WO2013005046A1 - Smb process - Google Patents
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- WO2013005046A1 WO2013005046A1 PCT/GB2012/051591 GB2012051591W WO2013005046A1 WO 2013005046 A1 WO2013005046 A1 WO 2013005046A1 GB 2012051591 W GB2012051591 W GB 2012051591W WO 2013005046 A1 WO2013005046 A1 WO 2013005046A1
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- eluent
- pufa product
- stream
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
- B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
- B01D15/10—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features
- B01D15/18—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features relating to flow patterns
- B01D15/1814—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features relating to flow patterns recycling of the fraction to be distributed
- B01D15/1821—Simulated moving beds
- B01D15/185—Simulated moving beds characterized by the components to be separated
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D15/00—Separating processes involving the treatment of liquids with solid sorbents; Apparatus therefor
- B01D15/08—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography
- B01D15/10—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features
- B01D15/18—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features relating to flow patterns
- B01D15/1892—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by constructional or operational features relating to flow patterns the sorbent material moving as a whole, e.g. continuous annular chromatography, true moving beds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B3/00—Refining fats or fatty oils
- C11B3/10—Refining fats or fatty oils by adsorption
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B7/00—Separation of mixtures of fats or fatty oils into their constituents, e.g. saturated oils from unsaturated oils
- C11B7/0008—Separation of mixtures of fats or fatty oils into their constituents, e.g. saturated oils from unsaturated oils by differences of solubilities, e.g. by extraction, by separation from a solution by means of anti-solvents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B7/00—Separation of mixtures of fats or fatty oils into their constituents, e.g. saturated oils from unsaturated oils
- C11B7/0008—Separation of mixtures of fats or fatty oils into their constituents, e.g. saturated oils from unsaturated oils by differences of solubilities, e.g. by extraction, by separation from a solution by means of anti-solvents
- C11B7/0033—Separation of mixtures of fats or fatty oils into their constituents, e.g. saturated oils from unsaturated oils by differences of solubilities, e.g. by extraction, by separation from a solution by means of anti-solvents in solvents containing other heteroatoms in their molecule
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C1/00—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids
- C11C1/005—Splitting up mixtures of fatty acids into their constituents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
- C11C1/00—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids
- C11C1/007—Preparation of fatty acids from fats, fatty oils, or waxes; Refining the fatty acids using organic solvents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an improved chromatographic fractionation process for purifying polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and derivatives thereof.
- PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids
- the present invention relates to an improved simulated or actual moving bed chromatographic separation process for purifying PUFAs and derivatives thereof.
- Fatty acids in particular PUFAs, and their derivatives are precursors for biologically important molecules, which play an important role in the regulation of biological functions such as platelet aggregation, inflammation and immunological responses.
- PUFAs and their derivatives may be therapeutically useful in treating a wide range of pathological conditions including CNS conditions; neuropathies, including diabetic neuropathy; cardiovascular diseases; general immune system and
- inflammatory conditions including inflammatory skin diseases.
- PUFAs are found in natural raw materials, such as vegetable oils and marine oils. Such PUFAs are however, frequently present in such oils in admixture with saturated fatty acids and numerous other impurities. PUFAs should therefore desirably be purified before nutritional or pharmaceutical uses.
- PUFAs are extremely fragile. Thus, when heated in the presence of oxygen, they are prone to isomerization, peroxidation and oligomerization. The fractionation and purification of PUFA products to prepare pure fatty acids is therefore difficult. Distillation, even under vacuum, can lead to non-acceptable product degradation.
- the column contains a packing of a porous material (generally called the stationary phase) exhibiting a high permeability to fluids.
- the percolation velocity of each component of the mixture depends on the physical properties of that component so that the components exit from the column successively and selectively. Thus, some of the components tend to fix strongly to the stationary phase and thus will percolate slowly, whereas others tend to fix weakly and exit from the column more quickly.
- Many different stationary bed chromatographic systems have been proposed and are used for both analytical and industrial production purposes.
- a simulated moving bed system consists of a number of individual columns containing adsorbent which are connected together in series. Eluent is passed through the columns in a first direction. The injection points of the feedstock and the eluent, and the separated component collection points in the system, are periodically shifted by means of a series of valves. The overall effect is to simulate the operation of a single column containing a moving bed of the solid adsorbent.
- a simulated moving bed system consists of columns which, as in a conventional stationary bed system, contain stationary beds of solid adsorbent through which eluent is passed, but in a simulated moving bed system the operation is such as to simulate a continuous countercurrent moving bed.
- An actual moving bed system is similar in operation to a simulated moving bed system. However, rather than shifting the injection points of the feed mixture and the eluent, and the separated component collection points by means of a system of valves, instead a series of adsorption units (i.e. columns) are physically moved relative to the feed and drawoff points. Again, operation is such as to simulate a continuous countercurrent moving bed. Processes and equipment for actual moving bed chromatography are described in several patents, including US 6,979,402, US 5,069,883 and US 4,764,276, the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- Simulated and actual moving bed technology is generally only suitable for separating binary mixtures. Thus, a more polar component will move with the eluent, and be collected as a raffinate stream, and a less polar component will move with the adsorbent, and be collected as an extract stream. It is therefore difficult to use simulated or actual moving bed technology to separate a desired product from a crude mixture containing both polar and non-polar impurities. This limits the applicability of such techniques in purifying PUFA products from fish oils, for example.
- Fig. 1 schematically illustrated in Fig. 1 is limited to binary fractionation.
- a PUFA product can be effectively purified with a single simulated or actual moving bed apparatus using an aqueous organic solvent eluent.
- the present invention therefore provides a chromatographic separation process for recovering a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) product, from a feed mixture, which process comprises introducing the feed mixture to a simulated or actual moving bed chromatography apparatus having a plurality of linked
- chromatography columns containing, as eluent, an aqueous organic solvent
- the apparatus has a plurality of zones comprising at least a first zone and second zone, each zone having an extract stream and a raffinate stream from which liquid can be collected from said plurality of linked chromatography columns, and wherein (a) a raffinate stream containing the PUFA product together with more polar components is collected from a column in the first zone and introduced to a nonadjacent column in the second zone, and/or (b) an extract stream containing the PUFA product together with less polar components is collected from a column in the second zone and introduced to a nonadjacent column in the first zone, said PUFA product being separated from different components of the feed mixture in each zone, and wherein the aqueous organic solvent is other than aqueous alcohol.
- PUFA product obtainable by the process of the present invention.
- the PUFA products produced by the process of the present invention are produced in high yield, and have high purity. Further, the content of the distinctive impurities which typically arise from distillation of PUFAs is very low. As used herein, the term "isomeric impurities" is used to denote those impurities typically produced during the distillation of PUFA-containing natural oils. These include PUFA isomers, peroxidation and oligomerization products.
- Figure 1 illustrates the basic principles of a simulated or actual moving bed process for separating a binary mixture.
- Figure 2 illustrates a first preferred embodiment of the invention which is suitable for separating EPA from faster and slower running components (i.e. more polar and less polar impurities).
- Figure 3 illustrates a second preferred embodiment of the invention which is suitable for separating DHA from faster and slower running components (i.e. more polar and less polar impurities).
- Figure 4 illustrates in more detail the first preferred embodiment of the invention which is suitable for separating EPA from faster and slower running components (i.e. more polar and less polar impurities).
- Figure 5 illustrates in more detail the second preferred embodiment of the invention which is suitable for separating DHA from faster and slower running components (i.e. more polar and less polar impurities).
- Figure 6 illustrates in more detail an alternative method for the first preferred embodiment of the invention which is suitable for separating EPA from faster and slower running components (i.e. more polar and less polar impurities).
- Figure 7 illustrates in more detail an alternative method for the second preferred embodiment of the invention which is suitable for separating DHA from faster and slower running components (i.e. more polar and less polar impurities).
- Figure 8 illustrates a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention for purifying EPA from faster and slower running components (i.e. more polar and less polar impurities).
- Figure 9 illustrates an alternative method for a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention for purifying EPA from faster and slower running components (i.e. more polar and less polar impurities).
- Figure 10 illustrates a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention for purifying EPA from faster and slower running components (i.e. more polar and less polar impurities).
- Figure 11 shows a GC analysis of an EPA product produced by SMB.
- Figure 12 shows GC FAMES traces of first extract and raffinate streams obtained in an SMB process.
- Figure 13 shows GC FAMES traces of second extract and raffinate streams obtained in an SMB process.
- Figure 14 shows a GC FAMES trace of a DHA product produced by SMB.
- Figure 15 shows a GC FAMES trace of a DHA product produced by distillation.
- Figure 16 shows a GC trace of an EPA product produced using a chromatographic technique in which the eluent was aqueous acetonitrile.
- PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid
- PUFA derivative is a PUFA in the form of a mono-, di- or triglyceride, ester, phospholipid, amide, lactone, or salt.
- Triglycerides and esters are preferred.
- Esters are more preferred.
- Esters are typically alkyl esters, preferably Ci- C 6 alkyl esters, more preferably C 1 -C4 alkyl esters. Examples of esters include methyl and ethyl esters. Ethyl esters are most preferred.
- PUFA product refers to a product comprising one or more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and/or derivatives thereof, typically of nutritional or pharmaceutical significance.
- PUFA product is a single PUFA or derivative thereof.
- the PUFA product is a mixture of two or more PUFAs or derivatives thereof, for example two.
- zone refers to a plurality of linked chromatography columns containing, as eluent, an aqueous organic solvent, and having one or more injection points for a feed mixture stream, one or more injection points for water and/or organic solvent, a raffinate take-off stream from which liquid can be collected from said plurality of linked chromatography columns, and an extract take-off stream from which liquid can be collected from said plurality of linked chromatography columns.
- each zone has only one injection point for a feed mixture.
- each zone has only one injection point for the aqueous organic solvent eluent.
- each zone has two or more injection points for water and/or organic solvent.
- raffmate is well known to the person skilled in the art. In the context of actual and simulated moving bed chromatography it refers to the stream of components that move more rapidly with the liquid eluent phase compared with the solid adsorbent phase. Thus, a raffmate stream is typically enriched with more polar components, and depleted of less polar components compared with a feed stream.
- extract is well known to the person skilled in the art. In the context of actual and simulated moving bed chromatography it refers to the stream of components that move more rapidly with the solid adsorbent phase compared with the liquid eluent phase. Thus, an extract stream is typically enriched with less polar components, and depleted of more polar components compared with a feed stream.
- nonadjacent when applied to columns in the same apparatus refers to columns separated by one or more columns, preferably 3 or more columns, more preferably 5 or more columns, most preferably about 5 columns.
- the raffmate stream collected from the first zone is the feed mixture for the second zone.
- an extract stream containing the PUFA product together with less polar components is collected from a column in the second zone and introduced to a nonadjacent column in the first zone, the extract stream collected from the second zone is the feed mixture in the first zone.
- the PUFA product comprises at least one co-3 or co-6 PUFA, preferably at least one co-3 PUFA.
- co-3 PUFAs include alpha- lino lenic acid (ALA), stearidonic acid (SDA), eicosatrienoic acid (ETE), eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
- ALA alpha- lino lenic acid
- SDA stearidonic acid
- ETE eicosatrienoic acid
- ETA eicosatetraenoic acid
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- DPA docosapentaenoic acid
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- SDA, EPA, DPA and DHA are preferred. EPA and DHA are more preferred
- co-6 PUFAs examples include linoleic acid (LA), gamma- lino lenic acid (GLA), eicosadienoic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (ARA), docosadienoic acid, adrenic acid and docosapentaenoic (co-6) acid.
- LA, ARA, GLA and DGLA are preferred.
- the PUFA product is EPA and/or EPA ethyl ester (EE)
- the PUFA product is DHA and/or EPA ethyl ester (EE).
- the PUFA product is a mixture of EPA and DHA and/or EPA EE and DHA EE.
- Suitable feed mixtures for fractionating by the process of the present invention may be obtained from natural sources including vegetable and animal oils and fats, and from synthetic sources including oils obtained from genetically modified plants, animals and micro organisms including yeasts.
- Examples include fish oils, algal and microalgal oils and plant oils, for example borage oil, Echium oil and evening primrose oil.
- the feed mixture is a fish oil.
- the feed mixture is an algal oil.
- Algal oils are particularly suitable when the desired PUFA product is EPA and/or DHA.
- Genetically modified Safflower oil is particularly suitable when the desired PUFA product is GLA.
- Genetically modified yeast is particularly suitable when the desired PUFA product is EPA.
- the feed mixture may undergo chemical treatment before fractionation by the process of the invention.
- it may undergo glyceride transesterification or glyceride hydrolysis followed in certain cases by selective processes such as crystallisation, molecular distillation, urea fractionation, extraction with silver nitrate or other metal salt solutions, iodolactonisation or supercritical fluid fractionation.
- the feed mixtures typically contain the PUFA product and at least one more polar component and at least one less polar component.
- the less polar components have a stronger adherence to the adsorbent used in the process of the present invention than does the PUFA product.
- such less polar components typically move with the solid adsorbent phase in preference to the liquid eluent phase.
- the more polar components have a weaker adherence to the adsorbent used in the process of the present invention than does the PUFA product.
- such more polar components typically move with the liquid eluent phase in preference to the solid adsorbent phase.
- more polar components will be separated into a raffinate stream, and less polar components will be separated into an extract stream.
- Examples of the more and less polar components include (1) other compounds occurring in natural oils (e.g. marine oils or vegetable oils), (2) byproducts formed during storage, refining and previous concentration steps and (3) contaminants from solvents or reagents which are utilized during previous concentration or purification steps.
- Examples of (1) include other unwanted PUFAs; saturated fatty acids; sterols, for example cholesterol; vitamins; and environmental pollutants, such as
- PCB polychlorobiphenyl
- PAH polyaromatic hydrocarbon
- Examples of (2) include isomers and oxidation or decomposition products from the PUFA product, for instance, auto-oxidation polymeric products of fatty acids or their derivatives.
- Examples of (3) include urea which may be added to remove saturated or mono- unsaturated fatty acids from the feed mixture.
- the feed mixture is a PUFA-containing marine oil, more preferably a marine oil comprising EPA and/or DHA.
- a typical feed mixture for preparing concentrated EPA by the process of the present invention comprises 50-75% EPA, 0 to 10% DHA, and other components including other essential co-3 and co-6 fatty acids.
- a preferred feed mixture for preparing concentrated EPA by the process of the present invention comprises 55% EPA, 5% DHA, and other components including other essential co-3 and co-6 fatty acids.
- DHA is less polar than EPA.
- a typical feed mixture for preparing concentrated DHA by the process of the present invention comprises 50-75% DHA, 0 to 10% EPA, and other components including other essential co-3 and co-6 fatty acids.
- a preferred feed mixture for preparing concentrated DHA by the process of the present invention comprises 75% DHA, 7% EPA and other components including other essential co-3 and co-6 fatty acids.
- EPA is more polar than DHA.
- a typical feed mixture for preparing a concentrated mixture of EPA and DHA by the process of the present invention comprises greater than 33% EPA, and greater than 22% DHA.
- the process of the invention requires a plurality of zones in said chromatography apparatus. Typically, two or more zones are used.
- the number of zones is not particularly limited, but in general there are 2 to 5 zones.
- the components separated in each zone of the apparatus used in the process of the present invention have different polarities.
- a) the aqueous organic solvent eluent present in each zone has a different water: organic solvent ratio; and/or
- the present invention typically provides a chromatographic separation process for recovering a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) product, from a feed mixture, which process comprises introducing the feed mixture to a simulated or actual moving bed chromatography apparatus having a plurality of linked chromatography columns containing, as eluent, an aqueous organic solvent, wherein the apparatus has a first zone and a second zone, each zone having an extract stream and a raffinate stream from which liquid can be collected from said plurality of linked chromatography columns, and wherein (a) a raffinate stream containing the PUFA product together with more polar components is collected from a column in the first zone and introduced to a nonadjacent column in the second zone, and/or (b) an extract stream containing the PUFA product together with less polar components is collected from a column in the second zone and introduced to a nonadjacent column in the first zone, said PUFA product being separated from
- the apparatus used in the process of the present invention contains two zones
- the eluent in the first zone contains more organic solvent than the eluent in the second zone
- the second zone is downstream of the first zone with respect to the flow of eluent in the system.
- the eluent in the system typically moves from the first zone to the second zone.
- the solid adsorbent phase typically moves from the second zone to the first zone.
- the two zones do not overlap, i.e. there are no chromatographic columns which are in both zones.
- the apparatus has a first zone, a second zone and a third zone.
- the water:organic solvent ratios of the aqueous organic solvent eluent present in the first, second and third zones are typically different. As will be evident to one skilled in the art, this has the consequence that impurities having different polarities can be removed in each zone.
- the eluent in the first zone contains more organic solvent than the eluent in the second zone and the third zone and the first zone is upstream of the second and third zones with respect to the flow of eluent in the system.
- the eluent in the second zone contains more organic solvent than the eluent in the third zone and the second zone is upstream of the third zone with respect to the flow of eluent in the system.
- said PUFA product is separated from components of the feed mixture which are less polar than the PUFA product.
- said PUFA product is separated from components of the feed mixture which are less polar than the PUFA product but more polar than the components separated in the first zone.
- said PUFA product is separated from components of the feed mixture which are more polar than the PUFA product.
- said PUFA product is separated from components of the feed mixture which are less polar than the PUFA product, in the second zone, said PUFA product is separated from components of the feed mixture which are more polar than the PUFA product, and in the third zone, said PUFA product is separated from components of the feed mixture which are more polar than the PUFA product and also more polar than the components separated in the second zone.
- Such a setup having three zones would be suitable for separating EPA and DHA from a mixture containing impurities which are less polar than DHA and EPA and also containing impurities which are more polar than EPA.
- the components which are less polar than DHA and EPA are removed as an extract stream and a raffmate stream comprising DHA, EPA and components which are more polar than EPA is collected and introduced into the second zone.
- DHA is removed as an extract stream and a raffmate stream comprising EPA and components which are more polar than EPA is collected and introduced into the third zone.
- the components which are more polar than EPA are removed as a raffmate stream and purified EPA is collected as an extract stream.
- the purified EPA is the purified PUFA product.
- a secondary PUFA may also be recovered.
- the secondary PUFA is the DHA collected as the extract stream from the second zone.
- an additional secondary PUFA product is collected in the chromatographic separation process of the invention.
- the PUFA product is EPA and the additional secondary PUFA product is DHA.
- the apparatus is configured to collect a PUFA product which is a concentrated mixture of EPA and DHA.
- a feed mixture is used which contains EPA, DHA, components which are more polar than EPA and DHA, and components which are less polar than EPA and DHA.
- EPA EPA
- DHA components which are more polar than EPA and DHA
- components which are less polar than EPA and DHA are less polar than EPA and DHA.
- In the second zone material which is more polar than EPA and DHA is removed, and a concentrated mixture of EPA and DHA is collected as the PUFA product.
- Any known simulated or actual moving bed chromatography apparatus may be utilised for the purposes of the method of the present invention, as long as the apparatus is configured with the multiple, in particular two, zones which characterise the process of the present invention.
- Those apparatuses described in US 2,985,589, US 3,696,107, US 3,706,812, US 3,761,533, FR-A-2103302, FR-A-2651148, FR-A- 2651149, US 6,979,402, US 5,069,883 and US 4,764,276 may all be used if configured in accordance with the process of the present invention.
- the number of columns used in the apparatus is not particularly limited. A skilled person would easily be able to determine an appropriate number of columns to use.
- the number of columns is typically 8 or more, preferably 15 or more. In a more preferred embodiment 15 or 16 columns are used. In another more preferred embodiment, 19 or 20 columns are used. In other more preferred embodiments, 30 or more columns are used. Typically, there are no more than 50 columns, preferably no more than 40.
- Each zone typically consists of an approximately equal share of the total number of columns.
- each zone typically consists of approximately half of the total number of chromatographic columns in the system.
- the first zone typically comprises 4 or more, preferably 8 or more, more preferably about 8 columns.
- the second zone typically comprises 4 or more, preferably 7 or more, more preferably 7 or 8 columns.
- the dimensions of the columns used in the apparatus are not particularly limited, and will depend on the volume of feed mixture to be purified. A skilled person would easily be able to determine appropriately sized columns to use.
- the diameter of each column is typically between 10 and 500mm, preferable between 25 and 250mm, more preferable between 50 and 100 mm, and most preferably between 70 and 80 mm.
- the length of each column is typically between 10 and 200 cm, preferably between 25 and 150cm, more preferably between 70 and 110 cm, and most preferably between 80 and 100 cm.
- the columns in each zone typically have identical dimensions but may, for certain applications, have different dimensions.
- the flow rates to the column are limited by maximum pressures across the series of columns and will depend on the column dimensions and particle size of the solid phases.
- One skilled in the art will easily be able to establish the required flow rate for each column dimension to ensure efficient desorption. Larger diameter columns will in general need higher flows to maintain linear flow through the columns.
- the flow rate of eluent into the first zone is from 1 to 4.5L/min, preferably from 1.5 to 2.5 L/min.
- the flow rate of the extract from the first zone is from 0.1 to 2.5L/min, preferably from 0.5 to 2.25 L/min.
- the flow rate of recycle is typically from 0.7 to 1.4 L/min, preferably about 1 L/min.
- the flow rate of the raffmate from the first zone is from 0.2 to 2.5 L/min, preferably from 0.3 to 2.0 L/min.
- the flow rate of recycle is typically from 0.3 to 1.0 L/min, preferably about 0.5 L/min.
- the flow rate of introduction of the feed mixture into the first zone is from 5 to 150 mL/min, preferably from 10 to 100 mL/min, more preferably from 20 to 60 mL/min.
- the flow rate of eluent into the second zone is from 1 to 4 L/min, preferably from 1.5 to 3.5 L/min.
- the flow rate of the extract from the second zone is from from 0.5 to 2 L/min, preferably from 0.7 to 1.9 L/min.
- the flow rate of recycle is typically from 0.6 to 1.4 L/min, preferably from 0.7 to 1.1 L/min, more preferably about 0.9 L/min.
- the flow rate of the raffinate from the second zone is from 0.5 to 2.5 L/min, preferably from 0.7 to 1.8 L/min, more preferably about 1.4 L/min.
- references to rates at which liquid is collected or removed via the various extract and raffinate streams refer to volumes of liquid removed in an amount of time, typically L/minute.
- references to rates at which liquid is recycled back into the same zone, typically to an adjacent column in the same zone refer to volumes of liquid recycled in an amount of time, typically L/minute.
- part of one or more of the extract stream from the first zone, the raffinate stream from the first zone, the extract stream from the second zone, and the raffinate stream from the second zone are recycled back into the same zone, typically into an adjacent column in the same zone.
- This recycle is different from the feeding of an extract or raffinate stream into a non- adjacent column in another zone. Rather, the recycle involves feeding part of the extract or raffinate stream out of a zone back into the same zone, typically into an adjacent column in the same zone.
- the rate at which liquid collected via the extract or raffinate stream from the first or second zones is recycled back into the same zone is the rate at which liquid collected via that stream is fed back into the same zone, typically into an adjacent column in the same zone.
- the rate of recycle of extract in the first zone is the rate at which extract collected from the bottom of column 2 is fed into the top of column 3, i.e. the flow rate of liquid into the top of column 3.
- the rate of recycle of extract in the second zone is the rate at which extract collected at the bottom of column 10 is fed into the top of column 11, i.e. the flow rate of liquid into the top of column 11.
- Recycle of the extract and/or raffinate streams is typically effected by feeding the liquid collected via that stream into a container, and then pumping an amount of that liquid from the container back into the same zone.
- the rate of recycle of liquid collected via a particular extract or raffinate stream, typically back into an adjacent column in the same zone is the rate at which liquid is pumped out of the container back into the same zone, typically into an adjacent column.
- the amount of liquid being introduced into a zone via the eluent and feedstock streams is balanced with the amount of liquid removed from a zone, and recycled back into the same zone.
- the flow rate of eluent (desorbent) into the first or second zone (D) is equal to the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from that zone accumulates in a container (E1/E2) added to the rate at which extract is recycled back into the same zone (D-E1/D-E2).
- the rate at which extract is recycled back into a zone (D-E1/D-E2) added to the rate at which feedstock is introduced into a zone (F/Rl) is equal to the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream from that zone accumulates in a container (R1/R2) added to the rate at which raffinate is recycled back into the same zone (D+F-El- R1/D+R1-E2-R2).
- the rate at which liquid collected from a particular extract or raffinate stream from a zone accumulates in a container can also be thought of as the net rate of removal of that extract or raffinate stream from that zone.
- the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream out of the first zone is recycled back into the first zone differs from the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream out of the second zone is recycled back into the second zone, and/or the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream out of the first zone is recycled back into the first zone differs from the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream out of the second zone is recycled back into the second zone.
- Varying the rate at which liquid collected via the extract and/or raffinate streams in each zone is recycled back into the same zone has the effect of varying the amount of more polar and less polar components present in the other extract and raffinate streams.
- a lower extract recycle rate results in fewer of the less polar components in that zone being carried through to the raffinate stream in that zone.
- a higher extract recycle rate results in more of the less polar components in that zone being carried through to the raffinate stream in that zone. This can be seen, for example, in the specific embodiment of the invention shown in figure 6.
- the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream in the first zone is recycled back into the same zone (D-El) will affect to what extent any of component A is carried through to the raffinate stream in the first zone (Rl).
- the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the first zone is recycled back into the first zone is faster than the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the second zone is recycled back into the second zone.
- a raffinate stream containing the PUFA product together with more polar components is collected from a column in the first zone and introduced to a nonadjacent column in the second zone, and the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the first zone is recycled back into the first zone is faster than the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the second zone is recycled back into the second zone.
- the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the first zone is recycled back into the first zone is slower than the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the second zone is recycled back into the second zone.
- the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream from the second zone is recycled back into the second zone is faster than the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream from the first zone is recycled back into the first zone.
- an extract stream containing the PUFA product together with less polar components is collected from a column in the second zone and introduced to a nonadjacent column in the first zone, and the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream from the second zone is recycled back into the second zone is faster than the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream from the first zone is recycled back into the first zone.
- the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream from the second zone is recycled back into the second zone is slower than the rate at which liquid collected via the raffmate stream from the first zone is recycled back into the first zone.
- the step time i.e. the time between shifting the points of injection of the feed mixture and eluent, and the various take off points of the collected fractions, is not particularly limited, and will depend on the number and dimensions of the columns used, and the flow rate through the apparatus. A skilled person would easily be able to determine appropriate step times to use in the process of the present invention.
- the step time is typically from 100 to 1000 seconds, preferably from 200 to 800 seconds, more preferably from about 250 to about 750 seconds. In some embodiments, a step time of from 100 to 400 seconds, preferably 200 to 300 seconds, more preferably about 250 seconds, is appropriate. In other embodiments, a step time of from 600 to 900 seconds, preferably 700 to 800 seconds, more preferably about 750 seconds is appropriate.
- Each chromatographic column may contain the same or a different adsorbent.
- each column contains the same adsorbent.
- Examples of such commonly used materials are polymeric beads, preferably polystyrene reticulated with DVB (divinylbenzene); and silica gel, preferably reverse phase bonded silica gel with C8 or CI 8 alkanes, especially CI 8. CI 8 bonded reverse phase silica gel is preferred.
- the adsorbent used in the process of the present invention is preferably non-polar.
- the shape of the adsorbent stationary phase material may be, for example, spherical or nonspherical beads, preferably substantially spherical beads.
- Such beads typically have a diameter of 5 to 500 microns, preferably 10 to 500 microns, more preferably 15 to 500 microns, more preferably 40 to 500 microns, more preferably 100 to 500 microns, more preferably 250 to 500 microns, even more preferably 250 to 400 microns, most preferably 250 to 350 microns.
- beads with a diameter of 5 to 35 microns may be used, typically 10 to 30 microns, preferably 15 to 25 microns.
- Some preferred particle sizes are somewhat larger than particle sizes of beads used in the past in simulated and actual moving bed processes.
- adsorbent beads of large particle size may be used in the process of the present invention (with their associated advantages) without any loss in resolution.
- the adsorbent typically has a pore size of from 10 to 50 nm, preferably 15 to 45 nm, more preferably 20 to 40 nm, most preferably 25 to 35 nm.
- the eluent used in the process of the present invention is an aqueous organic solvent other than aqueous alcohol.
- the aqueous organic solvent typically comprises water and one or more ethers, esters, ketones or nitriles, or mixtures thereof.
- Ether solvents are well known to the person skilled in the art. Ethers are typically short chain ethers. Ethers typically are of formula R-O-R', wherein R and R are the same or different and represent a straight or branched Ci-C 6 alkyl group. The Ci-C 6 alkyl group is preferably unsubstituted. Preferred ethers include diethylether, diisopropylether, and methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE).
- MTBE methyl t-butyl ether
- Ester solvents are well known to the person skilled in the art.
- Esters are typically short chain esters.
- Preferred esters include methylacetate and ethylacetate.
- MIBK methyl isobutyl ketone
- Nitrile solvents are well known to the person skilled in the art. Nitriles are typically short chain nitriles. Nitriles typically are of formula R-CN, wherein R represents a straight or branched Ci-C 6 alkyl group. The Ci-C 6 alkyl group is preferably unsubstituted. Preferred nitriles include acetonitrile.
- the aqueous organic solvent is preferably aqueous acetonitrile.
- the eluent typically contains up to 30 wt% water, remainder acetonitrile.
- the eluent contains from 5 to 25 wt% water, remainder acetonitrile. More preferably, the eluent contains from 10 to 20 wt% water, remainder acetonitrile. Even more preferably, the eluent contains from 15 to 25 wt% water, remainder acetonitrile.
- the aqueous alcohol typically comprises water and one or more short chain alcohols.
- the short chain alcohol typically has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, s-butanol and t-butanol.
- the eluent is not in a supercritical state.
- the eluent is a liquid.
- the average watenorganic solvent ratio of the eluent in the entire apparatus is from 0.1 :99.9 to 30:70 parts by volume, preferably 0.1 :99.9 to 9:91 parts by volume, more preferably from 0.25 :99.75 to 7:93 parts by volume, even more preferably from 0.5 :99.5 to 6:94 parts by volume.
- the eluting power of the eluent in each of the zones is typically different.
- the eluting power of the eluent in the first zone is greater than that of the eluent in the second and subsequent zones.
- this is achieved by varying the relative amounts of water and organic solvent in each zone. Depending on the choice of organic solvent, they may be more powerful desorbers than water. Alternatively, they may be less powerful desorbers than water. Acetonitrile, for example, is a more powerful desorber than water.
- the amount of acetonitrile in the eluent in the first zone is typically greater than the amount of acetonitrile in the eluent of the second and subsequent zones.
- the watenorganic solvent ratio of the eluent in the first zone is typically from 5:95 to 25:75 parts by volume, preferably 10:90 to 15:85 parts by volume.
- the watenorganic solvent ratio of the eluent in the first zone may be from 0: 100 to 5:95 parts by volume, preferably from 0.1 :99.9 to 2.5:97.5 parts by volume, more preferably from 0.25:99.75 to 2:98 parts by volume, and most preferably from 0.5:99.5 to 1.5:98.5 parts by volume.
- the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the second zone is typically from 10:90 to 30:70 parts by volume, preferably 15 :85 to 20:80 parts by volume.
- the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the second zone may be from 3:97 to 7:93 parts by volume, preferably from 4:96 to 6:94 parts by volume, more preferably from 4.5:95.5 to 5.5:94.5 parts by volume.
- the water: organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the first zone is from 0.5:99.5 to 1.5:98.5 parts by volume
- the watenorganic solvent ratio of the eluent in the second zone is from 4.5:95:5 to 5.5:94.5 parts by volume.
- the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluents in each zone may be the same or different.
- the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in each zone is from 0.5:99.5 to 5.5:94.5 parts by volume.
- the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the first zone is lower than the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the second zone.
- the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the first zone is higher than the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the second zone.
- the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the first zone is the same as the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the second zone. It will be appreciated that the ratios of water and organic solvent in each zone referred to above are average ratios within the totality of the zone.
- the watenorganic solvent ratio of the eluent in each zone is controlled by introducing water and/or organic solvent into one or more columns in the zones.
- water is typically introduced more slowly into the first zone than the second zone.
- essentially pure organic solvent and essentially pure water may be introduced at different points in each zone. The relative flow rates of these two streams will determine the overall solvent profile across the zone.
- different organic solvent/water mixtures may be introduced at different points in each zone. That will involve introducing two or more different organic solvent/water mixtures into the zone, each organic solvent/water mixture having a different organic solven water ratio. The relative flow rates and relative concentrations of the organic solvent/water mixtures in this embodiment will determine the overall solvent profile across the zone.
- the same organic solvent/water mixture is introduced to each zone.
- the process of the present invention is conducted at from 15 to 55°C, preferably at from 20 to 40°C, more preferably at about 30°C.
- the process is typically carried out at room temperature, but may be conducted at elevated temperatures.
- the process of the present invention involves introducing a feed stream into one zone (for example the first zone), collecting a first intermediate stream enriched with the PUFA product and introducing the first intermediate stream into another zone (for example the second zone).
- the process involves either (a) collecting a first intermediate stream from the first zone and introducing it into the second zone, or (b) collecting a first intermediate stream from the second zone and introducing it into the first zone.
- the PUFA product can be separated from both more and less polar components in a single process.
- the apparatus has two zones, and the process of the present invention comprises:
- This particularly preferred embodiment is suitable for purifying EPA from a feed mixture.
- a feed mixture F comprising the PUFA product (B) and more polar (C) and less polar (A) components is introduced into the first zone.
- the less polar components (A) are removed as extract stream El .
- the PUFA product (B) and more polar components (C) are removed as raffmate stream Rl .
- Raffmate stream Rl is then introduced into the second zone.
- the more polar components (C) are removed as raffmate stream R2.
- the PUFA product (B) is collected as extract stream E2.
- FIG 4 is identical to Figure 2, except that the points of introduction of the organic solvent desorbent (D) and water (W) into each zone are shown.
- the organic solvent desorbent (D) and water (W) together make up the eluent.
- the (D) phase is typically essentially pure organic solvent, but may, in certain embodiments be an organic solvent/water mixture comprising mainly organic solvent.
- the (W) phase is typically essentially pure water, but may, in certain embodiments be an organic solvent/water mixture comprising mainly water, for example a 98%water/2% acetonitrile mixture.
- FIG 6. Here there is no separate water injection point, and instead an aqueous organic solvent desorbent is injected at (D).
- the separation into raffinate and extract stream can be aided by varying the desorbing power of the eluent within each zone. This can be achieved by introducing the organic solvent (or organic solvent rich) component of the eluent and the water (or water rich) component at different points in each zone. Thus, typically, the organic solvent is introduced upstream of the extract take-off point and the water is introduced between the extract take-off point and the point of introduction of the feed into the zone, relative to the flow of eluent in the system. This is shown in Figure 4.
- the separation can be aided by varying the rates at which liquid collected via the extract and raffinate streams from the two zones is recycled back into the same zone.
- the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the first zone is recycled back into the first zone is faster than the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the second zone is recycled back into the second zone; or the water:organic solvent ratio of the eluent in the first zone is lower than that in the second zone.
- the first raffinate stream in the first zone is typically removed downstream of the point of introduction of the feed mixture into the first zone, with respect to the flow of eluent in the first zone.
- the first extract stream in the first zone is typically removed upstream of the point of introduction of the feed mixture into the first zone, with respect to the flow of eluent in the first zone.
- the second raffinate stream in the second zone is typically removed downstream of the point of introduction of the first raffinate stream into the second zone, with respect to the flow of eluent in the second zone.
- the second extract stream in the second zone is typically collected upstream of the point of introduction of the first raffinate stream into the second zone, with respect to the flow of eluent in the second zone.
- the organic solvent or aqueous organic solvent is introduced into the first zone upstream of the point of removal of the first extract stream, with respect to the flow of eluent in the first zone.
- the water is introduced into the first zone upstream of the point of introduction of the feed mixture but downstream of the point of removal of the first extract stream, with respect to the flow of eluent in the first zone.
- the organic solvent or aqueous organic solvent is introduced into the second zone upstream of the point of removal of the second extract stream, with respect to the flow of eluent in the second zone.
- the water when water is introduced into the second zone, the water is introduced into the second zone upstream of the point of introduction of the first raffinate stream but downstream of the point of removal of the second extract stream, with respect to the flow of eluent in the second zone.
- the apparatus has two zones, and the process comprises:
- This particularly preferred embodiment is suitable for purifying DHA from a feed mixture.
- This embodiment is illustrated in Figure 3.
- a feed mixture F comprising the PUFA product (B) and more polar (C) and less polar (A) components is introduced into the second zone.
- the more polar components (C) are removed as raffinate stream Rl .
- the PUFA product (B) and less polar components (A) are collected as extract stream El .
- Extract stream El is then introduced to the first zone.
- the less polar components (A) are removed as extract stream E2.
- the PUFA product (B) is collected as raffinate stream R2.
- This embodiment is illustrated in more detail in Figure 5.
- Figure 5 is identical to Figure 3, except that the points of introduction of the organic solvent desorbent (D) and water (W) into each zone are shown.
- the (D) phase is typically essentially pure organic solvent, but may, in certain embodiments be an organic solvent/water mixture comprising mainly organic solvent.
- the (W) phase is typically essentially pure water, but may, in certain embodiments be an organic solvent/water mixture comprising mainly water, for example a 98%water/2% acetonitrile mixture.
- FIG. 7 A further illustration of this particularly preferred embodiment is shown in Figure 7. Here there is no separate water injection point, and instead an aqueous organic solvent desorbent is injected at (D).
- the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream from the second zone is reintroduced into the second zone is faster than the rate at which liquid collected via the raffinate stream from the first zone is
- the watenorganic solvent ratio of the eluent in the first zone is lower than that in the second zone.
- the first raffinate stream in the second zone is typically removed downstream of the point of introduction of the feed mixture into the second zone, with respect to the flow of eluent in the second zone.
- the first extract stream in the second zone is typically collected upstream of the point of introduction of the feed mixture into the second zone, with respect to the flow of eluent in the second zone.
- the second raffinate stream in the first zone is typically collected downstream of the point of introduction of the first extract stream into the first zone, with respect to the flow of eluent in the first zone.
- the second extract stream in the first zone is typically removed upstream of the point of introduction of the first extract stream into the first zone, with respect to the flow of eluent in the first zone.
- the organic solvent or aqueous organic solvent is introduced into the second zone upstream of the point of removal of the first extract stream, with respect to the flow of eluent in the second zone.
- water when water is introduced into the second zone, the water is introduced into the second zone upstream of the point of introduction of the feed mixture but downstream of the point of removal of the first extract stream, with respect to the flow of eluent in the second zone.
- the organic solvent or aqueous organic solvent is introduced into the first zone upstream of the point of removal of the second extract stream, with respect to the flow of eluent in the first zone.
- the water is introduced into the first zone upstream of the point of introduction of the first raffinate stream but downstream of the point of removal of the second extract stream, with respect to the flow of eluent in the first zone.
- the simulated or actual moving bed chromatography apparatus consists of fifteen chromatographic columns. These are referred to as columns 1 to 15.
- the fifteen columns are arranged in series so that the bottom of column 1 is linked to the top of column 2, the bottom of column 2 is linked to the top of column 3 etc. This may optionally be via a holding container, with a recycle stream into the next column.
- the flow of eluent through the system is from column 1 to column 2 to column 3 etc.
- the flow of adsorbent through the system is from column 15 to column 14 to column 13 etc.
- the first zone typically consists of eight adjacent columns, columns 1 to 8, which are connected as discussed above.
- the second zone typically consists of seven columns, columns 9 to 15, which are connected as discussed above. For the avoidance of doubt, the bottom of column 8 in the first zone is linked to the top of column 9 in the second zone.
- a feed mixture F comprising the PUFA product (B) and more polar (C) and less polar (A) components is introduced into the top of column 5 in the first zone.
- Organic solvent desorbent is introduced into the top of column 1 in the first zone. Water is introduced into the top of column 4 in the first zone.
- the less polar components (A) are removed as extract stream El from the bottom of column 2.
- the PUFA product (B) and more polar components (C) are removed as raffmate stream Rl from the bottom of column 7.
- Raffmate stream Rl is then introduced into the second zone at the top of column 13.
- Organic solvent desorbent is introduced into the top of column 9 in the second zone. Water is introduced into the top of column 12 in the second zone. In the second zone, the more polar components (C) are removed as raffmate stream R2 at the bottom of column 15.
- the PUFA product (B) is collected as extract stream E2 at the bottom of column 10.
- organic solvent is typically introduced into the top of column 1 in the first zone.
- water is typically introduced into the top of column 4 in the first zone.
- organic solvent is typically introduced into the top of column 9 in the second zone. In this most preferred embodiment, organic solvent is typically introduced into the top of column 12 in the second zone.
- the feed stream is typically introduced into the top of column 5 in the first zone.
- a first raffmate stream is typically collected from the bottom of column 7 in the first zone and introduced into the top of column 13 in the second zone.
- the first raffmate stream may optionally be collected in a container before being introduced into column 13.
- a first extract stream is typically removed from the bottom of column 2 in the first zone.
- the first extract stream may optionally be collected in a container and reintroduced into the top of column 3 in the first zone.
- a second raffmate stream is typically removed from the bottom of column 15 in the second zone.
- a second extract stream is typically collected from the bottom of column 10 in the second zone.
- This second extract stream typically contains the purified PUFA product.
- the second extract stream may optionally be collected in a container and reintroduced into the top of column 11 in the second zone.
- the watenorganic solvent ratio in the first zone is lower than the water:organic solvent ratio in the second zone.
- a feed mixture F comprising the PUFA product (B) and more polar (C) and less polar (A) components is introduced into the top of column 5 in the first zone.
- Aqueous organic solvent desorbent is introduced into the top of column 1 in the first zone.
- the less polar components (A) are removed as extract stream El from the bottom of column 2.
- the PUFA product (B) and more polar components (C) are removed as raffmate stream Rl from the bottom of column 7.
- Raffmate stream Rl is then introduced into the second zone at the top of column 12.
- Aqueous organic solvent desorbent is introduced into the top of column 9 in the second zone.
- the more polar components (C) are removed as raffinate stream R2 at the bottom of column 14.
- the PUFA product (B) is collected as extract stream E2 at the bottom of column 10.
- aqueous organic solvent is typically introduced into the top of column 1 in the first zone.
- aqueous organic solvent is typically introduced into the top of column 9 in the second zone.
- the feed stream is typically introduced into the top of column 5 in the first zone.
- a first raffinate stream is typically collected from the bottom of column 7 in the first zone and introduced into the top of column 12 in the second zone.
- the first raffinate stream may optionally be collected in a container before being introduced into column 12.
- a first extract stream is typically removed from the bottom of column 2 in the first zone.
- the first extract stream may optionally be collected in a container and a portion reintroduced into the top of column 3 in the first zone.
- the rate of recycle of liquid collected via the extract stream from the first zone back into the first zone is the rate at which liquid is pumped from this container into the top of column 3.
- a second raffinate stream is typically removed from the bottom of column 14 in the second zone.
- a second extract stream is typically collected from the bottom of column 10 in the second zone.
- This second extract stream typically contains the purified PUFA product.
- the second extract stream may optionally be collected in a container and a portion reintroduced into the top of column 11 in the second zone.
- the rate of recycle of liquid collected via the extract stream from the second zone back into the second zone is the rate at which liquid is pumped from this container into the top of column 11.
- the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the first zone is recycled back into the first zone is typically faster than the rate at which liquid collected via the extract stream from the second zone is recycled back into the second zone.
- the aqueous organic solvent eluent is substantially the same in each zone.
- the simulated or actual moving bed chromatography apparatus consists of nineteen chromatographic columns. These are referred to as columns 1 to 19.
- the fifteen columns are arranged in series so that the bottom of column 1 is linked to the top of column 2, the bottom of column 2 is linked to the top of column 3 etc.
- the flow of eluent through the system is from column 1 to column 2 to column 3 etc.
- the flow of adsorbent through the system is from column 19 to column 18 to column 17 etc.
- the first zone typically consists of ten adjacent columns, columns 1 to 10, which are connected as discussed above.
- the second zone typically consists of eight columns, columns 1 1 to 19, which are connected as discussed above.
- a feed mixture F comprising the PUFA product (B) and more polar (C) and less polar (A and A') components is introduced into the top of column 7 in the first zone.
- a first desorbent (Dl) comprising 100% organic solvent is introduced into the top of column 1 in the first zone.
- a second desorbent (D2) comprising a water/organic solvent mixture (preferably 2% acetonitrile and 98% water) is introduced into the top of column 5 in the first zone.
- less polar components ( ⁇ ') and (A) are removed as extract streams ⁇ and El from the bottoms of columns 1 and 4, respectively.
- the PUFA product (B) and more polar components (C) are removed as raffmate stream Rl from the bottom of column 10.
- Raffmate stream Rl is then introduced into the second zone at the top of column 17.
- a second desorbent (D2) comprising a water/organic solvent mixture (preferably 2% acetonitrile and 98% water) is introduced into the top of column 11 in the second zone.
- the more polar components (C) are removed as raffinate stream R2 at the bottom of column 19.
- the PUFA product (B) is collected as extract stream E2 at the bottom of column 14.
- organic solvent is typically introduced into the top of column 1 in the first zone.
- a 2% MeCN/98% water mixture is typically introduced into the top of column 5 in the first zone.
- a 2% MeCN/98% water mixture is typically introduced into the top of column 11 in the second zone.
- the feed stream is typically introduced into the top of column 7 in the first zone.
- a first raffinate stream is typically collected from the bottom of column 10 in the first zone and introduced into the top of column 17 in the second zone.
- the first raffinate stream may optionally be collected in a container before being introduced into column 17.
- extract streams are typically removed from the bottoms of columns 1 and 4 in the first zone.
- the extract stream collected from the bottom or column 4 may optionally be collected in a container and reintroduced into the top of column 5 in the first zone.
- a second raffinate stream is typically removed from the bottom of column 19 in the second zone.
- a second extract stream is typically collected from the bottom of column 14 in the second zone.
- This second extract stream typically contains the purified PUFA product.
- the second extract stream may optionally be collected in a container and reintroduced into the top of column 15 in the second zone.
- the water:organic solvent ratio in the first zone is lower than the water:organic solvent ratio in the second zone.
- the process of the invention allows much higher purities of PUFA product to be achieved than have been possible with conventional chromatographic techniques.
- PUFA products produced by the process of the invention also have particularly advantageous impurity profiles, which are quite different from those observed in oils prepared by known techniques.
- the present invention therefore also relates to compositions comprising a PUFA product, for example one obtainable by the process of the present invention.
- the process of the present invention will generally be controlled by a computer.
- the present invention therefore also provides a computer program for controlling a chromatographic apparatus as defined herein, the computer program containing code means that when executed instruct the apparatus to carry out the process of the invention.
- Reference Example 1 A fish oil derived feedstock (55weight% EPA EE, 5 weight% DHA EE) is fractionated using an actual moving bed chromatography system using bonded CI 8 silica gel (particle size 300 ⁇ ) as stationary phase and aqueous methanol as eluent according to the system schematically illustrated in Figure 8. 15 columns (diameter: 76.29mm, length: 914.40mm) are connected in series as shown in Figure 8.
- EPA EE is produced at a high level of purity (85 to 98% by GC FAMES).
- GC FAMES traces of the zone 1 extract and raffmate, and of the zone 2 extract and raffmate are shown as Figures 11 and 12 respectively.
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 70 ml/min
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 210 ml/min
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 25 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (Dl) in first zone 2050 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (D2) in second zone 1700 ml/min
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 50 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (Dl) in first zone 4125 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (D2) in second zone 3375 ml/min
- Extract container accumulation rate (E2) in second zone 1800 ml/min
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 50 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (Dl) in first zone 4000 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (D2) in second zone 3200 ml/min
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 100 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (Dl) in first zone 4050 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (D2) in second zone 3300 ml/min
- Extract recycle rate (D2-E2) in second zone 1600 ml/min
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 25 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (Dl) in first zone 1275 ml/min
- Extract container accumulation rate (El) in first zone 750 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (D2) in second zone 1275 ml/min
- Extract recycle rate (D2-E2) in second zone 325 ml/min
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 50 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (Dl) in first zone 2550 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (D2) in second zone 2000 ml/min
- Extract recycle rate (D2-E2) in second zone 600 ml/min
- a fish oil derived feedstock comprising eicosatetraenoic acid ethyl ester (ETA EE), EPA EE, isomers thereof and DHA EE was fractionated using an actual moving bed chromatography system using bonded CI 8 silica gel (particle size 40-60 ⁇ ) as stationary phase and aqueous methanol as eluent according to the system
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 0.5 ml/min
- Extract (El) rate from the first zone 1.9 ml/min
- EPA EE was produced at a high level of purity (greater than 90 weight%, greater than 95 weight%, greater than 98 weight%).
- a fish oil derived feedstock (55weight% EPA EE, 5 weight% DHA EE) was fractionated using an actual moving bed chromatography system using bonded C 18 silica gel (particle size 300 ⁇ , particle porosity 150 angstroms) as stationary phase and aqueous methanol as eluent according to the system schematically illustrated in Figure 8. 15 columns (diameter: 10 mm, length: 250 mm) are connected in series as shown in Figure 8.
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 0.5 ml/min
- Extract (El) rate from the first zone 4 ml/min
- Extract (E2) rate from the second zone 4.1 ml/min
- a fish oil derived feedstock (70weight% DHA EE, 7 weight% EPA EE) is fractionated using an actual moving bed chromatography system using bonded CI 8 silica gel (particle size 300 ⁇ ) as stationary phase and aqueous methanol as eluent according to the system schematically illustrated in Figure 8. 15 columns (diameter: 76.29mm, length: 914.40mm) are connected in series as shown in Figure 8.
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 25 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (Dl) in first zone 2062.5 ml/min
- Extract rate (El) in first zone 900 ml/min
- Raffmate rate (Rl) in first zone 1187.5 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (D2) in second zone 1500 ml/min
- Extract rate (E2) in second zone 450 ml/min
- Raffmate rate (R2) in second zone 1050 ml/min
- DHA EE is produced at a high level of purity (>97% by GC FAMES).
- a GC FAMES trace of the zone 2 extract is shown as Figure 14.
- a fish oil derived feedstock (33 weight% EPA EE, 22 weight% DHA EE) is fractionated using an actual moving bed chromatography system using bonded CI 8 silica gel (particle size 300 ⁇ ) as stationary phase and aqueous methanol as eluent according to the system schematically illustrated in Figure 8. 15 columns (diameter: 76.29mm, length: 914.40mm) are connected in series as shown in Figure 8.
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 40 ml/min
- Extract rate (El) in first zone 825 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (D2) in second zone 1425 ml/min
- Extract rate (E2) in second zone 787.5 ml/min
- a mixture of EPA EE and DHA EE is produced at a high level of purity (>80% total EPA EE and DHA EE).
- Dioxin limits include the sum of polychlorinated dibenzeno-para-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and expressed in World Health Organisation (WHO) toxic equivalents using WHO-toxic equivalent factors (TEFs). This means that analytical results relating t 17 individual dioxin congeners of toxicological concern are expressed in a single quantifiable unit: TCDD toxic equivalent concentration or TEO
- a GC trace of the oil prepared by distillation is shown as Figure 15.
- the four peaks with longer elution times than the DHA peak correspond to DHA isomers. From the GC trace it can be seen that the oil prepared by distillation contains about 1.5 wt% of isomeric impurities.
- a fish oil derived feedstock (55weight% EPA EE, 5 weight% DHA EE) was fractionated using a fixed bed chromatography system on a single chromatographic column (diameter 30cm, length 60cm) packed with C18 silica gel (particle size 20 microns, particle porosity 60 angstroms) as stationary phase and aqueous acetonitrile (19 weight % water, 81 wt% acetonitrile) as eluent.
- 900ml of feedstock was purified using 22L of eluent, which was passed through the column at a flow rate of 2200 ml/min.
- a fish oil derived feedstock (55weight% EPA EE, 5 weight% DHA EE) is fractionated using an actual moving bed chromatography system using bonded C 18 silica gel (particle size 300microns, particle porosity 150 angstroms) as stationary phase and aqueous acetonitrile as eluent according to the system schematically illustrated in Figure 8. 15 columns (diameter: 76.29mm, length: 914.40mm) are connected in series as shown in Figure 8.
- Feedstock (F) feed rate 55 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (Dl) in first zone 3000 ml/min
- Extract rate (El) in first zone 1800 ml/min
- Raffmate rate (Rl) in first zone 1455 ml/min
- Desorbent feed rate (D2) in second zone 1400 ml/min
- Extract rate (E2) in second zone 600 ml/min
- Raffmate rate (R2) in second zone 945 ml/min
Abstract
Description
Claims
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JP2014517953A JP6153519B2 (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2012-07-06 | SMB method |
EP12735932.1A EP2613858B1 (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2012-07-06 | Smb process for the recovery of a polyunsaturated fatty acid product |
KR1020147003080A KR101594722B1 (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2012-07-06 | Smb process |
CN201280033624.2A CN103764242B (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2012-07-06 | Smb process |
AU2012280065A AU2012280065B2 (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2012-07-06 | SMB process |
US13/880,150 US9370730B2 (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2012-07-06 | SMB process |
CA2815296A CA2815296C (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2012-07-06 | Smb process |
BR112014000163A BR112014000163A2 (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2012-07-06 | chromatographic separation process, powder product, and storage medium. |
ES12735932.1T ES2536911T3 (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2012-07-06 | SMB process for the recovery of a polyunsaturated fatty acid product |
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GBGB1111601.9A GB201111601D0 (en) | 2011-07-06 | 2011-07-06 | New process |
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EP (1) | EP2613858B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP6153519B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101594722B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN103764242B (en) |
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BR (1) | BR112014000163A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2815296C (en) |
CL (1) | CL2013003796A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2613858A1 (en) | 2013-07-17 |
EP2613858B1 (en) | 2015-03-18 |
CA2815296A1 (en) | 2013-01-10 |
CN103764242B (en) | 2015-07-15 |
BR112014000163A2 (en) | 2017-02-07 |
JP2017020031A (en) | 2017-01-26 |
AU2012280065A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
US20140194636A1 (en) | 2014-07-10 |
CL2013003796A1 (en) | 2014-07-04 |
GB201111601D0 (en) | 2011-08-24 |
KR101594722B1 (en) | 2016-02-16 |
PE20142016A1 (en) | 2014-12-30 |
AU2012280065B2 (en) | 2015-07-09 |
JP2014518312A (en) | 2014-07-28 |
KR20140034920A (en) | 2014-03-20 |
ES2536911T3 (en) | 2015-05-29 |
CA2815296C (en) | 2015-02-10 |
JP6153519B2 (en) | 2017-06-28 |
US9370730B2 (en) | 2016-06-21 |
CN103764242A (en) | 2014-04-30 |
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