Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V21/00—Supporting, suspending, or attaching arrangements for lighting devices; Hand grips
  • F21V21/14—Adjustable mountings
  • F21V21/30—Pivoted housings or frames
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V17/00—Fastening of component parts of lighting devices, e.g. shades, globes, refractors, reflectors, filters, screens, grids or protective cages
  • F21V17/02—Fastening of component parts of lighting devices, e.g. shades, globes, refractors, reflectors, filters, screens, grids or protective cages with provision for adjustment
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
  • F21S2/00—Systems of lighting devices, not provided for in main groups F21S4/00 - F21S10/00 or F21S19/00, e.g. of modular construction
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
  • F21S8/00—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation
  • F21S8/08—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard
  • F21S8/085—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard of high-built type, e.g. street light
  • F21S8/088—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard of high-built type, e.g. street light with lighting device mounted on top of the standard, e.g. for pedestrian zones
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V19/00—Fastening of light sources or lamp holders
  • F21V19/02—Fastening of light sources or lamp holders with provision for adjustment, e.g. for focusing
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V21/00—Supporting, suspending, or attaching arrangements for lighting devices; Hand grips
  • F21V21/14—Adjustable mountings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
  • F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
  • F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
  • F21V29/73—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks the elements being adjustable with respect to each other, e.g. hinged
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • F21V14/00—Controlling the distribution of the light emitted by adjustment of elements
  • F21V14/02—Controlling the distribution of the light emitted by adjustment of elements by movement of light sources
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
  • F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
  • F21W2131/10—Outdoor lighting
  • F21W2131/105—Outdoor lighting of arenas or the like
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
  • F21Y2103/00—Elongate light sources, e.g. fluorescent tubes
  • F21Y2103/10—Elongate light sources, e.g. fluorescent tubes comprising a linear array of point-like light-generating elements
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F21—LIGHTING
  • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
  • F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
  • F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]

Definitions

• TITLE APPARATUS, METHOD, AND SYSTEM FOR INDEPENDENT AIMING AND CUTOFF STEPS IN ILLUMINATING A TARGET AREA CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• the present invention generally relates to means and methods by which a target area is adequately illuminated by one or more lighting fixtures. More specifically, the present invention relates to improvements in the design and use of lighting fixtures such that the steps of aiming and cutoff of light projected from said lighting fixtures may be separated so to gain more flexibility in addressing the lighting needs of a particular application without adversely affecting the size, effective projected area, or efficiency of the lighting fixtures.
• a fixture 4 illuminates some portion of target area 5 (which typically comprises not only the horizontal plane containing the sports field, but also a finite space above and about said field); this illumination is diagrammatically illustrated by projected beam 7 wherein the hatched portion of beam 7 is considered desirable.
• Adjusting fixture 4 relative to pole 6 aims beam 7 toward the leftmost portion of target area 5 as desired (see Fig. IB), but also results in the lighting of undesired areas such as bleachers 515.
• This light commonly referred to as spill light, is wasteful and a potential nuisance (e.g., to spectators in bleachers 515) or hazardous (e.g., to drivers on a road adjacent to target area 5).
• a visor or analogous device may be added to fixture 4 (see Fig. 1C) to provide a desired cutoff.
• Some visors such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,789,540 incorporated by reference herein, are equipped with inner reflective surfaces so to both cut off light and redirect said light back onto target area 5 so it is not absorbed or otherwise wasted.
• Figs. 1 A - C are most appropriate for fixtures containing a single light source such as the high wattage HID lamps used in the
• Envisioned is a compact lighting fixture designed to accommodate a plurality of light sources, and means and methods for independent light directing and light redirecting thereof such that a complex target area may be adequately illuminated with increased glare control, reduced EPA, and increased lighting uniformity as compared to at least most conventional floodlight-type fixtures for sports lighting applications.
• a modular apparatus comprises a plurality of light sources - with associated optical elements - contained in a housing with a visor.
• Said modular apparatus is designed such that the plurality of light sources and visor pivot about one, two, or three axes and, if desired, are independently pivotable about at least one of said axes.
• a lighting fixture comprising a plurality of said modular apparatuses is adjusted relative to its elevation point above a target area to provide some aiming of the light projected therefrom.
• Each modular apparatus may then be adjusted relative to its connection point to the lighting fixture to provide further aiming of the light projected therefrom.
• each light source and each visor in each modular apparatus may be adjusted selectively and independently of one another so to provide desired aiming and cutoff. In this manner, the light projected from each modular apparatus contributes a portion of the overall lighting of the target area; this permits flexibility in addressing such things as glare prevention and lighting uniformity.
• Figures 1 A - C diagrammatically illustrate the general process by which a target area is illuminated by a lighting fixture.
• Figure 1A illustrates an un-aimed lighting fixture
• Figure IB illustrates the fixture from Figure 1 A aimed
• Figure 1C illustrates the fixture from Figure 1 A aimed and with cutoff.
• Figures 2 A - F illustrate multiple views of a modular apparatus according to aspects of the present invention.
• Figures 2A - D illustrate perspective views
• Figure 2E illustrates a front view
• Figure 2F illustrates a section view along cut line A-A of Fig. 2E.
• Figures 3A and B illustrate multiple exploded perspective views of the modular apparatus illustrated in Figs. 2 A - F.
• Figures 4A - C illustrate section A-A of the modular apparatus of Fig. 2F in the un-aimed state ( Figure 4A) and after independent pivoting ( Figures 4B and C).
• Figures 5A - D illustrate one possible pole and lighting fixture according to aspects of the present invention which include a plurality of the modular apparatus illustrated in Figures 2A - F.
• Figures 5A and B are perspective views of the pole and fixture, and Figures 5C and D are enlarged perspective views of the fixture.
• Figures 6A - D diagrammatically illustrate the general process by which a target area is illuminated by a lighting fixture with three-axis pivoting.
• Figure 6 A illustrates an un-aimed lighting fixture
• Figure 6B illustrates the fixture from Figure 6 A pivoted about a first axis
• Figure 6C illustrates the fixture from Figure 6B pivoted about a second axis
• Figure 6D illustrates the fixture from Figure 6C pivoted about a third axis.
• Figures 7A and B illustrate one possible way to provide a third pivot axis via modification of the structural components of modular apparatus of Figs. 2 A - F;
• Figure 7A illustrates an assembled perspective view and
• Figure 7B illustrates a partially exploded perspective view.
• Figure 8 illustrates in flowchart form one possible method of addressing the lighting needs of a particular application using a fixture 10 comprising a plurality of modular apparatuses 12.
• Figure 9 illustrates one possible design of optical device for use with LEDs 27 so to prevent horizontal spread.
• floodlight-type fixtures which are not elevated and used for sports lighting may still benefit from at least some aspects according to the present invention.
• modular apparatus 12 may generally be understood as comprising a housing 22 which is formed to receive both a visor 23 and an enclosure 24, the latter of which is adapted to house a plurality of light sources 27 with associated optics 28 (see, e.g., Fig. 3 A).
• An outer lens 29 seals against the open face of enclosure 24 (see Fig. 2F) - e.g., by gluing or taping - so to protect the light sources against dust, vandalism, or other undesirables and, if desired, may include an anti-reflection coating so to preserve transmission efficiency.
• Visor 23 is formed from a highly reflective material (e.g., aluminum processed to high reflectivity) and is affixed to the inner surface (i.e., the non- finned surface) of housing 22; see Fig. 2F. It is of note that visor 23 may be bolted, glued, or otherwise affixed directly to the inner surface of housing 22 or may be bolted, glued or otherwise affixed to a frame which is further affixed to the inner surface of housing 22; an example of a reflective material affixed to a frame which is further affixed to a housing for use as a visor is discussed in aforementioned U.S. Patent No. 7,789,540.
• a highly reflective material e.g., aluminum processed to high reflectivity
• the inner surface of housing 22 could be metallized (e.g., via dipping, painting, chemical deposition, sputtering, etc.) so to achieve the desired finish.
• the exact shape of visor 23 may vary depending on the needs of the application, and the material may be processed (e.g., peened) or otherwise modified (e.g., polished) so to produce a desired lighting effect (e.g., to produce diffuse reflection as opposed to specular reflection).
• enclosure 24 houses nine multi-chip LEDs 27 with nine associated optics or lenses 28 such as is discussed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/539,166 incorporated by reference herein - most likely in the "quad" formation illustrated in Fig. 6 of the aforementioned application - though this is by way of example and not by way of limitation.
• enclosure 24 could house nine model XM-L LEDs available from Cree, Inc., Durham, NC, USA and nine narrow beam lenses (e.g., similar to model FC-N2-XR79-0R available from Fraen Corporation, Reading, MA, USA).
• model FC-N2-XR79-0R available from Fraen Corporation, Reading, MA, USA.
• other models of LEDs, types of light sources, and number of light source are possible, and envisioned.
• optics 28 could comprise lenses designed to project light in any manner of distribution (e.g., medium, elliptical, side emitting, bubble, etc.) and may take other forms (e.g., reflectors) or include additional provisions (e.g., diffusers, color gels, etc.) so to provide adequate light directing and/or light redirecting means to achieve a desired lighting effect.
• Optics 28 may be glued, bolted, or otherwise affixed to the circuit board of light sources 27; alternatively, optics 28 may be positionally affixed via a holder (e.g., such as commonly provided by the manufacturer) or held in compression such as is described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/751,519 incorporated by reference herein.
• each modular apparatus 12 must balance the cost and size of each modular apparatus 12 against the needed light level and uniformity at the target area; for sports lighting applications which require a higher overall light level than other wide area lighting applications, multi-chip LEDs (with associated optics) may be needed to prove a competitive alternative to more traditional light sources such as the aforementioned high wattage HID lamps.
• Housing 22 is suspended in a yoke 21 in a manner which allows for pivoting of enclosure 24 (and therefore, LEDs 27) and housing 22 (and therefore, visor 23)
• Figs. 3A and B independently of each other about axis 26 (see Fig. 2E); one possible method of constructing the modular apparatus so to achieve this is illustrated in Figs. 3A and B.
• Enclosure 24 is seated in a complementary groove in housing 22 (see Figs. 2F and 3B) and positionally affixed via plates 30 and associated threaded fasteners 101 in a manner that confines enclosure 24 to its groove in housing 22 but does not prevent pivoting of enclosure 24 via pivot axis 26 (which extends along the length of enclosure 24 - see Fig. 2E).
• Part 34 which is inserted through yoke 21 and housing 22 into a complementary end of enclosure 24 defines the degree of independent pivoting of enclosure 24 by the length of the arcuate aperture in part 34; in this example, permitting a rotation of 0 - 45°, though this is by way of example and not by way of limitation.
• the complementary end of enclosure 24 is mostly a cylindrical blind bore with a corresponding flat.
• Bushing 32 has a flat outer lateral side which mates into a side opening with flat side in the wall of housing 22; thus, bushing 32 rotates with housing 22.
• Independent pivoting of housing 22 is defined by the length of the arcuate aperture in yoke 21 (see left side on Fig. 3 A); a threaded fastener 101 is tightened through the arcuate aperture of yoke 21 into a threaded bore in the left side of housing 22 to clamp housing 22 in its rotational position.
• a housing 22 rotation of 0 - 45° is permitted, though this is by way of example and not by way of limitation.
• Figs. 4 A - C Independent pivoting of enclosure 24 and housing 22 so to achieve independent light directing and light redirecting steps is diagrammatically illustrated in Figs. 4 A - C; for clarity, Figs. 4 A - C illustrate modular apparatus 12 as taken along cut line A-A of Fig. 2E.
• Fig. 4A illustrates a first state wherein the composite of light projected from each LED 27 in enclosure 24 forms a beam generally centered around a principal axis 31 which coincides with principal axis 33 of housing 22, both of which are perpendicular to pivot axis 25.
• cutoff angle in this first state is on the order of 6°; cutoff angle, as described herein, is defined as the angle between principal axis 31 and visor 23.
• Pivoting of enclosure 24 about pivot axis 26 results in rotation of principal axis 31 (see Fig. 4B); this results in increasing the cutoff angle (e.g., up to approximately 35°) and movement of the composite beam across the target area (i.e., light directing).
• Pivoting of housing 22 about pivot axis 26 results in rotation of principal axis 33 (see Fig.
• Both enclosure 24 and housing 22 may be further adjusted about a second axis 25 (see Fig. 2E) via pivoting of yoke 21 about its connection point to an envisioned lighting fixture 10 (see Figs. 5 A - D); said connection point and means of affixing a modular apparatus therefrom may be as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 12/910,443 incorporated by reference herein.
• fixture 10 includes a center- mounted tubular portion 11 which slip-fits over a pole 6 or other elevating structure;
• structural members 13 help to stabilize and center fixture 10 on pole 6.
• wiring from LEDs 27 may be routed out enclosure 24 into bushing 32, along a channel in the exterior of yoke 21 (see Fig. 3 A), into the interior of yoke 21, and up into fixture 10 via the top central circular aperture in yoke 21 (see Fig. 3B); a protective cover 20 aids in shielding wiring from environmental effects.
• Wiring from each modular apparatus is then routed along the interior of arms 14, tubular portion 11, and pole 6 - all of which are generally hollow - until terminating at an electrical enclosure 1.
• heat from LEDs 27 is dissipated through enclosure 24, housing 22, yoke 21, and into arm 14 - all of which are thermally conductive (e.g., of an aluminum or aluminum alloy construction).
• An aspect of the design of modular apparatus 12 is such that wiring is shielded from environmental effects and a thermal dissipation path is maintained regardless of aiming and cutoff; though other designs of modular apparatus 12 are possible, and envisioned. If it is desirable to provide a more substantial heat sink for LEDs 27 - as it is well known that the efficacy and life span of LEDs is adversely affected by increasing junction temperature - fixture 10 may be actively air or liquid cooled;
• a third pivot axis may be provided; this allows greater flexibility in addressing the lighting needs of a particular application, and for correction of undesired stretching or positioning of a projected beam that may result from pivoting about axes 25 and 26.
• the projected beam 7 is somewhat wide and shallow (e.g., 30°xl0°) and is intended to illuminate the upper rightmost corner of field 5 (the desirable portions of beam 7 are again shown in hatching). Pivoting modular apparatus 12 about pivot axis 25 on the order of 45° shifts beam 7 towards the desired corner (see Fig.
• pivoting about a third axis may be achieved via modification of the optical components or the structural components of modular apparatus 12, though either approach has its own benefits and considerations.
• pivoting about a third axis via modification of the optical components may be as simple as rotating lens 28 or applying a filter or diffuser to lens 28, but one must consider the type of lens being used - rotating a lens will only appreciably change a beam pattern if the lens is elliptical or otherwise asymmetric about an axis - and any loss to transmission efficiency incurred by adding materials to lens 28. Pivoting about a third axis via modification of the structural components of modular apparatus (see Figs.
• a pivot joint 120 comprises a modular apparatus mounting portion 121 and a fixture mounting portion 122 each of which has associated threaded fasteners 101 and, if desired, nuts 102.
• - modification of optics or structural components - rotation about a third pivot axis 35 is provided and in a manner that does not impair pivoting about axes 25 and 26 and does not significantly impact the size or EPA of fixture 10.
• a fixture 10 employing a plurality of modular apparatuses 12 such as is illustrated in Figs.
• a first step 2001 is to define the lighting scheme for the application; specifically, to identify any limiting factors (e.g., overall lighting uniformity, minimum light level, required setback, size and shape of the target area, etc.) and desired features (e.g., number of modular apparatuses per fixture, color temperature of LEDs, etc.) and develop an appropriate lighting scheme (also referred to as a lighting design plan or an aiming diagram).
• the lighting scheme may then be broken down into individual beam patterns each of which may be assigned to one or more modular apparatuses 12.
• a next step 2002 is to install fixtures in and/or about the identified target area in accordance with the lighting scheme.
• a benefit of fixture 10 is such that because it is center-mounted - note the position of tubular portion 11 in Figs. 5 A - D - modular apparatuses 12 may be aimed in any nearly any direction and avoid shadowing effects from pole 6; this may be beneficial when deciding where to place fixtures relative the target area.
• a next step 2003 is to aim the installed lighting fixtures such that each modular apparatus 12 in a given lighting fixture is aimed so to produce the individual beam pattern to which it is assigned.
• step 2003 may comprise rotating fixtures 10 about pole 6 and/or pivoting one or more components of each modular apparatus 12 about one or more of pivot axes 25/26/35. If desired, portions of modular apparatus 12 could be labeled with degree markings or other markings well known in the art so that the lighting designer or other user could set aiming angles more precisely.
• a final step 2004 is to evaluate the lighting scheme and the ability of fixtures 10 to satisfy the lighting scheme.
• optional step 2005 may comprise adding optical components 28 to one or more modular apparatuses 12, changing the degree of pivoting (i.e., changing aiming angle) of one or more components of fixture 10, changing the shape and/or size of visor 23, adding modular apparatuses 12 to a fixture 10, adjusting operating power to LEDs 27 so to produce more or less light, changing the number or type of light sources in modular apparatuses 12, or the like.
• the invention may take many forms and embodiments. The foregoing examples are but a few of those. To give some sense of some options and alternatives, a few examples are given below.
• a majority of components of both fixture 10 and modular apparatus 12 are machined, punched, stamped, or otherwise formed from aluminum or aluminum alloys. As stated, this allows a distinct and uninterrupted thermal path to dissipate heat from LEDs 27. However, it is possible for said components to be formed from other materials and not depart from inventive aspects described herein, even without realizing the benefit of heat dissipation. Likewise, a majority of components in pole 6, fixture 10, and modular apparatus 12 are formed with interior channels such that wiring may be run from LEDs 27 to the bottom of pole 6 without exposing wiring to moisture or other adverse effects. However, it is possible for said components to be formed without such interior channels and not depart from inventive aspects described herein; indoor lighting applications, for example, may not require environmental protection for wiring.
• modular apparatus 12 With regards to modular apparatus 12, several examples of devices used for light directing and light redirecting have been given; this is by way of example and not by way of limitation. While any of these devices (e.g., lenses, diffusers, reflectors, visors, etc.) could be used individually or in combination for a particular application, it should be noted that modular apparatus 12 is not restricted to any particular combination of parts, design, or method of installation, and may comprise additional devices not already described if appropriate in creating a desired lighting scheme. For example, if a target area comprises a finite space above a sports field, some number of modular apparatuses 12 could be mounted upside down to provide up lighting or the arcuate apertures in parts 21 and 34 could be elongated so to permit a greater degree of pivoting. As another example, if a lighting designer finds that the horizontal spread of a composite beam pattern is
• one or more light sources 27 could each include an individual reflector 3000 (see Fig. 9) which would partially surround each of said light source(s); as envisioned, at least the surface partially surrounding light source 27 would be reflective, though this is by way of example and not by way of limitation.
• the internal chamber of enclosure 24 may need to be expanded so to provide adequate clearance between the distal tip of reflectors 3000 and outer lens 29; this could limit the degree to which enclosure 24 may be pivoted.
• Individual reflectors 3000 may be glued, bolted, or otherwise affixed to the circuit board of light sources 27; alternatively, individual reflectors 3000 may be positionally affixed via a holder or held in compression such as is described in aforementioned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/751,519.
• power regulating components may be located remotely from fixture 10, may be housed in an electrical enclosure 1 affixed to an elevating device such as is illustrated in Figs. 5A and B and is discussed in U.S. Patent No. 7,059,572 incorporated by reference herein, or may be located somewhere on fixture 10. Further, control of power to the light sources 27 contained in fixture 10 may effectuated on site or remotely such as is described in U.S. Patent No. 7,209,958 incorporated by reference herein. A variety of approaches could be taken to provide power to a lighting system incorporating modular apparatuses 12 which do not depart from inventive aspects described herein.

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• 2012
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