060116107A1 (en) * 2004-11-24 2006-06-01 Hulvey Robert W System and method for pairing wireless headsets and headphones
US20080268776A1 (en) * 2007-04-25 2008-10-30 General Instrument Corporation Method and Apparatus for Secure Pairing of Bluetooth Devices
US20090228707A1 (en) * 2008-03-06 2009-09-10 Qualcomm Incorporated Image-based man-in-the-middle protection in numeric comparison association models
US20100227549A1 (en) * 2009-03-04 2010-09-09 Alan Kozlay Apparatus and Method for Pairing Bluetooth Devices by Acoustic Pin Transfer

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US20060116107A1 (en) * 2004-11-24 2006-06-01 Hulvey Robert W System and method for pairing wireless headsets and headphones
US20080268776A1 (en) * 2007-04-25 2008-10-30 General Instrument Corporation Method and Apparatus for Secure Pairing of Bluetooth Devices
US20090228707A1 (en) * 2008-03-06 2009-09-10 Qualcomm Incorporated Image-based man-in-the-middle protection in numeric comparison association models
US20100227549A1 (en) * 2009-03-04 2010-09-09 Alan Kozlay Apparatus and Method for Pairing Bluetooth Devices by Acoustic Pin Transfer

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2015009122A1 (fr) * 2013-07-19 2015-01-22 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Procédé et dispositif de communication
KR20150010517A (ko) * 2013-07-19 2015-01-28 삼성전자주식회사 통신 방법 및 이를 위한 디바이스
US10228903B2 (en) 2013-07-19 2019-03-12 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method and device for communication
KR102060661B1 (ko) 2013-07-19 2020-02-11 삼성전자주식회사 통신 방법 및 이를 위한 디바이스
US9661495B2 (en) 2014-09-02 2017-05-23 Apple Inc. Device activation method and system
US9900767B2 (en) 2014-09-02 2018-02-20 Apple Inc. Method of establishing communications
US10015668B2 (en) 2014-09-02 2018-07-03 Apple Inc. Method of establishing communications
US10349270B2 (en) 2014-09-02 2019-07-09 Apple Inc. Method of establishing communications
CN112565515A (zh) * 2016-09-06 2021-03-26 苹果公司 用于与外围设备无线配对并显示关于外围设备的状态信息的设备、方法和图形用户界面
CN112565515B (zh) * 2016-09-06 2023-06-13 苹果公司 配对外围设备的方法、电子设备和计算机存储介质
CN108616851A (zh) * 2016-12-28 2018-10-02 中科创达软件股份有限公司 一种蓝牙连接方法及蓝牙设备

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