WO2013010676A2 - Supported ionic liquid phase catalyst - Google Patents

Supported ionic liquid phase catalyst Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013010676A2
WO2013010676A2 PCT/EP2012/003081 EP2012003081W WO2013010676A2 WO 2013010676 A2 WO2013010676 A2 WO 2013010676A2 EP 2012003081 W EP2012003081 W EP 2012003081W WO 2013010676 A2 WO2013010676 A2 WO 2013010676A2
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catalyst
ionic liquid
liquid phase
beads
chem
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PCT/EP2012/003081
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French (fr)
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WO2013010676A3 (en
Inventor
Marc Mauduit
Etienne BORRÉ
Christophe CRÉVISY
Annie-Claude GAUMONT
Isabelle DEZ
Nathalie CLOUSIER
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Ecole Nationale Superieure De Chimie De Rennes
Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S.)
Universite De Caen Basse Normandie
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Publication of WO2013010676A2 publication Critical patent/WO2013010676A2/en
Publication of WO2013010676A3 publication Critical patent/WO2013010676A3/en

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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
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    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
    • B01J31/0278—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre
    • B01J31/0281—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member
    • B01J31/0284—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature containing nitrogen as cationic centre the nitrogen being a ring member of an aromatic ring, e.g. pyridinium
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    • B01J31/0292—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature immobilised on a substrate
    • B01J31/0295—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature immobilised on a substrate by covalent attachment to the substrate, e.g. silica
    • B01J31/0297—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature immobilised on a substrate by covalent attachment to the substrate, e.g. silica the substrate being a soluble polymer, dendrimer or oligomer of characteristic microstructure of groups B01J31/061 - B01J31/068
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    • B01J31/0277—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature
    • B01J31/0298—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature the ionic liquids being characterised by the counter-anions
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    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
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    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/22—Organic complexes
    • B01J31/2204—Organic complexes the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms
    • B01J31/2208—Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates
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    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/22—Organic complexes
    • B01J31/2265—Carbenes or carbynes, i.e.(image)
    • B01J31/2269—Heterocyclic carbenes
    • B01J31/2273—Heterocyclic carbenes with only nitrogen as heteroatomic ring members, e.g. 1,3-diarylimidazoline-2-ylidenes
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    • B01J31/22—Organic complexes
    • B01J31/2265—Carbenes or carbynes, i.e.(image)
    • B01J31/2278—Complexes comprising two carbene ligands differing from each other, e.g. Grubbs second generation catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D233/58—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring nitrogen atoms
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    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/0006—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid
    • C08B37/0024—Homoglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having a main chain consisting of one single sugar, e.g. colominic acid beta-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)-D-Glucans, e.g. paramylon, coriolan, sclerotan, pachyman, callose, scleroglucan, schizophyllan, laminaran, lentinan or curdlan; (beta-1,6)-D-Glucans, e.g. pustulan; (beta-1,4)-D-Glucans; (beta-1,3)(beta-1,4)-D-Glucans, e.g. lichenan; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/0027—2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-glucans; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/003—Chitin, i.e. 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-(beta-1,4)-D-glucan or N-acetyl-beta-1,4-D-glucosamine; Chitosan, i.e. deacetylated product of chitin or (beta-1,4)-D-glucosamine; Derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/006—Heteroglycans, i.e. polysaccharides having more than one sugar residue in the main chain in either alternating or less regular sequence; Gellans; Succinoglycans; Arabinogalactans; Tragacanth or gum tragacanth or traganth from Astragalus; Gum Karaya from Sterculia urens; Gum Ghatti from Anogeissus latifolia; Derivatives thereof
    • C08B37/0084—Guluromannuronans, e.g. alginic acid, i.e. D-mannuronic acid and D-guluronic acid units linked with alternating alpha- and beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds; Derivatives thereof, e.g. alginates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/50—Redistribution or isomerisation reactions of C-C, C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/54—Metathesis reactions, e.g. olefin metathesis
    • B01J2231/543—Metathesis reactions, e.g. olefin metathesis alkene metathesis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
    • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
    • B01J2531/821—Ruthenium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2540/00—Compositional aspects of coordination complexes or ligands in catalyst systems
    • B01J2540/40—Non-coordinating groups comprising nitrogen
    • B01J2540/42—Quaternary ammonium groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J2540/00—Compositional aspects of coordination complexes or ligands in catalyst systems
    • B01J2540/40—Non-coordinating groups comprising nitrogen
    • B01J2540/44—Non-coordinating groups comprising nitrogen being derivatives of carboxylic or carbonic acids, e.g. amide (RC(=O)-NR2, RC(=O)-NR-C(=O)R), nitrile, urea (R2N-C(=O)-NR2), guanidino (R2N-C(=NR)-NR2) groups
    • B01J2540/442—Amide groups or imidato groups (R-C=NR(OR))
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01J2540/60—Groups characterized by their function
    • B01J2540/68—Associating groups, e.g. with a second ligand or a substrate molecule via non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds
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    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
    • C08L2205/14—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing polymeric additives characterised by shape
    • C08L2205/18—Spheres

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst for olefin methathesis reactions.
  • Olefin metathesis has emerged as a powerful synthetic tool for the formation of carbon-carbon double bonds (Grubbs, R.H.; Angew. Chem., Int. Engl. 2005, 45, 3760. ; Chauvin, Y.; Angew. Chem. Int. Engl., 2005, 45, 3741. - Schrock, R.R., Angew. Chem. Int. Engl., 2005, 45, 3748. - Trnka,T.M.; Grubbs, R.H.; Acc. Chem.. Res., 2001, 34, 18. - Handbook of Metathesis, Grubbs, R.H. Ed.; Wiley- VCH : Weinheim, Germany Germany, 2003; Vol 1-3. - Deshmukh, P.H.; Blechert, S.; Dalton Trans, 2007, 2479).
  • the olefin metathesis reaction is used for various synthetic transformations such as polymer synthesis, and target oriented synthesis (Diver, S. T. ; Geissert, A. J. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 1317. - Nakamura, I. ; Yamamoto, Y. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 , 2127. - Dieters, A.; Martin, S. F. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 2199. - McReynolds, M. D. ; Dougherty, J. M. ; Hanson, P. R. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 2239. - Nicolaou, K. C. ; Bulger, P. G. ; Sarlah, D. Angew.
  • Immobilization can be performed through covalent bonding or more simply by using non- covalent methods (electrostatic interactions, physisorption, capillary forces, etc.).
  • Various techniques of immobilization have been disclosed in a number of scientific publications (Clavier, H.; Grela K.; Kirschning, A.; Mauduit M.; Nolan, S.P Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 6786-6801 - Buchmeiser, M. R. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 303. - Van Berlo, B. ; Houthoofd, K. ; Sels, B. F. ; Jacobs, P. A. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 1949.
  • SILP catalysts are based on the use of a molecular catalyst, which is dissolved in a thin film of ionic liquid that is immobilized on the surface of a solid support, covalently or not.
  • the object of their design is to obtain the benefits of both an homogeneous catalysis, that is high activity and selectivity, and an heterogeneous catalysis, that is ease of product separation and recycling of the catalyst.
  • the reduced amount of ionic liquid used and the potential for the development of continuous flow processes are additional benefits (Riisager, A. ; Wasserscheid, P. ; van Hal, R.
  • the supports which are used are either of inorganic nature, such as alumina (Hagiwara, H.; Okunaka, N.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T. Synlett. 2008, 1813-1816. - Nakamura, T.; Okunaka, N.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2010, 93, 175.
  • the supports which are used in SILP catalysis for olefin metathesis are thus the same as those which are classically used in the general field of SILPs.
  • the present invention improves the situation.
  • the invention proposes a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed in an ionic liquid on said support, wherein the support comprises a biopolymer and the catalyst is a metathesis catalyst.
  • the metathesis catalyst comprises an alkylidene metallic complex and the metal of the alkylidene metallic complex is chosen in the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re) and osmium (Os).
  • the metal of the alkylidene metallic complex is ruthenium (Ru).
  • the metathesis catalyst comprises an arylidene metallic complex and the metal of said arylidene metallic complex is chosen in the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re) and osmium (Os).
  • the metal of the arylidene metallic complex is ruthenium (Ru).
  • the metathesis catalyst comprises at least one ligand bearing an onium tag.
  • the ligand is diaminocarbene.
  • the metathesis catalyst has following formula:
  • the metathesis catalyst has following formula:
  • the metathesis catalyst has following formula:
  • the biopolymer is selected in the group consisting of alginate and chitosan. More preferably, the ionic liquid comprises [ButylMethyl-Imidazolium]X salts, wherein X is selected in the group consisting of PF 6 or BF 4 or PF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 .
  • the present invention proposes a method of performing an olefin metathesis.
  • the method of the invention comprises the use of a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst as described above.
  • the present invention proposes a use of the supported ionic liquid phase catalyst defined above, in olefin metathesis reactions.
  • the present invention also proposes an ionic liquid exhibiting a suitable adsorption to a biopolymer.
  • the ionic liquid comprises [ButylMethyl-Imidazolium]X salts, wherein X is selected in the group consisting of PF6 or BF4 or PF3(C2F5)3.
  • Figure 1 shows the general formula of chitosan
  • Figure 2 shows the general formula of alginate
  • FIG. 3 represents a table that summarizes a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis results of chitosan supports according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of the surface of chitosan freeze dried beads, chitosan freeze dried scaffold, scC02 dried beads and scC02 dried scaffold prepared according to the invention
  • FIG. 5 shows SEM pictures of the surface of chitosan freeze dried beads and scC02 dried beads, coated with ionic liquid
  • FIG. 6 represents a table that summarizes a BET analysis results of alginate supports according to the invention.
  • FIG. 7 represents a schematic drawing of calcium alginates according to the invention.
  • FIG. 8 shows SEM pictures of the surface of alginate freeze dried beads, alginate freeze dried scaffold and alginate scC02 dried beads
  • FIG. 9 shows SEM pictures of the surface of freeze-dried alginate powder
  • FIG. 10 shows a schematic representation of a ruthenium SILPC involving an ionic- tagged ruthenium catalyst
  • FIG. 11 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on chitosan support according to the invention.
  • - Figure 12 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to the invention
  • - Figure 13 represents a table showing catalytic activity of an optimized catalyst on alginate support according to a preferred embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 14 shows the kinetic comparison of a reaction involving a catalyst according to one embodiment of the invention with a catalyst according to another embodiment of the invention
  • - Figure 15 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to an embodiment of the invention
  • - Figure 16 shows the kinetics of a biphasic system according to an embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 17 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 18 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to the embodiment of figure 17, albeit with a higher catalyst loading;
  • Figure 19 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 20 shows the comparison of kinetic profiles of ionic tagged-catalysts according to the invention.
  • Natural biopolymers in particular polysaccharides, fulfil the generic properties of a suitable support: vast quantities on Earth, insolubility in most of organic solvents, high affinity for ionic liquids, high chemical stability and biodegradability (Quignard, F.; Choplin, A.; Domard, A. Langmuir. 2000, 16, 9106-9108. - Valentin, R.; Molvinger, K.; Viton, C; Domard, A.; Quignard, F.
  • the present invention discloses the first example of a biopolymer supported ionic liquid phase metathesis catalyst.
  • the combination of the selected biopolymers with the precatalyst of the invention surprisingly catalyzes ring closing metathesis (RCM) of various olefin precursors. Furthermore, the invention enables efficient recycling and reuse of the precatalyst.
  • RCM ring closing metathesis
  • the word "catalyst” may be used to designate both a catalyst material and a precatalyst, depending on the context.
  • Chitosan is an enantiopur biopolymer, which consists of 2-amino-2-deoxy-(l-4)-P-D-glucopyranose residues (D-glucosamine units) with no or small amount of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units.
  • FIG. 1 shows the general formula of chitosan.
  • Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide which shows a strong affinity toward transition metal.
  • Chitosan is mainly derived from the shells of crustaceans and is a side product of the vast fishing industry. Consequently, chitosan is produced in large amounts each year.
  • FIG. 2 shows the general formula of alginate.
  • Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide which is produced by brown algae.
  • Alginate mainly consists of 1-4-linked ⁇ -D-mannuronic (M) and a-L-guluronic (G) residues.
  • Alginates have been used for the entrapment of biologically active materials.
  • the interest of using alginates as a catalytic support mainly lies in their ability to form heat-stable strong gel with divalent cations, especially with Ca . Alginates differ from one another by their M/G ratio.
  • chitosan and alginates can readily be cast into beads, films, fibres, scaffolds, or powders allowing for a great flexibility in their conditioning.
  • Other polysaccharides e.g. cellulose, starch
  • other potent materials used as support e.g. silica
  • the Applicants have also identified how to condition alginate into powder by milling alginate beads.
  • a metathesis catalyst dispersed in an ionic liquid is coated on a marine biopolymer support.
  • Beads of chitosan were prepared as follows: lg of chitosan having an average molar mass of 330,OOOg.mo ' and a determined degree of deacetylation of 80% (Fluka) was dissolved in lOOmL of a 0.2% HC1 solution. After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Buchner, and dropped into a NaOH solution at 0.25mol.L " ' through a 1.1mm diameter syringe needle.
  • Chitosan beads were stored in the alkaline solution for 2 hours, and then rinsed with water until reaching water conductivity. Beads were then freeze-dried or dried with scC02 according to the procedure described by Quignard et al. (Valentin, R.; Molvinger, K.; Quignard, F.; Brunei, F.D. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 1690).
  • a BET analysis was performed and revealed a low specific area surface of about 3m 2 g " ' for freeze dried beads, and a high specific surface area of about 146m 2 . g "1 for scC0 2 dried beads.
  • the scC0 2 dried beads were obtained as a mesoporous material, with a pore size of about 50nm.
  • the results of the BET analysis are shown on figure 3.
  • the scaffolds of chitosan were prepared as follows: lg of chitosan, having an average molar mass of 330,000g.mo ' and a determined degree of deacetylation of 80% was dissolved in lOOmL of a 0.2% HC1 solution. After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Buchner, and put into a mould.
  • the solution was then freezed under liquid nitrogen.
  • the ice blocks were put in a NaOH solution at 0.25mol.L " ' and stored for 12 hours in the fridge, and then rinsed with water until reaching water conductivity.
  • the scaffolds were then freeze-dried or dried with scC0 2 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersions in a series of water/ethanol baths having respective proportions of 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, and 0/100.
  • a BET analysis was performed and revealed a low specific area surface of about 3m g " for freeze dried scaffold, and a high specific surface area of about 214m 2 .g " ' for scC0 2 dried scaffold.
  • the scC0 2 dried scaffold was obtained as a mesoporous material having a pore size of about 15nm.
  • the results of the BET analysis are shown on figure 3.
  • Figure 4 shows SEM pictures of the surface of (a) chitosan freeze dried beads, (b) freeze dried scaffold, (c) scC02 dried beads and (d) scC02 dried scaffold, all prepared according to the above.
  • chitosan coated with ionic liquid lg of chitosan was dissolved in lOOmL of an acetic acid solution at 0.055mol.L " ' . After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Buchner funnel and added dropwise into a NaOH solution at 4N through a syringe needle having a 1.1mm diameter. The chitosan beads were stored in the NaOH solution for 2 hours, and then rinsed with water. Beads were then cross-linked in an aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde (2.5% w/w, 15mL per gram of beads) for one hour.
  • the beads were then rinsed with water following a procedure derived from Aminabhavi et al. (Kulkarni, A. R.; Soppimath, K. S.; Aminabhavi, T. M. Pharm. Acta Helv. 1999, 74, 29; Kulkarni, A. R.; Soppimath, K. S.; Aminabhavi, T. M.; Dave, A. M.; Mehta, M. H. J. Controlled Release. 2000, 63, 97).
  • the beads were freeze-dried or dried with scC0 2 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersions in a series of water/ethanol baths having respective proportions of 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, and 0/100.
  • a BET analysis was performed and revealed a specific area surface of 75m 2 .
  • g " 1 for scC0 2 dried beads The scC0 2 dried beads showed to be a mesoporous material having a pore size of about 14nm.
  • Figure 5 shows SEM pictures of the surface of (a) chitosan freeze dried beads and (b) scC02 dried beads, coated with ionic liquid.
  • the beads of alginates were prepared as follows: Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 1% (w/w). The polymer solution was added dropwise at room temperature to the stirred CaC12 solution at 0.25M using a syringe equipped with a 1.1mm diameter needle. The beads were cured in the gelation solution for 3 hours. The beads were thereafter rinsed with water and freeze-dried or dried with scC02. A BET analysis was performed and revealed a low specific surface area of about 6m 2 g " ' for freeze dried beads, and a high specific surface area of about 451m 2 .g " ' for scC02 dried beads, with a pore size of about 43nm. The results of the BET analysis are shown on in figure 6.
  • Figure 7 represents a schematic drawing of calcium alginates according to the invention.
  • the freeze dried scaffolds of alginate were prepared as follows: Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 1% (w/w). The solution was put into a mould. The solution was then freeze under liquid nitrogen. The ice blocks were put in a CaCl 2 solution at 0.25M, stored for 12 hours in the fridge, and then rinsed with water. The scaffolds were then freeze-dried. A BET analysis was performed and revealed a low specific surface area of about 2m .g " . The results of the BET analysis are shown on figure 6.
  • Figure 8 shows SEM pictures of the surface of (a) alginate freeze dried beads, (b) alginate freeze dried scaffold and (c) alginate scC02 dried beads.
  • the freeze dried calcium alginate powder was obtained as follows:
  • Freeze-dried alginate beads were milled in a blender. Without solvent, the milling was inefficient due to the low weight of the beads.
  • the Applicants chose to add cyclohexane in the blender to the freeze-dried calcium alginate 1% beads, in order to get a powder that decants at the bottom of the flask.
  • the cyclohexane was preferred to a more polar solvent such as ethanol because it leads to a rapid decantation and an easier drying of the powder.
  • the powder was then filtered with a Buchner and dried under vacuum until constant weight was obtained.
  • Figure 9 shows SEM pictures of the surface of freeze-dried alginate powder.
  • the beads of alginic acid were prepared as follows: Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 2% (w/w). After complete dissolution, the solution was dropped into an HC1 solution at 0.48mol.L " ' through a 1.1mm diameter syringe needle. Alginate beads were stored in the acidic solution for 2 hours, and then rinsed with water. Beads were then dried with scC0 2 . A BET analysis was performed, and revealed a specific surface area of 263m 2 .g " ' .
  • Glutaraldehyde cross-linked alginate beads were prepared as follows: Sodium alginate was dissolved in 48 mL of ultrapure water at a concentration of 2% (w/w). The alginate solution was added dropwise through a syringe needle to the stirred solution of MeOH, aqueous glutaraldehyde 25% and aqueous HC1 at 1M (500mL, 18/l/l:v/v/v). The beads were stored in the gelation solution for 3 hours, and thereafter rinsed with water.
  • the beads were freeze-dried or dried with scC0 2 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersions in a series of water/ethanol baths having respective proportions of 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, and 0/100.
  • a BET analysis was performed and revealed a specific surface area of 18m 2 .g " ' for freeze dried beads, and a high specific surface area of
  • scC0 2 dried beads.
  • the scC0 2 dried beads showed to be a mesoporous material having a pore size of 40nm.
  • the ruthenium supported ionic liquid catalyst (Ru-SILPC) used in the invention was prepared according to a procedure similar that used in palladium based SILPC preparation.
  • the catalytic materials were prepared by impregnation (physisorption) of freeze dried biopolymer beads (chitosan or alginates) by a [bmim][PF6] phase containing the catalyst.
  • FIG. 10 shows a schematic representation of a ruthenium SILPC involving the ionic-tagged ruthenium catalyst of formula 1:
  • the immobilized catalyst was first tested in the benchmark ring closing metathesis (RCM) reaction of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate of formula 2.
  • RCM ring closing metathesis
  • the reaction was performed for testing the chitosan and alginates SILPC.
  • Figure 11 shows the results of successive tests with the catalyst based on chitosan support showed activity in the presence or absence of organic solvents, like cyclohexane or toluene.
  • Three cycles could be performed with a conversion rate equal or superior to 95%.
  • the catalyst activity decreased after the third cycle, with a conversion rate below 90%.
  • Example 2 Example 2:
  • Figure 12 shows the results of successive metathesis reaction of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate performed with 0.2mmol of substrate at 40°C with 2.5mol% (4.8mg) of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.5mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 150 mg of alginates. Conversion was determined by 1H NMR.
  • the Applicants optimized the biopolymer/ionic liquid ratio. Surprisingly the Applicants identified that a higher IL/biopolymer ratio, namely 46mg of 1% Ca 2+ freeze dried alginates instead of 150mg for 0.5mL of ionic liquid, gave better reusability. This result can be ascribed to a better diffusion of the substrate into the ionic phase on this scale.
  • Figure 13 shows the results of successive ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2- diallylmalonate by a recycled and reused Ru-SILPC based on alginates support according to the invention, and with the above optimized biopolymer/ionic liquid ratio.
  • the reaction was performed at 40°C with 2.5mol% of catalyst of formula 1 dissolved in 0.5mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 46mg of alginates. As shown by this figure, using this catalytic material, the reaction could be performed in 2 hours for more than 10 cycles with conversions about 90%.
  • Figure 14 shows the kinetics of the reaction involving catalyst 1 using optimized (example 3) and non-optimized (example 2) biopolymer/ionic liquid ratio.
  • the catalysts of the present invention can be used under continuous flow processes. Accordingly, the Applicants performed the reaction of ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate with recycled and reused Ru-SILPC based on alginates support, under biphasic conditions using cyclohexane as solvent. Various ionic liquid/alginates ratio were tested. The initial trial was performed using a 0.25ml/75mg IL biopolymer ratio and 1.75mL of cyclohexane.
  • 9-*- catalyst as in example 4 that is 9.8mg and a ratio IL / 1% Ca freeze dried alginates of 0.25mL / 35mg for 1.75mL of cyclohexane.
  • Example 7 In this embodiment, cyclohexane was replaced by toluene.
  • the reaction conditions of the ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2 under heterogeneous conditions were similar those of example 5: 1.75mL of toluene and a ratio of IL/ 1% Ca 2+ freeze dried alginates of 0.25mL / 35mg).
  • Figure 19 shows the results of these successive reactions. The reaction was performed at 40°C with 2.5mol% of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.25mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 35mg of alginates and using 1.75mL toluene. A full conversion was observed after 3 hours at 40°C.
  • a key feature of these systems is the use of a biopolymer, i.e. chitosan or alginates, as support for the ionic liquid medium and an ionic-tagged ruthenium catalyst.
  • the invention provides a high level of recyclability and reusability combined with a high reactivity.
  • the high activity and stability of the catalysts of the invention were clearly underlined by their high recyclability and reusability. Under heterogeneous conditions, using toluene as organic solvent, the benchmark ring closing metathesis of diallylmalonate could be performed more than 15 cycles without any loss of activity.
  • the metathesis catalysts can respectively have following formulas 3 and 4:
  • Figure 20 shows the kinetic profiles of ionic tagged-catalysts 3 and 4 versus catalyst 1 at different catalyst loading of 1 to 0.1mol% in the olefin metathesis transformation involving the diethyl-2,2-metallylallylmalonate 7 according to following reaction scheme, which is performed at 30°C:
  • the supports of the novel ionic liquid phase catalyst according to the invention are highly biodegradable and can be found in natural Earth marine environment.
  • the supports further can be conditioned as beads, scaffolds or powders.
  • the SILPC of the invention show a high catalytic activity in metathesis reactions.
  • the metal catalyst of the invention dispersed in the ionic liquid can be recycled and reused without losing performance.
  • These new catalysts are designed to combine the benefits of homogeneous catalysis such as high activity and selectivity and heterogeneous catalysis, particularly ease of product separation and recycling of the catalyst.
  • the reduced amount of ionic liquid used and the potential for the development of continuous flow processes are additional potential benefits.
  • the supports encountered are silica, alumina and in a few examples synthetic polymers and carbon nanotubes. Dealing with olefin metathesis, to the best of our knowledge, there are only a limited number of articles stating the use of SILP catalysis.
  • Inorganic support such as alumina 10 or silica" and organic ones (polyimide polymer) 12 are used.
  • Chitosan an enantiopur biopolymer, which consists of 2-amino-2-deoxy-(l-4)-P-D-
  • Alginates are produced by brown algae and mainly consist of (l-> 4) linked ⁇ -D-mannuronic (M) and a-L-guluronic residues (G) (figure 21b). Alginates differ one from another by their M/G ratio.
  • the use of alginates as catalytic support is recent and mainly lies in their ability to form heat-stable strong gel with divalent cations, especially Ca 2+ . They have been largely used for the entrapment of biologically active materials.
  • One of the greatest advantages of chitosan and alginates over most of other polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose, starch) and other potent materials used as support (e.g. silica) is that they can readily be cast into beads, films, fibres or scaffolds, allowing for a great flexibility in their conditioning.
  • the beads of chitosan were prepared as follow.
  • Chitosan (lg) characterized by an average molar mass of 330,000g.mor' and a degree of deacetylation determined of 80% (Fluka), was dissolved in 100 mL of a 0.2% HC1 solution. After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Buchner, and dropped into a NaOH solution (0.25 mol.L "1 ) through a 1.1mm diameter syringe needle. Chitosan beads were stored in the alkaline solution for 2h and then rinsed with water until reaching water conductivity. Beads were then freeze-dried or dried with sc C0 2 according to the procedure described by Quignard et al.
  • the scaffolds of chitosan were prepared as follow.
  • the scaffolds were then freeze-dried; or dried with sc C0 2 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersion in a series of water/ethanol baths (90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, 0/100).
  • BET analysis revealed a low specific area surface (3 m 2 /g) for freeze dried scaffold and a high specific surface area (214 m 2 /g) for sc C0 2 drying, mesoporous material (pore size : 15nm) being obtained in the latter .
  • chitosan 1 g was dissolved in 100 mL of an acetic acid solution (0.055 mol.L "1 ). After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Biichner funnel and added dropwise into a NaOH solution (4N) through a syringe needle (01.1mm). The chitosan beads were stored in the NaOH solution for 2 h, rinsed with water. Beads were then cross-linked in an aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde (2.5%w/w) (15mL per gram of beads) for one hour. Then, beads were rinsed with water following a procedure slightly adapted from the one reported by Aminabhavi.
  • the beads were freeze-dried; or dried with sc C0 2 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersion in a series of water/ethanol baths (90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, 0/100).
  • BET analysis revealed a specific area surface of 75 m 2 /g for freeze dried beads and a high specific surface area (353 m 2 /g) for sc C0 2 drying, mesoporous material (pore size : 14nm) being obtained in the latter.
  • the beads of alginates were prepared as follow.
  • the scaffolds of alginate were prepared as follow, only freeze dried scaffolds have been prepared.
  • Alginic acid The beads of alginic acid were prepared as follow.
  • Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 2% (w/w). After complete dissolution, the solution was dropped into an HCl solution (0.48 mol.L "1 ) through a 1.1mm diameter syringe needle. Alginate beads were stored in the acidic solution for 2h and then rinsed with water. Beads were then dried with sc C0 2 . BET analysis revealed a specific surface area of 263 m 2 /g.
  • Sodium alginate was dissolved in 48 mL of ultrapure water at a concentration of 2% (w/w). The alginate solution was added dropwise through a syringe needle to the stirred solution of MeOH, aqueous glutaraldehyde 25% and aqueous 1M HCl (500 mL, 18/1/1 :v/v/v). The beads were stored in the gelation solution for 3 h. They were rinsed with water. The beads were freeze-dried; or dried with sc C0 2 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersion in a series of water/ethanol baths (90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, 0/100).
  • BET analysis revealed a specific surface area of 18 m 2 /g for freeze dried beads and a high specific surface area (173 m /g) for sc C0 2 drying, mesoporous material (pore size : 40nm) being obtained for the latter.
  • the ruthenium supported ionic liquid catalyst (Ru-SILPC) used in this work is illustrated in figure 25. It was prepared according to a procedure similar to the one used in Pd-SILPC. 13 Typically, the catalytic materials were prepared by impregnation (physisorption) of freeze dried biopolymer beads (chitosan or alginates) by a [bmim][PF 6 ] phase containing the catalyst. The stability of the active species and the affinity of the catalyst for the ionic liquid phase are crucial for such a work. For this purpose, we selected an ionic-tagged ruthenium complex 1 19 . After stirring at room temperature for a few minutes, the chitosan or alginate ionic liquid based catalytic system was ready for use.
  • the next trials were performed with the catalyst based on alginates, a polysaccharide bearing acidic functions.
  • a ratio IL (ionic liquid) / alginates of 0.5 mlV 150 mg was used.
  • a good conversion was readily obtained (98% conversion in 2 hrs) when the reaction was performed under monophasic conditions (no organic solvent).
  • isolation of the product was efficiently achieved by extraction with cyclohexane.
  • recovering and reuse of the catalyst were performed after removal of the upper layer and washing of the supported ionic liquid phase with cyclohexane.
  • the ruthenium SILP catalyst was abandoned for one month and reused under similar condition. A similar high conversion was obtained, showing that the catalyst remained active even after such a while.
  • the best Ru-SILPC was prepared using the same amount of catalyst as previously (9.8 mg) and a ratio IL / 1% Ca + freeze dried alginates of 0.25 mL/ 35 mg for 1.75 mL of cyclohexane.
  • the reaction performed at the same temperature (40°C) proceeded clearly under these new conditions and a full conversion was obtained after 4 hours indicating a slightly slower kinetic under heterogeneous conditions (full conversion in 2 hours in the absence of organic solvents). No noticeable IL (ionic liquid) and cyclohexane phase colour changes could be observed after the first run suggesting that the catalyst stayed in the IL phase. Recycling and reusability of the catalyst were then performed.
  • Catalyst activities of the most active ionic tagged-catalysts 4 in various olefin metathesis transformations performed in dichloromethane at only 0.5 mol% of catalyst loading are disclosed hereafter (eq. 1 to 9).

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Abstract

The present invention concerns a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed in an ionic liquid on said support. The support comprises a biopolymer and the catalyst is a metathesis catalyst. Further, the present invention concerns a method of performing an olefin metathesis. The method of the invention comprises the use of a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst. Furthermore, the present invention concerns the use of a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst in olefin metathesis reactions. Finally, the present invention also concerns an ionic liquid exhibiting a suitable adsorption to a biopolymer. The ionic liquid comprises [ButylMethyl-Imidazolium]X salts, wherein X is selected in the group consisting of PF6 or BF4 or PF3(C2F5)3.

Description

SUPPORTED IONIC LIQUID PHASE CATALYST
The present invention concerns a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst for olefin methathesis reactions.
Olefin metathesis (RCM) has emerged as a powerful synthetic tool for the formation of carbon-carbon double bonds (Grubbs, R.H.; Angew. Chem., Int. Engl. 2005, 45, 3760. ; Chauvin, Y.; Angew. Chem. Int. Engl., 2005, 45, 3741. - Schrock, R.R., Angew. Chem. Int. Engl., 2005, 45, 3748. - Trnka,T.M.; Grubbs, R.H.; Acc. Chem.. Res., 2001, 34, 18. - Handbook of Metathesis, Grubbs, R.H. Ed.; Wiley- VCH : Weinheim, Germany Germany, 2003; Vol 1-3. - Deshmukh, P.H.; Blechert, S.; Dalton Trans, 2007, 2479).
The olefin metathesis reaction is used for various synthetic transformations such as polymer synthesis, and target oriented synthesis (Diver, S. T. ; Geissert, A. J. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 1317. - Nakamura, I. ; Yamamoto, Y. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104 , 2127. - Dieters, A.; Martin, S. F. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 2199. - McReynolds, M. D. ; Dougherty, J. M. ; Hanson, P. R. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 2239. - Nicolaou, K. C. ; Bulger, P. G. ; Sarlah, D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005 , 44 , 4490. - Donohoe, T. J. ; Orr, A. J. ; Bingham, M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 2664-2670. - Michaut, A. ; Rodriguez, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 5740).
It is known that the use of ruthenium compounds or complexes as catalysts for olefin metathesis reactions offer promising results. In this regard, methods for the preparation of ruthenium compounds or complexes are vastly studied and can be found in a great number of scientific publications.
Recently, investigation has focused on the scope and limitation of the reactions and the development of more efficient and/or stable precatalysts (Schrodi, Y.; Pederson, R. L.
Aldrichimica ACTA. 2007, 40, 45-52. - Clavier, H.; Urbino-Blanco, C. A.; Nolan, S. P.
Organometallics, 2009, 28, 2848-2854. - Vorfalt, T.; LeuthauBer, S; Plenio, S. Angew. Chem.,
Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5191. ; Rix, D.; Caijo, F.; Laurent, I.; Boeda, F.; Clavier, H.; Nolan, S. P.;
Mauduit, M. J. Org. Chem., 2008, 73, 4225-4228. - Mauduit, M. ; Laurent, I. ; Clavier. H. PCT int. appl., 2008, WO 2008065187. - Borre, E. ; Pieck, C. ; Caijo, F. ; Crevisy, C. and
Mauduit M. Chemistry : Today 2009, 27 , 74-78. - Clavier, H. ; Caijo, F. ; Borre, E. ; Rix, D. ;
Boeda, F. ; Nolan, S.P., Mauduit, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2009, 25, 4254. - Borre, E. ; Caijo,
F. ; Rix, D. ; Crevisy, C . ; Mauduit M. Chemistry : Today 2008, 26, 89. - Bieniek, M.; Bujok,
R.; Cabaj, M. ; Lugan, N. ; Lavigne, G. ; Arlt, D. ; Grela, . J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2006, 128, 13652-13653. - Castarlenas, R.; Vovard, C. ; Fischmeister, C; Dixneuf, P. H. J. Am. Chem.
Soc, 2006, 128, 4079-408).
However, the turn over number (TON) of the reaction is often low and the recycling and reuse of the catalyst is difficult due to its decomposition. Further, the high cost, the large molecular weight of the catalyst and the contamination of the product by traces of highly toxic metal such as ruthenium are drawbacks for the development of large-scale processes (Clavier, H.; Grela K.; Kirschning, A.; Mauduit M.; Nolan, S.P Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 6786- 6801).
In fact, today the development of environmentally benign catalytic systems is important (Hong, S.H.; Wenzel, A.G. ; Salguero, T.T.; Day, M.W.; Grubbs, R.H. /. Am. Chem. Soc, 2007, 129, 7961). In this regard, it is important to isolate the metal from the catalytic system. Indeed, metal such as ruthenium is highly toxic and is dangerous for the environment. Several studies concentrate on the immobilization of the homogeneous catalysts on solid or liquid supports. This immobilization is interesting in order to facilitate metal separation, recycling and reuse of the ruthenium catalyst.
Immobilization can be performed through covalent bonding or more simply by using non- covalent methods (electrostatic interactions, physisorption, capillary forces, etc.). Various techniques of immobilization have been disclosed in a number of scientific publications (Clavier, H.; Grela K.; Kirschning, A.; Mauduit M.; Nolan, S.P Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2007, 46, 6786-6801 - Buchmeiser, M. R. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 303. - Van Berlo, B. ; Houthoofd, K. ; Sels, B. F. ; Jacobs, P. A. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 1949. - Coperet, C. ; Basset, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2007, 349, 78. - B. H. Lipshutz, S. Ghorai, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 705. - X. Elias, R. Pleixats, M. Wong Chi Man, J. J. E. Moreau, Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 2006, 348, 751. - Halbach, T. S. ; Mix, S. ; Fischer, D. ; Maechling, S. ; Krause, J. O. ; Sievers, C. ; Blechert, S. ; Nuyken, O. ; Buchmeiser, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 4687. - Buchmeiser, M. R. New J. Chem. 2004, 28, 549. - Mayr, M. ; Mayr, B. ; Buchmeiser, M. R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 3839. - Ahmed, M.; Barrett, A.G.M.; Braddock, D. C; Cramp S.M. and Procopiou P. A., Tetrahedron Letters, 1999, 40, 8657.
The use of ionic liquids is part of these immobilization techniques (Sledz, P.; Mauduit, M.;
Grela, K. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 2433-42. - Chauvin, Y.; Olivier-Bourbigou, H.
Chemtech. 1995, 25, 26-30. - Buijsman, R. C; Vuuren, E. V.; Sterrenburg, J. G.; Unit, L. D.;
Organon, N. V.; Box, P. O.; Oss, B. H. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 3785-3787. - Mayo, K. G.; Nearhoof, E. H.; Kiddle, J. J. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1567-1570. - Csihony, S.; Fischmeister, C;
Bruneau, C; Horvath, I. T.; Dixneuf, P. H. New J. Chem. 2002, 26, 1667-1670. - Yao, Q.;
Zhang, Y. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3395-8. - Yao, Q.; Zhang, Y. Angew. Chem., Int.
Ed. 2003, 42, 3395-8. - Audic, N.; Clavier, H.; Mauduit, M.; Guillemin, J.-C. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 2003, 125, 9248-9. - Clavier, H.; Audic, N.; Mauduit, M.; Guillemin, J.-C. Chem. Commun. 2004, 2282. - Borre, E.; Caijo, F.; Crevisy, C; Mauduit M. Chemistry : Today
2009 , 27 , 20).
In the chemical industry, heterogeneous catalysts are generally preferred. Supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysts have been developed for this purpose (Doorslaer, C. V.; Wahlen, J.; Mertens, P.; Vos, D. D. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 8377-8390. - Riisager, A.; Fehrmann, R.; Haumann M.; Wasserscheid, P., Top. Catal, 2006, 40, 91. - C. P. Mehnert, Chem. Eur. J., 2005, 11, 50. - Valkenberg, M. H.; DeCastro, C; Holderich, W. F. Green Chem. 2002, 4, 88- 93. - Riisager, A.; Fehrmann, R.; Haumann, M.; Wasserscheid, P. Topics in Catalysis. 2006, 40, 91-102). Such SILP catalysts are based on the use of a molecular catalyst, which is dissolved in a thin film of ionic liquid that is immobilized on the surface of a solid support, covalently or not. The object of their design is to obtain the benefits of both an homogeneous catalysis, that is high activity and selectivity, and an heterogeneous catalysis, that is ease of product separation and recycling of the catalyst. The reduced amount of ionic liquid used and the potential for the development of continuous flow processes are additional benefits (Riisager, A. ; Wasserscheid, P. ; van Hal, R. ; Fehrmann, R. J. Catal. 2003, 219, 452-455. - Riisager, A.; Eriksen, K. M.; Wasserscheid, P.; Fehrmann, R. Catal. Lett. 2003, 90, 149-153. - Riisager, A.; J0rgensen, B.; Wasserscheid, P.; Fehrmann, R. Chem. Commun. 2006, 994-6). The known supports for SILPs in their general use are silica, alumina, synthetic polymers or carbon nanotubes.
The use of SILP catalysis in olefin metathesis is almost non-existent in the art. In the limited number of relevant articles, the supports which are used are either of inorganic nature, such as alumina (Hagiwara, H.; Okunaka, N.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T. Synlett. 2008, 1813-1816. - Nakamura, T.; Okunaka, N.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2010, 93, 175. - Sud Chemie AG: "Use of a catalyst composition for olefin metathesis in the gas phase, comprising a porous inorganic carrier coated with an ionic liquid, where a homogeneous catalyst system for the olefin metathesis is present dissolved in the ionic liquid", Szesni Normen; Mueller Stephan; Fisher Richard; Wasserscheid Peter; Haumann Marco; Oechsner Eva; Loeckman Soebiakto; Demin Anton. - DE200910017498 Al) or silica (Duque, R.; Ochsner, E.; Clavier, H.; Caijo, F.; Nolan, S. P.; Mauduit, M.; Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Green Chemistry. 2011), or of synthetic organic nature such as polyimide polymer (Keraani, A.; Rabiller-Baudry, M.. Fichmeister, C; Bruneau, C; Catalysis Today, 2010, 156, 268).
The supports which are used in SILP catalysis for olefin metathesis are thus the same as those which are classically used in the general field of SILPs. As a consequence, there remains a need for novel systems that can be used in SILP catalysis in olefin metathesis. The present invention improves the situation.
The invention proposes a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed in an ionic liquid on said support, wherein the support comprises a biopolymer and the catalyst is a metathesis catalyst.
According to a first embodiment, the metathesis catalyst comprises an alkylidene metallic complex and the metal of the alkylidene metallic complex is chosen in the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re) and osmium (Os). Preferentially, the metal of the alkylidene metallic complex is ruthenium (Ru).
According to a second embodiment, the metathesis catalyst comprises an arylidene metallic complex and the metal of said arylidene metallic complex is chosen in the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re) and osmium (Os). Preferentially, the metal of the arylidene metallic complex is ruthenium (Ru).
According to a preferred embodiment, the metathesis catalyst comprises at least one ligand bearing an onium tag. Advantageously, the ligand is diaminocarbene.
According to an embodiment, the metathesis catalyst has following formula:
Figure imgf000006_0001
According to another embodiment, the metathesis catalyst has following formula:
Figure imgf000006_0002
According to another embodiment, the metathesis catalyst has following formula:
Figure imgf000006_0003
Preferably, the biopolymer is selected in the group consisting of alginate and chitosan. More preferably, the ionic liquid comprises [ButylMethyl-Imidazolium]X salts, wherein X is selected in the group consisting of PF6 or BF4 or PF3(C2F5)3.
Further, the present invention proposes a method of performing an olefin metathesis. The method of the invention comprises the use of a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst as described above. Furthermore, the present invention proposes a use of the supported ionic liquid phase catalyst defined above, in olefin metathesis reactions.
Finally, the present invention also proposes an ionic liquid exhibiting a suitable adsorption to a biopolymer. The ionic liquid comprises [ButylMethyl-Imidazolium]X salts, wherein X is selected in the group consisting of PF6 or BF4 or PF3(C2F5)3.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon examination of the following description, examples and the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 shows the general formula of chitosan;
Figure 2 shows the general formula of alginate;
- Figure 3 represents a table that summarizes a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis results of chitosan supports according to the invention;
- Figure 4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of the surface of chitosan freeze dried beads, chitosan freeze dried scaffold, scC02 dried beads and scC02 dried scaffold prepared according to the invention; - Figure 5 shows SEM pictures of the surface of chitosan freeze dried beads and scC02 dried beads, coated with ionic liquid;
- Figure 6 represents a table that summarizes a BET analysis results of alginate supports according to the invention;
- Figure 7 represents a schematic drawing of calcium alginates according to the invention;
- Figure 8 shows SEM pictures of the surface of alginate freeze dried beads, alginate freeze dried scaffold and alginate scC02 dried beads;
- Figure 9 shows SEM pictures of the surface of freeze-dried alginate powder; - Figure 10 shows a schematic representation of a ruthenium SILPC involving an ionic- tagged ruthenium catalyst;
- Figure 11 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on chitosan support according to the invention;
- Figure 12 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to the invention; - Figure 13 represents a table showing catalytic activity of an optimized catalyst on alginate support according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;
- Figure 14 shows the kinetic comparison of a reaction involving a catalyst according to one embodiment of the invention with a catalyst according to another embodiment of the invention;
- Figure 15 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to an embodiment of the invention; - Figure 16 shows the kinetics of a biphasic system according to an embodiment of the invention;
Figure 17 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to another embodiment of the invention;
- Figure 18 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to the embodiment of figure 17, albeit with a higher catalyst loading;
Figure 19 represents a table showing catalytic activity of a catalyst on alginate support according to a preferred embodiment of the invention; and
Figure 20 shows the comparison of kinetic profiles of ionic tagged-catalysts according to the invention.
The following description, examples and drawings contain elements of definite nature. They may therefore not only serve to explain and clarify the present invention, but may also contribute to its definition where appropriate.
Natural biopolymers, in particular polysaccharides, fulfil the generic properties of a suitable support: vast quantities on Earth, insolubility in most of organic solvents, high affinity for ionic liquids, high chemical stability and biodegradability (Quignard, F.; Choplin, A.; Domard, A. Langmuir. 2000, 16, 9106-9108. - Valentin, R.; Molvinger, K.; Viton, C; Domard, A.; Quignard, F. Biomacromolecules; 2005, 6, 2785-2792) It has been reported that natural biopolymers can be used as supports in SILP catalysis when palladium precatalysts are used (Baudoux, J.; Madec, P.J.; Gaumont A.C.; Dez, I., Green Chem. 2007, 9, 1346-1351. - Moucel, R.; Perrigaud, K.; Goupil, J.M.; Madec, P.J.; Marinel, S.; Guibal, E.; Gaumont A.C.; Dez" I.; Adv. Synth. Cat., 2010, 352, 433-439. - Clousier N, Moucel, R.; Naik, P.; Madec, P.J.; Gaumont, A.C.; Dez, I., C. R. Chim. (2011), 14, 680-684). However, it has not been identified how such natural biopolymers can be used as supports in SILP catalysis when ruthenium, tungsten, molybdenum, rhenium or osmium catalysts are used. Furthermore, due to the complexity and diversity of olefin metathesis reactions, catalyst instability, catalyst/metal recycling issues and the numerous available catalyst structures, there is a need to identify biopolymers for combination with chosen precatalysts.
In fact, the Applicants identified that the chemical structure of the support on the catalytic properties of a metal-Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst is of great importance. This has been especially identified for ruthenium-Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst, but also for tungsten-, molybdenum-, rhenium- and osmium-Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst.
The present invention discloses the first example of a biopolymer supported ionic liquid phase metathesis catalyst.
Accordingly, the combination of the selected biopolymers with the precatalyst of the invention surprisingly catalyzes ring closing metathesis (RCM) of various olefin precursors. Furthermore, the invention enables efficient recycling and reuse of the precatalyst. Hereinafter, the word "catalyst" may be used to designate both a catalyst material and a precatalyst, depending on the context.
The Applicants have identified two marine biopolymers: chitosan and alginates. These biopolymers have previously been discussed in scientific publications (Guibal, E. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2005, 30, 71; b) Quignard, F.. Valentin, R.; Di Renzo, F.; New. J. Chem., 2008, 32, 1300. - Macquarrie, D.J. et al Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44, 8499-8520). Chitosan is an enantiopur biopolymer, which consists of 2-amino-2-deoxy-(l-4)-P-D-glucopyranose residues (D-glucosamine units) with no or small amount of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units.
Figure 1 shows the general formula of chitosan. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide which shows a strong affinity toward transition metal. Chitosan is mainly derived from the shells of crustaceans and is a side product of the vast fishing industry. Consequently, chitosan is produced in large amounts each year.
Figure 2 shows the general formula of alginate. Alginate is an anionic polysaccharide which is produced by brown algae. Alginate mainly consists of 1-4-linked β-D-mannuronic (M) and a-L-guluronic (G) residues. Alginates have been used for the entrapment of biologically active materials. The interest of using alginates as a catalytic support mainly lies in their ability to form heat-stable strong gel with divalent cations, especially with Ca . Alginates differ from one another by their M/G ratio.
The Applicants have identified that chitosan and alginates can readily be cast into beads, films, fibres, scaffolds, or powders allowing for a great flexibility in their conditioning. Other polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose, starch) and other potent materials used as support (e.g. silica) are not suited for such a conditioning. The Applicants have also identified how to condition alginate into powder by milling alginate beads.
According to the invention, a metathesis catalyst dispersed in an ionic liquid is coated on a marine biopolymer support.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BIOPOLYMER SUPPORTS ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION
Chitosan preparation according to the invention
Beads of chitosan were prepared as follows: lg of chitosan having an average molar mass of 330,OOOg.mo ' and a determined degree of deacetylation of 80% (Fluka) was dissolved in lOOmL of a 0.2% HC1 solution. After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Buchner, and dropped into a NaOH solution at 0.25mol.L"' through a 1.1mm diameter syringe needle.
Chitosan beads were stored in the alkaline solution for 2 hours, and then rinsed with water until reaching water conductivity. Beads were then freeze-dried or dried with scC02 according to the procedure described by Quignard et al. (Valentin, R.; Molvinger, K.; Quignard, F.; Brunei, F.D. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 1690).
A BET analysis was performed and revealed a low specific area surface of about 3m2g"' for freeze dried beads, and a high specific surface area of about 146m2. g"1 for scC02 dried beads. The scC02 dried beads were obtained as a mesoporous material, with a pore size of about 50nm. The results of the BET analysis are shown on figure 3.
The scaffolds of chitosan were prepared as follows: lg of chitosan, having an average molar mass of 330,000g.mo ' and a determined degree of deacetylation of 80% was dissolved in lOOmL of a 0.2% HC1 solution. After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Buchner, and put into a mould.
The solution was then freezed under liquid nitrogen. The ice blocks were put in a NaOH solution at 0.25mol.L"' and stored for 12 hours in the fridge, and then rinsed with water until reaching water conductivity. The scaffolds were then freeze-dried or dried with scC02 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersions in a series of water/ethanol baths having respective proportions of 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, and 0/100.
2 1
A BET analysis was performed and revealed a low specific area surface of about 3m g" for freeze dried scaffold, and a high specific surface area of about 214m2.g"' for scC02 dried scaffold. The scC02 dried scaffold was obtained as a mesoporous material having a pore size of about 15nm. The results of the BET analysis are shown on figure 3.
Figure 4 shows SEM pictures of the surface of (a) chitosan freeze dried beads, (b) freeze dried scaffold, (c) scC02 dried beads and (d) scC02 dried scaffold, all prepared according to the above.
Preparation of chitosan coated with ionic liquid according to the invention lg of chitosan was dissolved in lOOmL of an acetic acid solution at 0.055mol.L"' . After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Buchner funnel and added dropwise into a NaOH solution at 4N through a syringe needle having a 1.1mm diameter. The chitosan beads were stored in the NaOH solution for 2 hours, and then rinsed with water. Beads were then cross-linked in an aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde (2.5% w/w, 15mL per gram of beads) for one hour. The beads were then rinsed with water following a procedure derived from Aminabhavi et al. (Kulkarni, A. R.; Soppimath, K. S.; Aminabhavi, T. M. Pharm. Acta Helv. 1999, 74, 29; Kulkarni, A. R.; Soppimath, K. S.; Aminabhavi, T. M.; Dave, A. M.; Mehta, M. H. J. Controlled Release. 2000, 63, 97).
The beads were freeze-dried or dried with scC02 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersions in a series of water/ethanol baths having respective proportions of 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, and 0/100. A BET analysis was performed and revealed a specific area surface of 75m2. g" 1 for freeze dried beads, and a high specific surface area of 353m2. g" 1 for scC02 dried beads. The scC02 dried beads showed to be a mesoporous material having a pore size of about 14nm.
Figure 5 shows SEM pictures of the surface of (a) chitosan freeze dried beads and (b) scC02 dried beads, coated with ionic liquid.
Alginate preparation according to the invention
The beads of alginates were prepared as follows: Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 1% (w/w). The polymer solution was added dropwise at room temperature to the stirred CaC12 solution at 0.25M using a syringe equipped with a 1.1mm diameter needle. The beads were cured in the gelation solution for 3 hours. The beads were thereafter rinsed with water and freeze-dried or dried with scC02. A BET analysis was performed and revealed a low specific surface area of about 6m2g"' for freeze dried beads, and a high specific surface area of about 451m2.g"' for scC02 dried beads, with a pore size of about 43nm. The results of the BET analysis are shown on in figure 6.
Figure 7 represents a schematic drawing of calcium alginates according to the invention.
The freeze dried scaffolds of alginate were prepared as follows: Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 1% (w/w). The solution was put into a mould. The solution was then freeze under liquid nitrogen. The ice blocks were put in a CaCl2 solution at 0.25M, stored for 12 hours in the fridge, and then rinsed with water. The scaffolds were then freeze-dried. A BET analysis was performed and revealed a low specific surface area of about 2m .g" . The results of the BET analysis are shown on figure 6.
Figure 8 shows SEM pictures of the surface of (a) alginate freeze dried beads, (b) alginate freeze dried scaffold and (c) alginate scC02 dried beads.
The freeze dried calcium alginate powder was obtained as follows:
Freeze-dried alginate beads were milled in a blender. Without solvent, the milling was inefficient due to the low weight of the beads. The Applicants chose to add cyclohexane in the blender to the freeze-dried calcium alginate 1% beads, in order to get a powder that decants at the bottom of the flask. The cyclohexane was preferred to a more polar solvent such as ethanol because it leads to a rapid decantation and an easier drying of the powder. The powder was then filtered with a Buchner and dried under vacuum until constant weight was obtained.
Figure 9 shows SEM pictures of the surface of freeze-dried alginate powder.
Alginic acid preparation according to the invention
The beads of alginic acid were prepared as follows: Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 2% (w/w). After complete dissolution, the solution was dropped into an HC1 solution at 0.48mol.L"' through a 1.1mm diameter syringe needle. Alginate beads were stored in the acidic solution for 2 hours, and then rinsed with water. Beads were then dried with scC02. A BET analysis was performed, and revealed a specific surface area of 263m2.g"' .
Preparation of alginate coated with ionic liquid according to the invention
Glutaraldehyde cross-linked alginate beads were prepared as follows: Sodium alginate was dissolved in 48 mL of ultrapure water at a concentration of 2% (w/w). The alginate solution was added dropwise through a syringe needle to the stirred solution of MeOH, aqueous glutaraldehyde 25% and aqueous HC1 at 1M (500mL, 18/l/l:v/v/v). The beads were stored in the gelation solution for 3 hours, and thereafter rinsed with water.
The beads were freeze-dried or dried with scC02 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersions in a series of water/ethanol baths having respective proportions of 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, and 0/100. A BET analysis was performed and revealed a specific surface area of 18m2.g"' for freeze dried beads, and a high specific surface area of
2 1
about 173m .g' for scC02 dried beads. The scC02 dried beads showed to be a mesoporous material having a pore size of 40nm.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RUTHENIUM SUPPORTED IONIC LIQUID PHASE CATALYST (SILPC) ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION
The ruthenium supported ionic liquid catalyst (Ru-SILPC) used in the invention was prepared according to a procedure similar that used in palladium based SILPC preparation. Typically, the catalytic materials were prepared by impregnation (physisorption) of freeze dried biopolymer beads (chitosan or alginates) by a [bmim][PF6] phase containing the catalyst.
The stability of the active species and the affinity of the catalyst for the ionic liquid phase are crucial for the present invention. After multiple tests, the Applicants selected an ionic-tagged ruthenium complex based on the disclosures of E. Borre, F. Caijo, C. Crevisy, M. Mauduit, Chimica Oggi 2009, 27, 20-24 and WO 2008065187. After stirring at room temperature for a few minutes, the chitosan or alginate ionic liquid based catalytic system was ready for use. Figure 10 shows a schematic representation of a ruthenium SILPC involving the ionic-tagged ruthenium catalyst of formula 1:
Figure imgf000013_0001
EVALUATION OF THE RU-SILPC ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION IN OLEFIN METATHESIS (ACTIVITY AND RECYCLING)
The immobilized catalyst was first tested in the benchmark ring closing metathesis (RCM) reaction of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate of formula 2. The reaction scheme is as follows:
Figure imgf000014_0001
The reaction was performed for testing the chitosan and alginates SILPC.
The reaction was performed under both monophasic and biphasic conditions (i.e. presence and absence of an organic solvent) at 40°C. Two apolar solvents that do not solubilise the catalyst were tested, namely toluene and cyclohexane. Example 1:
Figure 11 shows the results of successive tests with the catalyst based on chitosan support showed activity in the presence or absence of organic solvents, like cyclohexane or toluene. Results of a reaction performed at 40°C with 2.5mol% (4.8mg) of catalyst of formula 1 dissolved in 0.5mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 27mg of chitosan freeze dried beads using 0.2mmol of substrate. Three cycles could be performed with a conversion rate equal or superior to 95%. The catalyst activity decreased after the third cycle, with a conversion rate below 90%. Example 2:
Further trials were performed with alginates based catalysts i.e. polysaccharide bearing acidic functions. In the first trials, a ratio IL (ionic liquid) / alginates of 0.5mL/150mg was used. A satisfactory conversion of 98% in 2 hours was obtained when the reaction was performed under monophasic conditions (no organic solvent). Isolation of the product was efficiently achieved by extraction with cyclohexane.
Once the extraction completed, recovering and reuse of the catalyst were performed after removal of the upper layer and washing of the supported ionic liquid phase with cyclohexane. The Ru-catalyst was successfully reused for six cycles with a conversion rate of over 90% under similar conditions.
Figure 12 shows the results of successive metathesis reaction of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate performed with 0.2mmol of substrate at 40°C with 2.5mol% (4.8mg) of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.5mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 150 mg of alginates. Conversion was determined by 1H NMR.
A mechanical degradation of the beads was noticed from the 7th cycle on. In the 8th and 9th cycles, a decrease of the catalytic activity was measured. Concretely 4 hours were required to achieve a conversion comparable to that of the earlier cycles, as opposed to 2 hours previously. In the 10th and 11th cycles, conversion could be driven to a satisfactory value of about 85%, with reactions time of 8 hours and 15 hours respectively. The high activity and stability of the catalyst are exemplified by the obtained TON of 449 and TOF of 9.5h"'. Detection of ruthenium by ICP-MS in the extraction phases showed a relatively low leaching of the metal of about 1.8% in the 1st cycle and less than 1% in the 10th cycle. To probe the high activity of the catalyst, the ruthenium SILP catalyst according to the invention was left aside for one month and reused under similar conditions. A similar conversion was achieved, showing that the catalyst remains active even after a month.
Example 3:
The Applicants optimized the biopolymer/ionic liquid ratio. Surprisingly the Applicants identified that a higher IL/biopolymer ratio, namely 46mg of 1% Ca2+ freeze dried alginates instead of 150mg for 0.5mL of ionic liquid, gave better reusability. This result can be ascribed to a better diffusion of the substrate into the ionic phase on this scale.
Figure 13 shows the results of successive ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2- diallylmalonate by a recycled and reused Ru-SILPC based on alginates support according to the invention, and with the above optimized biopolymer/ionic liquid ratio. The reaction was performed at 40°C with 2.5mol% of catalyst of formula 1 dissolved in 0.5mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 46mg of alginates. As shown by this figure, using this catalytic material, the reaction could be performed in 2 hours for more than 10 cycles with conversions about 90%.
Figure 14 shows the kinetics of the reaction involving catalyst 1 using optimized (example 3) and non-optimized (example 2) biopolymer/ionic liquid ratio.
Example 4:
Advantageously, the catalysts of the present invention can be used under continuous flow processes. Accordingly, the Applicants performed the reaction of ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate with recycled and reused Ru-SILPC based on alginates support, under biphasic conditions using cyclohexane as solvent. Various ionic liquid/alginates ratio were tested. The initial trial was performed using a 0.25ml/75mg IL biopolymer ratio and 1.75mL of cyclohexane. The reaction was performed with 0.4mmol of substrate at 40°C using 2.5mol% (9.8mg) of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.25mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 75mg of alginates and 1.75mL of cyclohexane. Figure 15 shows the results of these successive reactions. Figure 16 shows the kinetics of the reaction using catalyst 1 in the biphasic system of example 4 using cycloxehane as the organic phase.
Example 5:
Another Ru-SILPC according to the invention was prepared using the same amount of
9-*- catalyst as in example 4 that is 9.8mg and a ratio IL / 1% Ca freeze dried alginates of 0.25mL / 35mg for 1.75mL of cyclohexane.
The reaction of ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate under heterogeneous conditions using cyclohexane as the organic phase was performed at 40°C. The reaction was performed with 2.5mol% of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.25mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 35mg of alginates and using 1.75mL cyclohexane. A full conversion was obtained after 4 hours. Recycling and reusability of the catalyst were performed. 7 cycles could be performed in 4 hours with a conversion about 96%. Figure 17 shows the results of these successive reactions. As can be seen on this figure, additional recycling showed a small drop of the catalytic activity, with 86% and 85% conversion for the 8th and 9th cycle respectively.
Example 6:
The Applicants further identified that using a higher catalyst load for the same reaction under identical conditions resulted in an even stronger catalytic performance. Figure 18 shows the results of these successive reactions. The reaction was performed at 40°C with 5.0mol% of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.25mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 35mg of alginates and using 1.75mL cyclohexane. When using 5mol% of catalyst instead of 2.5mol%, 14 cycles could be performed without any loss of activity. Furthermore, most conversion rates were of 98%.
Example 7 In this embodiment, cyclohexane was replaced by toluene. The reaction conditions of the ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2 under heterogeneous conditions were similar those of example 5: 1.75mL of toluene and a ratio of IL/ 1% Ca2+ freeze dried alginates of 0.25mL / 35mg). Figure 19 shows the results of these successive reactions. The reaction was performed at 40°C with 2.5mol% of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.25mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 35mg of alginates and using 1.75mL toluene. A full conversion was observed after 3 hours at 40°C. 15 cycles could be performed in 3 hours without any significant loss of activity: 98% conversion rate, which demonstrates the high stability of the complex under these conditions. Other reaction conditions were tested and can be seen in annex 1. Above examples 1 to 7 show novel, powerful, reusable and recyclable ruthenium catalysts for RCM.
A key feature of these systems is the use of a biopolymer, i.e. chitosan or alginates, as support for the ionic liquid medium and an ionic-tagged ruthenium catalyst. The invention provides a high level of recyclability and reusability combined with a high reactivity. The high activity and stability of the catalysts of the invention were clearly underlined by their high recyclability and reusability. Under heterogeneous conditions, using toluene as organic solvent, the benchmark ring closing metathesis of diallylmalonate could be performed more than 15 cycles without any loss of activity.
The reactions performed well both under mono or biphasic conditions. The latter results paved the way to the development of continuous flow processes.
IONIC TAGGED RU-CATALYSTS SHOWING ACTIVITY IN OLEFIN METATHESIS REACTION SUITABLE FOR BIO-SILPC PROCESS.
According to other embodiments of the invention, the metathesis catalysts can respectively have following formulas 3 and 4:
Figure imgf000017_0001
NMR characterization of above IL-tagged catalysts:
- Catalyst 3: 1H NMR (400MHz, CD2C12) d ppm 16.32 (s, 1H), 8.70 (d, J = 6.1Hz, 2H), 8.55-8.45 (m, 1H), 8.08-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.0Hz, 3H), 7.57-7.47 (m, 5H), 7.37 (s, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 2.1Hz, 1H), 6.83-6.77 (m, 1H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 4.87 (pent, J = 6.1Hz, 1H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 3.55 (sept, J = 6.8Hz, 4H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.1Hz, 6H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.9Hz, 12H), 1.20 (d, J = 6.1 1Hz,12H) 19F NMR (376MHz, CD2C12) d ppm -72.6 (d, J = 710.6Hz, 6F) 31P NMR (162MHz, CD2C12) d ppm -144.5 (d, J = 710.6Hz, IP). - Catalyst 4 (ref 16): 1H NMR (400MHz, CD2C12) δ 16.33 (s, lH), 8.69 (d, J = 5.62Hz, 2H), 8.47 (t, J = 7.81Hz, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J = 7.59, 6.74Hz, 2H), 7.74-7.16 (m, 13H), 6.64 (s, 2H), 4.44-4.33 (m, lH), 4.22-4.15 (m, 4H), 4.02 (d, J = 13.01Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.55 (dt, J = 13.48, 6.37Hz, 4H), 1.97-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.55-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.28-1.14 (m, 24H), 0.72 (t, J = 7.50Hz, 3H). 19F NMR (376MHz, CD2C12) δ -72.6 (d, 6F, J = 71 lHz). 3 IP NMR (162MHz, CD2C12) δ -144.5 (sept, IP, J = 71 lHz).
Figure 20 shows the kinetic profiles of ionic tagged-catalysts 3 and 4 versus catalyst 1 at different catalyst loading of 1 to 0.1mol% in the olefin metathesis transformation involving the diethyl-2,2-metallylallylmalonate 7 according to following reaction scheme, which is performed at 30°C:
Figure imgf000018_0001
Examples of catalytic activities of ionic tagged-catalysts 4 according to the invention various olefin metathesis transformations performed in dichloromethane at 0.5mol catalyst loading are disclosed hereafter in eq. 1 to 9:
Figure imgf000018_0002
70% isolated yield catalyst 4 (0.5 mol%)
^C02nBu eq. 2 AcO C02nBu AcO
CH2CI2 (0.1 M), 20 °C
>99% conv.
3h30 82% isolated yield
Figure imgf000018_0003
1 h >99% conv.
88% isolated yield
Figure imgf000018_0004
>99% conv.
79% isolated yield
Figure imgf000019_0001
95% conv.
1 h 86% isolated yield
Figure imgf000019_0002
24h 87% conv.
69% isolated yield
Figure imgf000019_0003
4h 94% conv.
86% isolated yield
Figure imgf000019_0004
1 >99% conv.
87% isolated yield
catalyst 4 (0.5 mol%)
Figure imgf000019_0005
CH2CI2 (0.1 M), 20 "C Ρη °
72h 51 % conv.
41 % isolated yield
Further details are disclosed in Annex 1.
The supports of the novel ionic liquid phase catalyst according to the invention are highly biodegradable and can be found in natural Earth marine environment. The supports further can be conditioned as beads, scaffolds or powders.
The SILPC of the invention show a high catalytic activity in metathesis reactions. The metal catalyst of the invention dispersed in the ionic liquid can be recycled and reused without losing performance. ANNEXE 1
Sustainable olefin metathesis using a biopolymer supported ionic liquid Phase Catalyst (Ru-SILPC)
Nathalie Clousier1, Etienne Borre2, Christophe Crevisy2, Isabelle Dez1, Marc Mauduit2 and Annie-Claude Gaumont1
[*1] Prof. A.C. Gaumont, Dr I. Dez, N. Clousier
LCMT, UMR CNRS 6507
6 Boulevard du Marechal Juin, 14050 Caen (France)
Fax: (+33) 231-452-877
E-Mail : annie-claude. gaumont @ ensicaen.fr
[*2] Dr. M. Mauduit, Dr. C. Crevisy, E. Borre
Sciences chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226
ENSCR, Avenue du general Leclerc- CS 50837
35708 Rennes cedex 7(France)
Fax: (+33) 223-238-112
E-mail : marc.mauduit @ ensc-rennes.fr
Over the past decade, olefin metathesis (RCM) has emerged as a powerful synthetic tool for the formation of carbon-carbon double bonds'. The reaction is extensively used for various synthetic transformations such as polymer synthesis, and target oriented synthesis.2 In the last few years, extensive investigation has focused on the scope and limitation of the reaction and the development of more efficient and/or stable precatalysts3. However, this methodology still
For representative reviews on olefin metathesis, see : a) Grubbs, R.H.; Angew. Chem., Int. Engl. 2005, 45, 3760. b) Chauvin, Y.; Angew. Chem. Int. Engl., 2005, 45, 3741. c) Schrock, R.R., Angew. Chem. Int. Engl., 2005, 45, 3748. d) Trnka„T.M.; Grubbs, R.H.; Acc. Chem.. Res., 2001, 34, 18. e) Handbook of Metathesis,; Grubbs, R.H. Ed.; Wiley- VCH : Weinheim, Germany Germany, 2003; Vol 1-3. f) Deshmukh, P.H.; Blechert, S.; Dalton Trans, 2007, 2479
2 For reviews on applications see: a) Diver, S. T. ; Geissert, A. J. Chem. Rev. 2004 , 104 , 1317. b) Nakamura, I. ; Yamamoto, Y. Chem. Rev. 2004 , 104 , 2127; c) Dieters, A. ; Martin, S. F. Chem. Rev. 2004 , 104 , 2199. d) McReynolds, M. D. ; Dougherty, J. M. ; Hanson, P. R. Chem. Rev. 2004 , 104 , 2239; e) Nicolaou, K. C. ; Bulger, P. G. ; Sarlah, D. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005 , 44 , 4490. f) Donohoe, T. J. ; Orr, A. J. ; Bingham, M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006 , 45 , 2664-2670; g) Michaut, A. ; Rodriguez, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006 , 45 , 5740.
3 a) Selected references : a) Schrodi, Y.; Pederson, R. L Aldrichimica ACTA. 2007, 40, 45-52. b) Clavier, H.; Urbino-Blanco, C. A.; Nolan, S. P. Organometallics, 2009, 28, 2848-2854. b) Vorfalt, T.; LeuthauBer, S; Plenio, S. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 5191. c) Rix, D.;
Caijo, F.; Laurent, I.; Boeda, F.; Clavier, H.; Nolan, S. P.; Mauduit, M. J. Org. Chem., 2008, 73, 4225-4228. d) Mauduit, M. ; Laurent, I. ; Clavier. H. PCT int. appl., 2008 , WO
2008065187. e) Borre, E. ; Pieck, C. ; Caijo, F. ; Crevisy, C. and Mauduit M. Chemistry : Today 2009, 27 , 74-78. f) Clavier, H. ; Caijo, F. ; Borre, E. ; Rix, D. ; Boeda, F. ; Nolan, S.P., Mauduit, M. Eur. J. Org. suffers from severe drawbacks. The turn over number (TON) of the reaction is often low and the recycling and reuse of the catalyst is difficult due to easy catalyst decomposition.4 Lastly, the high cost, the large molecular weight of the catalyst and the contamination of the product by traces of the highly toxic ruthenium are hurdles for the development of large-scale processes.5 In the context of sustainable chemistry, the development of environmentally benign catalytic systems is of primary importance.5 In this regard, immobilization of the homogeneous catalysts on solid or liquid supports is very attractive to facilitate metal separation and recycling and reuse of the ruthenium catalyst. The immobilization can be performed through covalent bonding or more simply using non-covalent methods (electrostatic interactions, physisorption, capillary forces...).5'6 Ionic liquids are part of these advances7. However, in the chemical industry, heterogeneous catalysts are often preferred. To this purpose, supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysts have been developed8. The concept
Chem., 2009 , 25 , 4254. g) Borre, E. ; Caijo, F. ; Rix, D. ; Crevisy, C . ; Mauduit M.
Chemistry : Today 2008 , 26 , 89. h) Bieniek, M.; Bujok, R.; Cabaj, M. ; Lugan, N. ; Lavigne, G. ; Arlt, D. ; Grela, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2006, 128, 13652-13653. i) Castarlenas, R.;
Vovard, C. ; Fischmeister, C; Dixneuf, P. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2006, 128, 4079-4089.
4 Hong, S.H.; Wenzel, A.G. ; Salguero, T.T.; Day, M.W.; Grubbs, R.H. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2007, 129, 7961.
5 Clavier, H.; Grela K.; Kirschning, A.; Mauduit M.; Nolan, S.P Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,
2007, 46, 6786-6801.
6 Selected examples : a) Buchmeiser, M. R. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 303. b) Van Berlo, B. ; Houthoofd, . ; Sels, B. F. ; Jacobs, P. A. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 1949. c) Coperet, C. ; Basset, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2007, 349, 78. d) B. H. Lipshutz, S. Ghorai, Org. Lett, 2009, 11, 705. e) X. Elias, R. Pleixats, M. WongChi Man, J.J. E. Moreau, Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, 2006, 348, 751. f) Halbach, T. S. ; Mix, S. ; Fischer, D. ; Maechling, S. ; rause, J. O. ; Sievers, C. ; Blechert, S. ; Nuyken, O. ; Buchmeiser, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 4687. g) Buchmeiser, M. R. New J. Chem. 2004, 28, 549; h) Mayr, M. ; Mayr, B. ; Buchmeiser, M. R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 3839. i) Ahmed, M. ; Barrett, A.G.M. ; Braddock, D. C. ; Cramp S.M. and Procopiou P.A., Tetrahedron Letters, 1999, 40, 8657.
7 a) Sledz, P.; Mauduit, M.; Grela, K. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 2433-42. b) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier-Bourbigou, H. Chemtech. 1995, 25, 26-30. (c) Buijsman, R. C; Vuuren, E. V.;
Sterrenburg, J. G.; Unit, L. D.; Organon, N. V.; Box, P. O.; Oss, B. H. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 3785-3787. (d) Mayo, K. G.; Nearhoof, E. H.; Kiddle, J. J. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 1567-1570. (e) Csihony, S.; Fischmeister, C; Bruneau, C; Horvath, I. T.; Dixneuf, P. H. New J. Chem. 2002, 26, 1667-1670. f) Yao, Q.; Zhang, Y. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3395-8. (g) Yao, Q.; Zhang, Y. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3395-8. h) Audic, N.; Clavier, H.; Mauduit, M.; Guillemin, J.-C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9248-9. i) Clavier, H.; Audic, N.; Mauduit, M.; Guillemin, J.-C. Chem. Commun. 2004, 2282.
j) Borre, E.; Caijo, F. ; Crevisy, C. ; Mauduit M. Chemistry : Today 2009 , 27 , 20.
8 a) Doorslaer, C. V.; Wahlen, J.; Mertens, P.; Vos, D. D. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 8377-8390; b) Riisager, A.; Fehrmann, R.; Haumann M.; Wasserscheid, P., Top. Catal, 2006, 40, 91. c) C. P. Mehnert, Chem. Eur. J., 2005, 11, 50. c) Valkenberg, M. H.; DeCastro, C; Holderich, W. relies on the use of a molecular catalyst, which is dissolved in a thin film of ionic liquid that is covalently or not immobilized on the surface of a solid support. These new catalysts are designed to combine the benefits of homogeneous catalysis such as high activity and selectivity and heterogeneous catalysis, particularly ease of product separation and recycling of the catalyst. The reduced amount of ionic liquid used and the potential for the development of continuous flow processes are additional potential benefits.9 Typically, the supports encountered are silica, alumina and in a few examples synthetic polymers and carbon nanotubes. Dealing with olefin metathesis, to the best of our knowledge, there are only a limited number of articles stating the use of SILP catalysis. Inorganic support such as alumina10 or silica" and organic ones (polyimide polymer)12 are used. Some of us recently reported the advantages of using natural biopolymers as supports in SILP catalysis involving palladium catalysts.1 Indeed, natural biopolymers, particularly polysaccharides, fulfil most of the requisite properties for a support: (enormous quantities on earth, insolubility in the majority of organic solvents, high affinity for ionic liquids, high chemical stability and biodegradability).14 Herein, we report the first example of a biopolymer supported ionic liquid phase ruthenium catalyst, which efficiently catalyzes the ring closing metathesis of various olefin precursors and enables an efficient recycling and reuse of the catalyst. The role of the chemical structure of the support on the catalytic properties of the Ruthenium-Supported Ionic Liquid Catalyst is discussed.
Two biopolymers issued from the seas were selected for this study: chitosan and alginates15. Chitosan, an enantiopur biopolymer, which consists of 2-amino-2-deoxy-(l-4)-P-D-
F. Green Chem. 2002, 4, 88-93 (d) Riisager, A.; Fehrmann, R.; Haumann, M.; Wasserscheid, P. Topics in Catalysis. 2006, 40, 91-102.
9 a) Riisager, A. ; Wasserscheid, P. ; van Hal, R. ; Fehrmann, R. J. Catal. 2003, 219, 452-455. (b) Riisager, A.; Eriksen, K. M.; Wasserscheid, P.; Fehrmann, R. Catal. Lett. 2003, 90, 149- 153. C) Riisager, A.; J0rgensen, B.; Wasserscheid, P.; Fehrmann, R. Chem. Commun. 2006, 994-6.
10 (a) Hagiwara, H.; Okunaka, N.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T. Synlett. 2008, 1813-1816; (b)
Nakamura, T.; Okunaka, N.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2010, 93, 175. c) Siid Chemie Ag. Use of a catalyst composition for olefin metathesis in the gas phase, comprising a porous inorganic carrier coated with an ionic liquid, where a homogeneous catalyst system for the olefin metathesis is present dissolved in the ionic liquid. Szesni Normen; Mueller
Stephan; Fisher Richard; Wasserscheid Peter; Haumann Marco; Oechsner Eva; Loeckman Soebiakto; Demin Anton. Patentschrift. DE200910017498 Al 2010.10.28.
1 1 Duque, R.; Ochsner, E.; Clavier, H.; Caijo, F.; Nolan, S. P.; Mauduit, M.; Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Green Chemistry. 2011.
12 Keraani, A.; Rabiller-Baudry, M.. Fichmeister, C; Bruneau, C; Catalysis Today, 2010, 156, 268.
13 a) Baudoux, J. ; Madec, P.J. ; Gaumont A.C. ; Dez, I., Green Chem. 2007, 9, 1346-1351. b) Moucel, R.; Perrigaud, K.; Goupil, J.M.; Madec, P.J.; Marinel, S.; Guibal, E.; Gaumont A.C; Dez' I.; Adv. Synth. Cat., 2010, 352, 433-439. c) Clousier N, Moucel, R. ; Naik, P. ; Madec, P.J. ; Gaumont, A.C. ; Dez, I., C. R. Chim. (2010), doi: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.08.004.
14 These polymers have been used as support in SAP (supported aqueous phase): (a)
Quignard, F.; Choplin, A.; Domard, A. Langmuir. 2000, 16, 9106-9108; (b) Valentin, R.; Molvinger, K.; Viton, C; Domard, A.; Quignard, F. Biomacromolecules. 2005, 6, 2785-2792.
15 a) Guibal, E. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2005, 30, 71 ; b) Quignard, F.. Valentin, R.; Di Renzo, F.; New. J. Chem., 2008, 32, 1300. c) glucopyranose residues (D-glucosamine units) with no or small amount of N-acetyl-D- glucosamine units (figure 21a), is characterised by its strong affinity toward transition metal. This biopolymer, which derived mainly from the shells of crustaceans, is a side product of the fishing industry that is produced in considerable amounts each year16. Alginates are produced by brown algae and mainly consist of (l-> 4) linked β-D-mannuronic (M) and a-L-guluronic residues (G) (figure 21b). Alginates differ one from another by their M/G ratio. The use of alginates as catalytic support is recent and mainly lies in their ability to form heat-stable strong gel with divalent cations, especially Ca2+. They have been largely used for the entrapment of biologically active materials. One of the greatest advantages of chitosan and alginates over most of other polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose, starch) and other potent materials used as support (e.g. silica) is that they can readily be cast into beads, films, fibres or scaffolds, allowing for a great flexibility in their conditioning.
See Figure 21: Chemical structure of chitosan and alginate polymers. 1- Preparation and characterization of the Biopolymer supports: A) Chitosan
The beads of chitosan were prepared as follow.
Chitosan (lg) characterized by an average molar mass of 330,000g.mor' and a degree of deacetylation determined of 80% (Fluka), was dissolved in 100 mL of a 0.2% HC1 solution. After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Buchner, and dropped into a NaOH solution (0.25 mol.L"1) through a 1.1mm diameter syringe needle. Chitosan beads were stored in the alkaline solution for 2h and then rinsed with water until reaching water conductivity. Beads were then freeze-dried or dried with sc C02 according to the procedure described by Quignard et al.17 BET analysis revealed a low specific area surface (3 m2/g) for freeze dried beads and a high specific surface area (146 m2/g) for sc C02 drying, mesoporous material (pore size : 50nm) being obtained in the latter. See Figure 22: Picture of freeze dried and CCO2 dried chitosan beads.
The scaffolds of chitosan were prepared as follow.
Chitosan (lg) characterized by an average molar mass of 330,000g.mor' and a degree of deacetylation determined of 80%, was dissolved in 100 mL of a 0.2% HC1 solution. After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Buchner, and put into a mould. The solution was then freezed under liquid nitrogen. The ice blocks were put in a NaOH solution (0.25 mol.L"1) and stored for 12h in the fridge and then rinsed with water until reaching water conductivity. The scaffolds were then freeze-dried; or dried with sc C02 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersion in a series of water/ethanol baths (90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, 0/100). BET analysis revealed a low specific area surface (3 m2/g) for freeze dried scaffold and a high specific surface area (214 m2/g) for sc C02 drying, mesoporous material (pore size : 15nm) being obtained in the latter .
Macquarrie, D.J. et al Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44, 8499-8520.
16 World wide, ca. 75,000 tons of dried shrimp shells are produced annually, and these could easily yield 3,000 tons of chitin. Currently (2005), around 300 tons of chitin are produced each year, and part of this is converted into chitosan by soda treatments.
17 Valentin, R.; Molvinger, K.; Quignard, F.; Brunei, F.D. New J. Chem. 2003, 27, 1690. See Figure 4 showing the SEM picture of the surface of the chitosan freeze dried beads (a) and scaffold (b) and scC02 dried beads (c) and scaffold (d) BET analysis
See Figure 3 and Figure 23.
Glutaraldehyde cross linked chitosan beads
1 g of chitosan was dissolved in 100 mL of an acetic acid solution (0.055 mol.L"1). After complete dissolution, the solution was filtered on a Biichner funnel and added dropwise into a NaOH solution (4N) through a syringe needle (01.1mm). The chitosan beads were stored in the NaOH solution for 2 h, rinsed with water. Beads were then cross-linked in an aqueous solution of glutaraldehyde (2.5%w/w) (15mL per gram of beads) for one hour. Then, beads were rinsed with water following a procedure slightly adapted from the one reported by Aminabhavi.18 The beads were freeze-dried; or dried with sc C02 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersion in a series of water/ethanol baths (90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, 0/100). BET analysis revealed a specific area surface of 75 m2/g for freeze dried beads and a high specific surface area (353 m2/g) for sc C02 drying, mesoporous material (pore size : 14nm) being obtained in the latter.
SEM analysis of chitosan coated with ionic liquid.
See Figure 5 showing the SEM analysis of chitosan freeze dried beads (a) and scC02 dried beads (b) coated with ionic liquid B) Alginates
The beads of alginates were prepared as follow.
Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 1% (w/w). The polymer solution was added dropwise at room temperature to the stirred CaCl2 solution (0.25 M) using a syringe equipped with a 1.1mm diameter needle. The beads were cured in the gelation solution for 3 h. They were rinsed with water and freeze-dried or dried with sc C02. BET analysis revealed a low specific surface area (6 m2/g) for freeze dried beads and a high specific surface area (451 m2/g) for sc C02 drying (pore size : 43nm). See Figure 7 showing the schematic drawing of calcium alginates.
The scaffolds of alginate were prepared as follow, only freeze dried scaffolds have been prepared.
Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 1% (w/w). The solution was put into a mould. The solution was then freeze under liquid nitrogen. The ice blocks were put in a CaCl2 solution (0.25 M) and stored for 12h in the fridge and then rinsed with water. The scaffolds were then freeze-dried. BET analysis revealed a low specific surface area (2 m2/g) for freeze dried scaffolds. See Figure 24: Pictures of various conditioning of alginates.
18 Kulkarni, A. R.; Soppimath, K. S.; Aminabhavi, T. M. Pharm. Acta Helv. 1999, 74, 29; Kulkarni, A. R.; Soppimath, . S.; Aminabhavi, T. M.; Dave, A. M.; Mehta, M. H. J.
Controlled Release. 2000, 63, 97. See Figure 8 showing the SEM picture of the surface of the alginate freeze dried beads (a) scaffold (b) and scC02 dried beads (c) BET analysis
See Figure 6.
C) Alginic acid The beads of alginic acid were prepared as follow.
Sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 2% (w/w). After complete dissolution, the solution was dropped into an HCl solution (0.48 mol.L"1) through a 1.1mm diameter syringe needle. Alginate beads were stored in the acidic solution for 2h and then rinsed with water. Beads were then dried with sc C02. BET analysis revealed a specific surface area of 263 m2/g.
Glutaraldehyde cross-linked alginate beads
Sodium alginate was dissolved in 48 mL of ultrapure water at a concentration of 2% (w/w). The alginate solution was added dropwise through a syringe needle to the stirred solution of MeOH, aqueous glutaraldehyde 25% and aqueous 1M HCl (500 mL, 18/1/1 :v/v/v). The beads were stored in the gelation solution for 3 h. They were rinsed with water. The beads were freeze-dried; or dried with sc C02 (74 bar, 31.5°C) after being dehydrated by successive immersion in a series of water/ethanol baths (90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, 10/90, 0/100). BET analysis revealed a specific surface area of 18 m2/g for freeze dried beads and a high specific surface area (173 m /g) for sc C02 drying, mesoporous material (pore size : 40nm) being obtained for the latter.
2- Preparation and characterization of the Ruthenium SILPC The ruthenium supported ionic liquid catalyst (Ru-SILPC) used in this work is illustrated in figure 25. It was prepared according to a procedure similar to the one used in Pd-SILPC.13 Typically, the catalytic materials were prepared by impregnation (physisorption) of freeze dried biopolymer beads (chitosan or alginates) by a [bmim][PF6] phase containing the catalyst. The stability of the active species and the affinity of the catalyst for the ionic liquid phase are crucial for such a work. For this purpose, we selected an ionic-tagged ruthenium complex 1 19. After stirring at room temperature for a few minutes, the chitosan or alginate ionic liquid based catalytic system was ready for use.
See Figure 25: Picture (a) and schematic representation (b) of the ruthenium SILPC involving the ionic-tagged ruthenium catalyst 1 used in the process.
3- Evaluation of the Ru-SILPC in olefin metathesis (activity and recycling)
These new immobilized catalysts were first tested in the benchmark ring closing metathesis (RCM) reaction of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2 (Scheme 1). The reactions were l9a) PCT Int. Appl. (2008) WO 2008065187. b) E. Borre, F. Caijo, C. Crevisy, M. Mauduit, Chimica Oggi 2009, 27, 20-24 performed under monophasic or biphasic conditions (i.e. presence or absence of an organic solvent) at 40°C. Two apolar solvents that do not solubilise the catalyst were tested (toluene and cyclohexane).
Figure imgf000026_0001
Scheme 1 : Ring closing metathesis reaction used for testing the chitosan and alginates SILPC
Preliminary tests with the catalyst based on chitosan support clearly showed a moderate activity in the presence or absence of organic solvents (cyclohexane or toluene).
See Figure 11 (reaction performed at 40°C with 2.5mol% (4.8 mg) of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.5 mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 27 mg of chitosan freeze dried beads using 0.2 mmol of substrate).
Only 3 cycles could be performed with a reasonable conversion. This poor catalytic activity was attributed to a rapid deactivation of the catalysts, as evidenced by a change in colour of the catalytic phase (green when the catalyst is active and brown when deactivated). The deactivation of the catalysts was tentatively attributed to the amino functions of the biopolymer.
The next trials were performed with the catalyst based on alginates, a polysaccharide bearing acidic functions. In the first trials, a ratio IL (ionic liquid) / alginates of 0.5 mlV 150 mg was used. With this catalytic system, a good conversion was readily obtained (98% conversion in 2 hrs) when the reaction was performed under monophasic conditions (no organic solvent). Importantly, isolation of the product was efficiently achieved by extraction with cyclohexane. After complete extraction, recovering and reuse of the catalyst were performed after removal of the upper layer and washing of the supported ionic liquid phase with cyclohexane. Following this protocol, the Ru-catalyst was successfully reused for seven cycles with a high conversion (>90%) under similar conditions (Table of Figure 12). In the 8th and 9th cycles, a decrease of the catalytic activity was measured (4 hours instead of 2 were required to recover a similar conversion). In the 10th and 11th cycles, conversion could be driven to a good value (85%) in the expense of time (8 hrs and 15 hours respectively) (Table of Figure 12). A mechanical degradation of the beads was noticed from the 7l cycle.
See Figure 12 showing a table presenting the recycling and reuse of Ru-SILPC based on alginates support in the ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2.[a]
a Reaction performed with 0.2 mmol of substrate at 40°C with 2.5mol% (4.8 mg) of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.5 mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 150 mg of alginates. Conversion was determined by 1H NMR.
The remarkable high activity and stability of the catalyst was exemplified by TON of 449 and TOF 9.5 h"1. Detection of Ruthenium by ICP-MS in the extraction phases showed a very low leaching of the metal (1.8 % in the 1st cycle and less than 1% in the 10th cycle (Table of Figure 12).
To probe the high activity of the catalyst, the ruthenium SILP catalyst was abandoned for one month and reused under similar condition. A similar high conversion was obtained, showing that the catalyst remained active even after such a while.
To further improve these results, we optimized the biopolymer/ ionic liquid ratio. After various trials, it was found that a higher IL/ biopolymer ratio (46 mg of 1% Ca 2+ freeze dried alginates instead of 150 mg for 0.5 mL of ionic liquid) gave better reusability. This result can be ascribed to a better diffusion of the substrate into the ionic phase on this scale. Indeed, using this catalytic material, the reaction could be performed in 2 hours for more than 10 cycles with conversions about 90% (Table of Figure 13). See Figure 13 showing a table presenting the recycling and reuse of Ru-SILPC based on alginates support in the ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2.[a]
° Reaction performed at 40°C with 2.5mol% of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.5 mL [bmim]PF supported on 46 mg of alginates. See Figure 14 showing the kinetics of the reaction involving catalyst 1 using optimized (blue) and non optimized (green) biopolymer/ ionic liquid ratio.
The final goal of this work being to ascertain the possibility of using these new catalysts under continuous flow processes, we next performed the reaction under biphasic conditions using cyclohexane as solvent. Various ionic liquid/ alginates ratio were tested. Our initial trial was performed using a 0.25 ml/ 75 mg I1J biopolymer ratio and 1.75 mL of cyclohexane.
See Figure 15 showing a table presenting the recycling and reuse of Ru-SILPC based on alginates support in the ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2.[a]
0 Reaction performed with 0.4 mmol of substrate at 40°C using 2.5mol% (9.8 mg) of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.25 mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 75 mg of alginates and 1.75 mL of cyclohexane.
See Figure 16 showing the kinetics of the reaction using catalyst 1 in a biphasic system (cycloxehane as organic phase)
The best Ru-SILPC was prepared using the same amount of catalyst as previously (9.8 mg) and a ratio IL / 1% Ca + freeze dried alginates of 0.25 mL/ 35 mg for 1.75 mL of cyclohexane. The reaction performed at the same temperature (40°C) proceeded clearly under these new conditions and a full conversion was obtained after 4 hours indicating a slightly slower kinetic under heterogeneous conditions (full conversion in 2 hours in the absence of organic solvents). No noticeable IL (ionic liquid) and cyclohexane phase colour changes could be observed after the first run suggesting that the catalyst stayed in the IL phase. Recycling and reusability of the catalyst were then performed. 7 cycles could be performed in 4 hours with a conversion between about 96% (Table of Figure 15). Modifying the ratio IL/alginate did not give superior results (Table of Figure 17). Additional recycling showed a small drop of the catalytic activity (86 and 85% for the 8th and 9th cycle respectively). See Figure 17 showing a table presenting the recycling and reuse of Ru-SILPC based on alginates support in the ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2 under heterogeneous conditions (cyclohexane as the organic phase) .
" Reaction performed at 40°C with 2.5 mol% of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.25 mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 35 mg of alginates and using 1.75 mL cyclohexane.
Using a higher catalyst loading afforded even better results (Table of Figure 18). Indeed, upon using, 5 mol% of catalyst instead of 2.5 mol%, more than 15 cycles could be performed without any loss of activity (most conversion higher than 98% for each cycle).
See Figure 18 showing a table presenting the recycling and reuse of Ru-SILPC based on alginates support in the ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2 under heterogeneous conditions (cyclohexane as the organic phase). fa]
" Reaction performed at 40°C with 5.0 mol% of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.25 mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 35 mg of alginates and using 1.75 mL cyclohexane.
Variation of the solvent was then tested and cyclohexane was replaced by toluene (Table of Figure 19). Similar conditions were used (1.75 mL of toluene and a ratio of IL/ 1% Ca2+ freeze dried alginates of 0.25 mL/ 35 mg). A full conversion was observed after 3 hours at 40°C. 15 cycles could be performed in 3 hours without any loss in activity (98% conversion), which demonstrates the high stability of the complex under these conditions. However, a partial desorption of the ionic liquid was observed under these conditions. See Figure 19 showing a table presenting the recycling and reuse of Ru-SILPC based on alginates support in the ring closing metathesis of diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2 under heterogeneous conditions (toluene as the organic phase). [a]
° Reaction performed at 40°C with 2.5 mol% of catalyst 1 dissolved in 0.25 mL [bmim]PF6 supported on 35 mg of alginates and using 1.75 mL toluene.
Various other conditionings were tested. Preliminary results are reported in Figure 26:
Table 1. Alginic acid
LI [bmim]PF6 (0.5mL)
Freeze dried Alginic acid 45 mg
Catalyst 1 4.8mg (2.5%mol)
diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2 : 0.2mmol (C=0,4M)
Temperature: 40°C
Table 2. Lyophilized glutaraldehyde cross-linked alginate beads
LI [bmim]PF6 (0.5mL)
Freeze dried glutaraldehyde cross-linked alginate (frozen in N2) 150 mg
Catalyst 1 4.8mg (2.5%mol)
diethyl-2,2-diallylmalonate 2 : 0.2mmol (C=0,4M)
Temperature : 40° C In summary, we have developed powerful reusable and recyclable ruthenium catalysts for the RCM. These catalysts belong to the SILPC (Supported Ionic Liquid Phase Catalysts). Their key features are the use of a biopolvmer, i.e. chitosan or alginates, as support for the ionic liquid medium and an ionic-tagged ruthenium catalyst. High level of recyclability and reusability combined with a high reactivity. The high activity and stability of these new catalysts were clearly underlined by their high recyclability and reusability. Indeed, under heterogeneous conditions, using toluene as organic solvent, the benchmark ring closing metathesis of diallylmalonate could be performed more than 15 cycles without any loss of activity. The reactions performed well both under mono or biphasic conditions. The latter results paved the way to the development of continuous flow processes.
4- New ionic tagged Ru-catalysts showing better activities in olefin metathesis reaction that could be suitable for BIO-SILPC process.
Figure imgf000029_0001
NMR characterization of new IL-tagged catalysts :
Catalyst 3: Ή NMR (400 MHz, CD2Cl2) d ppm 16.32 (s, 1H), 8.70 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H), 8.55- 8.45 (m, 1H), 8.08-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 3H), 7.57-7.47 (m, 5H), 7.37 (s, 2H), 6.99 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.83-6.77 (m, 1H), 5.76 (s, 2H), 4.87 (pent, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (s, 4H), 3.55 (sept, J = 6.8 Hz, 4H), 1.31 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 6H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 12H), 1.20 (d, J = 6.11 Hz,12H) 19F NMR (376 MHz, CD2Cl2) d ppm -72.6 (d, J = 710.6 Hz, 6F) 3 IP NMR (162 MHz, CD2Cl2) d ppm -144.5 (d, J = 710.6 Hz, IP)
Catalyst 4 (ref 16): Ή NMR (400 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ 16.33 (s,lH), 8.69 (d, J = 5.62 Hz,2H), 8.47 (t, J = 7.81 Ηζ,ΙΗ), 8.01 (dd, J = 7.59, 6.74 Hz,2H), 7.74-7.16 (m,13H), 6.64 (s,2H), 4.44-4.33 (m,lH), 4.22-4.15 (m,4H), 4.02 (d, J = 13.01 Ηζ,ΙΗ), 3.70-3.60 (m,lH), 3.55 (dt, J = 13.48, 6.37 Hz,4H), 1.97-1.77 (m,lH), 1.55-1.45 (m,lH), 1.28-1.14 (m,24H), 0.72 (t, J = 7.50 Hz,3H). 19F NMR (376 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ -72.6 (d, 6F, J = 71 lHz). 31P NMR (162 MHz, CD2Cl2) δ -144.5 (sept, IP, J = 71 lHz)
a) PCT Int. Appl. (2008) WO 2008065187. b) PCT Int. Appl. (2010) WO2010004668 Kinetic profiles of ionic tagged-catalysts 3-4 versus 1 at different catalyst loading (1 to 0.1 mol%) in the olefin metathesis transformation involving the diethyl-2,2-metallylallylmalonate 7 (vide infra):
Figure imgf000030_0001
See Figure 20.
Catalyst activities of the most active ionic tagged-catalysts 4 in various olefin metathesis transformations performed in dichloromethane at only 0.5 mol% of catalyst loading are disclosed hereafter (eq. 1 to 9).
Figure imgf000030_0002
70% isolated yield rtBu
Figure imgf000030_0003
Figure imgf000030_0004
1 h >99% conv.
88% isolated yield
Figure imgf000030_0005
1 h >99% conv.
79% isolated yield
Figure imgf000030_0006
d
Figure imgf000031_0001
87% conv. 69% isolated yield
Figure imgf000031_0002
4h 94% conv.
86% isolated yield
Figure imgf000031_0003
1h >99% conv.
87% isolated yield
Figure imgf000031_0004
72h 51% conv.
41% isolated yield

Claims

A supported ionic liquid phase catalyst comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed in an ionic liquid on said support, wherein the support comprises a biopolymer and the catalyst is a metathesis catalyst.
The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst of claim 1, wherein the metathesis catalyst comprises an alkylidene metallic complex and wherein the metal of said alkylidene metallic complex is chosen in the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re) and osmium (Os).
The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 2, wherein the metal of said alkylidene metallic complex is ruthenium (Ru).
The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the metathesis catalyst comprises an arylidene metallic complex and wherein the metal of said arylidene metallic complex is chosen in the group consisting of tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhenium (Re) and osmium (Os).
The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 4, wherein the metal of said arylidene metallic complex is ruthenium (Ru).
The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 2 or 4, wherein the metathesis catalyst comprises at least one ligand bearing an onium tag.
7. The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 6, wherein the ligand is diaminocarbene.
The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the metathesis catalyst has following formula:
Figure imgf000032_0001
9. The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the metathesis catalyst has following formula:
Figure imgf000033_0001
10. The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the metathesis catalyst has following formula:
Figure imgf000033_0002
1 1. The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the biopolymer is selected in the group consisting of alginate and chitosan.
12. The supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the ionic liquid comprises [ButylMethyl-Imidazolium]X salts, wherein X is selected in the group consisting of PF6 or BF4 or PF3(C2F5)3.
13. The method of performing an olefin metathesis, said method comprising using a supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to any of claims 1 to 1 1.
14. Use of the supported ionic liquid phase catalyst according to any of the claims 1 to 1 1 , in olefin metathesis reactions.
15. An ionic liquid showing a suitable adsorption to a biopolymer, said ionic liquid comprising [ButylMethyl-Imidazolium]X salts, and X being selected in the group consisting of PF6 or BF4 or PF3(C2F5)3.
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