WO2012091701A1

WO2012091701A1 - Substances for use as bisphenol a substitutes

Info

Publication number: WO2012091701A1
Application number: PCT/US2010/062333
Authority: WO
Inventors: Masahiro EUDA
Original assignee: Empire Technology Development Llc
Priority date: 2010-12-29
Filing date: 2010-12-29
Publication date: 2012-07-05
Also published as: US20120172568A1; US9018335B2

Abstract

Bis-Phenol A (BPA) can now be replaced in industrial processes by BPA substitutes. The BPA substitutes can have structures that are derivatives of BPA. The BPA substitutes can be used in preparing epoxy composition, polycarbonate compositions, and polysulfonate compositions or for other uses in place of BPA.

Description

SUBSTANCES FOR USE AS BISPHENOL A SUBSTITUTES

BACKGROUND

[001] Bisphenol A (hereinafter "BPA") has been commonly used in the preparation of containers, many of which are designed to hold food or beverages. However, it has been found that BPA is an endocrine-disrupting compound that is eluted from the food and beverage containers and absorbed into the foods or drinks within the containers. It has been found that BPA has severe adverse health effects. Therefore, there is a desire to eliminate BPA from food and beverage container products, and thereby there is a need for substance that can be used as a substitute for BPA.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[002] Figure 1A includes a schematic representation of a BPA receptor having a ligand binding domain that receives and interacts with BPA.

[003] Figure IB includes a schematic representation of a BPA receptor having a ligand binding domain that does not receive or interact with a BPA substitute.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[004] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein.

[005] It is thought, without being bound thereto, that one or more receptors are involved in the BPA-induced endocrine (e.g., hormone) disruption process in the body. Figure 1A includes a schematic representation of a BPA-receptor interaction 100. As shown, a BPA receptor 102 includes a ligand receptor domain 104 having a shape and size that receives BPA as a ligand. BPA has a spatial presence 106 that allows it to be received into the ligand receptor domain 104 of the BPA receptor 102. If the relationship between the receptor involved and BPA is a key-and-lock relationship (see Figure 1A), it is possible that the uptake of BPA by receptors can be inhibited or will not occur if a BPA substitute has a different molecular shape or size (see Figure IB). As shown in Figure IB, a schematic representation of an inhibited receptor interaction 100a, where a BPA substitute 108 is designed such that it is sterically hindered from fitting within the ligand receptor domain 104 of the BPA receptor 102. It is thought that BPA substitutes 108 can be used to replace BPA in various industrial processes. Consequently, the adverse properties of BPA as an endocrine-disrupting compound will decrease if it is not used. The BPA substitutes 108 that do not interact with the BPA receptor 102 can avoid the adverse affect on health presented by BPA.

[006] In accordance with BPA substitutes that are sterically hindered from entering into or interacting with a ligand receptor domain of a BPA receptor, the following substances and their derivatives can be used as BPA substitutes: BPA derivative having alkylation of at least one of the benzene rings in BPA; replacement of the propylene structure in BPA with another alkylene structure; and/or hydrogenated benzene rings (e.g., 2,2'-bis(4- hydroxycyclohexyl)-propane) as a substitute for BPA.

[007] A BPA substitute, as described herein, with a molecular shape and/or size that does not fit within a ligand receptor domain present invention, can be manufactured in conventional chemical synthesis plants. The BPA substitute can be provided as raw material for the large markets for polycarbonate resins (hereinafter "PC") or epoxy resins. Thus, the BPA substitutes described herein can be used in place of BPA in industrial and manufacturing processes.

[008] Generally, the BPA substitute can be a derivative of BPA that has an altered shape and/or size that does not fit within or interact with a ligand binding domain of the BPA receptor. The BPA substitute can have a structure of Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. The structures are shown below.

Formula 2

Formula 3

Formula 4

[009] In Formulas 1, 2, 3, and 4, the structures are characterized by the following parameters. The rings are independently cyclic aliphatic or aromatic which is shown by the dashed lines. When the dashed lines are a bond, the BPA substitute includes one or more aromatic rings. When the dashed lines are nothing, the BPA substitute includes one or more aliphatic rings. When the rings are aromatic R11-R22 are nothing and one or more of R3-R6 is not hydrogen. Independently, R1-R22 can each include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof as well as other well known chemical substituents. The aliphatic groups can include nl-n6 each independently being about 0-20, about 1-10, or about 1-5.

[010] The compounds represented by Formulas 1, 2, 3, or 4 can be characterized by one or more of the following: one or more of R1-R6 are not hydrogen; one or more of R1-R6 includes an aliphatic group; each of R1-R6 independently includes an aliphatic group, each of R1-R2 independently includes an aliphatic group; one or more of R1-R2 includes a methyl group; one or more of R3-R6 includes tert-butyl group; one or more R7-R22 are hydrogen; each of R7-R22 are hydrogen; each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 5; each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 2; each of nl -n4 is 0; each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 5; each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 2; or each of n5-n6 is 0. When the rings are aromatic, then Rl 1-R22 are nothing.

[011] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, and nl-n6 are 0.

[012] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, one or more of nl-n2 are 1, and n3-n6 are 0.

[013] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, R3-R22 are hydrogen, and nl-n6 are 0.

[014] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute can have a structure of Formula 1A, Formula 2A, Formula 3A, Formula 4A or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, or Formula 4.

Formula 4A

[015] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute can have a structure of Formula IB, Formula 2B, Formula 3B, Formula 4B or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Formula 1,

IB

Formula 4B

[016] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute can have a structure of Formula 1C, Formula 2C, Formula 3C, Formula 4C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Formula 1 , Formula 2, Formula 3, or Formula 4. In one aspect, the BPA substitute specifically excludes 4,4'-isopropylidenedicyclohexanol.

[017] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute can have a structure of Formula ID, Formula 2D, Formula 3D, Formula 4D or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Formula 1 , Formula 2, Formula 3, or Formula 4. It should be understood that BPA is specifically excluded from BPA substitutes.

[018] In one embodiment, a reaction scheme that can result in alkylation of a benzene ring present in a BPA substitute. In one example, the Friedel-Kraft reaction shown in reaction Scheme 1 is a synthesis technique that can produce embodiments of the invention. While not shown in Scheme 1, the starting reagent can be a derivative of BPA, where the reagent chemical structure results in the final product BPA substitute. Also, instead of tert-butyl bromine being used to derivatize the reagent, other halo-substituted substituents can be used. For example, the tert-butyl bromine can be replaced by a suitable reagent that can result in a BPA substitute as described and shown by the chemical formulas presented herein. Any of the several reaction products shown in the reaction Scheme 1 can be used as BPA substitutes; however, it may be necessary to perform chemical separation to obtain a particular embodiment of the BPA substitutes shown in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

[019] One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments.

[020] In one embodiment, a reaction scheme that can result in the replacement of the propylene structure in BPA or a BPA substitute with another alkylene structure can prepare a BPA substitute. Scheme 2 shows an industrial synthetic pathway to BPA. The reaction of Scheme 2 can be modified in order to obtain the BPA substitutes as described and illustrated by the chemical formulas. Scheme 3 shows a synthetic pathway that can be used to prepare BPA substitutes. Scheme 3 is similar to Scheme 2, however, methyl ethyl ketone is used instead of acetone, which results in the BPA substitute instead of BPA. As such, the synthetic pathways can be performed by removing the acetone that is produced by the cumene method of Scheme 2. The removed acetone can be replaced by other appropriate ketones (see Scheme 3). Accordingly, various ketone compounds having various alkyl or aliphatic groups can be selected depending on the desired BPA substitute product. In addition, aldehyde compounds having an alkyl or aliphatic group also can be used instead of ketone compounds in order to prepare BPA substitutes.

Scheme 2

Scheme 3

[021] In one embodiment, the reaction scheme for producing the BPA substitute can modify Scheme 2 by replacing propylene, a raw material in the cumene method, with the appropriate olefin. Once the reagent that replaces propylene is selected for the desired BPA substitute, the synthesis can be performed without removing the acetone produced by the cumene method from the system and without adding other appropriate ketones (see Scheme 4). Scheme 4 is a synthetic pathway in which by replacing propylene with 1- butene, the illustrated BPA substitute can be prepared. Alternatively, the propylene can be replaced by some other alkylene to produce a BPA substitute. The double bond of the alkylene can be at a desired location with respect to the molecule in order to control the structure of the BPA substitute. In yet another alternative, the reaction in Scheme 4 can be started with the phenol and a desired ketone in order to prepare the desired BPA substitute. Scheme 4A is another synthetic pathway in which a BPA substitute can be prepared, and which is modified from standard production techniques for producing BPA. The reaction in Scheme 4A can be performed with any requisite starting material, either a different ketone or different ring structure in order to arrive at the BPA substitutes described herein. It should be understood that other BPA substitutes can be prepared by the general synthetic methods described herein by replacing the shown reagents with corresponding reagents that will result in the BPA substitutes described herein.

Scheme 4 A

[022] In one embodiment, a method of synthesizing a bisphenol-A substitute can include the method comprising: reacting a benzene or derivative thereof with an unsaturated aliphatic compound to form a reaction product that includes a benzyl group and an oxygen-oxygen bond; forming a phenol compound and a ketone from the reaction product; and forming a bisphenol-A substitute from the phenol compound and ketone. In one aspect, the benzene or derivative is benzene. In another aspect, the unsaturated aliphatic compound is a butanene. In yet another aspect, the ketone compound is a butyl ketone. In still another aspect, the phenol and ketone are formed from the reaction product by H⁺. In another aspect, the BPA substitute is formed from the phenol and ketone by H . In an example, the BPA substitute can be formed by the reaction Scheme 4, wherein n8 is a positive integer. In one option, BPA is not formed.

[023] In one embodiment, a method of synthesizing a bisphenol-A substitute can include: reacting two phenol molecules or derivatives thereof with an alkyl ketone compound; removing water; and forming a bisphenol-A substitute. In one aspect, the alkyl ketone is asymmetrical. In another aspect, the alkyl ketone is a butyl ketone. In one option, BPA is not formed.

[024] In one embodiment, a reaction scheme for producing the BPA substitute can produce 2,2'-bis(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)-propane by hydrogenation is shown in Scheme 5. The reaction is Scheme 5 is hydrogenation of benzene in the BPA molecule. As such, other BPA substitutes having aromatic rings can be hydrogenated in order to produce the corresponding cyclohexyl BPA substitute. The reaction can be over Pd-supported carbon particles at 10 MPa and 250°C.

Scheme 5

[025] The reaction schemes shows can be used to prepare BPA substitutes having the formulas presented herein. These BPA substitutes can be used for preparing products traditionally prepared using BPA. However, the products prepared from the BPA substitutes can be less toxic and may be relatively safer compared to BPA.

[026] In addition to the chemical structures of foregoing formulas, it has also been determined that l,3-dihydroxy-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-cyclobutane (hereinafter "DTC") and derivatives thereof may also be used as BPA substitutes. DTC has a molecular shape different from BPA and does not include two rings. DTC can be manufactured using conventional chemical synthesis techniques.

[027] In one embodiment, DTC or derivative thereof can have a structure of Formula 5 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, and can be used as a BPA substitute.

Formula 5

[028] In Formula 5, the structures are characterized by the following parameters. R1-R4 each independently include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. The aliphatic moieties can include nl-n6 each independently being about 0-20, about 1-10, or about 1-5. Also in Formula 5, one or more of R1-R4 is not hydrogen.

[029] The compounds represented by Formula 5 can be characterized by one or more of the following: two or more or R1-R4 are not hydrogen; one or more of R1-R4 includes an aliphatic group; each of R1-R4 independently includes an aliphatic group; one or more of R1-R4 includes a methyl group; each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 10; each of nl- n6 independently is from 0 to 5; each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 2; or R1-R4 are each methyl and nl-n6 are each 0.

[030] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute can have a structure of Formula 5A, Formula 5B, Formula 5C, Formula 5D or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Formula 5. In one aspect, tetramethyl-l,3-cyclobutanediol is specifically excluded as a BPA substitute.

rmula 5A

5B ula 5C

[031] In addition to the chemical structures of foregoing formulas, it has also been determined that 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (hereinafter "BHF") and its derivatives can be used as BPA substitutes. BHF is a biomass-derived substance having a molecular shape different from BPA, and can be prepared by conventional chemical synthesis.

[032] In one embodiment, BHF or derivative thereof can have a structure of Formula 6 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, and can be used as a BPA substitute.

[033] In Formula 6, the structures are characterized by the following parameters. R1-R2 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. The aliphatic moieties can include nl-n2 each independently being about 1-20, about 1-10, or about 1-5.

[034] The compounds represented by Formula 6 can be characterized by one or more of the following: one or more of Rl or R2 is hydrogen; nl-n2 are independently 1-10; nl-n2 are independently 1-5; or nl-n2 are independently 1-2.

[035] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute can have a structure of Formula 6A, Formula 6B, Formula 6C, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Formula 6. In one aspect, 2,5- bis(hydroxymethyl) furan is specifically excluded as a BPA substitute.

[036] The BHF can be obtained from biomass. In Scheme 6, the chemical reaction scheme to obtain BHF from biomass. For example, glucose from grape sugar can be used as the biomass to prepare BHF) is described. The compound on the far left side of Scheme 6 formula is glucose, the middle compound is 5-hydroxy-2-furfural, and the compound on the far right side is BHF. In the reaction of Scheme 6, the first reaction arrow (e.g., left arrow) indicates that the sugar is reacted with H+ and water to form the intermediate compound, which is then reacted (e.g., right arrow) with NaBH4 in order to produce BHF.

Scheme 6

Epoxy Compositions

[037] One of the traditional uses of BPA is in the preparation of epoxy compounds and compositions. Epoxies are thermosetting polymers formed from a reaction of an epoxide resin with an activator, where the activator interacts with the epoxide group of the epoxide resin to induce polymerization. Most common epoxy resins are produced from a reaction between epichlorohydrin and BPA. However, now the BPA can be replaced with the BPA substitutes described herein. The activator can be referred to as a hardener, and can include one or more amines such as monomers of polyamines. For example, triethylenetetramine (TETA) can be used as an activator. When BPA substitute and activator are mixed together in a reaction scheme, the amine groups can react with the epoxide groups to form covalent bonds. Each nitrogen group can react with an epoxide group, so that the resulting polymer is heavily crosslinked, and is thus rigid and strong. The process of polymerization that the BPA substitutes undergo can be referred to as "curing," and can be controlled through temperature and choice of BPA substitute and activator/hardener compounds. The epoxy reaction can take minutes to hours.

[038] Epoxy materials can be used in coatings, adhesives and composite materials such as those using carbon fiber and fiberglass reinforcements. The chemistry of epoxies and the different BPA substitutes described herein can allow for a broad range of properties and applications. In general, epoxies prepared from BPA substitutes can have excellent adhesion, chemical and heat resistance, good-to-excellent mechanical properties, and good electrical insulating properties. The epoxies from BPA substitutes can be modified to have other properties, such as by combining electrically conductive particles (e.g., silver- filled epoxies) to produce electrically conductive epoxies. The BPA substitutes can be selected based on the end use for thermal insulation or thermal conductivity combined with high electrical resistance for electronics applications.

[039] The epoxy compositions can include a BPA substitute and an epoxide, where the BPA substitute can react with epoxide to prepare a BPA substitute epoxide. The BPA substitute epoxide can have the epoxide moiety at one or both ends. Also, the epoxy composition can be devoid of BPA. The epoxide for reaction with the BPA substitute can include a leaving group that favors reaction with a hydoxy group of the BPA substitute. The leaving group on the epoxide can include a halogen, such as chlorine. An example of a suitable epoxide can include epichlorohydrin. Accordingly, a method of preparing a BPA substitute epoxide can include providing an epoxy composition having a BPA substitute and an epoxide, and reacting the BPA substitute with the epoxide so as to form the BPA substitute epoxide. The reaction can be conducted with NaOH and heat, and without BPA. The BPA substitute epoxide can be prepared by replacing BPA in standard reaction techniques with a BPA substitute as described herein.

[040] The BPA substitute epoxide can be included in a two composition kit or system that when the two compositions are combined an epoxy is formed. For example only, the two-part epoxy kit can be used at a ratio of 1 : 1, 2: 1; 3: 1, 4:1, 5: 1, 6: 1, 7: 1, 8: 1, 9: 1, 10:1, or vice vera or any other ratio, by volume mixing ratio, and can dry quickly once mixed providing a tough, UV resistant, protective coating that is extremely hard. The two-part epoxy kit can have low volatility, and can be cleaned up with water. The water cleanup makes the BPA substitute epoxy useful for factory cast iron, cast steel, cast aluminum applications. Also, the BPA substitute epoxy can be used without solvent, and thereby can have reduced flammability issues that are associated with solvent-borne coatings. The BPA substitute epoxy can be used in industrial and automotive applications, and are more heat resistant than latex -based and alkyd-based paints.

[041] The BPA substitute epoxies are used as powder coatings for washers, driers and other articles of manufacture. Fusion Bonded Epoxy Powder Coatings (FBE) formed from the BPA substitute epoxies can be used for corrosion protection of steel pipes and fittings used in the oil and gas industry, potable water transmission pipelines (steel), concrete reinforcing rebar, and many other applications that are well known. The BPA substitute epoxy can be used as primers to improve the adhesion of automotive and marine paints, especially on metal surfaces where corrosion (e.g., rusting) resistance is important. Metal cans and containers can be coated with the BPA substitute epoxy to prevent rusting, especially for foods like tomatoes that are acidic. The BPA substitute epoxy resins are also used for high performance and decorative flooring applications especially terrazzo flooring, chip flooring, and colored aggregate flooring.

[042] The BPA substitute epoxies can be used as structural adhesives or engineering adhesives, and can be used in applications that commonly use polyurethanes, acrylics, and cyanoacrylates. The BPA substitute epoxies can be used as adhesives in the construction of aircraft, automobiles, bicycles, boats, golf clubs, skis, snowboards, and other applications where high strength bonds are required. The BPA substitute epoxy adhesives can be used as adhesives for wood, metal, glass, stone, and some plastics. The BPA substitute epoxy adhesives can be made flexible or rigid, transparent or opaque or colored, and fast setting or slow setting.

[043] The BPA substitute epoxies can be configured to be cured by exposure to ultraviolet light by including a UV cross-linking initiator, such as benzophenone, diphenoxy benzophenone, halogenated benzophenones, aminobenzophenones, fluorenone derivatives, anthraquinone derivatives, zanthone derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, camphorquinone, and benzil. Such BPA substitute epoxies can be used in optics, fiber optics, optoelectronics, and dentistry.

[044] The BPA substitute epoxies can be used in electronics for motors, generators, transformers, switchgear, bushings, and insulators. The BPA substitute epoxies can be used as electrical insulators, and can protect electrical components from short circuiting, dust and moisture. The BPA substitute epoxies can be used in overmolding integrated circuits, transistors and hybrid circuits, and making printed circuit boards. [045] The BPA substitute epoxide can include a structure of Epoxide Formula 1, Epoxide Formula 2, Epoxide Formula 3, Epoxide Formula 4 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. In one aspect, the BPA substitute epoxide can be devoid of a 4,4'- isopropylidenedicyclohexanol monomer.

Epoxide Formula 1

Epoxide Formula 2

Epoxide Formula 3

Epoxide Formula 4

[046] In Epoxide Formula 1, Epoxide Formula 2, Epoxide Formula 3, or Epoxide Formula 4, the BPA substitutes can be characterized by the following parameters. The rings can be independently cyclic aliphatic or aromatic, where the dashed lines may be bonds for an aromatic ring or may be nothing for cyclic aliphatic rings. When the rings are aromatic, R11-R22 are nothing and one or more of R3-R6 is not hydrogen. R1-R22 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. The aliphatic moieties can include nl-n6 each independently being about 0-20, about 1-10, or about 1-5. Also, the BPA substitute epoxide can have n7 being 0 (zero) or any positive integer, such as greater than or equal to 1 or 2.

[047] The BPA substitute epoxide can be characterized by one or more of the following: one or more or R1-R6 are not hydrogen; one or more of R1-R6 includes an aliphatic group; each of R1-R6 independently includes an aliphatic group; each of R1-R2 independently includes an alkyl group; one or more of R1-R2 includes a methyl group; one or more of R3-R6 includes tert-butyl group; one or more R7-R22 are hydrogen; each of R7-R22 are hydrogen; each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 5; each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 2; each of nl-n4 is 0; each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 5; each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 2; or each of n5-n6 is 0. Also, when the rings are aromatic and Rl 1-R22 are nothing.

[048] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, and nl-n6 are 0.

[049] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, one or more of nl-n2 are 1, and n3-n6 are 0.

[050] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, R3-R22 are hydrogen, and nl-n6 are 0.

[051] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute epoxide can have a structure of Epoxide Formula 1A, Epoxide Formula 2 A, Epoxide Formula 3 A, Epoxide Formula 4 A, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Epoxide Formula 1, Epoxide Formula 2, Epoxide Formula 3, or Epoxide Formula 4.

Epoxide Formula 1A

Epoxide Formula 4A

[052] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute epoxide can have a structure of Epoxide Formula IB, Epoxide Formula 2B, Epoxide Formula 3B, Epoxide Formula 4B, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Epoxide Formula 1 , Epoxide Formula 2, Epoxide Formula 3, or Epoxide Formula 4.

poxide Formula IB

Epoxide Formula 2B

Epoxide Formula 3B

Epoxide Formula 4B

[053] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute epoxide can have a structure of Epoxide Formula 1C, Epoxide Formula 2C, Epoxide Formula 3C, Epoxide Formula 4C, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Epoxide Formula 1, Epoxide Formula 2, Epoxide Formula 3, or Epoxide Formula 4.

Epoxide Formula 1C

Epoxide Formula 4C

[054] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute epoxide can have a structure of Epoxide Formula ID, Epoxide Formula 2D, Epoxide Formula 3D, Epoxide Formula 4D, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Epoxide Formula 1, Epoxide Formula 2, Epoxide Formula 3, or Epoxide Formula 4.

Epoxide Formula ID

Epoxide Formula 4D

[055] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute epoxide can have a structure of Epoxide Formula 5 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. In one aspect, the BPA substitute epoxide can be devoid of a tetramethyl-l,3-cyclobutanediol monomer.

Epoxide Formula 5

[056] In Epoxide Formula 5, the BPA substitutes can be characterized by the following parameters. R1-R4 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. In the aliphatic moiety nl - n6 each independently are about 0-20, about 1-10, or about 1-5. Also, the BPA substitute epoxide can have n7 being 0 (zero) or any positive integer, such as greater than or equal to 1 or 2. Additionally, one or more of R1-R4 is not hydrogen.

[057] The BPA substitute epoxide can be characterized by one or more of the following: one or more or R1-R4 are not hydrogen; one or more of R1-R4 includes an aliphatic group; each of R1-R4 independently includes an aliphatic group; one or more of R1-R4 includes a methyl group; each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 10; each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 5; each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 2. In one example, R1-R4 are each methyl and nl-n6 are each 0.

[058] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute epoxide can have a structure of Epoxide Formula 5A, Epoxide Formula 5B, Epoxide Formula 5C, Epoxide Formula 5D, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. The BPA substitute epoxide of Epoxide Formula 5A, Epoxide Formula 5B, Epoxide Formula 5C, Epoxide Formula 5D, can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Epoxide Formula 5.

Epoxide Formula 5A

Epoxide Formula 5B

Epoxide Formula 5C

Epoxide Formula 5D

[059] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute epoxide can have a structure of Epoxide Formula 6 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. In one aspect, the BPA substitute e oxide can be devoid of a bishydroxymethyl furan monomer.

Epoxide Formula 6

[060] In Epoxide Formula 5, the BPA substitutes can be characterized by the following parameters. R1-R2 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. In the aliphatic moiety nl - n6 each independently are about 0-20, about 1-10, or about 1-5. Also, the BPA substitute epoxide can have n7 being 0 (zero) or any positive integer, such as greater than or equal to 1 or 2.

[061] The BPA substitute epoxide can be characterized by one or more of the following: one or more of Rl or R2 is hydrogen; nl-n2 are independently 1-10; nl-n2 are independently 1-5; or nl-n2 are independently 1-2.

[062] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute epoxide can include a structure of Epoxide Formula 6A, Epoxide Formula 6B, Epoxide Formula 6C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Epoxide Formula 6.

E oxide Formula 6A

E oxide Formula 6B

Epoxide Formula 6C

[063] In one embodiment, an epoxy kit can be provided. The epoxy kit can include a BPA substitute epoxide, such as the epoxides of the epoxide formulas. The epoxy kit can also include an activator (also referred to as a hardener for epoxies) or hardener that reacts with the BPA substitute epoxide for polymerization or crosslinking. The activator can be a monomer having an amine. An example of an activator can include triethelenetetramine (TETA). The epoxy kit can include the epoxide in one composition and the activator in a different composition. The kit can also be devoid of BPA. The compositions of the kit can include one or more of the following: a colorant; a fiber; mineral fillers (e.g., talc, alumina, silica); viscosity reducers; solvent; thickeners; accelerators; adhesion promoters; or an electrically-conductive substance.

[064] In one embodiment, an epoxy composition can be provided. The epoxy composition can include a BPA substitute epoxide, such as the epoxides of the epoxide formulas. The epoxy composition can also include an activator (also referred to as a hardener for epoxies) or hardener that reacts with the BPA substitute epoxide for polymerization or crosslinking. The activator can be a monomer having an amine. An example of an activator can include triethelenetetramine (TETA). The epoxy composition can also be devoid of BPA. The epoxy composition can include one or more of the following: a colorant; a fiber; mineral fillers (e.g., talc, alumina, silica); viscosity reducers; solvent; thickeners; accelerators; adhesion promoters; or an electrically- conductive substance. The epoxy composition can be configured for use as one of the following: a paint; a coating; a powder coating; a fusion bonded epoxy powder coating; a paint primer; an adhesive; or a composite having a carbon fiber or fiberglass.

[065] In one embodiment, the epoxy kit and/or the epoxy composition can be used for manufacturing an article of manufacture. The article of manufacture can include a crosslinked epoxy formed from a bisphenol-A substitute epoxide having a structure as described herein. The article can be devoid of BPA. The article of manufacture includes one or more of the following: washer; dryer; pipes and/or pipe fittings; rebar; metal container; polycarbonate container; plastic container; food/beverage container; acidic product container; flooring; terrazzo flooring; chip flooring; colored aggregate flooring; adhesive for wood, metal, glass, stone, and/or plastic; fiber optic; optoelectronics; article mold; tool; motor; generator; transformer; switchgear; bushings; electric insulator; thermal insulator; integrated circuit; transistor; or printed circuit boards.

Polycarbonate Compositions

[066] One of the traditional uses of BPA is in the preparation of polycarbonate reactants, compounds, and compositions. Polycarbonates are thermoplastic polymers that can be easily worked, molded, and thermoformed. Polycarbonates received their name because they are polymers containing carbonate groups (-0-(C=0)-0-). Traditionally, polycarbonate materials were produced by the reaction of BPA and phosgene (COCl₂).

Now, a BPA substitute can be used for preparing polycarbonates. Preparing a polycarbonate from a BPA substitute can include treating the BPA substitute with a base, such as sodium hydroxide, and then reacting the product with phosgene which produces the polycarbonate having the BPA substitute.

[067] The BPA substitute polycarbonates can be used in place of traditional polycarbonates formed from BPA. The BPA substitute polycarbonates can be highly transparent to visible light, and can be used in place of traditional glass, such as in windows, glasses, or optical elements. Also, this property allows for the BPA substitute polycarbonates to be used in data storage optical discs, such as CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray disks, or others. The BPA substitute can be used in different kinds of lenses, including automotive headlamp lenses, lighting lenses, sunglass/eyeglass, lenses, and safety glasses. The BPA substitute polycarbonates can be used in substantially the same applications and for substantially the same articles as described herein with regard to the epoxies.

[068] In one embodiment, a polycarbonate composition can include a BPA substitute and phosgene (i.e., carbonyl dichloride, COCl₂). The polycarbonate composition can be devoid of BPA. Also, the composition can include a base, such as sodium hydroxide.

[069] In one embodiment, a method of preparing a BPA substitute polycarbonate can include: providing a BPA polycarbonate; reacting the compound with a base so as to deprotonate hydroxyl groups of the BPA polycarbonate; reacting the deprotonated hydroxyl groups with phosgene to form a tetrahedral compound; forming a chloroformate from the tetrahedral compound and another compound; reacting the chloroformate with another deprotonated compound so as to form the BPA substitute polycarbonate. The base can be NaOH. The method can be conducted without bisphenol-A. The BPA substitute polycarbonate can be prepared by replacing BPA in standard reaction techniques with a BPA substitute as described herein.

[070] In one embodiment, a BPA substitute polycarbonate can include a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 1, Polycarbonate Formula 2, Polycarbonate Formula 3, Polycarbonate Formula 4 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. In one aspect, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can be devoid of a 4,4'-isopropylidenedicyclohexanol monomer.

Polycarbonate Formula 2

Pol carbonate Formula 3

Polycarbonate Formula 4

[071] The BPA substitute polycarbonates of Polycarbonate Formula 1, Polycarbonate Formula 2, Polycarbonate Formula 3, Polycarbonate Formula 4 can be characterized by the following parameters. The rings can be independently cyclic aliphatic or aromatic, where the dashed lines may be bonds for an aromatic ring or may be nothing for cyclic aliphatic rings. When the rings are aromatic, R11-R22 are nothing and one or more of R3-R6 is not hydrogen. R1-R22 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. The aliphatic moieties can include nl-n6 each independently being about 0-20, about 1- 10, or about 1-5. Also, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can have n7 being any positive integer, such as greater than or equal to 2.

[072] The BPA substitute polycarbonate can be characterized by one or more of the following: one or more or R1-R6 are not hydrogen; one or more of R1-R6 includes an aliphatic group; each of R1-R6 independently includes an aliphatic group; each of R1 -R2 independently includes alkyl groups; one or more of R1-R2 includes a methyl group; one or more of R3-R6 includes tert-butyl group; one or more R7-R22 are hydrogen; each of R7-R22 are hydrogen; each of nl -n4 independently is from 0 to 5; each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 2; each of nl-n4 is 0; each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 5; each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 2; or each of n5-n6 is 0. When the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing.

[073] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, and nl-n6 are 0.

[074] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, one or more of nl-n2 are 1, and n3-n6 are 0.

[075] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, R3-R22 are hydrogen, and nl-n6 are 0.

[076] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can have a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 1A, Polycarbonate Formula 2 A, Polycarbonate Formula 3 A, Polycarbonate Formula 4A, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Polycarbonate Formula 1, Polycarbonate Formula 2, Polycarbonate Formula 3, or Polycarbonate 4.

Polycarbonate Formula 1A

Polycarbonate Formula 2A

Pol carbonate Formula 3A

Polycarbonate Formula 4A

[077] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can have a structure of Polycarbonate Formula IB, Polycarbonate Formula 2B, Polycarbonate Formula 3B, Polycarbonate Formula 4B, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Polycarbonate Formula 1, Polycarbonate Formula 2, Polycarbonate Formula 3, or Polycarbonate 4.

Polycarbonate Formula IB

Polycarbonate Formula 2B

Polycarbonate Formula 3B

Polycarbonate Formula 4B

[078] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute poly carbonate of claim 114-132, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula IC, Polycarbonate Formula 2C, Polycarbonate Formula 3C, Polycarbonate Formula 4C, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Polycarbonate Formula 1, Polycarbonate Formula 2, Polycarbonate Formula 3, or Polycarbonate 4.

Polycarbonate Formula IC

Polycarbonate Formula 2C

Polycarbonate Formula 3C

Polycarbonate Formula 4C

[079] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can have a structure of Polycarbonate Formula ID, Polycarbonate Formula 2D, Polycarbonate Formula 3D, Polycarbonate Formula 4D, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Polycarbonate Formula 1, Polycarbonate Formula 2, Polycarbonate Formula 3, or Polycarbonate 4.

Polycarbonate Formula ID

Polycarbonate Formula 2D

Polycarbonate Formula 3D

Polycarbonate Formula 4D

[080] In one embodiment, a BPA substitute polycarbonate can include a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 5 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. In one aspect, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can be devoid of a tetramethyl-l,3-cyclobutanediol monomer.

Polycarbonate Formula 5

[081] The BPA substitute polycarbonates of Polycarbonate Formula 5 can be characterized by the following parameters. R1-R4 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. The aliphatic moieties can include nl-n6 each independently being about 0-20, about 1- 10, or about 1-5. Also, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can have n7 being any positive integer greater than or equal to 2. Additionally, one or more of RI -R4 is not hydrogen.

[082] The BPA substitute polycarbonate can be characterized by one or more of the following: two or more or R1-R4 are not hydrogen; one or more of R1-R4 includes an aliphatic group; each of R1-R4 independently includes an aliphatic group; one or more of R1-R4 includes a methyl group; each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 10; each of nl- n6 independently is from 0 to 5; each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 2; or R1-R4 are each methyl and nl-n6 are each 0. [083] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can have a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 5A, Polycarbonate Formula 5B, Polycarbonate Formula 5C, Polycarbonate Formula 5D, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Polycarbonate Formula

Polycarbonate Formula 5C

Polycarbonate Formula 5D

[084] In one embodiment, a BPA substitute polycarbonate can have a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 6 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. In one aspect, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can be devoid of a bishydroxymethyl furan monomer.

Polycarbonate Formula 6

[085] The BPA substitute polycarbonates of Polycarbonate Formula 6 can be characterized by the following parameters. R1-R2 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. The aliphatic moieties can include nl-n2 each independently being about 1-20, about 1- 10, or about 1-5. Also, the BPA substitute polycarbonate can have n7 being any positive integer greater than or equal to 2.

[086] The BPA substitute polycarbonate can be characterized by one or more of the following: one or more of Rl or R2 is hydrogen; one or more of Rl or R2 is not hydrogen; nl-n2 are independently 1-10; nl-n2 are independently 1-5; or nl-n2 are independently 1-2.

[087] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute polycarbonate of any one of claims 150- 154, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 6A, Polycarbonate Formula 6B, Polycarbonate Formula 6C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Pol carbonate Formula 6.

Polycarbonate Formula 6A

Pol carbonate Formula 6B

Polycarbonate Formula 6C

[088] In one embodiment, a polycarbonate composition can have a BPA substitute polycarbonate as in one of the polycarbonate formulas. Such a polycarbonate composition can be devoid of bisphenol-A (BPA). The polycarbonate composition can be configured for one or more of the following: extrusion; injection molding; forming into a sheet; forming into a film; or machining into an article. The polycarbonate composition can be manufactured into an article of manufacture, such as one of the articles as follows: an article recited herein that can be prepared from an epoxy can be prepared from a polycarbonate; optical disc; food/beverage container; optical lens; eyeglass lens; sunglass lens; automotive headlamp lens; electronic device housing; toys; visual signs; or dielectric in high stability capacitors.

Polysulfone Compositions

[089] One of the traditional uses of BPA is in the preparation of polysulfone reactants, compounds, and compositions. Polysulfones are thermoplastic polymers that have toughness and stability at high temperatures, and were commonly prepared from BPA. Now, BPA substitutes can be used to prepare BPA substitute polysulfones. Polysulfones can be used in applications in place of epoxies and polycarbonates. As such, uses of epoxies and polycarbonates as described herein are applicable to the BPA substitute polysulfones.

[090] The BPA substitute polysulfones can be prepared with the same chemical synthesis techniques commonly used to prepare polysulfones with the BPA substitute being used in place of BPA. Generally, a BPA substitute can be reacted with a bis(4- chlorophenyl)sulfone to form a polyether. [091] In one embodiment, a BPA substitute polysulfone can have a structure of Polysulfone Formula 1, Polysulfone Formula 2, Polysulfone Formula 3, Polysulfone Formula 4 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. In one aspect, the BPA substitute olysulfone can be devoid of a 4,4'-isopropylidenedicyclohexanol monomer.

Pol sulfone Formula 1

Polysulfone Formula 2

Pol sulfone Formula 3

Polysulfone Formula 4

[092] The BPA substitute polysulfone of Polysulfone Formula 1 , Polysulfone Formula 2, Polysulfone Formula 3, Polysulfone Formula 4 can be characterized by the following parameters. The rings can be independently cyclic aliphatic or aromatic, where the dashed lines may be bonds for an aromatic ring or may be nothing for cyclic aliphatic rings. When the rings are aromatic, R11-R22 are nothing and one or more of R3-R6 is not hydrogen. R1-R22 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. The aliphatic moieties can include nl-n6 each independently being about 0-20, about 1-10, or about 1-5. Also, the BPA substitute polysulfone can have n7 being 0 (zero) or any positive integer.

[093] The BPA substitute polysulfone can be characterized by one or more of the following: one or more or R1-R6 are not hydrogen; one or more of R1-R6 includes an aliphatic group; each of R1-R6 independently includes an aliphatic group; each of R1 -R2 independently includes alkyl groups; one or more of R1-R2 includes a methyl group; one or more of R3-R6 includes tert-butyl group; one or more R7-R22 are hydrogen; each of R7-R22 are hydrogen; each of nl -n4 independently is from 0 to 5; each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 2; each of nl-n4 is 0; each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 5; each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 2; or each of n5-n6 is 0. When the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing.

[094] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, and nl-n6 are 0.

[095] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, one or more of nl-n2 are 1, and n3-n6 are 0.

[096] In one embodiment, Rl and R2 are methyl, R3-R22 are hydrogen, and nl-n6 are 0.

[097] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute polysulfone can have a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 1 , where the BPA substitute portion can be any BPA substitute as described herein having Formulas 1A-1D, Formula 2A-2D, Formula 3A-D, Formula 4A- 4D, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof, which can include the same parameters of R groups and n parameters as for Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, or Formula 4.

[098] In one embodiment, the BPA substitute polysulfone can have a structure of Polysulfone Formula 5, Polysulfone Formula 5 A, Polysulfone Formula 5B, Polysulfone Formula 5C, Polysulfone Formula 5D or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. In one aspect, the BPA substitute polysulfone can be devoid of a tetramethyl-1,3- cyclobutanediol monomer.

Polysulfone Formula 5

Pol sulfone Formula 5A

Polysulfone Formula 5B

Polysulfone Formula 5C

Polysulfone Formula 5D

[099] The BPA substitute polysulfones of Polysulfone Formula 5, Polysulfone Formula 5A, Polysulfone Formula 5B, Polysulfone Formula 5C, or Polysulfone Formula 5D can be characterized by the following parameters. R1-R4 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero- aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. The aliphatic moieties can include nl-n6 each independently being about 0-20, about 1-10, or about 1-5. Also, the BPA substitute polysulfone can have n7 being 0 (zero) or any positive integer. Additionally, one or more of R1-R4 is not hydrogen.

[0100] The BPA substitute polysulfone can be characterized by one or more of the following: two or more or R1-R4 are not hydrogen; one or more of R1-R4 includes an aliphatic group; each of R1-R4 independently includes an aliphatic group; one or more of R1-R4 includes a methyl group; each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 10; each of nl- n6 independently is from 0 to 5; each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 2; or R1-R4 are each methyl and nl-n6 are each 0.

[0101] In one embodiment, a BPA substitute polysulfone can have a structure of Polysulfone Formula 6, Polysulfone Formula 6A, Polysulfone Formula 6B, Polysulfone Formula 6C, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. In one aspect, the BPA substitute polysulfone can be devoid of a bishydroxymethyl furan monomer.

Pol sulfone Formula 6

Polysulfone Formula 6A

Pol sulfone Formula 6B

Polysulfone Formula 6C

[0102] The BPA substitute polysulfones of Polysulfone Formula 6, Polysulfone Formula 6A, Polysulfone Formula 6B, or Polysulfone Formula 6C can be characterized by the following parameters. R1-R2 each independently can include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof. The aliphatic moieties can include nl-n2 each independently being about 1-20, about 1-10, or about 1-5. Also, the BPA substitute polysulfone can have n7 being 0 (zero) or any positive integer.

[0103] The BPA substitute polysulfone can be characterized by one or more of the following: one or more of Rl or R2 is hydrogen; one or more of Rl or R2 is not hydrogen; nl-n2 are independently 1-10; nl-n2 are independently 1-5; or nl-n2 are independently 1-2.

[0104] In one embodiment, a polysulfone composition can include a BPA substitute polysulfone as described herein. The BPA substitute polysulfone composition can be devoid of bisphenol-A. The BPA substitute polysulfone composition can be used to prepare articles of manufacture described herein in connection with epoxies and polycarbonates.

[0105] Additionally, any of the BPA substitutes described herein and represented by the chemical formulae can have any of the R groups independently selected from substituents selected from the group of hydrogen, Ci -C₂4 alkyl, C₂ -C₂₄ alkenyl, C₂ -C₂₄ alkynyl, C₅ - C₂₀ aryl, C₆ -C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆ -C₂₄ aralkyl, halo, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, Ci -C₂₄ alkoxy, C₂ -C₂₄ alkenyloxy, C₂ -C₂₄ alkynyloxy, C₅ -C₂₀ aryloxy, acyl (including C₂ -C₂₄ alkylcarbonyl (— CO-alkyl) and C₆ -C₂₀ arylcarbonyl (— CO-aryl)), acyloxy (— O-acyl), C₂ -C₂₄ alkoxycarbonyl (— (CO)— O-alkyl), C₆ -C₂₀ aryloxycarbonyl (— (CO)— O-aryl), halocarbonyl (— CO)— X where X is halo), C₂ -C₂₄ alkylcarbonato (— O— (CO)— O- alkyl), C₆ -C₂₀ arylcarbonato (— O— (CO)— O-aryl), carboxy (— COOH), carboxylato (— COO ^~ ), carbamoyl (— (CO)— NH₂), mono-(Ci -C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (— (CO)— NH(Ci -C₂₄ alkyl)), di-(Ci -C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted carbamoyl (— (CO)— N(Ci -C₂₄ alkyl)₂ ), mono-substituted arylcarbamoyl (— (CO)— NH-aryl), thiocarbamoyl (— (CS)— NH₂), carbamido (— NH— (CO)— NH₂), cyano(— C≡N), isocyano (— N ⁺≡C ^~ ), cyanato (— O— C≡N), isocyanato (— O— N⁺≡C ), isothiocyanato (— S— C≡N), azido (— N=N⁺ =N^~), formyl (— (CO)— H), thioformyl (— (CS)— H), amino (— NH ₂ ), mono- and di-(Ci -C₂₄ alkyl)-substituted amino, mono- and di-(C₅ -C₂₀ aryl)-substituted amino, C₂ -C₂₄ alkylamido (— NH— (CO)-alkyl), C₆ -C₂₀ arylamido (— NH— (CO)-aryl), imino (— CR=NH where R is hydrogen, Ci -C₂₄ alkyl, C₅ -C₂₀ aryl, C₆ -C₂₄ alkaryl, C₆ -C₂₄ aralkyl, etc.), alkylimino (— CR=N(alkyl), where R=hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl, etc.), arylimino (— CR=N(aryl), where R=hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, etc.), nitro (— NO ₂ ), nitroso (—NO), sulfo (—SO ₂—OH), sulfonato (— S₂— O )' Ci -C₂₄ alkylsulfanyl (— S- alkyl; also termed "alkylthio"), arylsulfanyl (— S-aryl; also termed "arylthio"), Ci -C₂₄ alkylsulfmyl (— (SO)-alkyl), C₅ -C₂₀ arylsulfmyl (— (SO)-aryl), Ci -C₂₄ alkylsulfonyl (— S0₂ -alkyl), C₅ -C₂₀ arylsulfonyl (— S0₂-aryl), phosphono (— P(0)(OH)₂ ), phosphonato (— P(0)(0 ^" )₂ ), phosphinato (-P(0)(0-)), phospho (— P0₂ ), phosphino (— PH₂ ), derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.

[0106] In one aspect, the BPA substitute polymers can have an average molecular weight of about 2000 daltons (Da), about 5000 Da, about 10,000 Da, about 15,000 Da, about 20,000 Da, about 25,000 Da, about 30,000 Da, about 35,000 Da, about 40,000 Da, about 45,000 Da, about 50,000 Da, about 60,000 Da, about 70,000 Da, about 80,000 Da, about 90,000 Da, about 100,000 Da, about 125,000 Da, about 150,000 Da, about 175,000 Da, about 200,000 Da, about 250,000 Da, about 300,000 Da, about 350,000 Da, about 400,000 Da, about 450,000 Da, about 500,000 Da, or any value therebetween.

[0107] The term "alkyl" or "aliphatic" as used herein refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarily containing 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, and the like, as well as cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkyl groups herein contain 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, or 1 to about 12 carbon atoms. The term "lower alkyl" intends an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Substituents identified as "C i -C ₆ alkyl" or "lower alkyl" contains 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and such substituents contain 1 or 2 carbon atoms (i.e., methyl and ethyl). "Substituted alkyl" refers to alkyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms "heteroatom-containing alkyl" and "heteroalkyl" refer to alkyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom, as described in further detail infra. If not otherwise indicated, the terms "alkyl" and "lower alkyl" include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkyl or lower alkyl, respectively.

[0108] The terms "alkenyl" as used herein refers to a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group of 2 to about 24 carbon atoms containing at least one double bond, such as ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, isobutenyl, octenyl, decenyl, tetradecenyl, hexadecenyl, eicosenyl, tetracosenyl, and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkenyl groups herein contain 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, or 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The term "lower alkenyl" intends an alkenyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and the specific term "cycloalkenyl" intends a cyclic alkenyl group, or having 5 to 8 carbon atoms. The term "substituted alkenyl" refers to alkenyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms "heteroatom-containing alkenyl" and "heteroalkenyl" refer to alkenyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms "alkenyl" and "lower alkenyl" include linear, branched, cyclic, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing alkenyl and lower alkenyl, respectively.

[0109] The term "alkynyl" as used herein refers to a linear or branched hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24 carbon atoms containing at least one triple bond, such as ethynyl, n- propynyl, and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkynyl groups herein contain 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, or 2 to 12 carbon atoms. The term "lower alkynyl" intends an alkynyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The term "substituted alkynyl" refers to alkynyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms "heteroatom- containing alkynyl" and "heteroalkynyl" refer to alkynyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. If not otherwise indicated, the terms "alkynyl" and "lower alkynyl" include linear, branched, unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom- containing alkynyl and lower alkynyl, respectively. [0110] The term "alkoxy" as used herein intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an "alkoxy" group may be represented as— O-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above. A "lower alkoxy" group intends an alkoxy group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and includes, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, t- butyloxy, etc. Substituents identified as "Ci -C₆ alkoxy" or "lower alkoxy" herein contain 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and such substituents contain 1 or 2 carbon atoms (i.e., methoxy and ethoxy).

[0111] The term "aryl" as used herein, and unless otherwise specified, refers to an aromatic substituent containing a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, directly linked, or indirectly linked (such that the different aromatic rings are bound to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene moiety). Examples of aryl groups contain 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and aryl groups contain 5 to 14 carbon atoms. Exemplary aryl groups contain one aromatic ring or two fused or linked aromatic rings, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, diphenylether, diphenylamine, benzophenone, and the like. "Substituted aryl" refers to an aryl moiety substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the terms "heteroatom-containing aryl" and "heteroaryl" refer to aryl substituent, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom, as will be described in further detail infra. If not otherwise indicated, the term "aryl" includes unsubstituted, substituted, and/or heteroatom-containing aromatic substituents.

[0112] The term "aryloxy" as used herein refers to an aryl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage, wherein "aryl" is as defined above. An "aryloxy" group may be represented as— O-aryl where aryl is as defined above. Examples of aryloxy groups contain 5 to 20 carbon atoms, and aryloxy groups contain 5 to 14 carbon atoms. Examples of aryloxy groups include, without limitation, phenoxy, o-halo-phenoxy, m-halo- phenoxy, p-halo-phenoxy, o-methoxy-phenoxy, m-methoxy-phenoxy, p-methoxy- phenoxy, 2,4-dimethoxy-phenoxy, 3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy, and the like.

[0113] The term "alkaryl" refers to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent, and the term "aralkyl" refers to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent, wherein "aryl" and "alkyl" are as defined above. Examples of aralkyl groups contain 6 to 24 carbon atoms, and aralkyl groups contain 6 to 16 carbon atoms. Examples of aralkyl groups include, without limitation, benzyl, 2-phenyl-ethyl, 3 -phenyl-propyl, 4-phenyl-butyl, 5-phenyl-pentyl, 4- phenylcyclohexyl, 4-benzylcyclohexyl, 4-phenylcyclohexylmethyl, 4- benzylcyclohexylmethyl, and the like. Alkaryl groups include, for example, p- methylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, p-cyclohexylphenyl, 2,7-dimethyinaphthyl, 7- cyclooctylnaphthyl, 3-ethyl-cyclopenta-l,4-diene, and the like.

[0114] The term "cyclic" refers to alicyclic or aromatic substituents that may or may not be substituted and/or heteroatom containing, and that may be monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic.

[0115] The terms "halo" and "halogen" are used in the conventional sense to refer to a chloro, bromo, and fluoro or iodo substituent.

[0116] The term "heteroatom-containing" as in a "heteroatom-containing alkyl group" (also termed a "heteroalkyl" group) or a "heteroatom-containing aryl group" (also termed a "heteroaryl" group) refers to a molecule, linkage or substituent in which one or more carbon atoms are replaced with an atom other than carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or silicon, typically nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Similarly, the term "heteroalkyl" refers to an alkyl substituent that is heteroatom-containing, the term "heterocyclic" refers to a cyclic substituent that is heteroatom-containing, the terms "heteroaryl" and heteroaromatic" respectively refer to "aryl" and "aromatic" substituents that are heteroatom-containing, and the like. Examples of heteroalkyl groups include alkoxyaryl, alkylsulfanyl-substituted alkyl, N-alkylated amino alkyl, and the like. Examples of heteroaryl substituents include pyrrolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, etc., and examples of heteroatom-containing alicyclic groups are pyrrolidino, morpholino, piperazino, piperidino, etc.

[0117] The term "hydrocarbyl" refers to univalent hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, or 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, or 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, or about 1 to 12 carbon atoms, including linear, branched, cyclic, saturated, and unsaturated species, such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and the like. "Substituted hydrocarbyl" refers to hydrocarbyl substituted with one or more substituent groups, and the term "heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl" refers to hydrocarbyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom. Unless otherwise indicated, the term "hydrocarbyl" is to be interpreted as including substituted and/or heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl moieties.

[0118] By "substituted" as in "substituted alkyl," "substituted aryl," and the like, as alluded to in some of the aforementioned definitions, is meant that in the alkyl, aryl, or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon (or other) atom is replaced with one or more non-hydrogen substituents. [0119] In addition, the aforementioned functional groups may, if a particular group permits, be further substituted with one or more additional functional groups or with one or more hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated above. Analogously, the above-mentioned hydrocarbyl moieties may be further substituted with one or more functional groups or additional hydrocarbyl moieties such as those specifically enumerated.

[0120] When the term "substituted" appears prior to a list of possible substituted groups, it is intended that the term apply to every member of that group. For example, the phrase "substituted alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl" is to be interpreted as "substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, and substituted aryl." Analogously, when the term "heteroatom-containing" appears prior to a list of possible heteroatom-containing groups, it is intended that the term apply to every member of that group. For example, the phrase "heteroatom- containing alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl" is to be interpreted as "heteroatom-containing alkyl, heteroatom-containing alkenyl, and heteroatom-containing aryl."

[0121] The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.

[0122] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

[0123] It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., " a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., " a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."

[0124] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0125] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to," "at least," and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.

[0126] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.

Claims

1. A bisphenol-A (BP A) substitute compound comprising:

a structure of Formula 1, Formula 2, Formula 3, Formula 4 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

the rings are independently cyclic aliphatic or aromatic, when the rings are aromatic Rl 1-R22 are nothing and one or more of R3-R6 is not hydrogen;

R1-R22 each independently include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof;

nl-n6 each independently are about 0-20; and

with the proviso that the bisphenol-A (BPA) substitute is not 4,4'- isopropylidenedicyclohexanol .

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein one or more of R1-R6 are not hydrogen.

3. The compound of any one of claims 1-2, wherein one or more of R1-R6 includes an aliphatic group.

4. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, wherein each of R1-R6 independently includes an aliphatic group.

5. The compound of any one of claims 1-4, wherein each of R1-R2 independently includes alkyl groups. 6. The compound of any one of claim 1-5, wherein one or more of R1-R2 includes a methyl group.

7. The compound of any one of claims 1-6, wherein one or more of R3-R6 includes a tert-butyl group.

8. The compound of any one of claims 1-7, wherein one or more R7-R22 are hydrogen.

9. The compound of any one of claims 1-8, wherein each of R7-R22 are hydrogen.

10. The compound of any one of claims 1-9, wherein each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 5.

11. The compound of any one of claims 1-10, wherein each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 2.

12. The compound of any one of claims 1-11, wherein each of nl-n4 is 0.

13. The compound of any one of claims 1-12, wherein each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 5.

14. The compound of any one of claims 1-13, wherein each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 2.

15. The compound of any one of claims 1-14, wherein each of n5-n6 is 0.

16. The compound of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the rings are aromatic and Rl l -R22 are nothing.

17. The compound of any one of claims 1-16, wherein Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl l- R22 are nothing, and nl-n6 are 0.

18. The compound of any one of claims 1-16, wherein Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl l- R22 are nothing, one or more of nl-n2 are 1, and n3-n6 are 0.

19. The compound of any one of claims 1-16, wherein Rl and R2 are methyl, -R22 are hydrogen, and nl-n6 are 0.

20. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula 1 A, Formula 2A, Formula 3A, Formula 4A or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof. Formula 1A

Formula 2A

Formula 3A

Formula 4A

21. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula IB, Formula 2B, Formula 3B, Formula 4B or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

IB

22. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula 1C, Formula 2C, Formula 3C, Formula 4C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

1C

23. The compound of any one of claims 1-19, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula ID, Formula 2D, Formula 3D, Formula 4D or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

ID

24. A bisphenol-A (BP A) substitute compound comprising:

a structure of Formula 5 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Formula 5

wherein:

R1-R4 each independently include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof;

nl-n6 each independently are about 0-20;

wherein one or more of R1-R4 is not hydrogen; and

with the proviso that the bisphenol-A (BPA) substitute is not tetramethyl-1,3- cyclobutanediol.

25. The compound of claim 24, wherein one or more or R1-R4 are not hydrogen.

26. The compound of any one of claims 24-25, wherein one or more of R1-R4 includes an aliphatic group.

27. The compound of any one of claims 24-26, wherein each of R1-R4 independently includes an aliphatic group.

28. The compound of any one of claim 24-27, wherein one or more of R1-R4 includes a methyl group.

29. The compound of any one of claims 24-28, wherein each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 10.

30. The compound of any one of claims 24-29, wherein each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 5.

31. The compound of any one of claims 24-30, wherein each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 2.

32. The compound of any one of claims 24-31, wherein R1-R4 are each methyl and nl-n6 are each 0.

33. The compound of any one of claims 24-32, wherein the compound has a structur

the compound has structure of Formula 5B or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

5B

The compound of any one of claims 24-32, wherein the compound has structure of Formula 5C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

36. The compound of any one of claims 24-32, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula 5D or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

D

37. A bisphenol-A substitute compound comprising:

a structure of Formula 6 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

wherein:

R1-R2 each independently include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof; and

nl-n2 each independently are about 1-20; and

with the proviso that the bisphenol-A (BP A) substitute is not bishydroxymethyl furan.

38. The compound of claim 37, wherein one or more of RI or R2 is hydrogen.

39. The compound of any one of claims 37-38, wherein nl-n2 are independently 1-10.

40. The compound of any one of claims 37-39, wherein nl-n2 are independently 1-5.

41. The compound of any one of claims 37-40, wherein nl-n2 are independently 1-2.

42. The compound of any one of claims 37-41, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula 6A or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

43. The compound of any one of claims 37-41, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula 6B or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

6B

44. The compound of any one of claims 37-41, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula 6C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

45. An epoxy composition comprising:

the compound of one of claims 1-44; and

an epoxide.

46. The epoxy composition of claim 45, wherein the epoxy composition devoid of bisphenol-A.

47. The epoxy composition of claim 46, wherein the epoxide includes leaving group for a reaction with a hydoxy group of the compound.

48. The epoxy composition of claim 47, wherein the leaving group includes halogen.

49. The epoxy composition of any one of claims 45-48, wherein the epoxide is epichlorohydrin.

50. A method of preparing a bisphenol-A substitute epoxide, the method comprising:

providing the epoxy composition of one of claims 45-49; and

reacting the compound with the epoxide so as to form the bisphenol-A substitute epoxide.

51. A method of claim 50, wherein the reacting is conducted with NaOH and heat, and without bisphenol-A.

52. A bisphenol-A substitute epoxide comprising:

a structure of Epoxide Formula 1, Epoxide Formula 2, Epoxide Formula 3, Epoxide Formula 4 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Epoxide Formula 1

Epoxide Formula 2

Epoxide Formula 3

Epoxide Formula 4

wherein:

R1-R22 each independently include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof; and

nl-n6 each independently are about 0-20 and n7 is 0 (zero) or a positive integer. 53. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52, wherein one or more or

R1-R6 are not hydrogen.

54. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-53, wherein one or more of R1-R6 includes an aliphatic group.

55. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-54, wherein each of Rl- R6 independently includes an aliphatic group.

56. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-55, wherein each of Rl- R2 independently includes alkyl groups.

57. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-56, wherein one or more of R1-R2 includes a methyl group.

58. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-57, wherein one or more of R3-R6 includes tert-butyl group.

59. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-58, wherein one or more R7-R22 are hydrogen.

60. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-59, wherein each of R7- R22 are hydrogen. 61. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-60, wherein each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 5.

62. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-61, wherein each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 2.

63. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-62, wherein each of nl-n4 is O.

64. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-63, wherein each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 5.

65. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-64, wherein each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 2. 66. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-65, wherein each of n5-n6 is O.

67. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-66, wherein the rings are aromatic and Rl 1-R22 are nothing.

68. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-67, wherein Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, and nl-n6 are 0.

69. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-68, wherein Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, one or more of nl-n2 are 1, and n3-n6 are 0. 70. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 52-69, wherein Rl and R2 are methyl, R3-R22 are hydrogen, and nl-n6 are 0.

71. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 52-69, wherein the bisphenol-A substitute epoxide has a structure of Epoxide Formula 1A, Epoxide Formula 2A, Epoxide Formula 3 A, Epoxide Formula 4A, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxide Formula 1A

Epoxide Formula 2 A

Epoxide Formula 3A

Epoxide Formula 4A

72. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 52-69, wherein the bisphenol-A substitute epoxide has a structure of Epoxide Formula IB, Epoxide Formula 2B, Epoxide Formula 3B, Epoxide Formula 4B, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxide Formula IB

Epoxide Formula 2B

Epoxide Formula 3B

Epoxide Formula 4B

73. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 52-69, wherein the bisphenol-A substitute epoxide has a structure of Epoxide Formula 1C, Epoxide Formula 2C, Epoxide Formula 3C, Epoxide Formula 4C, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxide Formula 4C

74. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 52-69, wherein the bisphenol-A substitute epoxide has a structure of Epoxide Formula ID, Epoxide Formula 2D, Epoxide Formula 3D, Epoxide Formula 4D, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxide Formula ID

Epoxide Formula 2D

Epoxide Formula 3D

Epoxide Formula 4D

75. A bisphenol-A substitute epoxide comprising:

a structure of Epoxide Formula 5 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Epoxide Formula 5

wherein:

nl-n6 each independently are about 0-20 and n7 is 0 (zero) or any positive integer; and

wherein one or more of R1-R4 is not hydrogen.

76. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 75, wherein one or more or R 1 -R4 are not hydrogen.

77. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-76, wherein one or more of R1-R4 includes an aliphatic group. 78. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-77, wherein each of R1-R4 independently includes an aliphatic group.

79. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-78, wherein one or more of R1-R4 includes a methyl group.

80. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-79, wherein each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 10.

81. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-80, wherein each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 5.

82. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-81, wherein each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 2.

83. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-82, wherein R1-R4 are each methyl and nl-n6 are each 0.

84. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-83, wherein the compound has a structure of Epoxide Formula 5A or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxide Formula 5A

85. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-83, wherein the compound has a structure of Epoxide Formula 5B or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxide Formula 5B

86. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-83, wherein the compound has a structure of Epoxide Formula 5C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxide Formula 5C

87. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 75-83, wherein the compound has a structure of Epoxide Formula 5D or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxide Formula 5D

88. A bisphenol-A substitute epoxide comprising:

a structure of Epoxide Formula 6 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Epoxy Formula 6

wherein:

nl-n2 each independently are about 1-20 and n7 is 0 (zero) or any positive integer.

89. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of claim 88, wherein one or more of Rl or R2 is hydrogen.

90. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 88-89, wherein nl-n2 are independently 1-10.

91. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 88-90, wherein nl-n2 are independently 1-5.

92. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 88-91, wherein nl-n2 are independently 1-2.

93. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 88-92, wherein the compound has a structure of Epoxide Formula 6A or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxide Formula 6A

94. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 88-92, wherein the compound has a structure of Epoxide Formula 6B or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxy Formula 6B

95. The bisphenol-A substitute epoxide of any one of claims 88-92, wherein the compound has a structure of Epoxide Formula 6C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Epoxy Formula 6C

96. An epoxy kit comprising:

bisphenol-A substitute epoxide having the structure of the compound of any one of claims 52-95; and

a hardener.

97. The kit of claim 96, wherein the hardener is a monomer having an amine.

99. The kit of claim 97, wherein the hardener is triethelenetetramine (TETA).

100. The kit of any one of claims 96-99, wherein the kit is devoid of bisphenol- A (BP A).

101. An epoxy composition comprising:

a hardener.

102. The composition of claim 101, wherein the hardener is an amine.

103. The composition of claim 102, wherein the hardener is triethylenetetramine (TETA).

104. The composition of any one of claims 101-103, wherein the kit is devoid of bisphenol-A (BPA).

105. The composition of any one of claims 101-104, further comprising at least one of:

a colorant;

a fiber;

mineral fillers;

viscosity reducers;

solvent;

thickeners;

accelerators;

adhesion promoters; and

an electrically-conductive substance.

106. The composition of any one of claims 101-105, wherein the composition is configured for use as at least one of the following:

a paint;

a coating;

a powder coating;

a fusion bonded epoxy powder coating;

a paint primer;

an adhesive; and

a composite having a carbon fiber or fiberglass.

107. An article of manufacture comprising:

a crosslinked epoxy formed from the bisphenol-A substitute epoxide having the structure of claims 52-95, wherein the cross-linked epoxy is devoid of bisphenol-A (BPA).

108. The article of manufacture of claim 107, wherein the article of manufacture is one or more of the following:

washer;

dryer; pipes and/or pipe fittings;

rebar;

metal container;

polycarbonate container;

plastic container;

food/beverage container;

acidic product container;

flooring;

terrazzo flooring;

chip flooring;

colored aggregate flooring;

adhesive for wood, metal, glass, stone, and/or plastic;

fiber optic;

optoelectronics;

article mold;

tool;

motor;

generator;

transformer;

switchgear;

bushings;

electric insulator;

thermal insulator;

integrated circuit overmold;

transistor overmold; or

printed circuit boards overmold.

109. A polycarbonate composition comprising:

the BPA substitute compound of one of claims 1-44; and

phosgene.

110. The polycarbonate composition of claim 109, wherein the polycarbonate composition is devoid of bisphenol-A.

111. A method of preparing a bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate, the method comprising:

providing the polycarbonate composition of one of claims 109-110; and reacting the BPA substitute compound with a base so as to deprotonate hydroxyl groups of the compound to form a deprotonated BPA substitute compound;

reacting the deprotonated hydroxyl groups with phosgene to form a tetrahedral compound;

forming a chloroformate from the tetrahedral compound and another BPA substitute compound;

reacting the chloroformate with another deprotonated BPA substitute compound so as to form the bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate.

112. The method of claim 111, wherein the base is NaOH.

113. A method of any one of claims 11-112, wherein the method is conducted without bisphenol-A.

114. A bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate comprising:

a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 1, Polycarbonate Formula 2, Polycarbonate Formula 3, Polycarbonate Formula 4 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Polycarbonate Formula 1

Polycarbonate Formula 2

Pol carbonate Formula 3

Polycarbonate Formula 4

wherein:

nl-n6 each independently are about 0-20 and n7 is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2.

115. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114, wherein one or more or R1-R6 are not hydrogen.

116. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-115, wherein one or more of R1-R6 includes an aliphatic group.

117. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-116, wherein each of R1-R6 independently includes an aliphatic group.

118. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 1 14-1 17, wherein each of R1-R2 independently includes alkyl groups.

119. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-118, wherein one or more of R1-R2 includes a methyl group. 120. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 1 14-1 19, wherein one or more of R3-R6 includes tert-butyl group.

121. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-120, wherein one or more R7-R22 are hydrogen.

122. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 1 14-121, wherein each of R7-R22 are hydrogen.

123. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-122, wherein each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 5.

124. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 1 14-123, wherein each of nl-n4 independently is from 0 to 2. 125. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-124, wherein each of nl-n4 is 0.

126. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 1 14-125, wherein each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 5.

127. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-126, wherein each of n5-n6 independently is from 0 to 2.

128. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-127, wherein each of n5-n6 is 0.

129. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-128, wherein the rings are aromatic and Rl 1 -R22 are nothing.

130. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-129, wherein Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, and nl-n6 are 0.

131. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-130, wherein Rl and R2 are methyl, one or more of R3-R6 are tert-butyl, R7-R10 are hydrogen, the rings are aromatic, Rl 1-R22 are nothing, one or more of nl-n2 are 1, and n3-n6 are 0. 132. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-131, wherein Rl and R2 are methyl, R3-R22 are hydrogen, and nl-n6 are 0.

133. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-132, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 1A, Polycarbonate Formula 2 A, Polycarbonate Formula 3A, Polycarbonate Formula 4A, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula 1A

Polycarbonate Formula 2A

Pol carbonate Formula 3A

Polycarbonate Formula 4A

134. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-132, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula IB, Polycarbonate Formula 2B, Polycarbonate Formula 3B, Polycarbonate Formula 4B, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula IB

Polycarbonate Formula 2B

Pol carbonate Formula 3B

Polycarbonate Formula 4B

135. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-132, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula IC, Polycarbonate Formula 2C, Polycarbonate Formula 3C, Polycarbonate Formula 4C, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula IC

Polycarbonate Formula 2C

Polycarbonate Formula 4C

136. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 114-132, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula ID, Polycarbonate Formula 2D, Polycarbonate Formula 3D, Polycarbonate Formula 4D, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula ID

Polycarbonate Formula 2D

Polycarbonate Formula 4D

137. A bisphenol- A substitute polycarbonate comprising :

a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 5 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Polycarbonate Formula 5

wherein:

R1-R4 each independently include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof; nl-n6 each independently are about 0-20 and n7 is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2; and

wherein one or more of R1-R4 is not hydrogen. 138. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of claim 137, wherein one or more or R1-R4 are not hydrogen.

139. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-138, wherein one or more of R1-R4 includes an aliphatic group.

140. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-139, wherein each of R1-R4 independently includes an aliphatic group.

141. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-140, wherein one or more of Rl -R4 includes a methyl group.

142. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-141, wherein each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 10. 143. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-142, wherein each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 5.

144. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-143, wherein each of nl-n6 independently is from 0 to 2.

145. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-144, wherein R1-R4 are each methyl and nl-n6 are each 0.

146. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-145, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 5A or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula 5A

147. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-145, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 5B or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula 5B

148. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-145, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 5C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula 5C

149. The bisphenol-A substitute Polycarbonate of any one of claims 137-145, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 5D or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula 5D

150. A bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate comprising:

a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 6 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Polycarbonate Formula 6

wherein:

nl-n2 each independently are about 1-20 and n7 is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2.

151. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of claim 150, wherein one or more of Rl or R2 is hydrogen.

152. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of any one of claims 150-151 , wherein nl-n2 are independently 1-10.

153. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of any one of claims 150-152, wherein nl-n2 are independently 1-5.

154. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of any one of claims 150-153, wherein nl-n2 are independently 1-2.

155. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of any one of claims 150-154, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 6A or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula 6A

156. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of any one of claims 150-154, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 6B or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula 6B

157. The bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonate of any one of claims 150-154, wherein the compound has a structure of Polycarbonate Formula 6C or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof.

Polycarbonate Formula 6C

158. A polycarbonate composition comprising :

two or more different bisphenol-A substitute polycarbonates each independently having the structure of any one of claims 114-157.

159. The polycarbonate composition of claim 158, wherein the composition is devoid of bisphenol-A (BP A).

160. The composition of any one of claims 158-159, wherein the composition is configured for one or more of the following: extrusion;

injection molding;

forming into a sheet;

forming into a film; or

machining into an article.

161. An article of manufacture comprising;

a bisphenol-A polycarbonate substitute of any one of claims 114-157, wherein the article of manufacture is devoid of bisphenol-A (BP A).

162. The article of manufacture of claim 161, wherein the article of manufacture is one or more of the following:

optical disc;

food/beverage container;

optical lens;

eyeglass lens;

sunglass lens;

automotive headlamp lens;

electronic device housing;

toys;

visual signs; or

dielectric in high stability capacitors.

163. A bisphenol-A substitute polysulfone comprising:

a structure of Polysulfone Formula 1, Polysulfone Formula 2, Polysulfone Formula 3 Polysulfone Formula 4 or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Polysulfone Formula 1

Polysulfone Formula 2

Pol sulfone Formula 3

Polysulfone Formula 4

wherein:

163. A bisphenol-A substitute polysulfone comprising: a structure of Polysulfone Formula 5, Polysulfone Formula 5 A, Polysulfone Formula 5B, Polysulfone Formula 5C, Polysulfone Formula 5D or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Polysulfone Formula 5

Pol sulfone Formula 5A

Polysulfone Formula 5B

Polysulfone Formula 5C

Polysulfone Formula 5D

wherein: R1-R4 each independently include one or more of hydrogen, halogens, hydroxyls, alkoxys, straight aliphatics, branched aliphatics, cyclic aliphatics, substituted aliphatics, unsubstituted aliphatics, saturated aliphatics, unsaturated aliphatics, aromatics, polyaromatics, substituted aromatics, hetero-aromatics, amines, primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, aliphatic amines, carbonyls, carboxyls, amides, esters, amino acids, peptides, polypeptides, or combinations thereof;

nl-n6 each independently are about 0-20 and n7 is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2; and

wherein one or more of R1-R4 is not hydrogen.

164. A bisphenol-A substitute polysulfone comprising:

a structure of Polysulfone Formula 6, Polysulfone Formula 6A, Polysulfone Formula 6B, Polysulfone Formula 6C, or derivative thereof or stereoisomer thereof:

Pol sulfone Formula 6

Polysulfone Formula 6A

Polysulfone Formula 6B

Polysulfone Formula 6C

wherein:

165. A polysulfone composition comprising:

the bisphenol-A substitute polysulfone of one of claims 163-164, wherein the polycarbonate composition is devoid of bisphenol-A.

166. A method of synthesizing a bisphenol-A substitute, the method comprising:

reacting a benzene or derivative thereof with an unsaturated aliphatic compound to form a reaction product that includes a benzyl group and an oxygen-oxygen bond; forming a phenol compound and a ketone from the reaction product; and forming a bisphenol-A substitute from the phenol compound and ketone.

167. The method of claim 166, wherein the benzene or derivative is benzene.

168. The method of one of claims 166-167, wherein the unsaturated aliphatic compound is a butanene.

169. The method of one of claims 166-168, wherein the ketone compound is a butyl ketone.

170. The method of one of claims 166-169, wherein the phenol and ketone are formed from the reaction product by H⁺. 171. The method of one of claims 166-170, wherein the BPA substitute is formed from the phenol and ketone by H⁺.

172. The method of one of claims 166-172, comprising the following reaction Scheme 4, wherein n8 is a positive integer.

Scheme 4.

173. A method of synthesizing a bisphenol-A substitute, the method comprising:

reacting two phenol molecules or derivatives thereof with an alkyl ketone compound;

removing water; and

forming a bisphenol-A substitute. 174. The method of claim 173, wherein the alkyl ketone is asymmetrical.

175. The method of one of claims 173-174, wherein the alkyl ketone is a butyl ketone. 176. The method of one of claims 173-175, comprising the following reaction

Scheme 4A, wherein each n is independently 0 or a positive integer. -91-