WO2012084838A1 - Dispersion organique de particules à base de fer sous forme cristallisée - Google Patents
Dispersion organique de particules à base de fer sous forme cristallisée Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2012084838A1 WO2012084838A1 PCT/EP2011/073260 EP2011073260W WO2012084838A1 WO 2012084838 A1 WO2012084838 A1 WO 2012084838A1 EP 2011073260 W EP2011073260 W EP 2011073260W WO 2012084838 A1 WO2012084838 A1 WO 2012084838A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- equal
- dispersion
- dispersion according
- fuel
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/06—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for facilitating soot removal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
- C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
- C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
- C10L1/1883—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
Definitions
- the present invention relates to organic dispersions (organosols) useful in particular as a fuel additive for internal combustion engines.
- soot carbonaceous particles
- a satisfactory solution is to introduce into the exhaust line a particulate filter (or FAP in the following text) that will block the soot in its channels to let escape a gas free of soot.
- FAP particulate filter
- the soot is burned to release the FAP channels.
- This step of regeneration of the FAP is usually done at temperatures above the gas temperature during a normal engine operation, the soot usually burning under air at temperatures above 650 ° C.
- a catalyst is generally employed which is intended to facilitate the oxidation of soot directly or indirectly.
- facilitating the oxidation of soot is meant to allow their oxidation at a lower temperature so that this temperature is more frequently reached during a normal engine operation. Part of the soot can be burned continuously during operation of the engine.
- the catalyst also makes it possible to lower the temperature required to regenerate the
- the catalyst also makes it possible to accelerate the rate of oxidation of soot, which makes it possible to reduce the time required for the regeneration of the FAP.
- rare earth dispersions in particular based on cerium, are known to be effective for the regeneration of FAP and contribute to the reduction of the soot auto-ignition temperature. or oxidation temperature.
- Dispersions of iron compounds used as a fuel additive may contribute to the reduction of this soot oxidation temperature. It is thus sought to obtain dispersions having a good dispersibility, a high stability over time and moreover a good compatibility in the medium in which they are introduced, and preferably a sufficient catalytic activity at a relatively low concentration.
- An object of the invention is to provide a dispersion well suited to this type of use.
- the invention provides colloidal dispersions comprising particles, mostly not aggregated with each other, and having a good monodispersity.
- a dispersion according to the invention comprises:
- solid objects dispersed in the organic phase in the form of individualized particles or aggregates of particles, consisting of an iron compound in crystallized form, such as:
- said solid objects have a hydrodynamic diameter D h of less than or equal to 30 nm measured by dynamic light scattering (DDL);
- said particles have a mean size D DRX less than or equal to 7 nm measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD);
- the solid objects dispersed in the dispersions of the invention are individualized solid particles or aggregates of such particles. These particles may, in addition, optionally contain residual amounts of bound or adsorbed ions such as for example sodium ions or ammonium ions.
- the invention also relates, in another aspect, to a process for preparing a dispersion according to the invention, comprising the following steps:
- the dispersion of the invention has the advantage of being very stable.
- the particles of the dispersion of the invention do not sediment, and the dispersions do not decant, even after several months.
- it can have good compatibility with diesel fuels, including biofuels.
- it may also have a high catalytic activity.
- the dispersion of the invention is an apolar organic phase dispersion.
- the organic phase consists of at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, preferably at least 95% by weight of an apolar solvent or a mixture of apolar solvents, for example relative to the total mass of the organic phase.
- the apolar organic phase is optionally composed solely of an apolar solvent or an apolar solvent mixture.
- This organic phase is chosen in particular according to the use of the dispersion.
- apolar solvent is meant a solvent having a very low affinity for water, and a relatively low miscibility in water.
- an apolar solvent is a solvent whose resulting dipole moment is zero. It may therefore be a molecule having no polar group (such as for example cyclohexane) or a molecule containing polar groups but whose geometry causes the dipole moment to vanish (for example, tetrachloride). carbon).
- the apolar organic phase is preferably based on an apolar hydrocarbon or a mixture of apolar hydrocarbons, and it preferably comprises at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, advantageously at least 95% by weight of an apolar hydrocarbon or a mixture of apolar hydrocarbons.
- the apolar organic phase is typically composed solely of a hydrocarbon or a mixture of apolar hydrocarbons.
- an apolar organic phase By way of example of an apolar organic phase, mention may be made of aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, cyclopentane and cycloheptane.
- Isopar-type oil mainly containing isoparaffinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons at C-1 1 and C-12.
- chlorinated hydrocarbons for the apolar organic phase.
- the apolar organic phase may be based on a mixture of two or more apolar hydrocarbons of the type described above.
- the dispersion according to the invention comprises at least one amphiphilic agent.
- This amphiphilic agent has the effect of stabilizing the dispersion of particles. It also serves as a phase transfer agent during the preparation of the dispersions (between the aqueous phase and the organic phase).
- the amphiphilic agent is a carboxylic acid which generally comprises from 10 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably from 10 to 25 carbon atoms.
- This acid can be linear or branched. It can be chosen from aryl, aliphatic or arylaliphatic acids, optionally carrying other functions provided that these functions are stable in the environments where it is desired to use the dispersions according to the present invention.
- tall oil fatty acids such as tall oil fatty acids, soya oil, tallow, linseed oil, oleic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid and its isomers, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, naphthenic acid, hexoic acid.
- amphiphilic agent As the preferred amphiphilic agent, mention may be made of stearic acid and its isomers, for example a mixture of acids or products which contain chain length distributions such as Prisorine 3501 from Croda.
- This amphiphilic agent may also be composed of one or more polyacids such as succinic acids substituted with polybutenyl groups. These polyacids can be used alone or in combination with one or more aliphatic monocarboxylic acids containing between 10 and 20 carbon atoms on average.
- the oleic acid mixture with one or more succinic acids substituted with polybutenyl groups in which the polybutenyl groups have a mean molecular weight (measured by gas chromatography) of between 500 and 1300 and more. especially between 700 and 1000 g. mol "1 .
- the particles of the dispersion of the invention are based on an iron compound in crystallized form.
- This crystallized form which can be obtained by carrying out the steps of the aforementioned method, can in particular be observed by the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) which reveals peaks characteristic of at least one defined crystalline structure. iron.
- XRD X-ray diffraction technique
- the solid objects of the dispersion of the invention are in the form of particles, or aggregates of particles, of an iron compound whose composition essentially corresponds to an iron oxide in crystallized form.
- the crystallized forms of the iron oxide constituting the particles according to the invention are typically Fe (III) oxides of the maghemite type (Y-Fe 2 O 3 ) and / or oxides of
- Fe (II) and Fe (III) of magnetite type Fe 3 O 4 .
- the aforementioned method generally makes it possible to obtain particles based on Fe (III) oxide of maghemite type and / or of Fe (III) and Fe (III) oxide of the magnetite type, the magnetite then being able to oxidize.
- Fe (III) oxide of the maghemite type for example in contact with oxygen.
- the particles of size greater than or equal to 4 nm in the dispersion are, for at least 90% of them, in the form of an iron compound in crystallized form, advantageously at least 95%, preferably at least 99%.
- the average particle size D DRX measured by XRD of the particles of the dispersion is less than or equal to 7 nm, preferably less than or equal to 6 nm, preferably less than or equal to 5 nm. Generally this size is at least 4 nm.
- the crystalline nature of the particles according to the invention can in particular be demonstrated by XRD analysis.
- the DRX diagram defines two characteristics of these particles:
- the nature of the crystalline phase the position of the measured diffraction peaks and their relative intensity are characteristic of the magnetite or maghemite phase, the crystalline phase then corresponding to the ICDD sheet 01 -088-0315;
- the average size D DRX of crystallites (or crystallized domains) is calculated from the width at mid-height of the diffraction peak of the crystallographic plane (440) maghemite / magnetite: with:
- ⁇ total width at mid-height of the line under consideration, expressed in degrees
- the DRX analysis can be carried out, for example, on a commercial apparatus of the X'Pert PRO MPD PANalytical type comprising in particular a g- ⁇ goniometer, enabling the characterization of liquid samples.
- the sample remains horizontal during the acquisition and it is the source and the detector that move.
- the state of dispersion of solid objects can be characterized by dynamic light scattering (DDL), also called quasi-elastic light scattering (DQEL), or photon correlation spectroscopy.
- DDL dynamic light scattering
- DQEL quasi-elastic light scattering
- photon correlation spectroscopy This technique allows to measure a hydrodynamic diameter D h of solid objects whose value is very strongly affected by the presence of particle aggregates.
- the solid objects of the invention have a hydrodynamic diameter D h less than or equal to 30 nm, preferably less than or equal to 20 nm, preferably less than or equal to 16 nm, measured by dynamic diffusion. of light (DDL).
- DDL dynamic diffusion. of light
- the hydrodynamic diameter D h of the solid objects of a dispersion according to the invention can be measured on the dispersion of the invention, after dilution thereof with its solvent so as to reach an iron concentration of 1 to 4 gL. "1 .
- An ALV CGS 3 (Malvern) light scattering apparatus with an ALV series 5000 correlator and ALV Correlator V3.0 software or higher can be used.
- This apparatus uses the so-called "Koppel cumulants" data processing method, which makes it possible to access the value of the hydrodynamic diameter D h .
- the scattered intensity must be within defined limits for each device.
- This characteristic of the objects of the dispersion contributes to its stability.
- the individualized nature of the particles also increases the overall contact surface available between them and the soot and thus contributes to the improvement of the catalytic activity of the dispersion according to the invention.
- the bulk of the particles namely at least 80% in number, have a D MET size of less than or equal to 7 nm, more particularly less than or equal to 6 nm.
- D MET size of less than or equal to 7 nm, more particularly less than or equal to 6 nm.
- at least 90% and more particularly at least 95% of the particles have a size D MET less than or equal to the above values.
- This size D MET can be demonstrated by analysis of the dispersion by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), used in an imaging mode to visualize at high magnification particles and to measure their size.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- the dispersion according to the invention is previously diluted with its solvent so as to reach a mass content of iron of approximately 0.035%.
- the dispersion thus diluted is then placed on an observation grid (like a carbon-based polymer membrane supported on a copper grid), and the solvent is evaporated.
- the principle of the method is to examine under different microscope regions (about 10) and to measure the dimensions of 250 particles, considering these particles as spherical particles.
- a particle is considered identifiable when at least half of its perimeter can be defined.
- the size D MET then corresponds to the diameter of the circle reproducing correctly the circumference of the particle.
- the identification of exploitable particles can be done using software such as: ImageJ, Adobe Photoshop or Analysis.
- the particles according to the invention generally have a polydispersity index P n ranging from 0.1 to 0.5.
- This polydispersity index P n is calculated from the particle size distribution determined by MET according to the following formula:
- ⁇ 16 being the diameter for which 16% of the particles have a diameter less than this value
- ⁇ 84 being the diameter for which 84% of the particles have a diameter less than this value.
- the dispersions according to the invention may further comprise, in the apolar organic phase, particles of an iron compound in amorphous form, in particular particles whose size is greater than or equal to 4 nm.
- the amorphous character of an iron compound can be demonstrated by XRD analysis of this compound, when no characteristic peak of any crystalline phase of iron is observed.
- the particles of an iron compound in amorphous form are at most 75% by number of the total amount of iron particles of the dispersion.
- the particles of an iron compound in amorphous form represent at most 50% by number of the total amount of iron particle of size greater than or equal to 4 nm, and so preferred at most 40% by number.
- the dispersions according to the invention have a mass concentration of iron compound which can be at least 2%, more particularly at least 5%, this concentration being expressed as mass of metal iron relative to the total mass of the dispersion.
- This concentration can generally be up to 20%.
- the iron content can be determined by any technique known to those skilled in the art as by measurement by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy applied directly to the dispersion according to the invention.
- the present invention also relates to a process for preparing the dispersions of the invention.
- step a) of the process a base and a mixture comprising a salt of Fe (II) and a salt of Fe (III) are brought into contact in a molar ratio of Fe (II) / Fe (III) inclusive of 0.45 to 0.55, preferably about 0.5, preferably 0.5, in an aqueous phase, typically an aqueous solution of the base and iron salts.
- a base it is possible to use, in particular, compounds of the hydroxide type. There may be mentioned alkali or alkaline earth hydroxides and ammonia. It is also possible to use secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines.
- iron salt any water soluble salt can be used.
- the salt of Fe (II) mention may be made of ferric chloride FeCl 2 .
- the salt of Fe (III) mention may be made of ferric nitrate Fe (NO 3 ) 3 .
- step a) the reaction taking place between the Fe (II) salt, the Fe (III) salt and the base is generally carried out under conditions such that the pH of the reaction mixture formed remains greater than or equal to 1 1, 5 when contacting the iron salts and the base in the reaction medium.
- the pH of the reaction mixture is maintained at a value greater than or equal to 12.
- This pH value is typically between 12 and 13.
- Contacting the iron salts with the base in aqueous phase can be done by introducing a solution of the iron salts into a solution containing the base, the pH of which is at least 1 1, 5. It is also possible to introduce the iron salts and the base in a solution containing salts, at a concentration typically less than or equal to 3 mol.L -1 , such as, for example, sodium nitrate, and whose pH is previously adjusted to a minimum. value greater than or equal to 1 1, 5. It is possible to implement the continuous contact, the pH condition being achieved by adjusting the respective flow rates of the solution of the iron salts and the solution containing the base.
- the size of the particles can be modulated according to the pH at which the aqueous phase is maintained. Typically, and without wishing to be bound to a particular theory, the size of the particles is all the lower as the pH of the aqueous phase is high.
- the reaction of step a) is generally carried out at room temperature.
- This reaction can advantageously be carried out under an air or nitrogen atmosphere or a nitrogen-air mixture.
- a precipitate is obtained in suspension in the aqueous phase. It may be possible to ripen the precipitate by maintaining it for a certain time, for example a few hours, in the aqueous phase.
- the precipitate is not separated from the aqueous phase at the end of step a) and is left in suspension in the aqueous phase of the reaction of step a ).
- the process comprises, after step a) and before step b), a step a) of separation of the precipitate formed at the end of step a) of the aqueous phase.
- This step a) of separation is carried out by any known means.
- the separated precipitate can then be washed with water for example.
- the precipitate is not subjected to any drying or lyophilization step or any such operation.
- the precipitate may optionally be resuspended in a second aqueous phase.
- the precipitate obtained at the end of step a), whether separated from the aqueous phase or not, is brought into contact with the organic phase. apolar in which it is desired to obtain the dispersion.
- This apolar organic phase is of the type described above.
- step b) The contacting of step b) is done in the presence of the aforementioned amphiphilic agent, optionally after neutralization of the suspension obtained at the end of step a).
- the molar ratio between the number of moles of amphiphilic agent and the number of moles of iron is between 0.2 and 1, preferably between 0.2 and 0.8.
- the amount of apolar organic phase to be incorporated is adjusted so as to obtain an oxide concentration as mentioned above.
- the order of introduction during step b) of the different elements of the dispersion is indifferent.
- the precipitate obtained, the amphiphilic agent and the apolar organic phase can be brought into contact simultaneously.
- the contacting between the precipitate and the apolar organic phase can be carried out in a reactor which is under an atmosphere of air, nitrogen or an air-nitrogen mixture.
- the contacting between the precipitate and the apolar organic phase can be carried out at ambient temperature, approximately 20 ° C., it is preferable to operate at a temperature chosen within a range of from 30 ° C. to 150 ° C., advantageously between 40 ° C and 100 ° C.
- the resulting reaction mixture of the precipitate, the apolar organic phase and the amphiphilic agent is stirred for the duration of the heating.
- step a when the heating is stopped, there are two new phases: one phase organic apolar containing the dispersion of particles, and a residual aqueous phase.
- the organic phase is then separated apolar containing the dispersion of particles and the residual aqueous phase according to conventional separation techniques, such as, for example, decantation or centrifugation.
- step b organic dispersions having the abovementioned characteristics are obtained.
- Dispersions further comprising particles of an iron compound in amorphous form can be obtained by mixing a first dispersion of particles of an iron compound in amorphous form in an organic phase with a second dispersion of particles of a composed of iron in crystallized form, this second dispersion being of the type according to the invention.
- Dispersions whose organic phases are identical are preferably mixed.
- organic dispersions which have just been described can be used in particular as fuel additives for internal combustion engines, more particularly as additives for gas oils for diesel engines or as fuel additives for certain gasoline engines emitting soot or carbonaceous particles.
- They can more generally be used as combustion additives in fuels or liquid fuels of energy generators such as internal combustion engines (combustion engines), generators, oil burners, or jet engines.
- energy generators such as internal combustion engines (combustion engines), generators, oil burners, or jet engines.
- the invention also relates to an additive fuel comprising a fuel for internal combustion engines and a dispersion of the type which has been described above or obtained by the method described above.
- This additive fuel is obtained by mixing a fuel with the dispersion of the invention.
- Suitable fuels for the preparation of an additive fuel according to the present invention include, in particular, commercially available fuels and, in some embodiments, all commercially available diesel fuels and / or biofuels.
- Diesel fuels can also be called diesel fuels.
- Biofuels are also called biofuels.
- the fuels suitable for the implementation of the present invention are not too limited, and are generally liquid at room temperature, for example 20 to 30 ⁇ .
- the liquid fuel may be a hydrocarbon fuel, a fuel other than a hydrocarbon, or a mixture thereof.
- the hydrocarbon-type fuel may be a petroleum distillate, such as a gasoline as defined by ASTM D4814, or a diesel fuel, as defined by ASTM D975 or European Standard EN590 + A1.
- the liquid fuel is a gasoline, and in another embodiment the liquid fuel is unleaded gasoline.
- the liquid fuel is a diesel fuel.
- the hydrocarbon fuel may be a hydrocarbon prepared by a process of converting a gas to a liquid to include, for example, hydrocarbons made by a process such as the Fischer-Tropsch process.
- the fuel used in the present invention is a diesel fuel, a diesel fuel, or combinations thereof.
- the non-hydrocarbon fuel may be an oxygen-containing composition, often referred to as an oxygenation product, which comprises an alcohol, an ether, a ketone, an ester of a carboxylic acid , a nitroalkane, or a mixture thereof.
- the fuel other than a hydrocarbon may comprise, for example, methanol, ethanol, methyl t-butyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, trans-esterified oils and / or fats of plant or animal origin, such as rapeseed methyl ester and soy methyl ester, and nitromethane.
- Mixtures of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon type fuels may include, for example, gasoline and methanol and / or ethanol, diesel fuel and ethanol, and diesel fuel and a trans-esterified vegetable oil such as rapeseed methyl ester and other bio-derived fuels.
- the liquid fuel is a water emulsion in a hydrocarbon type fuel, a fuel other than a hydrocarbon, or a mixture thereof.
- the liquid fuel may have a sulfur content, on a weight basis, of 5000 ppm or less, 1000 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less. less, 30 ppm or less, or 10 ppm or less.
- the liquid fuel of the invention is present in an additive fuel according to the invention in a predominant amount, that is to say generally greater than 95% by weight, and in other embodiments it is present in a larger quantity. at 97% by weight, greater than 99.5% by weight, or greater than 99.9% by weight.
- Suitable fuels for carrying out the present invention optionally include one or more additional performance additives, solvents or diluents. These performance additives can be of any type and make it possible, for example, to improve the fuel distribution in the engine and / or to improve the performance of the engine operation and / or to improve the stability of the operation of the engine.
- antioxidants such as sterically hindered phenol, detergent and / or dispersant additives such as nitrogen detergents or succinimides or cold flow improvers such as a copolymer of maleic anhydride and esterified styrene.
- the dispersion of the invention can be used for different applications.
- One liter of solution is prepared in the following manner: 576 g of Fe (NO 3 ) 3 are mixed with 99.4 g of FeCl 2 , 4 H 2 O. The mixture is supplemented with distilled water to obtain a liter of solution. The final concentration of this iron precursor solution is 1.5 mol.L -1 in Fe. Preparation of the soda solution
- a solution of NaOH 6 mol.L 1 is prepared in the following manner: 240 g of sodium hydroxide pellets are diluted in distilled water to obtain a liter of solution.
- a base stock composed of 400 ml of sodium nitrate solution NaN0 3 to 3 mol.L- 1 is introduced and the pH of the solution is adjusted to 13 with the aid of a few drops of soda at 6 mol / L.
- the formation of the precipitate is carried out by simultaneous addition of the iron precursor solution and the sodium hydroxide solution prepared previously, the introduction rates of these two reagents. are adjusted so that the pH is kept constant and equal to 13 at room temperature.
- the mixture After cooling, the mixture is transferred to a test tube. Demixing is observed and an aqueous phase of 500 ml and an organic phase of 100 ml are collected. This organic dispersion has a mass content of iron of 10%, expressed as mass of metal iron relative to the total mass of the dispersion collected. The product obtained is stable for at least one month storage at room temperature, no decantation being observed.
- Example 3 Preparation of a dispersion of iron particles in amorphous form Preparation of an iron acetate solution
- the mixture is centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4500 rpm and then the mother liquors are eliminated.
- the solid is resuspended in distilled water to a total volume of 2650 mL.
- the mixture is stirred for 10 minutes and then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4500 rpm.
- the mother liquors are removed and the solid is resuspended in distilled water to a total volume of 2650 mL. It is left stirring for 30 minutes. 206 ml of concentrated acetic acid are then added. One night left stirring. The iron acetate solution obtained is clear.
- the formation of the precipitate is then carried out in a continuous assembly comprising:
- the iron acetate solution and the 10% ammonia solution are added.
- the flow rates of the two solutions are set in such a way that the pH is kept constant and equal to 8.
- the precipitate obtained is separated from the mother liquor by centrifugation at 4500 rpm for 10 min. 95.5 g of hydrate are collected at 21.5% of dry extract (ie 20.0 g of Fe 2 O 3 equivalent or 0.25 mol of Fe) and are then redispersed in a solution containing 39.2 g of isostearic acid and 80.8 g of Isopar L.
- the suspension is introduced into a jacketed reactor equipped with a thermostatic bath and equipped with a stirrer.
- the reaction mixture is heated at 90 ° C. for 5h30.
- the XRD analysis was performed according to the indications given in the description. It can be seen that the diffractogram peaks of the dispersion of Example 1 and of the dispersion of Example 2 correspond well to the diffraction peaks characteristic of the crystallized magnetite and / or maghemite crystalline phase (sheet ICDD 01 -088-0315). .
- the diffractogram of the dispersion of Example 3 shows no significant XRD peak, which makes it possible to conclude that the iron phase is in amorphous form.
- Example 5 Compatibility of dispersions of iron particles with diesel fuels
- An additive fuel is prepared in order to measure the compatibility of the dispersions according to the invention with said fuel.
- the fuel used herein is a fuel containing approximately 1% by weight of biofuel (fatty acid methyl ester or FAME) (Table 3).
- the test is based on standard NF EN 15751 (Automotive Fuels - Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids (FAMEs) and Diesel Fuel Mixtures - Determination of Oxidation Stability by Accelerated Oxidation Method).
- Table 4 shows that the degradation of the fuel is very low when a dispersion of iron particles in crystallized form is used, induction times of 33 to 35h are measured for a fuel additive of the dispersion of Example 1 (particles in crystallized form, size of 4 nm), and for a fuel additive of the dispersion of Example 2 (particles in crystallized form, size of 9 nm).
- the downstream exhaust line is a commercial line composed of an oxidation catalyst containing a platinum-alumina washcoat followed by a silicon carbide FAP (FAP total volume 2.52 L, diameter 5.66 inches, length 5.87 inches).
- the fuel used is a commercial fuel meeting the EN590 DIN 51628 standard containing less than 10 ppm of sulfur and containing 7% by volume of EMAG.
- the fuel is additive of the various dispersions of Examples 1, 2 and 3.
- the added content is adjusted so as to add in the fuel a quantity of dispersion corresponding to 5 ppm by weight (Examples 1 and 3) or 7 ppm by weight (Example 2) iron expressed as iron metal relative to the total mass of fuel.
- a fourth test was conducted with the same fuel but not additive dispersion.
- the test is performed in two successive steps: a step of loading the FAP, followed by a step of regeneration thereof.
- the conditions of these two stages are strictly identical for the four tests, except for the fuel used (additive or not).
- the loading phase is carried out by operating the engine at a speed of 3000 rpm and using a torque of 45 Nm for approximately 6 hours. This loading phase is stopped when 12 g of particulate phase are loaded into the FAP. During this phase the temperature of the gases upstream of the FAP is from 230 to 235 ° C. Under these conditions the particle emissions are about 2 g / h.
- the FAP is disassembled and weighed in order to control the mass of charged particles during this phase (amount of particulate phase in the FAP after loading of Table 5).
- the FAP is then reassembled on the bench and warmed by the engine which is reset for 30 minutes in the operating conditions of the load (3000 rpm / 45 Nm).
- the engine conditions are then modified (torque 80 Nm / 2000 rpm) and a post-injection is requested from the engine's electronic central unit (ECU), which makes it possible to raise the temperature upstream of the FAP to 450 ° C and to start the regeneration of the FAP. These conditions are maintained for 35 minutes (2100 seconds), this time being counted from the start of the post-injection.
- ECU electronic central unit
- the regeneration efficiency of the FAP is measured through two parameters:
- Example 1 dispersion of crystallized particles of 4 nm
- Example 3 dispersion of amorphous particles
- this for a low dosage corresponding to 5 ppm iron weight In contrast to have the same kinetics with the dispersion of Example 2 (dispersion of crystallized particles of 9 nm), it is necessary to increase the amount additivée and achieve the equivalent of 7 ppm by weight of iron metal in the fuel which demonstrates the lower efficiency of dispersions of large crystallized particles.
- the set of examples illustrates that the dispersions of crystallized particles of magnetite and / or small maghemite (here 4 nm) can be very effective at low dosages while not significantly degrading the fuel.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Compounds Of Iron (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2013545274A JP5963769B2 (ja) | 2010-12-22 | 2011-12-19 | 結晶化状態の鉄系粒子の有機分散体 |
KR1020137019432A KR101921290B1 (ko) | 2010-12-22 | 2011-12-19 | 결정 형태의 철 기반 입자들의 유기 분산제 |
EP11807895.5A EP2655576A1 (fr) | 2010-12-22 | 2011-12-19 | Dispersion organique de particules à base de fer sous forme cristallisée |
CN201180062106.9A CN103370399B (zh) | 2010-12-22 | 2011-12-19 | 结晶形态铁基颗粒的有机分散剂 |
US13/995,798 US10125333B2 (en) | 2010-12-22 | 2011-12-19 | Organic dispersion of iron-based particles in crystallized form |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1061062A FR2969653B1 (fr) | 2010-12-22 | 2010-12-22 | Dispersion organique de particules a base de fer sous forme cristallisee |
FR1061062 | 2010-12-22 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2012084838A1 true WO2012084838A1 (fr) | 2012-06-28 |
Family
ID=44146256
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2011/073260 WO2012084838A1 (fr) | 2010-12-22 | 2011-12-19 | Dispersion organique de particules à base de fer sous forme cristallisée |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10125333B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2655576A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5963769B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR101921290B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN103370399B (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2969653B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2012084838A1 (fr) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015086995A1 (fr) | 2013-12-12 | 2015-06-18 | Filtrauto | Filtre à carburant et cartouche pour un tel filtre avec réservoir d'additif embarqué. |
WO2015086996A1 (fr) | 2013-12-12 | 2015-06-18 | Filtrauto | Filtre à carburant avec dispositif de libération d'additif |
WO2017201171A1 (fr) * | 2016-05-17 | 2017-11-23 | Corning Incorporated | Filtres céramiques poreux et procédés de filtration |
WO2019086385A1 (fr) | 2017-11-01 | 2019-05-09 | Rhodia Operations | Utilisation d'une dispersion colloïdale comme additif de regeneration d'un gpf |
WO2019086383A1 (fr) | 2017-11-01 | 2019-05-09 | Rhodia Operations | Utilisation d'une dispersion colloïdale pour limiter l'encrassement dans un moteur a essence |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2969655B1 (fr) * | 2010-12-22 | 2014-01-10 | Rhodia Operations | Composition d'additif carburant a base d'une dispersion de particules de fer et d'un detergent de type sel d'ammonium quaternaire de polyester |
FR2969652B1 (fr) * | 2010-12-22 | 2013-02-08 | Rhodia Operations | Utilisation de dispersions de particules de fer comme additif de carburant |
FR3043570B1 (fr) | 2015-11-13 | 2020-08-07 | Ifp Energies Now | Fluide pour la depollution des moteurs thermiques et modes de preparation desdits fluides par emulsification |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2797199A1 (fr) * | 1999-08-04 | 2001-02-09 | Rhodia Terres Rares | Dispersion colloidale organique de particules essentiellement monocristallines d'au moins un compose a base d'au moins une terre rare, son procede de preparation et son utilisation |
WO2003053560A1 (fr) | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-03 | Rhodia Electronics And Catalysis | Dispersion colloidale organique de particules de fer, son procede de preparation et son utilisation comme adjuvant de carburant pour moteurs a combustion interne |
US20080138262A1 (en) * | 2006-12-12 | 2008-06-12 | Brooks Christopher J | Preparation of iron or iron oxide nanoparticles |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2003050659A (ja) | 2001-08-03 | 2003-02-21 | Shigeki Maeda | 親指ホームポジションキーボード、及び感知突起を有さない親指ホームポジションキーボード |
FR2860443B1 (fr) | 2003-10-03 | 2006-06-16 | Rhodia Elect & Catalysis | Dispersion colloidale organique de cerium et d'un element choisi parmi le rhodium et le palladium et son utilisation comme adjuvant de gazoles pour moteurs a combustion interne |
FR2913431B1 (fr) * | 2007-03-06 | 2009-04-24 | Rhodia Recherches & Tech | Procede de fonctionnement d'un moteur diesel en vue de faciliter la regeneration d'un filtre a particules sur la ligne d'echappement |
GB0705922D0 (en) * | 2007-03-28 | 2007-05-09 | Infineum Int Ltd | Process for the manufacture of a colloid of iron oxide |
GB0705920D0 (en) | 2007-03-28 | 2007-05-09 | Infineum Int Ltd | Method of supplying iron to the particulate trap of a diesel engine exhaust |
EP2291494B1 (fr) | 2008-05-15 | 2016-07-06 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Carburants contenant des sels quaternaires comme agents tensio-actifs dans des dispersions |
BRPI0924505B1 (pt) * | 2009-06-23 | 2019-12-03 | Rhodia Operations | composição, método de operação de um motor de combustão interna e composição de combustível |
FR2969652B1 (fr) * | 2010-12-22 | 2013-02-08 | Rhodia Operations | Utilisation de dispersions de particules de fer comme additif de carburant |
-
2010
- 2010-12-22 FR FR1061062A patent/FR2969653B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-12-19 JP JP2013545274A patent/JP5963769B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-12-19 US US13/995,798 patent/US10125333B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-12-19 KR KR1020137019432A patent/KR101921290B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2011-12-19 WO PCT/EP2011/073260 patent/WO2012084838A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2011-12-19 CN CN201180062106.9A patent/CN103370399B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-12-19 EP EP11807895.5A patent/EP2655576A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2797199A1 (fr) * | 1999-08-04 | 2001-02-09 | Rhodia Terres Rares | Dispersion colloidale organique de particules essentiellement monocristallines d'au moins un compose a base d'au moins une terre rare, son procede de preparation et son utilisation |
WO2003053560A1 (fr) | 2001-12-21 | 2003-07-03 | Rhodia Electronics And Catalysis | Dispersion colloidale organique de particules de fer, son procede de preparation et son utilisation comme adjuvant de carburant pour moteurs a combustion interne |
US20080138262A1 (en) * | 2006-12-12 | 2008-06-12 | Brooks Christopher J | Preparation of iron or iron oxide nanoparticles |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015086995A1 (fr) | 2013-12-12 | 2015-06-18 | Filtrauto | Filtre à carburant et cartouche pour un tel filtre avec réservoir d'additif embarqué. |
WO2015086996A1 (fr) | 2013-12-12 | 2015-06-18 | Filtrauto | Filtre à carburant avec dispositif de libération d'additif |
WO2017201171A1 (fr) * | 2016-05-17 | 2017-11-23 | Corning Incorporated | Filtres céramiques poreux et procédés de filtration |
WO2019086385A1 (fr) | 2017-11-01 | 2019-05-09 | Rhodia Operations | Utilisation d'une dispersion colloïdale comme additif de regeneration d'un gpf |
WO2019086383A1 (fr) | 2017-11-01 | 2019-05-09 | Rhodia Operations | Utilisation d'une dispersion colloïdale pour limiter l'encrassement dans un moteur a essence |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2969653A1 (fr) | 2012-06-29 |
CN103370399A (zh) | 2013-10-23 |
JP2014503648A (ja) | 2014-02-13 |
EP2655576A1 (fr) | 2013-10-30 |
JP5963769B2 (ja) | 2016-08-03 |
KR101921290B1 (ko) | 2018-11-23 |
CN103370399B (zh) | 2015-11-25 |
US20140013659A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
US10125333B2 (en) | 2018-11-13 |
FR2969653B1 (fr) | 2013-02-08 |
KR20140034133A (ko) | 2014-03-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP2655574B1 (fr) | Utilisation de dispersions de particules de fer comme additif de carburant | |
EP2655576A1 (fr) | Dispersion organique de particules à base de fer sous forme cristallisée | |
CA2470410C (fr) | Dispersion colloidale organique de particules de fer, son procede de preparation et son utilisation comme adjuvant de carburant pour moteurs a combustion interne | |
EP3348626B1 (fr) | Utilisation d'une composition d'additif carburant à base d'une dispersion de particules de fer et d'un détergent | |
EP2655573B1 (fr) | Additif carburant à base d'une dispersion de particules de fer et d'un détergent polyester ammonium. | |
EP1989407A1 (fr) | Procede de fonctionnement d un moteur utilisant une composition lubrifiante comprenant une dispersion colloïdale d ' une terre rare pour catalyser la combustion des suies | |
EP1677905B1 (fr) | Utilisation d'une dispersion colloidale organique de cerium et d'un element choisi parmi le rhodium et le palladium comme adjuvant de gazoles pour moteurs a combustion interne | |
EP1019462A1 (fr) | Composition a base d'un sol organique d'oxyde de metal tetravalent et d'un compose organique d'alcalino-terreux | |
WO2007085562A1 (fr) | Composition lubrifiante comprenant une dispersion colloïdale de fer et son utilisation dans un moteur pour le traitement des gaz d'echappement | |
FR2716388A1 (fr) | Sol organique de composé cérique et son procédé de synthèse. | |
WO2019086385A1 (fr) | Utilisation d'une dispersion colloïdale comme additif de regeneration d'un gpf |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 11807895 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2011807895 Country of ref document: EP |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2013545274 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20137019432 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 13995798 Country of ref document: US |