WO2012074557A1 - Libération, programmée dans le temps, d'engrais - Google Patents

Libération, programmée dans le temps, d'engrais Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012074557A1
WO2012074557A1 PCT/US2011/001949 US2011001949W WO2012074557A1 WO 2012074557 A1 WO2012074557 A1 WO 2012074557A1 US 2011001949 W US2011001949 W US 2011001949W WO 2012074557 A1 WO2012074557 A1 WO 2012074557A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fertilizer
coating
granules
soil
further including
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PCT/US2011/001949
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard L. Baker
Original Assignee
Baker Richard L
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Publication date
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Publication of WO2012074557A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012074557A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/002—Apparatus for sowing fertiliser; Fertiliser drill
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/08—Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/10—Solid or semi-solid fertilisers, e.g. powders
    • C05G5/14—Tablets, spikes, rods, blocks or balls
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
    • C05G5/37—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings layered or coated with a polymer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/45—Form not covered by groups C05G5/10 - C05G5/18, C05G5/20 - C05G5/27, C05G5/30 - C05G5/38 or C05G5/40, e.g. soluble or permeable packaging

Definitions

  • the present invention relates in general to fertilizer compositions, and more particularly to fertilizers of the type that are controlled to release the fertilizing agents at particular periods of time.
  • Plants generally require some type of medium in which to grow, as well as sunlight and water. When these requirements are optimized for the particular plant, the plant will grow more vigorously.
  • the growing medium for plants is often soil, which contains the nutrients required by the plant to grow, bloom, bear fruit, etc.
  • soil in certain regions of the earth is rich in nutrients, in which event the plants will grow vigorously. Other regions have poor soil, and plants planted therein will either not grow at all or will be weak.
  • the growing process can be enhanced by enriching the soil with nutrients that have been depleted by plants or crops previously grown therein. Soil enrichment can be achieved by returning green plants and other vegetation to the soil to decay and return nutrients to the soil.
  • Fertilizers can be in the liquid form or solid granular form, and generally include one or more of the nutrients of nitrogen, potassium, potash, and sometimes other nutrients such as iron, and micronutrients such as boron, etc.
  • the nutrients provided by fertilizers are generally released when subjected to water or other moisture.
  • the fertilizer will simply remain in the granular form until moisture breaks down the granules, in which event the nutrients are released in the soil.
  • the roots of the plants absorb the nutrients and use the same to stimulate plant growth.
  • Another application of the fertilizer may be required.
  • Other fertilizers are manufactured so that the release of the nutrients is controlled over time, so that a high percent of the nutrients are not released when initially subjected to moisture, but rather the nutrients are more evenly released over time. With the time release fertilizers, there is a more even growth of the plants over time so that the potential of over-fertilization is reduced.
  • Time release or slow release fertilizers are generally of the granular form. Some granules may be uncoated for quick release of the nutrients, and other granules can be coated to delay the release of the nutrients. Slow release granules can be encapsulated with a
  • polyurethane membrane and then coated with a polymer material that allows soil moisture to activate the encapsulated nutrients, without releasing the nutrients.
  • suitable environmental conditions including the proper soil temperature, the nutrients slowly diffuse through the membrane and are released into the soil. Once the nutrients are fully released from the capsule, the coating is decomposed by microbes present in the soil.
  • Other slow release fertilizers can be coated with other materials, including sulfur compounds which are responsive to the environmental conditions to release the nutrients contained therein.
  • the coatings can be damaged, fractured or can be flawless so that the damaged coatings are first to break and release the nutrients, and later the flawless coatings become degraded due to the environmental conditions and thus release the nutrients at a later time.
  • the components of sequencing the time-release of fertilizer generally include 1) the encapsulations, 2) the specific NPK of each fertilizer delivered to the plant, and 3) the biological triggers used to ensure that biodegradation of the encapsulation operates as intended, so that the fertilizer can be released in a timely fashion when availability of that particular fertilizer is optimally delivered to the plant.
  • Biodegradable plastics are based primarily on renewable resources. Biodegradation is degradation caused by biological activity, particularly by enzyme action leading to significant changes in the material's chemical structure. The biodegradability of plastics is dependent on the chemical structure of the specific material involved. There are many variations on formulae for biodegradable plastic.
  • Biodegradation of plastics proceeds actively under different soil conditions according to their properties. This difference in biodegradation timeframe is largely due to the amounts and types of bacterial flora present in the soil.
  • Biodegradation of starch- based polymers generally occurs between the sugar groups leading to a reduction in chain length and the splitting off of mono-, di-, and oligo- saccharide units by a result of enzymatic attack at the glucosidic linkages.
  • biodegradable materials At the end of their structural life, after the materials have fully decayed, these biodegradable materials can be left to integrate directly into the soil where bacterial flora will transform them into carbon dioxide or methane, water, and biomass. Because biodegradable materials do not produce wastes that require disposal, they represent a sustainable ecological method of creating encapsulations and coatings that can be used in the sequencing of fertilizer delivery.
  • Biodegradable coatings that can be sprayed and other soft or hard encapsulations that can be manufactured to contain specific fertilizer formulations for timed delivery represent an ecologically friendly method of fertilizing soils for improving the growth of all kinds of plants.
  • Polyethylene is a polymer consisting of long chains of the monomer ethylene
  • IUPAC The recommended scientific name polyethene is systematically derived from the scientific name of the monomer. In certain circumstances it is useful to use a structure-based nomenclature. In such cases IUPAC recommends poly(methylene). The difference is due to the opening up of the monomer's double bond upon polymerization. In the polymer industry the name is sometimes shortened to PE in a manner similar to that by which other polymers like polypropylene and polystyrene are shortened to PP and PS respectively.
  • Polythene or Polyethylene films will naturally fragment and biodegrade, but it can take many decades to do this, and can in the meantime cause an environmental problem. There are two methods to resolve this problem. One is to modify the carbon chain of polyethylene with an additive to improve its degradability and thus its biodegradability. The other is to make a film with similar properties to polyethylene from a biodegradable substance, such as starch.
  • polymers with which starch is commonly used include:
  • PCL Polycaprolactone
  • Additive based (oxo-biodegradable). (Trade Association for this industry is the Oxo- biodegradable Plastics Association) These films are made by blending an additive to provide an oxidative and then a biological mechanism to degrade them. This typically takes about six months to two years in the environment if adequately exposed to oxygen. Degradation is a two stage process; first, the plastic is converted by reaction with oxygen (light, heat and/or stress accelerates the process but is not essential) to low molecular-weight fragments that water can wet, and then these smaller oxidized molecules are biodegraded, i.e. converted into carbon dioxide, water and biomass by microorganisms.
  • Examples are trash bags, garbage bags, compost bags, carrier bag, agricultural film, mulch film, produce bags, in-fact, encompass all forms of short-life plastic film packaging.
  • Gelatin capsules are widely used in delivering medicines. Gel-caps can also be used to encapsulate fertilizer to take advantage of their ability to dissolve faster with the application of water. The breakdown of these capsules will not generally require any initial biological activity to achieve the dissolution of the capsule membrane and the release of the intended contents.
  • Bioplastics are also made using synthetic and natural material additives. Presently, there are over 200 bioplastics in existence. The choices and combinations for sequencing are thus unlimited. Accordingly, disclosed are five specific types of bioplastics, including some which have commercial trade names, to illustrate the sequences that can be utilized in connection with the invention.
  • Degradation of plastic and bioplastic in general is defined as a detrimental change in its appearance, mechanical, physical properties and chemical structure.
  • An advantage of the various embodiments of the invention is to utilize the biodegradability and the life expectancy of differing bioplastic materials and to employ complimentary materials and techniques effective in making biodegradation times more consistent under different conditions and soil types, and to harness these sustainable technologies as components that can be used in the sequenced delivery of fertilizer.
  • Each of the five bioplastics described below can be manufactured to decay in less than twelve months.
  • the list is shown in ascending order from shortest decay time to longest decay time.
  • Chitin This bioplastic material is a polysaccharide of animal origin, and is obtained from seafood industrial waste material. It occurs in the skeletal material of crustaceans such as crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns and crayfish. Chitosan is the deacetylated product formed by treatment of chitin with concentrated (50%) caustic alkali. Thus, chitosan is safe (nontoxic), biocompatible and biodegradable. The effective biocapsule breakdown time (depending on manufacturing method, wall thickness etc.) is approximately two to three months.
  • Mater - Bi@ This bioplastic material is a biodegradable thermoplastic material made of natural components (corn starch and vegetable oil derivatives) and of biodegradable synthetic polyesters.
  • the material is certified as biodegradable and compostable in accordance with European Norm EN 13432 and with the national regulations UNI 10785 and DIN 54900 (Novamont, 2008).
  • the effective biocapsule breakdown time (depending on manufacturing method, wall thickness etc.) is approximately two to four months.
  • Ecoflex® F BX 7011 This is a biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyester based on the monomers 1,4-butanediol, adipic acid and terephthalic acid for film extrusion. It has been developed for conversion to flexible films using a blown film or cast film process. Typical applications are packaging films, agricultural films and compost bags (BASF, 2007).
  • Effective biocapsule breakdown time (depending on manufacturing method, wall thickness etc.) is appproximately two to four months.
  • Bio-Flex® This bioplastic material comprises film compounds that are innovative PLA / copolyester blends. The excellent processing qualities stem from the outstanding compatibility of the polymeric components polylactic acid (PLA) and the biodegradable copolyester. Bio-Flex ® film compounds do not contain starch or derivatives of starch (FKUR, 2008). The effective biocapsule breakdown time (depending on manufacturing method, wall thickness etc.) is approximately three to five months.
  • Bi-OPL This bioplstic material is a biodegradable film mulching produced from polylactic acid (PLA which is made of degradable materials like corn) and compostable in accordance with DIN EN 13432 (Oerlemansplastics, 2008).
  • the effective biocapsule breakdown time (depending on manufacturing method, wall thickness etc.) is approximately four to nine months.
  • Plants access carbon dioxide and oxygen through their stomates and absorb water and ions (fertilizer) through their root system. These materials, through metabolism, become the components of the plant body. Hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen become the framework that is most of the plant body, nitrogen is used primarily in proteins, phosphorus is used primarily in ATP for energy transfer, potassium is used to manage osmotic potential, calcium is used in cell wall construction, magnesium is part of the chlorophyll molecule, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, B, & Mo are used in small quantities in various other ways. [0025] For countless ages, the fertility of forest soils was maintained through reabsorption of nutrients from decaying organic matter on the forest floor. This cycle has been disrupted as chemical fertilizers are used to grow crops, grasses and flowers.
  • plants In addition to fertilizer, plants often benefit from plant health materials such as pesticides. While the specific ingredients used to promote plant health, reduce disease and fight pests, are not discussed in great detail herein, the method of bioplastic encapsulation for the purpose of pesticide and other material sequencing can also deliver certain preventative and proactive plant health products at more effective times based on when the plant is likely to require such treatments.
  • plant health materials such as pesticides. While the specific ingredients used to promote plant health, reduce disease and fight pests, are not discussed in great detail herein, the method of bioplastic encapsulation for the purpose of pesticide and other material sequencing can also deliver certain preventative and proactive plant health products at more effective times based on when the plant is likely to require such treatments.
  • the biodegradable plastics and films used to encapsulate sequenced fertilizers need microbial activity to break down the encapsulations.
  • Organic fertilizers are preferable because they tend to attract the very beneficial organisms needed to dependably break down the encapsulations to release the fertilizer that is to be delivered to the plants.
  • the materials will improve the cation exchange capacity, or "CEC's" of the soil. This allows for improved uptake of nutrients by the plant.
  • Organic fertilizers reduce leaching, which is of particular concern in sandy soil. Leaching moves nutrients away from the plant roots and into the subsurface water.
  • the method of fertilizer sequencing according to the invention delivers the correct nutrients at the time when they are most needed by the plant. According to this method, the fertilizer release can be delayed for days, weeks, months, or even years.
  • the method of time-release sequencing according to the invention employs a wide variety of biodegradable encapsulations. Although it is anticipated that specific fertilizers will be encapsulated in specific encapsulations that create release sequences, a wide variety of fertilizers can be employed that are selected to optimize nutrients to specific plants during both seasonal growth phases and/or at specific phases of a plant's life cycle.
  • An example of a seasonal phase would be a rose bush, which may cycle from green growth in the spring, to early summer blooms to winter dormancy.
  • An example of a life-cycle fertilizer sequence would be the tomato, which grows and fruits for a season and is replanted each year from seed.
  • a method of making a time release fertilizer which includes coating granules (or pellets) of a fertilizer with a coating that is decomposed by soil microorganisms so that when the coated granules of fertilizer come into contact with the soil, the microorganisms decompose the coating and release nutrients in the fertilizer.
  • the method further includes coating the granules to a thickness that is a function of the time desired for the coating to be sufficiently decomposed as to release the nutrients in the fertilizer.
  • a method of making a time release fertilizer which includes coating granules of a fertilizer with different coating materials, where each coating material decomposes at a different time so that when the coated granules of fertilizer come into contact with the soil, the coatings decompose and release nutrients in the fertilizer at different times.
  • the method further includes bundling the fertilizer granules of different coating materials together as a mixture so that when the mixture is used with a plant, the plant is fertilized over different time periods.
  • triggers and accelerators are also utilized to improve the timely delivery of fertilizer of the invention.
  • the breakdown of certain biofilms can be accelerated, or made more dependable, by the introduction of catalysts such as bacterial flora, enzymes and microbes, mycorrhyzae, and various fungi.
  • catalysts such as bacterial flora, enzymes and microbes, mycorrhyzae, and various fungi.
  • a thin outer layer of a simple starch can be added to make the capsule highly attractive to the bacterial accelerators.
  • a method of making a time release fertilizer specifically ammonium nitrate and other compounds that have been used to create explosive weapons or fertilizer bombs.
  • This includes coating granules of a fertilizer with different coating materials designed for a twofold effect, namely, 1) to achieve a delayed release of the encapsulated or coated fertilizer, and 2) to make that particular fertilizer less useful in weaponized formulae in which nitrates are a core component.
  • a method of making a time release fertilizer that includes coating granules of a fertilizer with a coating that is decomposed by soil microorganisms so that when the coated granules of fertilizer come into contact with the soil, the microorganisms decompose the coating and release nutrients in the fertilizer.
  • the method further includes coating the granules to a thickness that is a function of the time desired for the coating to be sufficiently decomposed as to release the nutrients in the fertilizer.
  • a method of making a time release fertilizer that includes coating granules of a fertilizer with different coating materials, where each coating material decomposes at a different time so that when the coated granules of fertilizer come into contact with the soil, the coatings decompose and release nutrients in the fertilizer at different times.
  • the method further includes bundling the fertilizer granules of different coating materials together as a mixture so that when the mixture is used with a plant, the plant is fertilized over different time periods.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates the physical delivery system comprising a spike with encapsulated fertilizer granules enclosed therein;
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a fertilizer ring with plural capsules which contain nutrients that are released at different times
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a fertilizer ring according to another embodiment
  • FIG. 4 illustrates yet another embodiment of a fertilizer ring
  • Fig. 5 illustrates three capsules of fertilizers, where each capsule is constructed with a different wall thickness
  • Fig. 6 illustrates a bag of pellets or granules of fertilizer, each encapsulated with a different bioplastic material that could be released at different times;
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a bag of various individual capsules of fertilizer that are not housed inside any particular mechanism or device, and each is encapsulated with a different bioplastic material that could be released at different times.
  • Time-sequenced fertilizers made according to the invention release nutrients through a series of inter-related biodegradable macro-encapsulations, triggers and other release mechanisms.
  • Various encapsulation materials can be employed in time sequencing the fertilizer release.
  • the materials that may be employed in time-sequenced fertilizer release are much broader than these specific categories. Included also are simple items like: gelatins, paper, wooden capsules, cotton, bamboo, proteins, etc.
  • renewable plastics can now be produced economically. Ecologically, renewable plastics provide a sound substitute for petroleum-based products. The resins replace a significant percentage of petroleum-based additives with starches made out of corn, wheat, tapioca and potatoes.
  • plastics When made from renewable resources, these plastics are competitive with traditional resins. For the purposes of making improved fertilizer delivery device, these plastics exhibit strength and heat resistance characteristics unique to bio-resins. Major converters using conventional equipment can more easily manufacture products containing natural bio-resins.
  • the time delay mechanism is an important feature of the invention. Encapsulations of one or more layers of the films and materials described herein can be employed to influence the release of a particular fertilizer at a specific time in a plants growth or seasonal cycle.
  • Triggers and accelerators are also important features of the improved timely delivery of fertilizer of the invention.
  • the breakdown of certain biofilms can be accelerated, or made more dependable, by the introduction of catalysts such as bacterial flora, enzymes and microbes, mycorrhyzae, and various fungi.
  • catalysts such as bacterial flora, enzymes and microbes, mycorrhyzae, and various fungi.
  • septic products deliver catalysts to improve the conversion of waste matter in sewer and septic systems.
  • These triggers could be held within dissolvable barriers and layers either in the fertilizer granules, capsules, rings or spikes, described below.
  • Soil conditions vary and in some instances can be depleted of microorganisms.
  • Sequence fertilizer delivery is made more reliable by also releasing a combination of the following beneficial bacterial flora and fungi: mesophilic (for low temperature environments), and thermophilic (for use in higher temperature climates). Often these bacteria and fungi are used as "compost accelerators.” In the method of fertilizer sequencing according to the invention, these microorganisms make delivery more reliable under a variety of different soil, weather and temperature conditions.
  • An advantage of the invention is the use of combinations of these materials and physical delivery methods through specific encapsulation devices, triggers and techniques in order to control the effective delivery time frame of the release of specific fertilizers. Thus, the delivery of fertilizer is more accurately sequenced or staged.
  • Sequenced fertilizer delivery can be accomplished with several different physical mechanisms, including capsules enclosed in spikes, as illustrated in Fig. 1, and rings, as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3.
  • Fertilizers and other nutrients, microorganisms, as well as pesticides, fungicides, etc. can be coated with coatings to achieve desired release times.
  • the term coating also includes the encapsulation of the various materials.
  • the housing 12 of the spike 10 could be made from a hard bio-plastic, such as a PLA plastic, that degrades slowly.
  • Each spike 10 is hollow and compartmented to contain one or more bio-encased capsules 18-24.
  • the housing 12 is divided into compartments by biodegradable disc-shaped dividers, one shown as numeral 26. With three dividers 26, there are four compartments within the housing 12 of the spike 10. Other numbers of dividers can be utilized to accommodate the number of compartments needed to hold fertilizer capsules, microorganism capsules, and other types of capsules.
  • the bottom of the housing 12 of the spike 10 includes a biodegradable rigid pointed end 14 for driving into the ground near the roots of mature plants or new plants. Alternatively, a hole can be bored in the ground and the fertilizer spike 10 dropped therein so that it is situated at the proper depth in the soil.
  • the top end of the spike 10 can be constructed to receive a rigid cap 16 adapted for hammering on to drive the spike 10 into the ground.
  • the cap 16 can be constructed of a biodegradable plastic that is dissolvable either instantly upon contact with water, or on a delayed basis.
  • the top of each spike 10 could either be open or porous to allow air and water inside, or it could be made from a gelatin that would dissolve upon contact with water.
  • the cylindrical wall of the housing 12 In order to allow the bio-capsules 18-24 to begin breaking down and release the fertilizer content on time, the cylindrical wall of the housing 12 must be exposed to soil, water, air and the other biological elements. To achieve this, the walls of each compartment of the housing 12 are constructed with one or more openings, holes, slits or other porous structures. One opening in the top compartment is shown as numeral 28.
  • Each capsule 18-24 can be constructed using a different gelatin or bioplastic material to effect different release times.
  • the top capsule 18 could be constructed with a first type of biodegradable covering or coating that degrades and releases the contents within a week of being driven into the soil.
  • the second capsule 20 could be constructed with a second type of biodegradable covering or coating that degrades and releases the contents within three to five weeks after being embedded in the ground.
  • the other two capsules 22 and 24 could similarly be constructed of yet other biodegradable materials that degrade and release the respective contents at different times.
  • the walls of the capsules could be of different thicknesses, and made of materials biodegradable by microorganisms, to thereby break down at different times.
  • the approximate size of the capsules.18-24 is expected to be somewhat less than one inch in diameter. With this arrangement, a uniform release of fertilizer, bio- activator, or combination of both, or other contents can be achieved over time to provide the plant a corresponding uniform supply of nutrients.
  • one capsule 18 can contain suitable microorganisms, and include the same or similar coating that degrades at the same time as another capsule 20 that contains a fertilizer. In this manner, the necessary microorganisms and fertilizer are both released at the same time so that the symbiosis therebetween provides the nutrients to the plant.
  • fertilizer types or blends can be housed in each individual capsule, the purpose of which will be to optimize which levels of NPK and micronutrients a plant receives at a particular point in its lifecycle.
  • life-cycles could relate to a stage of growth within a season or, in a longer range sequence, the fertilizer blend or type could be harmonized to a plant's particular needs at a stage in its long-term maturity.
  • the same fertilizer type or blend could be released at a later time, essentially refertilizing the plant on a delayed time-release basis.
  • the spike 10 is approximately six inches long and one inch in diameter.
  • Each capsule 18-24 contains about an ounce of the same or different type of fertilizer.
  • different size spikes can be manufactured for different purposes, some smaller and some larger.
  • the resulting fertilizer capsule and compartment sizes are related to the overall size of spike 10 and how many individual modules are used in a particular sequence. Studies also show the biodegradation of most all bioplastics is faster in subsurface conditions than in surface positions.
  • the order of placement of capsules in the spike i.e., the relative depth of each individual encapsulation, is an important variable in constructing a sequence of fertilizer delivery when plural encapsulations are placed into the spike and intended to deliver a specific fertilizer to plants in a particular timeframe. If all other variables are equal, and all capsules are made from non-oxo-biodegradable materials, the bottom-most capsule will likely decay first, and the capsule closest to the surface will decay last. As can be appreciated, capsules made of oxo-biodegradable materials (needing oxygen to initiate the first stage of breakdown) will decay faster if placed nearer the surface and thus closer to the effects of air.
  • the sequenced fertilizer ring 30 of Fig. 2 is also constructed with a package for containing the fertilizer capsules.
  • the fertilizer ring 30 is constructed to hold plural balls or cells 32, each containing fertilizers encapsulated in the mechanisms described herein.
  • the construction of the ring 30 would be open or porous, thus allowing air, water, microbes, soil and fertilizer to pass therethrough.
  • the open spaces between the plastic housing walls can resemble an open plastic web or net with large openings. Since the ring 30 does not need to penetrate the soil, as does the fertilizer stake 10, it could be planted in the soil beneath a transplanted plant, or beneath seeds.
  • the fertilizer ring 30 does not need to be rigid or have the same structural strength.
  • the enclosure or capsule itself could be used to further influence the time frame in which a particular fertilizer is delivered to the soil and made use of by the plant for which it is intended.
  • the numbered encapsulations shown inside the ring in Fig. 2 provide an example of one possible fertilizer release sequence.
  • shown is a series of capsules 32, 36 and 40-46 in a ring configuration.
  • Each of these capsules 32, 36 and 40-48 will be held together with a bioplastic interconnection or frame 34, which is like a web connecting the capsules 32, 40-48 together.
  • the frame 34 could be rigid or flexible, but the framework is constructed so that it allows the biological material and organisms outside each capsule 32, 40-48 to begin the process of composting (breaking down) the capsule wall.
  • the central capsule 36 is connected with connection webs 38 to the peripheral capsules 32, 40-48 via the web or frame 34.
  • Each peripheral biocapsule 3, 40-48 (which could also be described as a bioplastic pouch) is of a size that it can contain about 1-2 ounces of fertilizer.
  • the entire ring 30 is about six to seven inches in circumference, and each capsule 32, 36 and 40-48 is about 1/2 to 1 inch in diameter.
  • the ring 30 and capsule sizes can vary depending on the amounts of fertilizer intended to be delivered to the plant.
  • the center encapsulation 36 can contain a liquid fertilizer which dissolves upon first contact with water.
  • the capsule material of the center capsule 36 can be made of gelatin.
  • the first peripheral encapsulation 32 can contain a plant enzyme and beneficial bacteria flora which dissolves upon first contact with water (gelatin or fast degrading bioplastic such as a thin walled chitin capsule). Just as septic systems often fail from insufficient bacteria, plants need sufficient beneficial bacteria and enzymes to break down nutrients.
  • the bioplastic encapsulation of the invention also needs sufficient bacteria to support a living soil and to break down and release the fertilizers.
  • the second peripheral encapsulation 40 can contain a balanced all-around fertilizer.
  • the capsule 40 is constructed to also dissolve substantially instantaneously upon first contact with water, and can be the same as above.
  • the third encapsulation 42 can contain a fast-acting liquid bone meal (NPK values 1- 11-0), to facilitate the boosting of blooms.
  • the encapsulation 42 can be constructed of a thin biodegradable thermoplastic material made of natural components such as tapioca or corn starch or vegetable oil derivatives, with possible additions of biodegradable synthetic polyesters, and will be optimized to dissolve in about sixty days. With the release of the contents of capsule 42 containing a flora of bacteria and enzymes, the timely release of capsule 42 is more predictable.
  • the fourth encapsulation 44 of the ring 30 can contain a powdered bone meal and Epson salts that is released between about sixty and ninety days.
  • the encapsulation for the fourth capsule 44 can be constructed of a biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyester based on the monomers 1,4-butanediol, adipic acid and terephthalic acid such as the commercially available product, EcoFlex. This product is made as a blown film or in a cast film process.
  • the fifth encapsulation 46 can contain potassium and micronutrients, sulphur, calcium, and magnesium in the form of sunflower hull ash, with NPK values of about 0-5-35. If oxygen is available to interact with the surface of this capsule 46, then it can be made from an oxo- biodegradable plastic that releases between six and nine months from placement in the soil. If the capsule is completely buried in the soil and therefore not exposed to oxygen, a corn gluten based PLA such as Bio-Flex or Bi-OPL can be used. The wall thickness can be varied to increase or decrease breakdown times to produce the desired sequenced delivery time.
  • the fertilizer ring 30 is illustrated as a two-dimensional ring, it can be fabricated in many other shapes to ensure that the various types of time-release fertilizers and other nutrients are bundled together and remain as an integral unit when planted or otherwise distributed in the soil.
  • the bundle of time release capsules can also be fabricated as three- dimensional object, similar to the atoms in a molecule.
  • the peripheral capsules 32, 40-46 can also be connected to the center capsule 36 with the spoke connector 38, without the interconnection 34 between each of the peripheral capsules 32 and 40-46.
  • the capsules can all be aligned in a linear manner and connected together by respective interconnections.
  • all or some of the capsules can be manufactured separately in bulk, and then mixed together and either bagged, or sold in the bulk form.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates another configuration of a fertilizer ring 50 using the same principles described above in connection with Fig. 2.
  • the fertilizer ring 50 is constricted with eight nutrient capsules in a ring, without a center capsule.
  • each capsule can be constructed of the same or different materials that react with an environmental condition, such as moisture, temperature, or a microorganism, to degrade and release the contents thereof.
  • the capsules are connected by biodegradable interconnections, one shown as numeral 52.
  • the capsules are enclosed in a thicker, stronger housing.
  • the difference in the fertilizer ring 50 of Fig. 3 illustrates a hard plastic frame to contain soft or hard capsules, while in Fig. 4 the entire piece is made of soft bio- films of varying types and thicknesses.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates yet another embodiment of a sequence ring 60 of fertilizers encapsulated in pouches constructed of a bio-plastic material.
  • a liquid, granular fertilizer, or both, can be contained in each pouch 62, which is constructed of a chitin or gelatin material.
  • the irregular-shaped pouches 64 and 66 are constructed of a copolyester style PLA material, and contain growth boosters and micronutrients.
  • the shapes of pouches 64 and 66 can be styled in any optimal shape and size for shipping and packaging. Again, the pouches 62, 64 and 66 are interconnected with web members 68.
  • the soft style flexible bio-film design may be more attractive for commercial production as a space saving container.
  • plant roots are hard and likely to puncture the plastic before the desired release time designed in the sequence, it may be preferable to use a hard plastic capsule. If the plant roots are smaller and more thin and hairlike, they are not likely to puncture the enclosure before the desired timing, in which event the softer style of capsule may be preferred for those types of plants.
  • fertilizers and or plant health materials such as pesticides, fungicides, etc.
  • one or more can be selected to create the best encapsulations and or coatings for specific materials used in a sequenced delivery.
  • the chart 1 below together with the diagram of Fig. 5, illustrates the different fertilizers and types of encapsulations thereof to achieve a time sequenced release of the nutrients according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the capsule A of Fig. 5 can contain a nitrogen-rich granular fertilizer (NPK: 10-5-5) which can be encapsulated in a covering that permits an instant release of the nutrients.
  • NPK nitrogen-rich granular fertilizer
  • fertilizer capsule A is encased in two soft bioplastic packets.
  • One packet contains a liquid fertilizer for instant plant uptake, and the other packet contains a nitrogen rich granular organic fertilizer for release over 1-3 months, for early stage plant growth.
  • the fertilizers utilized in the packets are preferably organically based and chosen to increase microbial activity in the soil.
  • a gelatin could be utilized for encapsulation that would instantly dissolve upon contact with water.
  • one type of encapsulation can be made from a biodegradable thermoplastic material made of natural components (corn starch and vegetable oil derivatives) and of biodegradable synthetic polyesters such as Mater - Bi®, and can be made by various injection, extrusion or other processes well known in the field for the particular bioplastic employed.
  • a biodegradable thermoplastic material made of natural components (corn starch and vegetable oil derivatives) and of biodegradable synthetic polyesters such as Mater - Bi®, and can be made by various injection, extrusion or other processes well known in the field for the particular bioplastic employed.
  • the capsule B contains a high phosphorus content (NPK: 0-10-5) bloom booster that is encapsulated to permit a two to six month release. Fertilizer B is also high in potassium and ideal for fruiting vegetables like tomatoes, and flowering bushes like roses. This encapsulation would preferably consist of a biofilm, such in the style of Mater - Bi®, Ecoflex® or BioFlex®, that would break down through microbial action. This type of biofilm can be made by blown or cast film processes.
  • the third capsule C contains a material that is rich in the mineral potassium (NPK: 0- 0-10), and adapted to promote the growth of roots and winter hardiness.
  • the capsule C is coated with a material that permits a release of the mineral in six to twelve months, and the fertilizer is designed to aid the plant at the end of the season. Since the desired timeframe for release is about six to nine months after it is placed in the soil, a longer-delayed encapsulation such as oxo-biodegradable plastic would be chosen.
  • An example of a suitable biodegradable plastic encapsulation can be either Bio-Flex® or BiOPL, and can be made by cast or film process.
  • the speed of decomposition can be influenced by changing several variables, namely the thickness of the wall of the capsule and depth of planting.
  • the thickness of the wall of the capsules can be varied during manufacture by setting the amount of material delivered through various methods of injection and extrusion styles of plastic manufacturing.
  • the capsule walls used in the sequence spike 10 or ring 30, 50 or 60 would be thinner, since the plant would receive less oxygen which is needed to initiate the oxidation stage.
  • a longer degrading oxo-biodegradable plastic film or PLA can be used to great advantage.
  • a capsule with varying thickness could be placed on top of the soil so that air and light exposure would ensure dependable initiation of the first stage of decomposition.
  • the time sequenced fertilizers of the invention can be tailored for different geographical areas of the United States, or any country, because the plant cycles are different in different regions, and different regions have different types of soils and soil nutrient needs.
  • FIG. 5 illustrate an example of a sequence for a bi-weekly fertilization program over a full growing season.
  • sequence A-(l,2,3,4), B-(l,2,3,4) and C-(l,2,3,4) include an enzyme trigger with food.
  • the numbers in sequences A, B and C refer to increasing thicknesses of the respective encapsulations, with the numeral 1 being the thinnest and with 4 being the thickest.
  • the enzyme capsule 70 of Fig. 5 is structured to deliver microbes with the capsules.
  • the microbes also known as mycorrhyzae, ensure that the soil has vigorous microbial activity.
  • the enzyme food capsule 72 ensures the enzymes and microbes have material to feed on in case the soil is depleted.
  • capsule 70 contains bacterial flora and enzymes while capsule 72 contains food on which the flora can feed. This is to ensure the bacterial flora don't die out for lack of natural materials, or food to live on.
  • the increasing thickness of the lines of the walls of the capsules A, B and C of Fig. 5 indicates the thickness of the capsule walls. The increasing wall thickness slows the breakdown of each capsule while possibly using the same, or a different bioplastic. As can be appreciated, the wall thickness influences the time needed to biodegrade.
  • the capsule A of Fig. 5 is constructed with an instant release wall material and contains a general purpose fertilizer (NPK: 10-10-10). As such, the outer shell of fertilizer capsule A is instantly dissolved on contact with water.
  • the primary capsule A comprises a biodegradable shell 82 that houses plural sub-capsules 74-80.
  • the sub-capsules 74-80 release nutrients at bi-weekly intervals based primarily on the thickness and composition of each sub-capsule wall and the type of bio-material.
  • the walls of the sub- capsules are constructed of materials that provide varying delays or times for decomposition to thereby release the fertilizer contents thereof.
  • the material around the circular encapsulations is simply a holding material like a foil container for pills that are popped through the backing.
  • This embodiment illustrates another method of manufacturing the capsules. If these are made into strips, the user could simply tear off the strips, using as many or as few groups of encapsulations as desired for each plant. For example, one might use the minimum grouping (one of each capsule) for a small pepper plant. Alternatively, one might tear off multiple sets for a shrub, bush or tree, thus choosing to deliver a larger quantity of fertilizer for a specific use.
  • the capsule B is constructed with a wall material that biodegrades within a medium delay of about two to three months.
  • the wall of capsule B can be constructed of a starch-based bioplastic material.
  • the fertilizer within the sub-capsules of capsule B can be of the
  • composition (NPK: 10-10-10).
  • the outer shell of capsule B is thicker and dissolves through slower microbial action.
  • the sub-capsules inside the primary capsule B release the respective contents at bi-weekly intervals, based primarily on the thickness and composition of each sub- capsule wall and the bio-material of the capsule wall.
  • the capsule C is constructed with a wall material that biodegrades within a long delay of about six to nine months.
  • the wall of capsule C can be constructed of a PLA material.
  • the fertilizer within the sub-capsules of capsule C can be of the composition (NPK: 10-10-10).
  • Fertilizer capsule C is encapsulated in a slower release outer shell.
  • the shell material of the sub- capsules of capsule C can be the same as that of the sub-capsules of capsules A and B.
  • the sub-capsules of capsule C release the fertilizer content in approximately similar time frames.
  • the time sequenced fertilizers within the primary capsule C each include a cell housing or package, and a capsule construction that degrades in a specific time frame.
  • the contents of the sub-capsules can function as fertilizers, activators, promoters of microbial activity, etc., or combinations thereof.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates a bag 82 of coated fertilizer pellets 84
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a bag 86 of capsulized fertilizer 88 (similar to fish oil caps).
  • Each bag 82 and 86, as well as other bags, can contain a different fertilizer or nutrient, and/or is coated with a material that releases at different times.
  • the different types of fertilizers can be of many different compositions and bagged or otherwise bundled so that they are available at garden stores, and the like, to persons desiring to have a fertilizer composition specially adapted for his/her application.
  • a person desiring to formulate a special composition of fertilizers can mix and match the different fertilizers according to different plants, different soils, etc.
  • the different types of palletized and capsulized fertilizers can be mixed and bundled together at the time of manufacture and packaged, or a user could scoop out specific formulas by hand, thus allowing for personal customization.
  • each of the three beds of soil was placed in the same environment and thus each bed received the same amount of sunlight, warmth, moisture, etc. Each day, each soil bed was tested with a nutrient meter to determine if the fertilizer had been released. The release of the fertilizer would indicate that the microorganisms in the soil had decomposed the coating sufficiently to release the fertilizer contained therein. Between the 50th day and the 70th day, the meter indicated that the fertilizer in all three beds was starting to be released. By the 75th day, each of the three beds showed that the fertilizer was being fully released.
  • the various embodiments described above involve the encapsulation of fertilizer and other ingredients in one or more capsules to facilitate the growth of plants.
  • the principles and concepts can be utilized for enhancing the growth of crops, such as corn, wheat, rice, etc. While plants located in a garden, yard, park, etc., can be aided by the use of the sequenced fertilizers described above, the application is best attended to by a person who can manually, or by the use of small machines, distribute the fertilizer in the soil, on or around the plants, both during the planting and growing season, as required. Many crops, on the other hand, are difficult to fertilize during the growing stage, as they are too tall or are often too inaccessible with conventional farm machinery during the growing season.
  • Corn for example, needs fertilizer when planted to aid the plant to develop a strong stalk, leaves and roots so that when more mature, it can tassel and develop large and healthy ears of corn.
  • the corn plant requires an additional feeding of nutrients provided by fertilizers. The extra nutrients are needed by the plant in order to start growing the ears of corn.
  • the corn plant may be four to six feet tall and generally unable to be fertilized by conventional farm equipment, except by special and costly machines equipped with extra large wheels that can navigate between the rows of tall corn plants.
  • both the starter fertilizer and the mid-term application of fertilizer can be applied at the time of planting, thereby alleviating the need for the costly machines, the labor, and the fuel needed to power the machines during the growing of the corn plants.
  • a conventional granular fertilizer (coated or uncoated) can be mixed with the sequence fertilizer of the invention and loaded in the corn planter hopper to be delivered in the furrow with the kernels of corn. The corn seed would be loaded in another hopper of the planter.
  • Conventional corn planters are currently available where there is a fertilizer hopper and a corn seed hopper associated with each row to be planted.
  • the sequence fertilizer planted with the corn kernels is preferably responsive to microbial action in the soil to break down the walls of the capsules containing the type of fertilizer that promotes the growth of ears of corn.
  • a fertilizer composition balanced with all three key elements would be optimal. This contrasts with many other types of slow release fertilizers that respond to moisture for breaking down the encapsulation layer or layers so that the fertilizer can be released.
  • the moisture responsive coatings, such as protein materials depend on moisture for releasing the fertilizing agent, and thus depend on the availability of moisture at the correct time in order to deliver the fertilizer at the correct time.
  • a microorganism responsive coating or capsule is much less dependent on the moisture, but rather depends on the microorganism activity in the soil. Because most crops are grown in soils that are rich in microorganisms, there is generally a sufficient amount of microorganism activity to support the break down of the corresponding capsule wall material.
  • the sequence fertilizer adapted for use at the time of planting can include the pelletized type of fertilizer having the NPK composition required for the development and growing of healthy ears of corn.
  • the pellets of fertilizer can then be coated with a cover that can be decomposed by living organisms of the microorganism type.
  • the coating can be a bioplastic material such as chitin or starch-based with synthetic polyesters, or another suitable type.
  • the bioplastic material can be used in a liquid form and sprayed on the pellets of fertilizer to achieve a uniform thickness. Alternatively, the thickness of the coatings can be somewhat different so that the fertilizer is released at somewhat different times during the development of the ears of corn.
  • the thickness of the bioplastic coating on the fertilizer pellets can be determined by experimentation, which will be a function of the amount of microbial activity in the soil. Soil tests can be conducted by farmers to determine the extent of microbial activity in the soil, and a sequence fertilizer can be selected based on such activity. For soils low in microbial activity, then the sequence fertilizer can include capsules with microorganisms therein to enhance the microbial activity in the soil. It is expected that with normal agricultural soils that support the growth of corn, the thickness of the bioplastic coating would be in the range of about 1/64 to about 1/16 inch.
  • the starter fertilizer can also be coated with various materials to break down in a short period of time.
  • the pellets can be processed through conventional spray equipment designed for encapsulating fertilizers.
  • the pellets can be conveyed with vibrator type conveyors that agitate the pellets and turn them during the spraying of the liquid bioplastic material.
  • the coated pellets are momentarily suspended in an upwardly-directed stream of hot dry air to dry the coating.
  • a microorganism is to supplement that in the soil, then a pelletized microorganism base can be coated with the bioplastic material in the same manner.
  • a microorganism or bacteria of the type can be pelletized and coated with the bioplastic material.
  • both of the capsules will be decomposed at the same rate so that both agents are released at the same time.
  • the coated fertilizer and the coated microorganisms can be conveyed to a mixer where they are mixed in the correct proportions and bagged or otherwise prepared in bulk form for shipment to fertilizer distributors or dealers.
  • the starter fertilizer can also be mixed at this time with the sequence fertilizer to achieve the correct proportions.
  • the starter fertilizer will be quickly released and will provide nutrients during the initial growth stages of the corn plant.
  • the bacteria flora and other microorganisms will begin to break down the bioplastic coating on the sequence fertilizer pellets.
  • the breakdown of the bioplastic coating is generally independent of the amount of moisture, unlike the conventional protein coatings currently applied to fertilizer pellets. In any event, about 14-17 weeks after planting, the microorganisms will successfully erode the bioplastic coating so that the sequence fertilizer begins to be released.
  • the sequence fertilizer can be made with different thickness coatings and marketed to regional farming areas having corresponding microbial activity.
  • the sequence fertilizer can be manufactured with three or four different standard thickness coatings to match the microbial activity in the soil at different regional farm locations.
  • a farmer can initially have a soil test conducted to determine the level of microbial activity, and can then order the sequence fertilizer with the appropriate coating thickness. Tf there is insufficient microbial activity, or activity less than optimum, then the farmer can order the sequence fertilizer that is supplemented with biodegradable microorganism capsules to thereby enhance the microorganisms resident in the soil.
  • Activators can be encapsulated and used to trigger the breakdown of the capsules and coatings described above. These activators can include specifically selected enzymes, bacteria and fungi beneficial to the disclosed process.
  • Enzymes are made by cells in our bodies and all living organisms. They are specialized proteins that do work, such as synthesizing chemicals, rearranging molecules, adding elements to compounds, and breaking down compounds. Essentially, enzymes work as catalysts of biochemical reactions and accelerate the rate of a reaction. Another unique aspect of enzymes is that they facilitate the reaction without being destroyed or changed in the process. Because of this, one enzyme molecule could theoretically change an infinite amount of substrate if given an infinite amount of time. Increasing the amount of an enzyme decreases the time required for completing the process. If the number of enzyme molecules is doubled in the methods disclosed herein, the time for the reaction can be decreased by half.
  • the preferred embodiment of the invention employs organic type of fertilizers, since such fertilizers are more inclined to promote biological activity in the soil.
  • the methods of fertilizer sequencing disclosed herein can also utilize the delivery of conventional fertilizers and other plant health products.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un engrais à libération programmée dans le temps, formulé en enrobant des pastilles ou des granulés d'engrais d'un enrobage à base d'une substance décomposée par les microorganismes présents dans le sol. Lorsque l'engrais à libération programmée dans le temps est placé sur ou dans le sol au voisinage de plantes, les microorganismes présents dans le sol commencent à décomposer l'enrobage des granulés d'engrais jusqu'à dislocation de l'enrobage, suite à quoi l'engrais contenu dans les granulés est libéré. La durée à l'issue de laquelle l'enrobage se disloque est fonction de l'épaisseur de l'enrobage. Ainsi, en enrobant les granulés d'engrais d'une couche d'enrobage présentant l'épaisseur choisie, on programme la durée à l'issue de laquelle on souhaite que l'engrais soit libéré. La durée à l'issue de laquelle l'engrais est libéré est généralement indépendante de la teneur en humidité du sol.
PCT/US2011/001949 2010-12-01 2011-12-01 Libération, programmée dans le temps, d'engrais WO2012074557A1 (fr)

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CN111393218A (zh) * 2018-12-31 2020-07-10 植物安全全球私人有限公司 用于提高土壤肥力的制品
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WO2021129924A1 (fr) 2019-12-23 2021-07-01 Dichevski Marian Ivanov Procédé d'épandage de type monograine de semences conjointement avec une capsule de semences et capsule de semences
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CN108471714A (zh) * 2015-12-16 2018-08-31 富兰帝欧公司 植物栽培培养基生成用套件，植物栽培培养基生成方法及使用完毕的植物栽培培养基的再生方法
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US20230180654A1 (en) * 2018-12-13 2023-06-15 SimplyGro LLC Fertilizer Stick
CN111393218A (zh) * 2018-12-31 2020-07-10 植物安全全球私人有限公司 用于提高土壤肥力的制品
WO2021094794A1 (fr) * 2019-11-11 2021-05-20 Herbafarm-Magnolija D.O.O. Composition de fertilisation et de traitement d'arbres, arbustes et plantes grimpantes à libération programmée de la substance active qui, à l'emplacement d'injection, induit la formation d'un amas de jeunes racines qui deviennent le "montage de l'arbre"
WO2021129924A1 (fr) 2019-12-23 2021-07-01 Dichevski Marian Ivanov Procédé d'épandage de type monograine de semences conjointement avec une capsule de semences et capsule de semences
CN113816793A (zh) * 2021-09-30 2021-12-21 宜宾五粮液股份有限公司 一种有机可调控释放型复合肥料结构

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