Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
  • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
  • G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
  • G05F1/12—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac
  • G05F1/32—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac using magnetic devices having a controllable degree of saturation as final control devices
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
  • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
  • G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
  • G05F1/12—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac
  • G05F1/32—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac using magnetic devices having a controllable degree of saturation as final control devices
  • G05F1/325—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is ac using magnetic devices having a controllable degree of saturation as final control devices with specific core structure, e.g. gap, aperture, slot, permanent magnet
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
  • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
  • H01F29/14—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a voltage regulator adapted to be connected in series between, on the one hand, an alternating source and, on the other hand, a load, comprising a magnetic circuit comprising a first core and a second core parallel to each other, at least one first inductive coil wound around the first core and connected on the one hand to the alternative source and on the other hand to the load, and at least one voltage converter having a second coil wound around the second core.
• alternative electrical networks for example high-voltage, low-voltage and medium-voltage distribution networks, as well as the industrial plants' internal power supply networks
• which comprise at least one regulator 10.
• voltage adapted to be connected in series between an alternating source S and a load C.
• the voltage of the networks is frequently degraded, especially as one moves away from the source (such as for example a mean voltage drop, a flicker, a generation of harmonics or voltage dips), and the known regulator 10 allows voltage regulation, in order to correct the voltage of the connected loads at the end of the network.
• the known regulator 10 comprises a magnetic circuit 2 comprising a first core 21 and a second core 22, parallel to each other. It also comprises at least a first inductive coil 1 wound around the first core 21 and connected on the one hand to the source S and on the other hand to the load C. It finally comprises at least one electronic voltage converter 4 comprising a second coil 7 wound around the second core 22.
• the converter 4 makes it possible to regulate the voltage at the terminals Bc of the load when it is coupled, via the second coil 7, to the first coil 1 which has an inductance L.
• the magnetic flux F A of the first coil 1 closes in the circuit 2 on the first core 21 and the second core 22.
• the assembly formed by the first coil 1, the circuit 2 and the second coil 7 constitutes a voltage transformer which couples the converter 4 with the first coil 1 in series and upstream of the charge e.
• the converter 4 can therefore regulate the voltage at the terminals Bc of the load C.
• the aforementioned electrical networks are inevitably subject to defects D (accident, equipment failure, lightning ... and in general any overcurrent (short-circuit) that can cross the regulator), especially since a dozen years, the risks of default increase due to aging networks.
• the connection to the networks of new types of installations increases the power of the short circuits in the networks in the event of a fault.
• the amplitude of the short-circuit currents is thus of the order of a few kA up to several tens or hundreds of kA, depending on the types of networks. Currents of high amplitude can damage the networks, and in particular the converter 4.
• a known solution consists in providing an electromechanical decoupling device for the converter 4 and the first coil 1.
• the converter must therefore be decoupled by switches. Take, for example, a known three-phase network of 20 kV, with a single-phase voltage of the order of 1 1, 5 kV.
• the nominal current corresponding to a three-phase load C of 1 MVA is of the order of 30A, while the amplitude of the short-circuit can reach several hundred amperes (10 times the nominal current), or even several thousand of amps.
• a voltage regulation of plus or minus 10% corresponds to a single-phase voltage variation of the order of 1 kV, a permanent power of the converter 4 of the order of 30kVA.
• the characteristics of the switches of the converter must be such that they can convey a single-phase power of about 300 kVA, or more in case short circuits of several thousand amperes. Such switches are consequently very expensive.
• the invention proposes to overcome at least one of these disadvantages.
• the invention proposes a voltage regulator adapted to be connected in series between an alternating source and a load, comprising
• a magnetic circuit comprising a first core and a second core
• the first winding is wound partly around the first nucleus and connected on the one hand to the alternative source and on the other hand to the load, and
• At least one voltage converter having a second coil wound around the second core
• the circuit comprises
• the virtual gap including
• the regulator operating between at least two states, namely:
• the regulator is further adapted to operate in a third state in which the virtual air gap is partially open by partially desaturating the third core, so that the converter is partially decoupled from the first coil;
• the passive control comprises a permanent connection between the DC power source and the winding
• the active control comprises a switch controlled by a detector between the direct current source and the winding;
• the intelligent control controls a DC power source comprising a dimmer connected to the winding;
• the first core comprises
• the first coil consists of a first part, wrapping around the first core, and a second part, wrapping around a part circuitry between the first core and the third core, the controller thus also having a current limiting function;
• the circuit comprises an auxiliary magnetic circuit comprising a frame comprising at least one core and a mechanical air gap, the first coil winding around the first core and the core of the frame, the regulator thus also having a current limiting function ,
• the regulator is adapted to be put in series with a current limiting coil.
• the invention has many advantages.
• the invention provides a voltage regulator for regulating a voltage across a load on the grid in normal operation, and for decoupling a regulator converter from the mains and a control source of the regulator, to protect them from voltage currents. short circuit in the event of a fault.
• the regulator of the invention finds its voltage regulation function, without any maintenance, while network returns to its normal regime.
• the high performance of the regulator of the invention makes it possible to reduce all the performance of the breaking devices associated with it in the network.
• the invention therefore makes it possible to provide an inexpensive network protection device, especially since it may not comprise superconducting material.
• the controller can include a passive or active control, even intelligent, depending on the type of network, the type of protection device and the amplitude of the normal, transient and fault currents. This control is performed from a direct current injected into a specific winding for magnetically saturating, locally, the magnetic circuit.
• the invention is such that the continuous ampere-turns supplying the saturation winding of the magnetic circuit of the regulator are small, since the local saturation of the magnetic circuit (to form a virtual air gap EV) is obtained easily (the perimeter of the holes on which the winding is coiled is weak).
• a superconducting material may be used for the auxiliary winding, but it is not essential.
• the saturation auxiliary winding time constant may be low to quickly shut off the DC current and change the state of the Virtual Gap quickly.
• the advantage of the invention is that the voltage converter and the DC source of the air gap EV are magnetically decoupled, as long as the fault lasts.
• FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C schematically represent a possible embodiment of a regulator according to the invention, in a network, with the magnetic flux corresponding to the different states of the airgap EV;
• FIGS. 3A and 3B schematically represent the coupling principles of a possible embodiment of a regulator according to the invention, in a network;
• FIG. 4 schematically represents an active control of a regulator according to the invention
• FIG. 5 schematically represents an intelligent control of a regulator according to the invention
• FIG. 6A represents the evolution of the effective voltage of the source-side network as a function of time
• FIG. 6B shows the evolution of the effective voltage of the load-side network as a function of the effective network current
• FIG. 7 schematically represents a control of a regulator according to the invention
• FIGS. 8A to 8C schematically represent different cases of variation of the instantaneous current as a function of time;
• FIGS. 9A and 9B schematically represent magnetic circuits according to the invention.
• FIGS. 10A to 10D diagrammatically represent equivalent diagrams of a regulator according to the invention, as a function of the current in the network;
• FIG. 1 schematically shows a circuit according to the invention composed by a superposition of magnetic sheets
• FIG. 12 schematically shows a first variant of an embodiment of a regulator according to the invention, thus having a current limiting function
• FIG. 13 schematically shows a second variant of an embodiment of a regulator according to the invention, thus having a current limiting function
• FIG. 14 diagrammatically represents a voltage regulator also comprising a current limiter
• FIG. 15 represents the limitation of the current on a curve of the evolution of the effective voltage of the load-side network as a function of the effective network current.
• FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A and 3B show schematically a possible embodiment of a voltage regulator 10 according to the invention.
• the regulator 1 0 is adapted to be connected in series between an alternating source S and a charge C.
• the assembly formed by the source S, the regulator 10 and the load C thus forms an electrical network.
• the return of the current (normal or fault) to the source S is not shown in the simplified diagrams.
• the present invention thus relates to an alternating network, powered by a source S of voltage regulated power.
• the voltage regulator 1 adapted to be connected in series, makes it possible to correct the voltage of the load C connected at the end of the network.
• the regulator 10 which is the subject of the invention is located between an upstream network which includes the source S of power (and which may comprise charges not represented on FIG. the figures) and a downstream network which includes the charge C.
• the regulator 10 serves to regulate the voltage downstream, that is to say and for simplicity, at the terminals Bc of a load C.
• the regulator 10 comprises a magnetic circuit 2 embodied by a plate.
• the plate may be one-piece, or may comprise a superposition of magnetic sheets 28.
• the plate has external peripheral outlines, and includes a first window 23 defining internal peripheral contours 26 of the plate, and a second window 24 defining internal peripheral contours 27 of the plate.
• the circuit 2 also comprises a first core 21, delimited by the contours 26 and 27 of the plate, and a second core 22, delimited by the contours 25 and 26 of the plate, the first core 21 and the second core 22 being preferentially but not limitatively parallel to each other.
• It also comprises at least a first inductive coil 1 wound around the first core 21 and connected on the one hand to the source S and on the other hand to the load C.
• At least one electronic voltage converter 4 comprising a second coil 7 wound around the second core 22.
• the converter 4 is known to those skilled in the art and is not described in detail later in this description.
• the converter 4 is preferably an electronic switching converter, with components supporting a large power (including insulated gate bipolar transistors or "IGBT, insulated gate bipolar transistors" according to the terminology of the skilled person) and switching frequencies greater than 1 kHz.
• the circuit 2 comprises a third decoupling core 3.
• the third core 3 extends at least partially on a side opposite the second core 22 with respect to the first core 21.
• the first core 21 is located between the second core 22 and the third decoupling core 3.
• the third core 3 may however be located in any way with respect to the first core 21 and the second core 22.
• Circuit 2 also has a virtual gap EV.
• the virtual airgap EV has
• the coil 1 Due to its winding around the first core 21 and the fact that it can be traversed by an alternating current, the coil 1 can create in the circuit 2 a magnetomotive force referenced by FAt a corresponding to alternating ampere-turns.
• the magnetomotive force FAt a is of an intensity equal to the product of the number of turns of the coil 1 by the alternating current in amperes which passes through them.
• the auxiliary winding 6 can create a non-conductive force. c corresponding to continuous ampere-turns.
• the magnetomotive force FAt c is equal to the product of the number of turns of the winding 6 by the continuous current in amperes which passes through them.
• the magnetomotive force FAt c thus created by the winding 6 can magnetically saturate the third core 3, locally at the air gap EV.
• the continuous ampere-turns (At) at the winding 6 are relatively small. They are between 500 At and several thousand At, depending on the diameter of the holes 5 and according to the characteristic of variation of the magnetic induction B as a function of the magnetic field H in the circuit 2.
• the winding 6 may be of superconductive material, but this is not essential.
• the virtual dimension of the air gap EV increases with the value of ampere-turns.
• the core 3 may in particular comprise a plurality of virtual gaps EV), and, within each pair 50, to modify the shape, the diameter, and the position of the holes 5.
• the increase in the number of holes does not significantly modify the impedance values of the coil 1 or the coil 6, nor the order of magnitude of the total number of At necessary to saturate the air gap EV during normal operation.
• the preference may respond to manufacturing facilities of circuit 2 or coil 1 or winding 6 or control functions of source 8.
• Rectangular shapes of holes tend to increase harmonic currents. Here again, preference will be able to respond to manufacturing facilities.
• the regulator 10 according to the invention operates between at least two states.
• a first state is diagrammatically represented in FIGS. 2A and 3A, and is a state in which the virtual gap EV is open and magnetically opens the magnetic circuit 2 by magnetically saturating the third decoupling core 3 locally.
• the magnetic flux in the third core 3 is low (leakage flow) because it is interrupted by the virtual gap EV.
• the auxiliary winding 6 is supplied with direct current to saturate the periphery of the holes 5 arranged inside the third core 3. This local saturation is equivalent to the opening of the core 3 by a mechanical gap.
• the magnetic flux F A in the second core 22 is important: the converter 4 is then magnetically coupled to the first coil 1, via the second coil 7, so that the regulator 10 can regulate a voltage in the load C.
• a second state is shown diagrammatically in FIGS. 2B and 3B, and is a state in which the virtual gap EV is closed and magnetically closes the magnetic circuit 2 at the third decoupling core 3.
• the magnetic flux Fc in the third core 3 is important because the virtual gap EV is closed, whereas the flux embraced by the coil 6 is negligible, because of the symmetrical arrangement of the holes 5.
• the magnetic flux (leak flow) in the second core 22 is small: as shown in FIG. 3B, the converter 4 is then decoupled from the first coil 1, so that the regulator 10 no longer regulates the voltage in the second core 22. load C, but is not damaged by a fault in the network.
• the second coil 7 is short-circuited to obtain equivalence to the opening 70 of the core 22.
• the current flowing through the winding 6 is zero (then FAt c is equal to 0).
• the air gap EV is again open, without special maintenance, and the regulator 10 can again regulate the voltage on the network. And in case of new fault short circuit, the circuit 2 is again closed magnetically by the rapid closing of the air gap EV, and so on.
• the decoupling of the converter 4 and the coil 1 can take place in a time of the order of 1 ms, which allows:
• the regulator 10 is then adapted to the needs of the network (transmission network, distribution network or industrial network) and the variety of power ranges (normal and short-circuit power).
• the third state corresponds to an intermediate regime of the network, in which the alternating current is slightly greater than the current nominal load.
• the intermediate regime we therefore have the following condition:
• the circuit 2 in the third state, which can be established and permanent (that is to say non-transient), the circuit 2 is then partially desaturated at the gap VE of the third core 3, and a part of the alternating magnetic flux F A (imposed by FAt a ) flows in the third core 3 in combination with the continuous flow Fc (imposed by FAt c ). All the windings are then magnetically coupled.
• the opening of the air gap EV in normal network or the closing of the air gap EV during a fault on the network can be passive or active or so-called intelligent.
• a first step is a passive com m eration of the opening and closing of the air gap EV.
• the limiter 10 comprises a passive control 60 of the opening and closing of the air gap EV.
• the passive control 60 comprises a permanent connection between the source 8 and the coil 6, in accordance with FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C.
• the passive control 60 uses the closing of the air gap EV, by desaturation of the circuit 2 at the air gap EV due to the fact that the force FAt a is very high compared to the force FAt c , because of the defect at the the network and the strong current flowing through the coil 1.
• the intensity of the direct current flowing through the coil 6, fixed prior to the fault, is the only parameter for adjusting the level of desaturation of the third core 3 .
• the source 8 is in a manner known to those skilled in the art protected against overcurrents and overvoltages that develop during transient network conditions and during defects.
• a second command 60 describes an active control of the opening and closing of the air gap EV, shown in FIG. 4.
• the regulator 10 comprises an active control 60 of the opening and closing of the air gap EV.
• the active control 60 comprises a switch 61 between the source 8 and the coil 6.
• the switch 61 can
• the control 60 comprises a detector 62 which defines the opening criterion of the switch 61.
• the detector 62 compares the amplitude of the fault current with that of a setting threshold.
• the switch 61 opens and the regulator 10 passes in a few milliseconds in its second state (closed EV).
• the active control 60 advantageously comprises an inductive current cutout overvoltage limiter 63, connected in parallel with the source 8, for example a zinc oxide arrester (ZnO), and / or a freewheeling diode in series with a resistor both known to those skilled in the art.
• ZnO zinc oxide arrester
• a freewheeling diode in series with a resistor both known to those skilled in the art.
• a third command describes an intelligent command, shown diagrammatically in FIG. 5, in which the command 60 is connected to a source 8 comprising a variator 81 of the intensity of the current in the winding 6.
• the drive 81 is an electronic power converter, known to those skilled in the art, which delivers a current comprising a component continuous, but may also have alternative components, especially at twice the frequency of the network.
• the command 60 controls the drive 81 which then makes the regulator 10 pass through.
• the magnetic operating state 1, 2 or 3 most adapted to the context.
• the command 60 can also be remotely controlled to take into account the operation of the protection devices of the network, or even modify its adjustment thresholds as needed.
• FIGS. 6A and 6B schematically represent functions of a regulator according to the invention, with reference to the three magnetic states of the airgap EV.
• the winding 7 of the converter 4 can remain open for the duration of the fault or, preferably, be short-circuited to help push the magnetic flux to the air gap EV.
• This short-circuiting is equivalent to an opening of the magnetic circuit 70, as shown in FIG. 3B. It can be provided by the converter 4 itself or by additional components, including the protections of the converter known to those skilled in the art.
• the converter 4 is also in an intermediate state of partial decoupling during the normal transient period.
• Table 1 summarizes the magnetic states of the air gap EV and those of the voltage converter 4.
• the three-speed device is desirable.
• a passive command 60 of the air gap EV can be interesting.
• the control 60 controls the DC source 8 and the voltage converter 4 in a coordinated manner.
• control 60 sends a voltage regulation setpoint 601 to the electronic converter 4, and a regulation setpoint 602 to the source 8.
• the control of the intermediate state of the air gap EV is done by the variation of current in the winding 6, the com current carrying a DC component and harmonic components.
• the source 8 may also advantageously comprise a current converter.
• the converter 4 must be decoupled quickly from the network when a fault arises.
• all the protection devices face the same difficulty in predicting the evolution of the current, based on a significant current variation di / dt in a relatively short time, typically of the order of 1 ms. It is necessary to decouple the voltage converter in 1 ms, otherwise it is destroyed by the short circuit.
• FIG. 8B shows that it can be a normal transient regime (network operation, load variation, etc.), and in this case there is a return to a normal regime in a time typically of the order of a few milliseconds.
• a regulator 10 according to the invention is to size the power of the voltage converter for the purpose of regulation only, whatever the amplitude and the duration of the defects, in particular to reduce the fluctuations of the voltage. tensions, distortions harmonics, the effects of "flicker", and even offset all or part of the voltage dips.
• the source 8 is sized to provide the permanent ohmic losses of the coil 6 and to hold the transient fast switching of the air gap EV transient situation which is also shown in Figure 2C.
• the choice of the ratio of the number of turns of the first coil 1 to the number of turns of the second coil 7 makes it possible to optimize the cost of the voltage converter 4 by adapting to the performance of the electronic equipment on the market, but also by benefiting from advances in switching speed (> kHz), withstand voltage (> kV) and withstand current (> kA).
• the number of turns of the winding 6 is related to the characteristics of the circuit 2 to obtain a speed of control of the air gap EV of the order of one millisecond for a 50 Hz or 60 Hz industrial network.
• Thickness of the third core 3 10 to 30cm As the size of the magnetic circuit 2 increases, the area of a hole 5 increases faster than its perimeter. This results in the advantage of being able to choose a current density in the winding 6 sufficiently small to reduce the permanent ohmic losses, when the airgap EV is open.
• FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B specify some characteristics of the first core 21 (also referenced by N R ), the second core 22 (also referenced by Nu) and the third core 3 (also referenced by N E v).
• FIG. 9A in the normal regulation regime, the first core 21, a possible section reduction 210 and the second core 22 must not be magnetically saturated.
• the magnetic circuit 2 must be closed to ensure good coupling between the second coil 7 of the converter 4 and the first coil 1. It is therefore necessary to avoid mechanical gaps along the flow path F A
• the first core 21 may be saturated to limit the magnetic flux.
• the first core 21 may include a section reduction 210.
• FIG. 10A represents an equivalent electrical diagram of the regulator 10, with impedances L N EV , L N U and L N R respectively representative of the nuclei N E v (3), Nu (22) and N R (21) of FIG. 9A.
• the inductance L N EV of the third core 3 is of small value.
• the voltage converter 4 regulates the voltage U by compensating for the voltage drop in the inductance L N EV-
• the air gap EV in the intermediate regime, the air gap EV is not completely closed.
• the current of the network (of intensity between 1 to 3 In) flows partly by the saturable inductance L N R and partly in the branch composed of the inductance L N EV (controlled by the source 8 of current continuous I), in series with the converter 4 delivering the voltage U (for an intensity of 0 to 2 In, depending on the performance of the source 8 and the converter 4).
• the air gap EV is closed and the inductance L N EV limits the current in the voltage converter 4. This current is then lower than In, or very low, depending on the sizing and operating choices of the regulator.
• the second coil is short-circuited to contribute to the opening 70 of the core 22 (as shown schematically in FIG. 3B): the voltage U represented in FIG. 10D is then zero.
• the plate can also provide this energy dissipative function by electromagnetic losses using suitable materials.
• the regulator 10 thus comprises a function for limiting the fault current.
• FIG. 12 shows that according to a first embodiment, the first coil 1 consists of a first part 1a, wrapping around the first core 21, and a second part 1b, winding in the same direction of winding, around a part of the circuit 2, called the yoke, between the first core 21 and the third core 3, for example in the vicinity of the holes 5.
• the third core 3 is opened by the air gap EV, and the inductance L1b of the second part 1b of the first coil 1 is of low value. It introduces a low voltage fall AVcc which can be compensated by the voltage converter 4.
• the inductances Li a and L1 b of the parts 1 a and 1 b of the coil 1 are traversed by the same flux F c which closes by the third core 3.
• the voltage drops AVcc depend on the number of turns parts 1a and 1b of the first coil 1 and are added in parts 1a and 1b according to the square of the numbers N1a and N1b of turns, namely
• FIG. 13 representing a longitudinal section, viewed from above, of the circuit 2, shows that according to a second embodiment, in order to increase the voltage drop AVcc without changing the number of turns, it is necessary to increase the flux F c , in particular by increasing the section of the first core 21.
• the circuit 2 comprises an auxiliary magnetic circuit 200 comprising a frame comprising a core 212 and a core NF, parallel to each other and to the first core 21, and a mechanical air gap EM.
• the first reel 1 wraps around
• the first core 21 of similar section to the first core 21 described so far, and
• the increase in flux F c in the first coil 1 does not therefore require increasing the section of the first core.
• the voltage drop AVcd, due to the first core 21, is increased by AVcc2, due to the auxiliary circuit 200 (AVcc2 is adjustable by the mechanical gap EM).
• Another embodiment which also makes it possible to limit the fault current consists in adding in series with the regulator a separate inductance of the latter.
• the voltage regulator in normal operation, can compensate for the voltage drop in this series inductance.
• Figure 15 shows the relationship between the effective voltage across the load and the effective regulator current when a limiting function is provided by the regulator or a separate inductor.
• the skilled person may prefer another arrangement of the windows 23 and 24 made with the cores and yokes, to facilitate for example the connection to the output terminals, or to meet the requirement of resistance to dielectric tests (lightning shock).
• a multiphase regulator or regulator-limiter and in particular three-phase, can be based on the grouping of several identical single-phase units or on the design of a multi-phase magnetic circuit, in the rules of the art known to those skilled in the art.
• One of the aims of such an embodiment is to reduce the mass and bulk of the magnetic circuit.
• Another goal it may be to obtain different performances in direct mode and in zero sequence mode, in particular when the sources of voltage disturbances and / or the faults are different in these modes, in particular because of the types of grounding of the alternative network.

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