WO2012155974A1 - Verfahren zum erzeugen eines fehlersignals - Google Patents
Verfahren zum erzeugen eines fehlersignals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012155974A1 WO2012155974A1 PCT/EP2011/058131 EP2011058131W WO2012155974A1 WO 2012155974 A1 WO2012155974 A1 WO 2012155974A1 EP 2011058131 W EP2011058131 W EP 2011058131W WO 2012155974 A1 WO2012155974 A1 WO 2012155974A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- membership functions
- current
- fuzzy membership
- differential current
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
- H02H1/0092—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning the data processing means, e.g. expert systems, neural networks
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
- G01R31/62—Testing of transformers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for transformers
- H02H7/045—Differential protection of transformers
Definitions
- a method for generating an error signal The invention relates to a method for generating an error signal indicating whether an internal transformers ⁇ gate faults present or not.
- He B., Zhang X., Bo Z., IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 3, July 2006, pp. 1163-1168 describes a method for distinguishing between internal transformer inrush and errors, wherein said current waveform of the differential current with reference ⁇ waveforms are compared. Two different frequency conditions per half-wave are used.
- Zengping W. Jing M., Yan X., Lei M., The Seventh International Power Engineering Conference, Singapore, "A New Principle of Discrimination Current and Internal Fault Current Transformer Based on Seif-Correction Function". November 2005, Vol. 2, pp. 614-617) discloses a correlation method in which fault currents are distinguished from turn-on currents by forming and evaluating a waveform correlation coefficient between the first half-wave and the subsequent half-wave of the differential current.
- the document "Correlation analysis of waveforms in nonsuration zone-based method to identify the magnetizing inrush in transformer” (Bi DQ, Zhang XA, Yang HH, Yu GW, Wang XH, Wang WJ, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 22, No.
- Hyung K. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 3, July 2003, pp. 718-7244 discloses another fuzzy-based differential protection system for transformers.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method for generating an error signal that indicates particularly zuver ⁇ casual, whether an internal transformer error is present.
- a method according to the invention in which a differential current signal representative of the difference between the Pri ⁇ märstrom and - taking into account the transmission ratio of the transformer - indicates the secondary current of the transimpedance ⁇ formators, it is determined with the Differenzstromsig ⁇ nal a plurality of different criteria signals ER is evidence, any criteria signal are respectively allocated in ⁇ vidual fuzzy membership functions and at least two fuzzy membership functions are evaluated to form the error signal.
- An essential advantage of the inventive method is that it can be determined very accurately, due to the use of at least each ⁇ wells two individual fuzzy membership functions per signal criteria whether a transformer error is present or not.
- the error signal is preferably formed by a logical OR combination of the logical binary signals.
- At least one of the decision paths for example a second decision path, at least the fuzzy membership functions of a criterion signal are assigned to the deformation coefficient Di d of the differential current in the non-saturated time interval of the differential current for the Detection of Windungshieln refers to small differential currents, and the logical binary signal of this decision path is formed with these fuzzy-train ⁇ hearing functions.
- At least one of the decision paths for example a third decision path, at least in the fuzzy membership functions of a criteria signal are assigned, the up interval on the Verformungskoeffi ⁇ coefficient D2 d of the differential current in the non-saturated Zeitin- of refers differential current for fast Starbuckserken ⁇ voltage for large differential currents, and the logical binary decision this path with these fuzzy course ⁇ affiliation functions is formed.
- three decision paths are formed, to each of which one or more of the fuzzy membership functions are assigned, wherein at least one of the fuzzy membership functions of a criterion signal is assigned to a first decision path the ratio K d i h between the fundamental I d i h of the differential current and the rated current I n of the transformer, and for this first decision path, a first logical binary signal is formed, indicating whether according to the test ⁇ result of the first decision path an internal Transformer error is present or not, a second decision path at least the fuzzy membership functions of a criteria signal are assigned, based on the deformation coefficient Di d of the differential current in the non-saturated time interval of the differential current for the detection of Windungshunt s at small differential currents relates, and a second logical binary signal is formed for this second decision path that indicates whether a present according to the check result of the second decision path in ⁇ ternal transformer error or not, a third decision path at least functions and the fuzzy of
- the error signal is preferably formed in the latter case by a logical OR operation of the first, second and third logical binary signal.
- the invention also relates to a differential ⁇ protection device for protecting a transformer. Erfindungsge ⁇ Gurss a computing device and a memory are provided, in which memory a program for controlling the computing device is stored and the program at from ⁇ execution by the computing device, a method for generating an error signal, as described above, performs ⁇ ,
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an arrangement with which the method according to the invention can be carried out
- FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment for determining DC components
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram for calculating the Störkoef ⁇ efficient in unsaturation interval
- FIG. 4 shows by way of example time profiles for the differential current and the deformation coefficient (interference coefficient) D ld .
- FIG. 5 shows a block diagram for the upper decision path of the arrangement according to FIG. 1,
- Figure 6 is a block diagram of the central decision-making ⁇ path the arrangement according to Figure 1
- Figure 7 is a block diagram for the lower decision-making ⁇ path the arrangement according to Figure 1
- FIG. 8 shows a block diagram for the evaluation of the results of the three decision paths according to FIG. 1 in more detail
- FIG. 9 shows time profiles of the signals of the arrangement according to FIG. 9
- FIG. 10 shows further time courses of the signals of the arrangement according to FIG. 1.
- a generation of a final error signal see block 17 in FIG.
- a first block 11 in which the current samples ii A (n), IIB (n) and ii C (n) on the primary side of the transformers ⁇ tors and the current samples i 2 A (n ), i 2B (n) and i 2 c (n) on the secondary side of the transformer, the corresponding differential currents i dA (n), i dB (n) and i dC (n) are determined.
- criteria signals (criteria values ) K dlh (n), K d2 h (n), K DCO ff (n), D ld (n), K DCO n (n) and D 2d (n) are calculated , Fuzzyfication is performed in the downstream block 13, as will be explained in more detail below in connection with equations 32 to 49.
- the block 14 contains three result paths EP1, EP2 and EP3 in which all or some of the criteria values already mentioned above are evaluated in each case.
- the results are defuzzyfied and there are formed defuzzyfiziert decision signals COi (n), C0 2 (n) and CO 3 (n), which are each subjected to a threshold value comparison.
- the threshold comparison is performed in blocks 16a, 16b and 16c.
- the threshold comparison generates logical binary signals COI 'to C03' from the defuzzified decision signals COi (n), C0 2 (n) and CO 3 (n). These arrive an OR gate 17, which forms the error signal ST with a logi ⁇ rule "1" when it is concluded that an internal transformer fault, and a logical "0" is formed when no is detected in ⁇ ternal transformer faults.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a block diagram for Be ⁇ humor of the DC components.
- a block 21 it is first determined whether a "fault" has occurred, at which time it still remains open whether there is only a switch-on process or an internal fault.
- the differential current values id (n) are evaluated. For example, it is concluded that there is a "fault” if the differential current values id (n) exceed a predefined threshold in terms of magnitude.
- the value for a VARIAB ⁇ r le is then determined in a block 22nd In a downstream block 23, the values T n (n) and IdDco (n) are determined. The corresponding values arrive at an evaluation block 24 in which the variable
- IciDcon (n) is calculated.
- the values arrive at a decision element 25, in which it is checked whether the respective sample value n is smaller than the window length N + 1. If this is the case, the values for the variable I dDCO ff (n) are calculated in a block 26. If the evaluation in block 25 shows that the comparison condition n ⁇ N + 1 is not fulfilled, the variable I dDCO ff (n) is calculated in a block 27.
- FIG. 3 shows a block diagram for calculating the interference coefficients in the unsaturation interval.
- a block 31 first the direction (or the sign) of the DC
- a subsequent block 32 the interval for non-saturation is determined.
- a nachge ⁇ associated block 33 the collected samples are approximated, and variables i and i ri aP a pr2 are determined.
- the Subordinate block 34 serves to determine the interference coefficients in the unsaturation interval.
- the Verformungskoeffi ⁇ coefficient (Störkofuren) are in the figure 3 with di d and D 2 c i, respectively.
- FIG. 4 shows the extraction of the measurement results in the non ⁇ saturation interval, taking into account the signal model according to equation 33 (see below).
- FIG. 5 illustrates by way of example the mode of operation of the first result path EP1 according to FIG.
- the fuzzy membership functions fuzzy membership functions
- L ( d i h (n))... ⁇ ⁇ (K d2h (n)) 2 present on the input side are fuzzy in block 13 according to FIG the corresponding input variables K d i h (n))... K d2h (n) have been formed, evaluated, and there are fuzzyfied intermediate signals MF1 (x) (n) to
- MF10 (x) (n) is formed, from which in block 53 a fuzzyfied result signal MF ou ti (x) (n) is formed.
- MF ou ti (x) (n) is formed.
- FIG. 6 shows by way of example a block diagram for the operation of the second result path EP2 according to FIG. 1.
- the fuzzy membership functions L (Di d (n)) to H (Di d (n)) applied on the input side, which have been previously formed in block 13 according to FIG. 1, are evaluated in blocks 61 and 62, and fuzzy-detected intermediate signals MF11 are produced (x) (n) to MF16 (x) (n) formed, from which in block 63 for the two ⁇ ten result path EP2 a fuzzyfizêts result signal
- MF ou t2 (x) (n) is formed.
- defuzzification and smoldering ⁇ lenwert tone can be from the fuzzified earnings signal MF ou t2 (x) (n) form the logical binary signal C02 'of the second result path EP2 according to FIG.
- FIG. 7 shows by way of example a block diagram for the operation of the third result path EP3 according to FIG. 1.
- fuzzy membership functions L (D2 d (n)) to ⁇ ⁇ (0 2 ( ⁇ ( ⁇ )), which were previously formed in block 13 according to FIG. 1, are evaluated in block 71, and fuzzy-detected intermediate signals are produced MF17 (x) (n) to
- MF18 (x) (n) is formed, from which in block 72 for the third result path EP3 according to Figure 1, a fuzzyfizierts result ⁇ signal MF ou t 3 (x) (n) is formed.
- the logical binary signal C03 'of the third result path EP3 according to FIG. 1 can be formed from the fuzzy-detected result signal MF ou t3 (x) (n).
- FIG. 8 shows, by way of example, the defuzzification of the fuzzyfied result signals MF ou ti (x) (n) to MF ou t3 (x) (n) formed by the result paths EP1, EP2 and EP3. It can be seen that with the aid of comparators 81, the logical binary signals COl 'to C03' are formed, with which the error signal ST is formed using an OR operation 82.
- the used criteria signals are preferably calculated directly from the differential currents.
- the following criteria signals are preferably used:
- FIR filters preferably Fourier filters
- the measurement algorithm for determining the DC components starts when a fault is detected. Determining a Stö ⁇ tion, for example, on a comparison of the actual current samples occur at the terminals of the transformer with respective current samples, the N samples have been acquired earlier.
- the variable N indicates the window length in the form of a number of samples.
- the DC component may be by means of a calculation algorithm ⁇ net, which is based on a mean value of the current over a full cycle, and thus corresponds to a signal filtering with a filter Walsch zero order. Accordingly, the averaged signal is a linear combination of aktuel ⁇ len samples of the differential current I d and coefficients of the rectangular window filter (see Figure 2, block 22).: where I d is the differential current. In the next step, the coefficient that carries the information about the time constant of the DC component is calculated:
- the values of the DC component at successive times can be calculated in two ways to score ⁇ .
- the first Me ⁇ Thode based on the calculation of the current value of the DC component, the current values of the measured time constants and initial values of the DC component are used:
- the second method is based on the current values of the time constant and an initial value for the DC component
- n 0 at the beginning of the estimation.
- FIG. 3 shows an example
- the detection of the unsaturation interval is performed (see block 32 in FIG.
- the difference current (see FIG. 4, section a) is observed within the data window which is composed of 3/2 N samples (see FIG. 4, section b), where N is the number is the window in a cycle of the fundamental.
- N + 2 sum of N / 2-1 consecutive samples of the observed signal is calculated as follows:
- the acquired local windows are called original sample sequences i or gi and i or g2. Additionally defined to protect the algorithm from unwanted errors, the local window is considered only if the absolute value of the difference between the minimum value and the maximum value in the detected local window is greater than 2% of the rated transformer current:
- the first condition protects the algorithm formation against the Verwer ⁇ processing a signal having only a low proportion of usable home.
- the second condition helps avoid a situation where an almost linear waveform is detected. This is possible if occurs while turning the transfor ⁇ mators current transformer saturation. The value of the Störkoef ⁇ efficient can be reduced.
- Equation 24 The model according to Equation 24 is used to improve the error detection at ⁇ turn-to-turn faults with small current and as a result of the approximation appr1 to the sampling sequence obtained as follows i: where H 1 is a coefficient matrix of the signal model used according to Equation 24 and
- Equation 25 The second model according to Equation 25 is used to support the processing of the proposed algorithm in the case of to accelerate the error with high and long-lasting DC components in the differential current and, as a result of the approximation, obtain the sampling sequence i a ppr2 as follows: wherein H2 is a coefficient matrix of the Signalmo ⁇ dells used according to equation 25 and applies:
- the disturbance coefficients are calculated as follows (see block 34 in Figure 3):
- the measured criteria signals are fuzzy- fied.
- the criteria signals input signals of the fuzzification block
- the criteria signals are converted into logic signals ⁇ L , ⁇ M and ⁇ ⁇ (output signals of the fuzzy-fication block, here called fuzzy membership functions). So the fuzzification is all currently gemes ⁇ Senen criteria signals onto a suitable fuzzy set. This can be formalized in the following way:
- K in describes a value of the maximum expected inrush ⁇ current, which relates to the rated current of the protected transformer transformer.
- the fuzzy evaluation determines the fuzzy intermediate signals MFout1 (x) (n) to MF out3 (x) (n), whereby the predetermined fuzzy rules and the fuzzy membership functions ⁇ ⁇ and ⁇ ⁇ are used.
- a Max product method can be used. the. The interference process takes place in three parallel resulting ⁇ nispfaden:
- Result path EP1 ensures maximum safety.
- the interference process as it is performed as a result of path 1 by ⁇ is exemplarily shown in FIG. 5
- the result EP2 path according to Figure 1 improves the identifi cation of low current ⁇ Windungsconsn.
- the Interferenzpro- process, as it is reali ⁇ Siert in the outcome path EP 2 according to Figure 1 is, in more detail by way of example shown in FIG. 6
- the result path EP3 according to FIG. 1 is responsible for the speed increase during operation with an internal fault (with current transformer saturation usually occurring).
- the interference process, as implemented in the third result path according to FIG. 1, is shown in more detail in FIG.
- the final fuzzy result signals MF out (x) (n) are converted to "fresh” (current) values CO (n).
- a "center-of-area” can method uses ⁇ to as block 80 in Figure 8 it performs.
- the value of the thresholds can be changed, with 7.5 being considered the optimum value. If the value is increased, a higher level of security can be achieved; if the value is reduced, system stability is improved.
- Figures 9 and 10 show an example of the operation of the arrangement according to figure 1.
- the work result of the method is compared in accordance with Figure 1 with tra ⁇ tional methods that evaluate the second harmonic wave and threshold values of 10 and 20% heranzie ⁇ hen.
- FIG. 9 shows the switching on of a transformer with a saturation effect: the time values of the differential current i d are known for all three phases, the ratio of the second harmonic wave I d 2h to the fundamental wave I d i h / the fresh intermediate value COi (n) , the result signal ST (SdT) for the differential protection with traditional stabilization and the result signal ST (new) of the differential protection according to the method according to FIGS. 1 to 8. It can be seen in FIG. 9 that the waveform of the differential currents is very similar are among those that occur in the event of an internal error. Because of this, the second harmonic content is very small and falls for some time under a given threshold level (eg "0").
- a threshold level eg "0"
- FIG. 10 shows the corresponding signal curve in the case of an internal winding fault of the transformer.
- the signals were observed during power up with an internal Win ⁇ tion error and are shown with a time resolution of 100 ms. Since the winding error affects only a single turn of the transformer, its influence on the differential current i d is almost not recognizable. With traditional 1-based signal evaluation based on the second harmonic, the differential protection will fail.
- the algorithm illustrated in connection with FIGS. 1 to 8 correctly recognizes the internal error due to the deformation coefficient (interference coefficient) D ld .
- the intermediate decision signal C02 (n) exceeds its smoldering ⁇ lenwert of 7.5 ms 84 after fault inception so that the Trans ⁇ formator is turned off (see FIG. Decision signal ST (new) in Figure 10).
- the multi-criteria fuzzy logic method according to Figures 1 to 8 has a number of advantages over traditional stabilization methods, which can be summarized as follows: - High reliability (no false triggering of protection inde ⁇ dependent on the proportion of the second harmonic in differential currents)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Evolutionary Computation (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Protection Of Transformers (AREA)
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/118,614 US20140095087A1 (en) | 2011-05-19 | 2011-05-19 | Method for generating a fault signal |
EP11723392.4A EP2697880A1 (de) | 2011-05-19 | 2011-05-19 | Verfahren zum erzeugen eines fehlersignals |
RU2013156412/07A RU2013156412A (ru) | 2011-05-19 | 2011-05-19 | Способ формирования сигнала неисправности |
CN201180070151.9A CN103493321A (zh) | 2011-05-19 | 2011-05-19 | 用于产生故障信号的方法 |
PCT/EP2011/058131 WO2012155974A1 (de) | 2011-05-19 | 2011-05-19 | Verfahren zum erzeugen eines fehlersignals |
BR112013029461A BR112013029461A2 (pt) | 2011-05-19 | 2011-05-19 | método para gerar um sinal de falha que indica se uma falha interna de transformador ocorreu e dispositivo de proteção diferencial para proteger um transformador |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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PCT/EP2011/058131 WO2012155974A1 (de) | 2011-05-19 | 2011-05-19 | Verfahren zum erzeugen eines fehlersignals |
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WO2012155974A1 true WO2012155974A1 (de) | 2012-11-22 |
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PCT/EP2011/058131 WO2012155974A1 (de) | 2011-05-19 | 2011-05-19 | Verfahren zum erzeugen eines fehlersignals |
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US (1) | US20140095087A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2697880A1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN103493321A (de) |
BR (1) | BR112013029461A2 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2013156412A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2012155974A1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103545789A (zh) * | 2013-08-26 | 2014-01-29 | 江苏科技大学 | 变压器差动保护的励磁涌流模糊识别方法 |
CN110703152A (zh) * | 2019-10-23 | 2020-01-17 | 盖国权 | 变压器差动保护比率制动特性检验的方法 |
EP4379408A1 (de) * | 2022-12-02 | 2024-06-05 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und einrichtung zum erkennen eines fehlers eines mehrphasigen analogen messwandlers |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US10782360B2 (en) * | 2015-05-04 | 2020-09-22 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for monitoring and diagnosing transformer health |
CN106356815B (zh) * | 2016-09-22 | 2019-01-18 | 南京国电南自电网自动化有限公司 | 双绕组换流变压器大差保护和应涌流小差与门闭锁方法 |
CN106384995B (zh) * | 2016-11-17 | 2019-05-31 | 国家电网公司 | 一种差动保护闭锁方法及装置 |
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WO1995019059A1 (fr) * | 1994-01-06 | 1995-07-13 | Schneider Electric Sa | Dispositif de protection differentielle d'un transformateur de puissance |
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JP2000016320A (ja) * | 1998-06-30 | 2000-01-18 | Koyo Seiko Co Ltd | 電動パワーステアリング装置 |
US20050096772A1 (en) * | 2003-10-31 | 2005-05-05 | Cox David N. | Transformer performance prediction |
CN101540009B (zh) * | 2008-03-17 | 2011-11-16 | 大叶大学 | 预测设施与设备故障的方法 |
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2011
- 2011-05-19 RU RU2013156412/07A patent/RU2013156412A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-05-19 US US14/118,614 patent/US20140095087A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-05-19 BR BR112013029461A patent/BR112013029461A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-05-19 CN CN201180070151.9A patent/CN103493321A/zh active Pending
- 2011-05-19 EP EP11723392.4A patent/EP2697880A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-05-19 WO PCT/EP2011/058131 patent/WO2012155974A1/de active Application Filing
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WO1995019059A1 (fr) * | 1994-01-06 | 1995-07-13 | Schneider Electric Sa | Dispositif de protection differentielle d'un transformateur de puissance |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103545789A (zh) * | 2013-08-26 | 2014-01-29 | 江苏科技大学 | 变压器差动保护的励磁涌流模糊识别方法 |
CN110703152A (zh) * | 2019-10-23 | 2020-01-17 | 盖国权 | 变压器差动保护比率制动特性检验的方法 |
EP4379408A1 (de) * | 2022-12-02 | 2024-06-05 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und einrichtung zum erkennen eines fehlers eines mehrphasigen analogen messwandlers |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20140095087A1 (en) | 2014-04-03 |
EP2697880A1 (de) | 2014-02-19 |
BR112013029461A2 (pt) | 2017-01-17 |
RU2013156412A (ru) | 2015-06-27 |
CN103493321A (zh) | 2014-01-01 |
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