WO2012063018A1 - A system of pitched roof insulation - Google Patents

A system of pitched roof insulation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012063018A1
WO2012063018A1 PCT/GB2011/001573 GB2011001573W WO2012063018A1 WO 2012063018 A1 WO2012063018 A1 WO 2012063018A1 GB 2011001573 W GB2011001573 W GB 2011001573W WO 2012063018 A1 WO2012063018 A1 WO 2012063018A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
insulant
pitched roof
underlay
roof insulation
insulation
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2011/001573
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
David Martin
Original Assignee
David Martin
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by David Martin filed Critical David Martin
Publication of WO2012063018A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012063018A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04DROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D13/00Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
    • E04D13/16Insulating devices or arrangements in so far as the roof covering is concerned, e.g. characterised by the material or composition of the roof insulating material or its integration in the roof structure
    • E04D13/1606Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure
    • E04D13/1612Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure the roof structure comprising a supporting framework of roof purlins or rafters
    • E04D13/1618Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure the roof structure comprising a supporting framework of roof purlins or rafters with means for fixing the insulating material between the roof covering and the upper surface of the roof purlins or rafters
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04DROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D12/00Non-structural supports for roofing materials, e.g. battens, boards
    • E04D12/002Sheets of flexible material, e.g. roofing tile underlay
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04DROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
    • E04D12/00Non-structural supports for roofing materials, e.g. battens, boards
    • E04D12/004Battens
    • E04D12/006Batten-supporting means

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a system of pitched roof insulation.
  • the said void permits rapid fire spread across/up the roof, sound penetration, cold bridging of rafters and battens, rapid heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter via convection and conduction.
  • the void also permits rain and snow ingress which has a cooling/heat loss effect on the roof structure especially in high winds.
  • the said void construction principles precludes insulation in that void and where insulation is provided below in contact with the underlay it is necessary to provide counter battens for drainage below tile/slate battens. Where insulation is provided immediately above a horizontal ceiling the void immediately above (roof space) and said void over the underlay are cold and need ventilation thus promoting heat loss. Thus several surface resistances are also not contributory to roof insulation.
  • the underlay is prone to wind flapping noise and the whole structure has significant and numerous air leakage paths.
  • a system of pitched roof insulation comprising a roll of readily compressible, tear/loose fibre resistant, moisture repellant, inert insulant designed to compressibly fill most of the irregular void immediately over roof underlay created by tile/slate/roofsheet battens and the underside of such roof finishes.
  • Such compressible insulant will be bonded or otherwise affixed to a vapour permeable (but water resistant) or impermeable underlay (depending on condensation risk) being wider along one long roll edge than the insulant sufficient to provide top most overlapping with an adjacent said roll and underlay.
  • the said tile battens will be preservative treated or modified for life expectancy in this invented environment (intimately surrounded on base and sides by the insulant component) at least equivalent to traditional construction rooftile battens and be laid and fixed over the said insulant component and underlay to the main roof structure beneath at designated intervals.
  • the insulation is compressed under and causes intimate contact with the side of the battens thus the whole roof will be covered with the said insulant roll, underlay and battens providing a complete pitched roof covering that is durable, thermally insulating and weatherproof.
  • the insulant resilience and thickness being such as to cause slight compression against the underside of the roof covering tiles, slates or roofsheets when fixed to the battens without causing actual uplift of that roof covering. Also slight compression of insulant to the sides of the battens and all to maximize intimate surface contact with underlay, battens and underside of roof covering.
  • vapour control layer or vapour permeable layer that is integral to the said underlay or in addition.
  • the invention is potentially best suited to "warm roof thermal insulation including materials, any air spaces and surface resistances in line with rafters from underside of sloping ceiling to the top of roof covering" or “hybrid thermal insulation at horizontal ceiling and rafter lines accumulating the insulation values of all materials, any air spaces and surface resistances for the full depth of roof from underside of horizontal ceiling to top of the roof covering" all in pitched roof construction.
  • the roof slope and compression of the insulant to the underside of the roof covering tile, slate or sheets and alignment with the top of the batten and roof covering joints permit moisture/vapour escape and some drainage of any residual moisture down the roof slope over the top of the system of pitched roof insulation and roof covering laps.
  • This system of pitched roof insulation facilitates insulation to have immediate contact with the underside of the underlay without the need for counterbattens.
  • Figure 1 shows in perspective the installed system of pitched roof insulation
  • Figure 2 illustrates in perspective the underlay and insulation components
  • Figure 3 a shows in diagrammatic form the pitched roof insulation system, insulation continuity and length of heat resisting path in a warm roof design
  • Figure 3 b shows in diagrammatic form the pitched roof insulation system, insulation continuity and length of heat resisting path in a hybrid rafter and ceiling insulation system.
  • the system of pitched roof insulation- comprises an insulant 1 bonded to an underlay 2 in roll form and tile fixing battens 3.
  • Such insulant 1 is thicker than the tile fixing battens 3 by the margin 1a thus the insulant 1 will be compressed against the underside of the roof covering tile 7 when that tile 7 is nailed 9 down to the batten 3 causing the insulant 1 to be compressed for the depth 1a creating a more or less continuous upper surface of tile batten 3 and insulation 2 and lower tile 7 to facilitate drainage down the roof slope of any rain, snow or condensate.
  • the batten 3 will be pressure preservative treated such as (acetylation) or modified such as with (microscopic amorphous glass).
  • the insulant 1 will be compressed 1 b under the tile batten 3 when it is nailed 9 to the rafter 6 beneath and the sides of the insulant 1 will at the same time be held in slight compression against the sides of the batten 3.
  • Fig 2 shows the rolled out insulant 1 bonded to the underlay 2 and the topmost overlapping width 5 of the underlay 2 relative to the vertical face edge 4 of the insulant 1.
  • Fig 3a shows the complete coveringof a pitched roof with- the insulant 1 and bonded underlay 2 all in a warm roof with continuous wall 8 and roof independent insulation 8 and an independent vapour control layer 11.
  • the accumulated thermal resistance path 10 is shown between the underside of the vapour control layer 11 bonded to plasterboard and roof tile top surface 7.
  • Figure 3b shows the complete roof coveringof a pitched roof with the insulant 1 bonded to the underlay 2 laid over rafters 6 and continuous wall 8 and roof independent insulation 8 all in a hybrid insulated roof with a vapour control layer 11.
  • the accumulated thermal resistance path 10 is shown between the underside of the vapour control layer 11 bonded to plasterboard and the roof tile upper surface 7.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Roof Covering Using Slabs Or Stiff Sheets (AREA)

Abstract

According to the present invention there is provided, a system of pitched roof insulation comprising a roll of readily compressible, tear/loose fibre resistant, moisture repellant, inert insulant (1) designed to compressibly fill most of the irregular void immediately over roof underlay (2) created by tile/roofsheet batten (3) and the underside of such roof finishes (7). Such compressible insulant (1) will be bonded or otherwise affixed to a vapour permeable (but water resistant) or impermeable underlay (2) (depending on condensation risk) being wider along one long roll edge (5) than the insulant (1) sufficient to provide top most overlapping (5) with an adjacent said roll and underlay (2). The battens (3) being appropriately preservative treated to suit the environment in which they are fixed in. The whole system covers the roof to provide a durable weather resistant, safe to handle, thermal insulating, fire resisting, sound insulating and vapour controlling barrier.

Description

A system of pitched roof insulation
This invention relates to a system of pitched roof insulation.
Pitched roof insulation is long established by custom and practice to be inserted below roof underlay in order to maintain a void created by tile/slate/roofsheet fixing battens above such underlay to facilitate vapour ventilation and drainage of any condensate under the tiles etc and wind driven rain or snow ingress drainage. Furthermore the tile slate battens being wooden require ventilation/evaporation to limit rot but are still prone to rot from poor drainage about rafter intersections and other similar fixing points.
The said void permits rapid fire spread across/up the roof, sound penetration, cold bridging of rafters and battens, rapid heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter via convection and conduction. The void also permits rain and snow ingress which has a cooling/heat loss effect on the roof structure especially in high winds.
The said void construction principles precludes insulation in that void and where insulation is provided below in contact with the underlay it is necessary to provide counter battens for drainage below tile/slate battens. Where insulation is provided immediately above a horizontal ceiling the void immediately above (roof space) and said void over the underlay are cold and need ventilation thus promoting heat loss. Thus several surface resistances are also not contributory to roof insulation.
The underlay is prone to wind flapping noise and the whole structure has significant and numerous air leakage paths. In order to limit condensation in voids/roof spaces it is often necessary to provide a strategically positioned vapour control layer.
According to the present invention there is provided a system of pitched roof insulation comprising a roll of readily compressible, tear/loose fibre resistant, moisture repellant, inert insulant designed to compressibly fill most of the irregular void immediately over roof underlay created by tile/slate/roofsheet battens and the underside of such roof finishes. Such compressible insulant will be bonded or otherwise affixed to a vapour permeable (but water resistant) or impermeable underlay (depending on condensation risk) being wider along one long roll edge than the insulant sufficient to provide top most overlapping with an adjacent said roll and underlay.
The said tile battens will be preservative treated or modified for life expectancy in this invented environment (intimately surrounded on base and sides by the insulant component) at least equivalent to traditional construction rooftile battens and be laid and fixed over the said insulant component and underlay to the main roof structure beneath at designated intervals. Upon fixing the battens over the insulation the insulation is compressed under and causes intimate contact with the side of the battens thus the whole roof will be covered with the said insulant roll, underlay and battens providing a complete pitched roof covering that is durable, thermally insulating and weatherproof.
The insulant resilience and thickness being such as to cause slight compression against the underside of the roof covering tiles, slates or roofsheets when fixed to the battens without causing actual uplift of that roof covering. Also slight compression of insulant to the sides of the battens and all to maximize intimate surface contact with underlay, battens and underside of roof covering.
fit most pitched roof circumstances it will be necessary to strategically position a vapour control layer or vapour permeable layer that is integral to the said underlay or in addition.
The invention is potentially best suited to "warm roof thermal insulation including materials, any air spaces and surface resistances in line with rafters from underside of sloping ceiling to the top of roof covering" or "hybrid thermal insulation at horizontal ceiling and rafter lines accumulating the insulation values of all materials, any air spaces and surface resistances for the full depth of roof from underside of horizontal ceiling to top of the roof covering" all in pitched roof construction.
In both construction circumstances it is necessary to ensure the continuity of wall thermal insulation with roof thermal insulation in order to maximize the accumulated thermal insulation of material, any air space and surface resistance along with creating full depth still air heat loss restriction. Compared to traditional construction the continuity of the system of pitched roof insulation self evidently provides significant additional depth of thermal insulation, sound and fire resistance, durability and protection from wind, snow, rain and condensate.
The roof slope and compression of the insulant to the underside of the roof covering tile, slate or sheets and alignment with the top of the batten and roof covering joints permit moisture/vapour escape and some drainage of any residual moisture down the roof slope over the top of the system of pitched roof insulation and roof covering laps. This system of pitched roof insulation facilitates insulation to have immediate contact with the underside of the underlay without the need for counterbattens.
A specific embodiment of the iavention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing in which:-
Figure 1 shows in perspective the installed system of pitched roof insulation:
Figure 2 illustrates in perspective the underlay and insulation components;
Figure 3 a shows in diagrammatic form the pitched roof insulation system, insulation continuity and length of heat resisting path in a warm roof design;
Figure 3 b shows in diagrammatic form the pitched roof insulation system, insulation continuity and length of heat resisting path in a hybrid rafter and ceiling insulation system.
Referring to the drawing Fig 1 the system of pitched roof insulation- comprises an insulant 1 bonded to an underlay 2 in roll form and tile fixing battens 3. Such insulant 1 is thicker than the tile fixing battens 3 by the margin 1a thus the insulant 1 will be compressed against the underside of the roof covering tile 7 when that tile 7 is nailed 9 down to the batten 3 causing the insulant 1 to be compressed for the depth 1a creating a more or less continuous upper surface of tile batten 3 and insulation 2 and lower tile 7 to facilitate drainage down the roof slope of any rain, snow or condensate. It is also possible to have independent insulation 8 in intimate contact with the underlay 2 without affecting such drainage. The batten 3 will be pressure preservative treated such as (acetylation) or modified such as with (microscopic amorphous glass). The insulant 1 will be compressed 1 b under the tile batten 3 when it is nailed 9 to the rafter 6 beneath and the sides of the insulant 1 will at the same time be held in slight compression against the sides of the batten 3.
Fig 2 shows the rolled out insulant 1 bonded to the underlay 2 and the topmost overlapping width 5 of the underlay 2 relative to the vertical face edge 4 of the insulant 1.
Fig 3a shows the complete coveringof a pitched roof with- the insulant 1 and bonded underlay 2 all in a warm roof with continuous wall 8 and roof independent insulation 8 and an independent vapour control layer 11. The accumulated thermal resistance path 10 is shown between the underside of the vapour control layer 11 bonded to plasterboard and roof tile top surface 7.
Figure 3b shows the complete roof coveringof a pitched roof with the insulant 1 bonded to the underlay 2 laid over rafters 6 and continuous wall 8 and roof independent insulation 8 all in a hybrid insulated roof with a vapour control layer 11. The accumulated thermal resistance path 10 is shown between the underside of the vapour control layer 11 bonded to plasterboard and the roof tile upper surface 7.

Claims

Claims
1. A system of pitched roof insulation has; a roll of readily compressible,
tear/loose fibre resistant, moisture repellant, inert insulant which under roof finish fixing compression substantially fills the irregular void immediately over roof underiay created by tile/slate/roofsheet battens and the underside of such roof finishes, such insulant will be bonded or otherwise affixed to; an underlay that is water resistant and being wider along one long roll edge than the insulant sufficient to provide top most overlapping with an adjacent said roll and underlay; roof finish fixing battens being preservative treated to suit the environment they are fixed in, the fixing of such battens to the rafters below effectively sandwich the said insulant and underlay between the battens and rafters: such installed system components form a system of pitched roof insulation mat does not cause dislodgement of roof finishes*
2. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1 wherein the insulant is vapour permeable.
3. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim t or 2 wherein the insulant is impermeable.
4. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the insulant is stitched, stapled, spun, moulded, ftermal or glue bonded to the underlay in manufacture
5. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the insulant has no loose fibres and is safe to handle even in wind.
6. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 wherein the insulant and underlay are produced in roll form and packaged separately or as one composite
7. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6
wherein the insulant is rebated along the topmost long edge and bottommost long edge so as to facilitate insulation overlap and weathering.
8. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 wherein the insulant is manufactured from fiberglass wool, mineral wool fibres, sheeps wool, plastic foam, polyester fibres or composites of such materials and any fibres may be micro fibres and of different cross section shape to optimize strength, resilience and moisture resistance.
9. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 wherein the insulant, underlay and batten components are inherently or treated to be fire resistant.
10. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 wherein the insulant has no loose fibres and tough non-itch surfaces or material.
11. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 wherein the insulant is treated to be moisture repellent throughout or on the top layer or base and top layers.
12. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 wherein the insulant density may vary at its base to it's top in order to resist compression at it's base or be easily compressed towards it's top.
13. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , 11 or 12 wherein the underlay is semi-permeable, permeable or impermeable.
14, A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, % 10, 11, 12 or 13 wherein the underlay is or has a thermally reflective foil that itself may be permeable, impermeable or semi-permable.
15. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 wherein the underlay is formed from the same material as the insulant and is an integral part of the insulant by manufacturing process
16. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim t, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 wherein the insulant and underlay components are manufactured and installed separately or as one part of the whole system of components.
17. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 wherein the system of pitched roof insulation may in certain circumstances require a vapour control layer at some point beneath it or inherent in the underlay.
18. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or 17 wherein the battens are packaged in association with the underlay and insulant as a complete system.
19. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 wherein the battens are preservative treated under pressure (such as Acetylation) or modified (such as with microscopic amorphous glass) to extend the warranted timber batten life in the said circumstances to be at least that of normal treated battens in normal open drained void construction.
20. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed ia claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19 wherein the batten thickness can be increased beyond the normal minimum and the depth of insulation component increased accordingly and to maintain optimum compression against the battens and roof finish.
21. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 wherein the component materials are recyclable, low or zero carbon materials.
22. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, Ϊ6, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21 wherein the insulant and underlay materials are readily cut with a sharp knife
23. A system of pitched roof insulation as claimed in claim t , 2, 3 , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 wherein the roof covering and/or insulant may have coincidental or designed drainage features.
PCT/GB2011/001573 2010-11-11 2011-11-09 A system of pitched roof insulation WO2012063018A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1019030.4 2010-11-11
GB1019030.4A GB2485364B (en) 2010-11-11 2010-11-11 A system of pitched roof insulation

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2012063018A1 true WO2012063018A1 (en) 2012-05-18

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ID=43414683

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2011/001573 WO2012063018A1 (en) 2010-11-11 2011-11-09 A system of pitched roof insulation

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WO (1) WO2012063018A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2613428A (en) * 2022-08-26 2023-06-07 Frederick Martin David A hygrothermal dynamic component combination and construction to cause natural constant outward building drying forces and insulation via pitched roofs and...

Citations (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995012724A1 (en) * 1993-11-05 1995-05-11 Owens Corning Roofing method and apparatus
EP1203845A1 (en) * 2000-11-01 2002-05-08 Pavatex Ag Process for manufacturing an insulation
DE10200444A1 (en) * 2001-12-14 2003-07-10 Dieckhoff Peter The roof insulating board
EP1335080A1 (en) * 2002-02-11 2003-08-13 Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG Insulation board for heat and/or sound insulation, and insulation layer
DE202008007332U1 (en) * 2008-06-02 2008-08-21 Ewald Dörken Ag Arrangement of a roof or facade of a building
DE102008005536A1 (en) * 2008-01-22 2009-07-30 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Insulation element for heat protection, fire protection and noise protection insulation of slanted roof, has upper lining layer arranged on upper side of insulation plate

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4651489A (en) * 1983-10-24 1987-03-24 Amca International Insulated roofing structure
DE3928741A1 (en) * 1989-08-30 1991-03-07 Gruenzweig & Hartmann SLOPED ROOF, ESPECIALLY OF OLD BUILDINGS, AND INSULATION SHEET FOR ITS INSULATION AND PROCESS FOR ITS PRODUCTION
US5099627A (en) * 1990-09-28 1992-03-31 Benjamin Obdyke Incorporated Ventilated roof construction and method
ATE202399T1 (en) * 1995-12-06 2001-07-15 Eugen Feil WINDPROOF ROOF STRUCTURE AND INSTALLATION METHOD FOR PRODUCING IT
EP0909858A3 (en) * 1997-10-15 2000-10-11 SAINT-GOBAIN ISOVER G+H Aktiengesellschaft Mineral wool insulating element for the insulation above roof rafters, and related insulating method
DE10201152A1 (en) * 2002-01-15 2003-08-28 Pfleiderer Daemmstofftechnik Nonwoven or film web has one or several layers and is used in building insulation
FR2951477A1 (en) * 2009-10-15 2011-04-22 Soprema Flexible screen for thermal insulation of roof of the buildings, comprises a layered structure with an inner layer of mattress or a non-woven felt of fibers or filaments, and two cladding layers located on either side of the inner layer

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995012724A1 (en) * 1993-11-05 1995-05-11 Owens Corning Roofing method and apparatus
EP1203845A1 (en) * 2000-11-01 2002-05-08 Pavatex Ag Process for manufacturing an insulation
DE10200444A1 (en) * 2001-12-14 2003-07-10 Dieckhoff Peter The roof insulating board
EP1335080A1 (en) * 2002-02-11 2003-08-13 Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG Insulation board for heat and/or sound insulation, and insulation layer
DE102008005536A1 (en) * 2008-01-22 2009-07-30 Saint-Gobain Isover G+H Ag Insulation element for heat protection, fire protection and noise protection insulation of slanted roof, has upper lining layer arranged on upper side of insulation plate
DE202008007332U1 (en) * 2008-06-02 2008-08-21 Ewald Dörken Ag Arrangement of a roof or facade of a building

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Publication number Publication date
GB2485364B (en) 2012-11-07
GB201019030D0 (en) 2010-12-22
GB2485364A (en) 2012-05-16

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