WO2012163364A2 - Procédé de réduction de l'émission de gaz à effet de serre issus du bétail dans l'atmosphère - Google Patents

Procédé de réduction de l'émission de gaz à effet de serre issus du bétail dans l'atmosphère Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012163364A2
WO2012163364A2 PCT/DK2012/050189 DK2012050189W WO2012163364A2 WO 2012163364 A2 WO2012163364 A2 WO 2012163364A2 DK 2012050189 W DK2012050189 W DK 2012050189W WO 2012163364 A2 WO2012163364 A2 WO 2012163364A2
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Prior art keywords
lignocellulotic
feed
composition
pyrolyzed
range
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PCT/DK2012/050189
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English (en)
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WO2012163364A3 (fr
Inventor
Thomas Alexander North Harttung
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Blackcarbon A/S
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Publication of WO2012163364A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012163364A2/fr
Publication of WO2012163364A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012163364A3/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/32—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from hydrolysates of wood or straw
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/22—Methane [CH4], e.g. from rice paddies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
    • Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for reducing the emission of methane and possible other carbonaceous gasses from livestock into the atmosphere.
  • the invention also relates to an animal feed composition for reducing the emission of methane and possible other carbonaceous gasses from livestock into the atmosphere. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for manufacturing such animal feed composition.
  • Negative environmental and health effects such as global warming, smog, and respiratory problems in humans caused by the emission of harmful pollutants, such as methane, N 2 0 and carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), have resulted in countries, states, and territories throughout the world regulating the amount of emissions permitted by businesses and industries.
  • harmful pollutants such as methane, N 2 0 and carbon dioxide (C0 2 )
  • C0 2 carbon dioxide
  • the source of these and other emission pollutants can come from a myriad of industries, such as industries breeding livestock.
  • Cattle typically lose 6% of their ingested energy as eructated methane, and further greenhouse gasses are developed and emitted from the manure.
  • Animal science nutrition research has focused on finding methods to reduce methane emissions because of its inefficiency not because of the role of methane in global warming.
  • methane can affect climate directly through its interaction with long-wave infrared energy and indirectly through atmospheric oxidation reactions that produce C0 2 , a potent greenhouse gas, more recent attention has been given to its potential contribution to climatic change and global warming.
  • Eructation of methane by cattle begins approximately 4 weeks after birth when solid feeds are retained in the reticulorumen. Fermentation and methane production rates rise rapidly during reticulorumen development.
  • Estimates of yearly methane production of the typical beef and dairy cow range from 60 to 71 kg and 10 to 126 kg, respectively.
  • the Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the international Framework
  • the emission credits are measured in "equivalent metric tons of carbon dioxide", the main heat-trapping gas blamed by scientists for climate change. Thus, one credit is equal to one tonne of C0 2 -equivalent. This means that all other greenhouse gasses have to be converted into C0 2 -equivalents.
  • GWP is a measure of how much a given mass of greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global warming. It is a relative scale which compares the gas in question to that of the same mass of carbon dioxide, whose GWP is by definition 1.
  • the Clean Development Mechanism is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment (called Annex 1 countries) to invest in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries.
  • Annex 1 countries greenhouse gas reduction commitment
  • a crucial feature of an approved CDM carbon project is that it has established that the planned reductions would not occur without the additional incentive provided by emission reductions credits, a concept known as
  • Forming carbonaceous solid matter in a pyrolytic process is also known. It is also known that the pyrolytic matter has voids so that the pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition has certain porosity. Often, a pyrolytic process is used for burning gasses formed during the pyrolytic process. The solid matter formed during pyrolysis may be disposed of, either by being burned for energy or by being recycled as fertilizer.
  • WO2009/049631 discloses a method for absorbing methane gas or other carbonaceous volatile gasses formed from organic waste material. The method comprises
  • said gas being a free constituent or an ionic constituent of an organic waste material such as excrements of livestock, preferably being an ionic constituent of a liquid phase of excrements of livestock, and
  • WO2011/044905 discloses an animal feed composition for reducing the emission of methane and possible other carbonaceous gasses from livestock into the atmosphere. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing such animal feed composition.
  • One object of the present invention is to provide a method, which gives a possibility to reduce the emission of methane, possible other carbonaceous gasses, and possible N 2 0 from livestock into the atmosphere.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an animal feed capable of reducing the emission of methane, possible other carbonaceous gasses, and possible N 2 0 from livestock into the atmosphere.
  • animal feed comprising a pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition may catch fire during the pelleting process.
  • another object of this invention is to provide a method for producing an animal feed comprising a pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition.
  • Another object of this invention is to minimize the energy consumption during the pelleting process.
  • the method according to the invention for reducing the emission into the atmosphere of methane and possible other carbonaceous gasses being produced during processing of feed in the bowel of livestock, has the advantage that the emission is reduced in a manner where only products produced on a farm may be employed. Furthermore, the method according to the invention adsorbs methane and possible other carbonaceous gasses before the methane and possible other carbonaceous gasses are out of the one or more stomachs of the livestock.
  • the amount of carbon-dioxide produced is limited to the very lowest amount possible. Pyrolysis is a process forming a limited amount of carbon-dioxide due to the raw material not being fully burned.
  • the emission of other greenhouse gasses is also limited to the very minimum. Especially methane emission is sought reduced, since methane is about twenty times more harmful than carbon-dioxide as a pollutive greenhouse gas.
  • one aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing an activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition, said method comprising :
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing a pelletized feed product comprising :
  • a feed component selected from the group consisting of cereal straws, legume straws, canola/rape straws, cereal hays, legume hays, grass hays, corn stalks/ stover, other suitable stalky materials or mixtures thereof,
  • the dry matter weight ratio between the feed component and the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition is 2-20;
  • said pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition has a methane adsorption capacity of at least 0.1 mmol/g at 298 K and at a pressure in the range of 0.9-1.2 atmosphere.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a feed product comprising :
  • a feed component selected from the group consisting of cereal straws, legume straws, canola/rape straws, cereal hays, legume hays, grass hays, corn stalks/stover, other suitable stalky materials or mixtures thereof, and - an activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition; wherein said pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition has a methane adsorption capacity of at least 0.1 mmol/g at 298 K and at a pressure in the range of 0.9- 1.2 atmosphere.
  • Fig. 1 shows the total gas produced per gram incubated dry feed.
  • AC activated carbon
  • G gassification biochar
  • P placebo
  • SH strawbased biochar, high dose
  • SL strawbased biochar, low dose
  • W woodbased biochar
  • One aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing an activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition, said method comprising :
  • lignocellulosic material refers to plant biomass that is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
  • the carbohydrate polymers cellulose and hemicelluloses are tightly bound to the lignin.
  • the raw material for the pyrolysis process may be corn, straw, wood or other organic material.
  • Using corn, straw, wood or other organic material has the advantage that the raw material for the pyrolysis process may be products produced on a farm, in forestry or at another agricultural production site.
  • the term "pyrolysis” refers to a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen.
  • the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials starts at 200-300°C.
  • the pyrolysis is performed at 200- 700°C and at a pressure in the range of 0.9-1.2 atmosphere.
  • the term "superheated steam” refers to steam at a temperature higher than water's boiling point at a given pressure. If saturated steam is heated at constant pressure, its temperature will rise, producing superheated steam. This will occur if saturated steam contacts a surface with a higher temperature. The steam is then described as superheated by the number of degrees it has been heated above saturation temperature.
  • the superheated steam is provided at a temperature within the range of 150-1000°C, such as within the range of 200-900°C, e.g. 250-800°C, such as within the range of 280-700°C, e.g. 300- 600°C, such as within the range of 325-500°C, e.g. 350-450°C.
  • the pressure of the superheated steam is desirably above atmospheric pressure.
  • the pressure of the superheated steam is within the range of 1-500 psig, such as 5-400 psig, e.g. 10-300 psig, such as 20-250 psig, e.g. 30-200 psig, such as 50-150 psig, e.g. 75-100 psig.
  • Psig pounds-force per square inch gauge
  • the superheated steam is provided at a pressure of 1-500 psig, such as within the range of 5-450 psig, e.g. 10-400 psig, such as within the range of 15-350 psig, e.g. 20-300 psig, such as within the range of 25-250 psig, e.g. 30-200 psig, such as within the range of 35- 150 psig, e.g. 50-100 psig.
  • a reduced pressure treatment may enhance the adsorption of greenhouse gasses.
  • Such reduced pressure treatment can be performed in a vacuum chamber.
  • a vacuum chamber is a rigid enclosure from which air and other gases are removed by a vacuum pump. The resulting low pressure is commonly referred to as a vacuum.
  • lignocellulotic composition refers to a pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition being treated with a pressure below 1 atmosphere, such as within the range of 0-0.9 atmosphere.
  • the process further comprises exposing said activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition to a reduced pressure treatment within the range of 0-0.9 atmosphere, such as 0.1-0.8 atmosphere, e.g. 0.2-0.7 atmosphere, such as 0.3-0.6 atmosphere, e.g. 0.4-0.5 atmosphere.
  • a reduced pressure treatment within the range of 0-0.9 atmosphere, such as 0.1-0.8 atmosphere, e.g. 0.2-0.7 atmosphere, such as 0.3-0.6 atmosphere, e.g. 0.4-0.5 atmosphere.
  • the duration of the treatment may vary from seconds to hours or days, such as within a range of 1 second to 5 days, e.g. 7 seconds to 1 day, such as within a range of 15 seconds to 75 minutes, e.g. 1-60 minutes, such as within a range of 10-45 minutes, e.g. 35 minutes - depending on the force of the vacuum pump and the amount of fine particles to be released.
  • the reduced pressure treatment is kept within a range of 0-0.5 atmosphere for at most 60 minutes, such as within a range of 1 second to 45 minutes, e.g. 5 seconds to 30 minutes, such as within a range of 10 seconds to 15 minutes, e.g. 30 seconds to 10 minutes, such as within a range of 45 seconds to 5 minutes, e.g. 1-4 minutes.
  • the reduced pressure treatment is kept within a range of 0-0.8 atmosphere, such as within a range of 0.01-0.7 atmosphere, e.g. 0.05-0.6 atmosphere, such as within a range of 0.1-0.5 atmosphere, e.g. 0.2-0.4 atmosphere.
  • the lignocellulotic material is selected from the group consisting of corn, straw, wood, other organic material, or combinations thereof olive pits, vine cuttings, bagasse, oil palm waste.
  • One aspect of the present invention relates to an activated pyrolyzed
  • the adsorption capacity of a porous material may be different depending on the gas being used, i.e. the size of the molecule.
  • the kinetic diameter is a reflection of the smallest effective dimension of a given molecule. It is easy to visualize that a given molecule can have more than one dimension, which characterizes its size, if the molecule is not spherical.
  • 0 2 and N 2 are diatomic molecules (two atoms joined by a chemical bond or bonds), not spheres in shape but rather cylindrical in shape, akin to the shape of a tiny jelly bean.
  • a "length" dimension of the cylindrical shape is a larger dimension than the smaller "waistline” diameter of the cylindrical shape.
  • the molecule with the smallest effective waistline diameter is that which behaves as the smallest molecule, i.e., has the smallest kinetic diameter.
  • the porous texture characterisation of an activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition can be carried out by physical adsorption of gases (N 2 at 77 K and C0 2 at 273 K) using an automatic volumetric adsorption system.
  • the micropore volume (size smaller than 2 nm) can be calculated from the application of the Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equation to the N 2 adsorption at 77 K up to P/P 0 ⁇ 0.1.
  • the volume of narrow micropores (size smaller than 0.7 nm) can be assessed from C0 2 adsorption at 273 K, and the volume of mesopores (size between 2 and 50 nm) obtained from N 2 , adsorption at 77 K and mercury porosimetry.
  • the volume of super micropores (size between 0.7 and 2 nm) can be calculated from the difference between the micropore volume obtained from N 2 adsorption at 77 K and the volume of narrow microporosity (Alcahiz-Monge et al. 1994 and 1997).
  • lignocellulotic composition has a volume of super micropores of at least 0.005 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.01-1.0 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.02-0.4 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.03-0.35 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.04-0.3 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.05-0.25 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.06-0.2 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.07-0.15 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.08-0.1 cm 3 /g.
  • the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition has a volume of super micropores of at least 0.01 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.015-5.0 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.02-4.0 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.03-3.00 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.04-2.0 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.05-1.5 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.06-1.4 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.07-1.3 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.08-1.1 cm 3 /g.
  • the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition has a volume of narrow micropores of at least 0.005 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.015-5.0 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.02-4.0 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.03-3.00 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.04-2.0 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.05-1.5 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.06-1.4 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.07-1.3 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.08-1.1 cm 3 /g.
  • the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition has a micropore volume (size smaller than 2 nm) of at least 0.01 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.015-5.0 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.02-4.0 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.03-3.00 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.04-2.0 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.05-1.5 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.06-1.4 cm 3 /g, such as within a range of 0.07-1.3 cm 3 /g, e.g. 0.08-1.1 cm 3 /g.
  • Another problem with pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition formed by a pyrolytic process is that a large part of the pore volume may be too narrow for e.g. the methane molecule to enter. Hence, a large part of the surface area is inaccessible and results in an inefficient methane adsorption capacity.
  • the methane is absorbed in a reduced pressure treated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition.
  • the reduced pressure treated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition comprising adhered greenhouse gasses, such as methane, may subsequently be burned off, thereby producing carbon-dioxide as all burning will do.
  • the reduced pressure treated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition comprising adhered methane may be used as a soil improving agent, e.g. as an enriched fertilizer not only having the fertilising benefits of the pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition itself, but also having the fertilising advantages of the adhered methane.
  • Methane adsorption at 298 K can be carried out in a DMT high-pressure
  • the microbalance (Sartorius 4406) connected to a computer for data acquisition (Alcahiz-Monge et al. 1997).
  • the balance is equipped with a pressure indicator and a thermocouple mounted in the sample housing as well as with a rotary pump.
  • the experimental results may be corrected for buoyancy effects related to the displacement of gas by the sample, sample holder, adsorbed phase and pan.
  • the corrections due to the sample holder and pan may be obtained with a blank experiment carried out with the sample holder empty.
  • the buoyancy due to the sample which results in an apparent loss of weight, may be estimated as the product of the skeletal volume of the sample and gas density.
  • the buoyancy effect related to the adsorbed phase may be corrected to obtain the absolute adsorption isotherms.
  • the pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition has a methane adsorption capacity of at least 0.05 mmol/g at 298 K and at a pressure in the range of 0.9-1.2 atmosphere, such as in the range of 0.07-5.0 mmol/g, e.g. at least 0.1 mmol/g, such as in the range of 0.3-4.0 mmol/g, e.g. at least 0.5 mmol/g, such as in the range of 0.6-3.0 mmol/g, e.g. at least 0.7 mmol/g, such as in the range of 0.8-2.5 mmol/g, e.g. at least 1.0 mmol/g at a pressure in the range of 0.9-1.2 atmosphere.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to an activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition according to the present invention for use as a medicament.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to an activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition according to the present invention for use as a medicament for treatment of belching.
  • Still another aspect of the present invention relates to an activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition according to the present invention for use as a medicament for treatment of methane generating micro-organisms in an animal.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an animal feed capable of reducing the emission of methane, possible other carbonaceous gasses, and possible N 2 0 from livestock into the atmosphere. Another object of this invention is to minimize the energy consumption during the pelleting process.
  • the present invention is directed to a process for forming pelleted animal feeds.
  • animal feeds includes, but is not limited to pelleted feeds for livestock such as beef and dairy cattle, pigs, sheep, etc., poultry, fish, cats, dogs and the like.
  • the principle behind this invention can be applied to any animal feed whether in block, pellet, wafer, cube, crumble or briquet form, and may also be used for extrusion products.
  • Feed ingredients are normally first hammered to reduce the particle size of the ingredients. Ingredients are then batched, and then combined and mixed thoroughly by a feed mixer. Feed mixers are used for the mixing of feed
  • the mixer plays a vital role in the feed production process, with efficient mixing being the key to good feed production. If feed is not mixed properly, ingredients and nutrients will not be properly distributed. This means that the feed will not have even nutritional benefit. Once the feed has been prepared to this stage the feed is ready to be pelletized.
  • Pelletizing is done in a pellet mill, where feed is normally conditioned and thermal treated in the fitted conditioners of a pellet mill. The feed is then pushed through the holes in the pellet die and exit the pellet mill as pelleted feed.
  • pellets After pelleting, the pellets are cooled with a cooler to bring the temperature of the feed down.
  • Other post pelleting applications include post-pelleting conditioning, sorting via a screen and maybe coating if required.
  • live steam is injected into the feed mash as it is conveyed through the conditioner which generally consists of a cylindrical tube with a rotating shaft upon which numerous paddles or picks are mounted.
  • the condensing steam increases the temperature and moisture content of the mash.
  • Pellets which are used as food stuffs for animals, have been made for many years using the conventional manufacturing process comprising the steps of mixing the components of the pellet, which may include meat or fish meal, soya meal, flour or other components and normally comprise twelve to fourteen percent of water, and then feeding these components into a conditioner where they are exposed to steam. The addition of steam heats the mixture, improves production rates, reduces die wear, and improves pellet quality. Subsequently, the mixture is passed through a pelletizing mill, which causes further heating. Finally, the prepared pellets are cooled and dried.
  • the components of the pellet which may include meat or fish meal, soya meal, flour or other components and normally comprise twelve to fourteen percent of water
  • a conditioner where they are exposed to steam.
  • the addition of steam heats the mixture, improves production rates, reduces die wear, and improves pellet quality.
  • the mixture is passed through a pelletizing mill, which causes further heating. Finally, the prepared pellets are cooled and dried.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a safe method for producing an animal feed comprising a pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition.
  • the inventors have found that the temperature of the steam treated feedmix should be at most 60 degrees Celsius prior to entering the pelletizing mill in order not to auto-ignite during the pelleting procedure in the pelletizing mill.
  • one aspect of the invention relates to a method for producing a pelletized feed product comprising :
  • a feed component selected from the group consisting of cereal straws, legume straws, canola/rape straws, cereal hays, legume hays,
  • activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition is within the range of 1-20;
  • thermoelectric wherein the temperature of the steam treated feedmix is at most 60 degrees Celsius prior to entering the pelletizing mill.
  • the steam treated feedmix is at most 20 60 degrees Celsius prior to entering the pelletizing mill, such as within a range of 20-60 degrees Celsius, e.g. 25-55 degrees Celsius, such as within the range of 30-50 degrees Celsius, e.g. 35-45 degrees Celsius prior to entering the pelletizing mill.
  • composition is within the range of 1-20, such as within the range of 1-10, e.g. 1- 5, such as within the range of 2-4.
  • the feedmix should be mixed with water when the dry matter weight ratio between the feed component and the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition is within the range of 1-5.
  • the dry matter weight ratio between the feed component and the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition is within the range of 1-5; wherein, prior to the steam treatment, the feed mix is further mixed with at least 1% w/w water based on the feed mix, such as in the range of 2-20% w/w, e.g.
  • 3-15% w/w such as in the range of 4-14% w/w, e.g. 5-13% w/w, such as in the range of 6-12% w/w, e.g. 7-11% w/w, such as in the range of 8-10% w/w based on the feed mix.
  • the steam treated feed mix comprises at least 5% w/w water, such as in the range of 10-20% w/w, e.g. 15% w/w water.
  • lignocellulotic composition is above 5; wherein the steam treated feed mix comprises at least 10% w/w water.
  • the invention in yet another embodiment, relates to a method for producing an animal feed, said method comprising mixing activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition with animal feed, and forming the mixture into animal feed composition of a desired structure, shape and size.
  • the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition may be mixed with animal feed, either during manufacture of the feed, at a site between manufacture and a site of feeding, or at the site of feeding the livestock with feed added the animal feed composition.
  • the amount, possibly also the grain size, of the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition may be adjusted depending on which kind of livestock is fed, and depending on whether the livestock being fed are newly born, half-grown, or full- grown livestock.
  • the concentration of said activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition in said animal feed is from about 0.1% w/w to about 50% w/w.
  • Said animal feed composition may further be used as a medicament.
  • the animal feed composition used as a medicament may reduce the amount of bacteria producing methane in one or more stomachs of the livestock.
  • Said animal feed composition may further be used for the manufacture of a medicament.
  • Using solid pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition in an animal feed composition for the manufacture of a medicament results in a new medicament for livestock.
  • the animal feed composition might be embodied in any substance suitable for feeding to animals (particularly to ruminants) in admixture with other feedstuffs, for example in compound feeds, feed blocks, liquid feed supplements, drenches or slow-release pellets.
  • the substances may each fulfill one or more useful functions; for example, they may act as methane inhibitors, they may control rumen fermentation (which, in turn, leads to enhanced animal performance), they may act as sources of energy, they may act as preservatives for animal feedstuffs.
  • the invention further provides an animal feed
  • composition wherein said pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition is having a largest size of less than 5 mm, preferably a largest size less than 4 mm, more preferred a largest size of less than 2 mm, even more preferred a largest size of less than 1 mm, possible a largest size of less than 0.5 mm, and having a smallest size more than 0.1 mm.
  • composition and the feed composition 's ability to absorb methane and possible other carbonaceous gasses.
  • the invention further relates to an animal feed composition wherein the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition is being formed during a pyrolysis process of plant raw material, possibly raw material from wood such as conifer, even possibly raw material from crops such as maize, even more possibly raw material from organic waste material.
  • plant raw material possibly raw material from wood such as conifer, even possibly raw material from crops such as maize, even more possibly raw material from organic waste material has the advantage that the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition may be produced from products on a farm, in forestry or at another agricultural or industrial production site.
  • the invention relates to use of an animal feed
  • composition as an additive in compound feeds, feed blocks, liquid feed
  • the animal feed composition may be added to feed for livestock, either during manufacture of the livestock feed, at a site between manufacture and a livestock feeding location, or at the livestock feeding location.
  • One aspect of the present invention relates to a feed product comprising :
  • a feed component selected from the group consisting of cereal straws, legume straws, canola/rape straws, cereal hays, legume hays, grass hays, corn stalks/stover, other suitable stalky materials or mixtures thereof, and - an activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition; wherein said activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition has a methane adsorption capacity of at least 0.05 mmol/g at 298 K and at a pressure in the range of 0.9-1.2 atmosphere.
  • the amount of the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic product in the feed product is within the range of 5-50% w/w on a dry matter basis, such as within the range of 10-45% w/w, e.g. 15-40% w/w water, such as within the range of 20-35% w/w, e.g. 25-30% w/w on a dry matter basis.
  • the amount of water content in the feed product is within the range of 1-20% w/w, such as within the range of 1- 15% w/w, e.g. 1-10% w/w, such as within the range of 2-9% w/w, e.g. 3-8% w/w.
  • most animal feed manufacturers use some form of pelleting aid when producing their feed compositions.
  • a major concern among animal feed manufacturers is the production of fines that occurs in the pellet mill, conveyers, coolers, sifters, bins, packers, etc. Recycling of fines is expensive since it greatly reduces production rates.
  • the repeated steaming and compression-temperature effects aggravate existing stability problems of vitamins and other additives. The importance of minimizing fines is therefore apparent.
  • binders and hardening agents can be utilized in the production of pelleted animal feeds to reduce the degree of fines.
  • present day manufacturing processes of pelleted animal feeds commonly use such binders as sodium or calcium bentonite (a tri-layered aluminum silicate, montmorillonite), collagen protein derivatives, cane or wood molasses, various starches obtained as the by-products from whole grain processing, natural gums and fatty acids, spray dried calcium lignosulfonates, cellulose gums, hemicellulose extract as the by-product in the production of pressed wood, lignin sulfonates comprising one or a combination of the ammonium, calcium, magnesium or sodium salts of the extract of spent sulfite liquor drained from the sulfite digestion of wood, abaca or sisal.
  • pellet binders and their methods of use are well known in the art.
  • many of these pellet binders have serious disadvantages.
  • the use of many of the above binders such as lignin sulfonate or wood molasses are unpalatable to some animals and thus actually decrease the nutritional value of the animal feed to which they are added. This is of particular importance in feeds for monogastric animals such as swine, which require a feed with high nutritional value. From an economic standpoint, animal feed manufacturers would prefer to produce pelleted feeds at the lowest energy input. Adding binders to their feed
  • compositions has proven to be an acceptable way of producing more durable pellets that are able to withstand the rough handling experienced during the manufacturing, packaging and transportation operations.
  • the binders themselves add additional costs to the feed composition in the form of an additional ingredient that must be ordered, stocked, inventoried, and added as a separate step in the manufacturing process. It would therefore be a major advantage for an animal feed manufacturer to use as a binder a substance that has the ability to provide the necessary pellet hardening properties and also supply the necessary nutrients to the feed composition. That is, if the binder could also act as a source of important mineral requirements, substantial savings would result.
  • At most 10% w/w of the feed component selected from the group consisting of cereal straws, legume straws, canola/rape straws, cereal hays, legume hays, grass hays, corn stalks/ stover, other suitable stalky materials or mixtures thereof have a fibre length in the range of 25 mm to 90 mm, and advantageously, in the range of 30 mm to 80 mm. This part is intended to enhance digestion.
  • the prepared feed is prepared for feeding to fully grown ruminants, in particular, cows, cattle and the like with relatively large muzzles
  • the lengths of the fibres of the digestion enhancing forage material of the prepared feed will be of the longer range
  • the length of the fibres of the digestion enhancing forage material of the prepared feed will be of the shorter ranges.
  • the prepared feed is adapted for feeding to a lactating cow
  • the prepared feed is adapted for feeding to a dry cow.
  • the prepared feed is adapted for feeding to a beef producing animal.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to a feed product according to the present invention for use as a medicament.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a feed product according to the present invention for use as a medicament for treatment of belching.
  • Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a feed product according to the present invention for use as a medicament for treatment of methane generating micro-organisms in an animal.
  • Another aspect of the present invention relates to use of a feed product according to the present invention as an animal feed.
  • the pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition used as adsorbent may be formed by subjecting plant material to temperatures of at the maximum 700°C in a pyrolytic process. Utilizing low pyrolyse temperature reduces energy consumption when manufacturing the pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition.
  • the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition according to the invention can function as a greenhouse gas sink, where greenhouse gas can be absorbed from the stomach, the intestines and subsequently the faeces of livestock.
  • the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition according to the invention can function as an inhibitor of methane and carbon dioxide forming micro bacteria in the faeces of livestock, thereby additionally reducing the discharge of the greenhouse gas into the atmosphere.
  • the methane in the faeces is adsorbed in the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition.
  • the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition may subsequently be burned off, thereby producing carbon-dioxide as all burning will do.
  • the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition may be used as a soil improving agent, e.g. as an enriched fertilizer not only having the fertilising benefits of the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition itself, but also having the fertilising advantages of the methane absorbed in the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition.
  • the method according to the invention may also be used by private, by industrial entities and by governments to fulfill the Kyoto Protocol.
  • the Kyoto Protocol is a 'cap and trade' system that imposes national caps on the emissions of greenhouse gasses. Although these caps are national-level commitments, in practice most countries will devolve their emissions targets to individual industrial entities, such as a farm with livestock. Outside of the Kyoto Protocol a substantial voluntary market exists. It trades VCU's, voluntary carbon units, that are not connectied to any quota or emissions target system.
  • the possible buyers of Credits may be privates and industrial entities that expect their emissions to exceed their quota. Typically, they will purchase Credits directly from another party with excess allowances, from a broker, or from an Energy Saving Company (ESCO).
  • ESCO Energy Saving Company
  • the greenhouse gas intended for being absorbed by the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition when used as a greenhouse gas sink, may be a mixture of different greenhouse gases, preferably a mixture of methane and C0 2 , or the greenhouse gas intended for being absorbed by the activated pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition, when used as a greenhouse gas sink, may be one greenhouse gas only, preferably methane only.
  • the method according to the invention may also be used by private, by industrial entities and by governments to fulfill the Kyoto Protocol.
  • the Kyoto Protocol is a 'cap and trade' system that imposes national caps on the emissions of greenhouse gasses. Although these caps are national-level commitments, in practice most countries will devolve their emissions targets to individual industrial entities, such as a farm with livestock.
  • the pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition is used as a greenhouse gas sink, said greenhouse gas having been absorbed in or being chemically bound in excrements of livestock, and said greenhouse gas being stored until further processing, said greenhouse gas being stored in pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition functioning as an inhibitor of methane and carbon dioxide forming micro bacteria in the excrements of livestock, thereby additionally reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas into the atmosphere.
  • the possible amount of greenhouse gas sink is within the interval of 10 mg to 1000 metric tonnes, such as 500 mg to 1 metric tonnes, such as 1 gram to 100 kg, such as 50 gram to 10 kg, preferably the predefined amount of said
  • greenhouse gas sink is 1 kg.
  • the choice of amount of greenhouse gas sink may differ depending on different parameters individually or in combination such as: the organic waste material in question, the concentration of greenhouse gas in the organic waste material, the certainty needed or desired of the measuring being performed within the period of time and possible other parameters.
  • the possible amount of manure is within the interval of 10 mg to 1000 kg, such as 1 gram to 100 kg, such as 5 gram to 50 kg, such as 10 gram to 30 kg, preferably the predefined amount of said amount manure is 10 kg.
  • the choice of amount of manure may differ depending on different parameters individually or in combination such as: the organic waste material in question, the concentration of greenhouse gas in the organic waste material, the certainty needed or desired of the measuring being performed within the period of time and possible other parameters.
  • the greenhouse gas intended for being absorbed by pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition, when used as a greenhouse gas sink may be a mixture of different greenhouse gases, preferably a mixture of methane and C0 2 , or the greenhouse gas intended for being absorbed by pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition, when used as a greenhouse gas sink, may be one greenhouse gas only, preferably methane only.
  • Selecting raw material which is derived from plants results in a farm possible having the raw material ready at hand for performing the pyrolysis process for forming the solid pyrolyzed lignocellulotic composition for the method according to the invention.
  • Selecting a substance containing methane or other carbonaceous gasses from excrements of livestock results in a farm being able, at first hand, to reduce emission of greenhouse gasses by the method according to the invention.
  • Table 1 Average amount of total gas produced during 48 hours of in vitro rumen fermentation of cattle feed with and without biochar or activated carbon.
  • Table 3 Average amount of total gas produced per g dry feed and additive. Values followed by differing letters are significantly different (P ⁇ 0.05)
  • Table 4 Average percentage of methane in the gas produced during 48 hours of in vitro rumen fermentation of cattle feed with and without biochar or activated carbon. Values followed by differing letters are significantly different (P ⁇ 0.05)

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé destiné à réduire l'émission de méthane et éventuellement d'autres gaz carbonés issus du bétail dans l'atmosphère. L'invention concerne également un procédé destiné à réduire l'émission de méthane et éventuellement d'autres gaz carbonés issus du bétail dans l'atmosphère. De plus, la présente invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'une telle composition de nourriture pour animaux.
PCT/DK2012/050189 2011-06-01 2012-06-01 Procédé de réduction de l'émission de gaz à effet de serre issus du bétail dans l'atmosphère WO2012163364A2 (fr)

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