WO2012048074A1 - Piles électrochimiques serties - Google Patents

Piles électrochimiques serties Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012048074A1
WO2012048074A1 PCT/US2011/055034 US2011055034W WO2012048074A1 WO 2012048074 A1 WO2012048074 A1 WO 2012048074A1 US 2011055034 W US2011055034 W US 2011055034W WO 2012048074 A1 WO2012048074 A1 WO 2012048074A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
separator
axial
sealing ring
ring
recess
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2011/055034
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English (en)
Inventor
Leon Parkhouse
Sam Bishop
Original Assignee
Zpower, Llc
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Publication date
Application filed by Zpower, Llc filed Critical Zpower, Llc
Publication of WO2012048074A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012048074A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
    • H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
    • H01M50/109—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure of button or coin shape
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates to button type galvanic cells.
  • Button type and coin type galvanic cells generally include single cell batteries that may have a primary single cell with a nominal voltage between 1.5 and 3 volts.
  • Common anode materials include zinc or lithium
  • common cathode materials include manganese dioxide, silver oxide, carbon monofluoride, cupric oxide, or oxygen from the atmosphere.
  • Button cells and coin cells have been used in hearing aids, watches, miniature radios, and other relatively low power electronic consumer goods.
  • button cells and coin cells are susceptible to inter-electrode shorting that is caused by tears, rips, or cracks that form in the separator stack that separates the anode from the cathode.
  • tears, rips, or cracks to the separator occur during cell assembly when the components of a multi-component cell container are united.
  • the cell container is formed by crimping a bottom portion of the cell container with a top portion of the cell container to form a unitary cell container. The crimping procedure can compress an edge portion of the separator, which causes damage to the separator, that, in turn, causes the cell to short.
  • the present disclosure provides an electric storage cell (e.g., a crimped cell (e.g., a button cell, a coin cell, or the like)) that can be implemented as a silver-zinc battery.
  • the electric storage cell may include a crimp ring and sealing ring combination for supporting and/or protecting an edge portion of a separator stack of the electric storage cell.
  • the crimp ring and sealing ring combination prevent damage to the edge portion of the separator stack during assembly of the cell (e.g., during crimping), which can lead to damage along the edge of the separator that can permit dendrite growth between an electrode and the cell container and thus shorting.
  • One aspect of the disclosure provides a button cell that includes a container defining a center axis, a crimp ring disposed in the container, and a cathode disposed in the container and inside the crimp ring.
  • the button cell also includes a separator disposed over the cathode, a sealing ring disposed over the crimp ring, and an anode received over the separator.
  • the crimp ring at least partially supports the separator; and the sealing ring and the crimp ring together define a separator recess for receiving a peripheral edge portion of the separator.
  • the separator recess prevents at least one of compression of the received peripheral edge portions of separator beyond a threshold thickness and exertion of a compression force on the received peripheral edge portions of separator greater than a threshold compression force.
  • the crimp ring includes an axial annular protrusion received by a corresponding axial annular recess defined by the sealing ring.
  • the annular protrusion of the crimp ring may have a radial width of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional width of the crimp ring, and an axial height of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional height of the crimp ring.
  • the annular recess of the sealing ring may have a radial width of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross- sectional width of the sealing ring, and an axial depth of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional height of the sealing ring.
  • the annular protrusion of the crimp ring has a radial width of between about 0.001 mm and about 3 mm, and an axial height of between about 0.001 mm and about 3 mm.
  • the annular recess of the sealing ring may have a radial width of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm, and an axial depth of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm.
  • the threshold compression force is between about 0.1 N and about 600 N (e.g., between about 1 N and about 500 N or between about 10 N and about 400 N).
  • the threshold thickness of the separator may be between about 0.001 mm and about 2.5 mm.
  • An axial depth of the separator recess is less than or equal to an axial thickness of the separator, in some examples. In additional examples, an axial depth of the separator recess is between about 10% and about 95% (e.g., between about 30% and about 95% or between about 50% and about 80%) of an axial thickness of the separator. In some implementations, an axial depth of the separator recess is between about 0.001 mm and about 2.5 mm. [0010]
  • the axial annular protrusion and the corresponding axial annular recess may lockably engage one another. Moreover, the separator, the crimp ring, and the sealing ring can each be coaxially disposed in the container.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure provides a method of manufacturing a button cell.
  • the method includes placing a crimping ring in a lower portion of a container, placing a cathode in the lower portion of the container at least partially inside of the crimp ring, placing a separator over the cathode, and placing a sealing ring over the separator and the crimp ring.
  • the crimp ring and the sealing ring together define a separator recess that receives peripheral edge portions of the separator.
  • the method further includes placing an anode over the separator and at least partially inside of the sealing ring, placing a cover over the anode, and crimping a rim of the container over the cover to retain the cover on the container.
  • the separator recess prevents at least one of compression of the received peripheral edge portions of separator beyond a threshold thickness and exertion of a compression force on the received peripheral edge portions of separator greater than a threshold compression force.
  • Implementations of this aspect of the disclosure may include one or more of the following features.
  • the method further includes arranging an axial annular recess defined by the sealing ring to receive a corresponding axial annular protrusion of the crimp ring.
  • the method may include sizing the annular protrusion of the crimp ring to have a radial width of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional width of the crimp ring, and an axial height of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional height of the crimp ring.
  • the method may include sizing the annular recess of the sealing ring to have a radial width of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional width of the sealing ring, and an axial depth of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional height of the sealing ring.
  • the method includes sizing the annular protrusion of the crimp ring to have a radial width of between about 0.001 mm and about 3 mm (e.g., between about 0.002 mm and about 2.9 mm or between about 0.010 mm and about 2 mm), and an axial height of between about 0.001 mm and about 3 mm (e.g., between about 0.002 mm and about 2.9 mm or between about 0.010 mm and about 2 mm).
  • the method may also include sizing the annular recess of the sealing ring to have a radial width of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm (e.g., between about 0.002 mm and about 4.9 mm or between about 0.010 mm and about 4.5 mm), and an axial depth of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm (e.g., between about 0.002 mm and about 4.9 mm or between about 0.010 mm and about 4.5 mm).
  • the separator recess may be sized such that the threshold compression force is between about 0.1 N and about 600 N (e.g., between about 1 N and about 500 N or between about 10 N and about 400 N), and/or to accommodate a threshold thickness of the separator is between about 0.001 mm and about 2.5 mm (between about 0.002 mm and about 2.0 mm or between about 0.005 mm and about 1.75 mm).
  • an axial depth of the separator recess can be less than or equal to an axial thickness of the separator.
  • an axial depth of the separator recess is between about 50% and about 95% (e.g., between about 30% and about 95% or between about 50% and about 80%) of an axial thickness of the separator.
  • the separator recess can be sized to have an axial depth of between about 0.001 mm and about 2.5 mm (between about 0.002 mm and about 2.0 mm or between about 0.005 mm and about 1.75 mm).
  • the method includes lockably engaging the axial annular protrusion and the corresponding axial annular recess together (e.g., as by an interference fit, snap fit, etc.).
  • the method may include coaxially disposing the separator, the crimp ring, and the sealing ring in the container.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary electric storage cell.
  • FIG. 2 is a explode view of the electric storage cell of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a section view along line 3-3 of the electric storage cell of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4 is a detail section view of a portion designate by reference 3 of the electric storage cell shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded partial section view of an exemplary crimp ring and an exemplary sealing ring.
  • FIG. 8 is a partial section view of an exemplary crimp ring and an exemplary sealing ring.
  • FIG. 9 provides an exemplary arrangement of operations for manufacturing an electric storage cell.
  • the present disclosure provides electrochemical cells and methods of making electrochemical cells (e.g., batteries) that have improved properties over traditional methods or electrochemical cells.
  • the terms "silver material” or “silver powder” refer to any silver compound such as Ag, AgO, Ag 2 0, Ag 2 0 3 , Ag 3 0 4 , AgOH, AgOOH, AgONa, AgOK, AgOLi, AgORb, AgOONa, AgOOK, AgOOLi, AgOORb, AgCuO z , AgFe0 2 , AgMn0 2 , Ag(OH) 2 , Fe0 3 , Ag 2 Fe0 3 , Ag 4 Fe0 4 , any hydrate thereof, or any combination thereof. Note that 'hydrates' of silver include hydroxides of silver.
  • the coordination sphere surrounding a silver atom is dynamic during charging and discharging of the cell wherein the silver serves as a cathode, or when the oxidation state of the silver atom is in a state of flux, it is intended that the term 'silver powder' or 'silver material' encompass any of these silver oxides and hydrates (e.g., hydroxides). Terms 'silver powder' or 'silver material' also includes any of the abovementioned species that are doped and/or coated with dopants and/or coatings that enhance one or more properties of the silver. Example dopants and coatings are provided below.
  • oxide does not, in each instance, describe the number of oxygen atoms present in the silver or silver material.
  • One generic formula for silver oxide is AgO x (OH) y (H 2 0) z , wherein x, y, and z are positive real numbers or zero, and at least one of x, y, or z is 1.
  • a silver oxide may have a chemical formula of AgO, Ag 2 0 3 , or a combination thereof.
  • silver can comprise a bulk material or silver can comprise a powder having any suitable mean particle diameter.
  • crimped cell refers to a battery wherein two or more of the battery components are compressed (e.g., crimped) together.
  • Examples of crimped cells include button cells, coin cells, and the like.
  • battery encompasses electrical storage devices comprising one electrochemical cell or a plurality of electrochemical cells.
  • a “secondary battery” is rechargeable, whereas a “primary battery” is not rechargeable.
  • a battery anode is designated as the positive electrode during discharge, and as the negative electrode during charge.
  • iron oxide refers to any oxide or hydroxide of iron, e.g., FeO, Fe 2 0 3 , Fe 3 0 4 , or any combination thereof.
  • boron oxide refers to any oxide or hydroxide of boron, e.g., B 2 0 3 .
  • aluminum oxide refers to any oxide or hydroxide of aluminum, e.g., A1 2 0 3 .
  • gallium oxide refers to any oxide or hydroxide of gallium, e.g., Ga 2 0 3 .
  • indium oxide refers to any oxide or hydroxide of indium, e.g., In 2 0 3 .
  • thalium oxide refers to any oxide or hydroxide of thalium, e.g., Th 2 0 3 .
  • Group 13 elements refers to one or more of the chemical elements classified in the periodic table of elements under column number 13. These elements include boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, and ununtrium.
  • trivalent dopant refers to an element or polyatomic species that substantially exists in the 3+ oxidation state when combined (e.g., doped) with a silver material.
  • examples of trivalent dopants include Group 13 elements, lanthanides (e.g., Yb), and polyatomic species having a +3 oxidation state.
  • alkaline battery refers to a primary battery or a secondary battery, wherein the primary or secondary battery comprises an alkaline electrolyte.
  • lanthanide refers to elements in a series that comprise the fourteen elements with atomic numbers 58 through 71, from cerium to lutetium. All lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell.
  • Lanthanum which is a d-block element, may also be considered to be a lanthanide. All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln 3+ , whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily for lanthanum to lutetium.
  • lanthanides include Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Dysprosium (Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), Thulium (Tm), Ytterbium (Yb), or Lutetium (Lu).
  • a "dopant” or “doping agent” refers to a chemical compound that is added to a substance in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical properties of the semiconductor.
  • a dopant may be added to the powder active material of a cathode to improve its electronic properties (e.g., reduce its impedance and/or resistivity or improve a cell's cycle life where the cathode is employed in said cell).
  • doping occurs when one or more atoms of a crystal lattice of a bulk material is substituted with one or more atoms of a dopant.
  • an electrolyte refers to a substance that behaves as an electrically conductive medium.
  • the electrolyte facilitates the mobilization of electrons and cations in the cell.
  • Electrolytes include mixtures of materials such as aqueous solutions of alkaline agents. Some electrolytes also comprise additives such as buffers.
  • an electrolyte comprises a buffer comprising a borate or a phosphate.
  • Exemplary electrolytes include, without limitation, aqueous KOH, aqueous NaOH, a mixture of aqueous NaOH and KOH, or the liquid mixture of KOH, NaOH, or a combination thereof in a polymer.
  • alkaline agent refers to a base or ionic salt of an alkali metal (e.g., an aqueous hydroxide of an alkali metal). Furthermore, an alkaline agent forms hydroxide ions when dissolved in water or other polar solvents.
  • alkaline electrolytes include without limitation LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH, RbOH, or combinations thereof. Electrolytes can optionally include other salts to modify the total ionic strength of the electrolyte, for example KF or Ca(OH) 2 .
  • a “cycle” or “charge cycle” refers to a consecutive charge and discharge of a cell or a consecutive discharge and charge of a cell, either of which includes the duration between the consecutive charge and discharge or the duration between the consecutive discharge and charge.
  • a cell undergoes one cycle when, freshly prepared, it is discharged to about 100% of its DOD and re-charged to about 100% of its state of charge (SOC).
  • SOC state of charge
  • a freshly prepared cell undergoes 2 cycles when the cell is:
  • Cycle 1 discharged of about 100% of its DOD and re-charged to about 100% SOC; immediately followed by
  • Cycle 2 a second discharge of about 100% of its DOD and re-charged to about 100% SOC.
  • substantially stable or “substantially inert” refers to a compound or component that remains substantially chemically unchanged in the presence of an alkaline electrolyte (e.g., potassium hydroxide) and/or in the presence of an oxidizing agent (e.g., silver ions present in the cathode or dissolved in the electrolyte).
  • an alkaline electrolyte e.g., potassium hydroxide
  • an oxidizing agent e.g., silver ions present in the cathode or dissolved in the electrolyte.
  • substantially resistant to oxidation by silver oxide refers to a chemical property of a separator (e.g., a multilayered separator) or an active layer thereof, wherein the separator or active layer is substantially inert to chemical oxidation by silver oxide.
  • the separator or active layer is inert to chemical oxidation by silver oxide for a period of at least 1 day and a temperature of at least 40°C (e.g., at least 50°C, at least 50°C, or at least 60°C).
  • cross-link refers to a covalent bond between two or more polymer chains, or a structural property wherein two or more polymer chains are covalently bonded together.
  • Cross-links can be formed by chemical reactions that are initiated by heat, pressure, or radiation.
  • Cross-links typically bond one or more chemical moieties attached to a polymer backbone with one or more chemical moiety attached to the backbone of another polymer.
  • independently cross-linked and “internally cross-linked” are used interchangeably and refer to a structural property of an active layer comprising a polymer material (e.g., a PVA polymer material or a PVSA polymer material), wherein at least one polymer chain (e.g., a PVA polymer chain or PVSA polymer chain) in the active layer is cross-linked with another polymer chain within the same active layer.
  • a polymer material e.g., a PVA polymer material or a PVSA polymer material
  • at least one polymer chain e.g., a PVA polymer chain or PVSA polymer chain
  • an independently cross-linked first active layer which comprises a PVA polymer material is one in which a PVA polymer chain in the first active layer is cross-linked with another polymer chain in the first active layer.
  • an independently cross-linked second active layer which comprises a PVSA polymer material is one in which a PVSA polymer chain in the second active layer is cross-linked with another polymer chain in the second active layer.
  • the cross-links present in an independently cross-linked active layer include intra-layer bonds that join two polymer chains of approximately the same chemical composition, and intra-layer bonds that join two polymer chains of different chemical composition.
  • polyvinyl alcohol and “PVA” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers, solutions for preparing polymers, and polymer coatings. Use of these terms in no way implies the absence of other constituents. These terms also encompass substituted and co-polymerized polymers.
  • a substituted polymer denotes one for which a substituent group, a methyl group, for example, replaces a hydrogen on the polymer backbone.
  • PVSA polyvinylsulfonic acid
  • PVSA are used interchangeably to refer to polymers, solutions for preparing polymers, and polymer coatings. Use of these terms in no way implies the absence of other constituents. These terms also encompass substituted and co-polymerized polymers.
  • a substituted polymer denotes one for which a substituent group, a methyl group, for example, replaces a hydrogen on the polymer backbone.
  • aliphatic encompasses the terms alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, each of which being optionally substituted as set forth below.
  • an "alkyl” group refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing 1-12 (e.g., 1-10, 1-8, 1-6, or 1-4) carbon atoms.
  • An alkyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl, or 2-ethylhexyl.
  • alkyl group can be substituted (i.e., optionally substituted) with one or more substituents such as halo, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g.,
  • heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl aryl, heteroaryl, or alkoxy, without limitation.
  • an "alkenyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-10, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and at least one double bond. Like an alkyl group, an alkenyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkenyl group include, but are not limited to allyl, isoprenyl, 2-butenyl, and 2-hexenyl.
  • alkenyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as halo, cycloaliphatic [e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl], heterocycloaliphatic [e.g., heterocycloalkyl or
  • heterocycloalkenyl aryl, heteroaryl, or alkoxy, without limitation.
  • an "alkynyl” group refers to an aliphatic carbon group that contains 2-8 (e.g., 2-12, 2-6, or 2-4) carbon atoms and has at least one triple bond.
  • An alkynyl group can be straight or branched. Examples of an alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, propargyl and butynyl.
  • An alkynyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents such as those described above in the definitions of 'alkyl' and/or 'alkenyl'.
  • an "aryl” group used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxy alkyl” refers to monocyclic (e.g., phenyl); bicyclic (e.g., indenyl, naphthalenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, tetrahydroindenyl); and tricyclic (e.g., fluorenyl tetrahydrofluorenyl, or tetrahydroanthracenyl, anthracenyl) ring systems in which the monocyclic ring system is aromatic or at least one of the rings in a bicyclic or tricyclic ring system is aromatic.
  • the bicyclic and tricyclic groups include benzofused 2-3 membered carbocyclic rings.
  • a benzofused group includes phenyl fused with two or more C 4-8 carbocyclic moieties.
  • An aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents including aliphatic [e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl]; cycloaliphatic; (cycloaliphatic)aliphatic; heterocycloaliphatic; (heterocycloaliphatic)aliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; or the like.
  • battery encompasses electrical storage devices comprising one electrochemical cell or a plurality of electrochemical cells.
  • a “secondary battery” is rechargeable, whereas a “primary battery” is not rechargeable.
  • a battery anode is designated as the positive electrode during discharge, and as the negative electrode during charge.
  • alkaline battery refers to a primary battery or a secondary battery, wherein the primary or secondary battery comprises an alkaline electrolyte.
  • a "dopant” or “doping agent” refers to a chemical compound that is added to a substance in low concentrations in order to alter the optical/electrical properties of the semiconductor.
  • a dopant can be added to the powder active material of a cathode to improve its electronic properties (e.g., reduce its impedance and/or resistivity).
  • an "electrolyte” refers to a substance that behaves as an electrically conductive medium.
  • the electrolyte facilitates the mobilization of electrons and cations in the cell.
  • Electrolytes include mixtures of materials such as aqueous solutions of alkaline agents.
  • Such alkaline electrolytes can also comprise additives such as buffers.
  • an alkaline electrolyte comprises a buffer comprising a borate or a phosphate.
  • Exemplary alkaline electrolytes include, without limitation aqueous KOH, aqueous NaOH, or the liquid mixture of KOH in a polymer.
  • alkaline agent refers to a base or ionic salt of an alkali metal (e.g., an aqueous hydroxide of an alkali metal). Furthermore, an alkaline agent forms hydroxide ions when dissolved in water or other polar solvents. Exemplary alkaline electrolytes include without limitation LiOH, NaOH, KOH, CsOH, RbOH, or combinations thereof.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • a substituted polymer denotes one for which a substituent group, a methyl group, for example, replaces a hydrogen on the polymer backbone.
  • polytetrafluoroethylene and "PTFE” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers, solutions for preparing polymers, and polymer coatings. Use of these terms in no way implies the absence of other constituents. These terms also encompass substituted and co-polymerized polymers.
  • a substituted polymer denotes one for which a substituent group, a methyl group, for example, replaces a hydrogen on the polymer backbone.
  • Ah refers to Ampere (Amp) Hour and is a scientific unit for the capacity of a battery or electrochemical cell.
  • a derivative unit, "mAh” represents a milliamp hour and is 1/1000 of an Ah.
  • maximum voltage or “rated voltage” refers to the maximum voltage an electrochemical cell can be charged without interfering with the cell's intended utility.
  • the maximum voltage is less than about 3.0 V (e.g., less than about 2.8 V, less than about 2.5 V, about 2.3 V or less, or about 2.0 V).
  • the maximum voltage is less than about 15.0 V (e.g., less than about 13.0 V, or about 12.6 V or less).
  • the maximum voltage for a battery can vary depending on the number of charge cycles constituting the battery's useful life, the shelf-life of the battery, the power demands of the battery, the configuration of the electrodes in the battery, and the amount of active materials used in the battery.
  • an "anode” is an electrode through which (positive) electric current flows into a polarized electrical device.
  • the anode In a battery or galvanic cell, the anode is the negative electrode from which electrons flow during the discharging phase in the battery.
  • the anode is also the electrode that undergoes chemical oxidation during the discharging phase.
  • the anode in secondary, or rechargeable, cells, the anode is the electrode that undergoes chemical reduction during the cell's charging phase.
  • Anodes are formed from electrically conductive or semiconductive materials, e.g., metals, metal oxides, metal alloys, metal composites, semiconductors, or the like.
  • Common anode materials include Si, Sn, Al, Ti, Mg, Fe, Bi, Zn, Sb, Ni, Pb, Li, Zr, Hg, Cd, Cu, LiC 6 , mischmetals, alloys thereof, oxides thereof, or composites thereof.
  • Anodes can have many configurations.
  • an anode can be configured from a conductive mesh or grid that is coated with one or more anode materials.
  • an anode can be a solid sheet or bar of anode material.
  • a "cathode” is an electrode from which (positive) electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device.
  • the cathode In a battery or galvanic cell, the cathode is the positive electrode into which electrons flow during the discharging phase in the battery.
  • the cathode is also the electrode that undergoes chemical reduction during the discharging phase.
  • the cathode is the electrode that undergoes chemical oxidation during the cell's charging phase.
  • Cathodes are formed from electrically conductive or semiconductive materials, e.g., metals, metal oxides, metal alloys, metal composites, semiconductors, or the like.
  • Common cathode materials include AgO, Ag 2 0, HgO, Hg 2 0, CuO, CdO, NiOOH, Pb 2 0 4 , Pb0 2 , LiFeP0 4 , Li 3 V 2 (P0 4 ) 3 , V 6 0 13 , V 2 0 5 , Fe 3 0 4 , Fe 2 0 3 , Mn0 2 , LiCo0 2 , LiNi0 2 , LiMn 2 0 4 , or composites thereof.
  • Cathodes can also have many configurations.
  • a cathode can be configured from a conductive mesh that is coated with one or more cathode materials.
  • a cathode can be a solid sheet or bar of cathode material.
  • an "electronic device” is any device that is powered by electricity.
  • electronic device can include a portable computer, a portable music player, a cellular phone, a portable video player, or any device that combines the operational features thereof.
  • cycle life is the maximum number of times a secondary battery can be charged and discharged.
  • M denotes molar concentration
  • a zinc-silver oxide battery comprises an anode comprising zinc and a cathode comprising silver oxide. Nonetheless, more than one species is present at a battery electrode under most conditions.
  • a zinc electrode generally comprises zinc metal and zinc oxide (except when fully charged), and a silver oxide electrode usually comprises silver oxide (AgO and/or Ag 2 0) and silver metal (except when fully discharged).
  • oxide applied to alkaline batteries and alkaline battery electrodes encompasses corresponding "hydroxide” species, which are typically present, at least under some conditions.
  • charge profile refers to a graph of an electrochemical cell's voltage or capacity with time.
  • a charge profile can be superimposed on other graphs such as those including data points such as charge cycles or the like.
  • resistivity refers to the internal resistance of a cathode in an electrochemical cell. This property is typically expressed in units of Ohms or micro-Ohms.
  • first and/or “second” do not refer to order or denote relative positions in space or time, but these terms are used to distinguish between two different elements or components.
  • a first separator does not necessarily proceed a second separator in time or space; however, the first separator is not the second separator and vice versa.
  • a first separator does not necessarily proceed a second separator in space or time; it is equally possible that a second separator proceeds a first separator in space or time.
  • polyether and "PE” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers, solutions for preparing polymers, and polymer coatings. Use of these terms in no way implies the absence of other constituents. These terms also encompass substituted and co-polymerized polymers.
  • a substituted polymer denotes one for which a substituent group, a methyl group, for example, replaces a hydrogen on the polymer backbone.
  • polyethylene oxide and "PEO” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers, solutions for preparing polymers, and polymer coatings. Use of these terms in no way implies the absence of other constituents. These terms also encompass substituted and co-polymerized polymers.
  • a substituted polymer denotes one for which a substituent group, a methyl group, for example, replaces a hydrogen on the polymer backbone.
  • polypropylene oxixe and "PPO” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers, solutions for preparing polymers, and polymer coatings. Use of these terms in no way implies the absence of other constituents. These terms also encompass substituted and co-polymerized polymers.
  • a substituted polymer denotes one for which a substituent group, a methyl group, for example, replaces a hydrogen on the polymer backbone.
  • oxidation-resistant refers to a separator that resists oxidation in an electrochemical cell of an alkaline battery and/or is substantially stable in the presence of an alkaline electrolyte and/or an oxidizing agent (e.g., silver ions).
  • an oxidizing agent e.g., silver ions
  • adjacent refers to the positions of at least two distinct elements (e.g., at least one separator and at least one electrode (e.g., an anode and/or a cathode)).
  • an element such as a separator is adjacent to another element such as an electrode or even a second separator
  • one element is positioned to contact or nearly contact another element.
  • the separator electrically contacts the electrode when the separator and electrode are in an electrolyte environment such as the environment inside an electrochemical cell.
  • the separator can be in physical contact or the separator can nearly contact the electrode such that any space between the separator and the electrode is void of any other separators or electrodes.
  • electrolyte can be present in any space between a separator that is adjacent to an electrode or another separator.
  • unitary structure refers to a structure that includes one or more elements that are concurrently or almost concurrently processed to form the structure.
  • a multilayered separator for use in an alkaline electrochemical cell that is a unitary structure can include one in which all of the separator ingredients or starting materials concurrently undergo a process (other than mechanical combination) that combines them and forms a single separator.
  • Such multilayered separators include, for example, those that comprise a plurality of layers, which are formed by co-extruding starting materials from a plurality of sources to generate a wet co-extrusion that is sufficiently dried or irradiated such that at least two of the layers of the co-extrusion are independently cross-linked and/or cross- linked together.
  • This unitary structure is not equivalent to a separator that includes a plurality of layers that are each individually formed and mechanically stacked to form a multi-layered separator.
  • dendrite-resistant refers to a separator that reduces the formation of dendrites in an electrochemical cell of an alkaline battery under normal operating conditions, i.e., when the batteries are stored and used in temperatures from about -20° C to about 70° C, and are not overcharged or charged above their rated capacity and/or is substantially stable in the presence of an alkaline electrolyte, and/or is substantially stable in the presence of a reducing agent (e.g., an anode comprising zinc).
  • a dendrite-resistant separator inhibits transport and/or chemical reduction of metal ions.
  • an electric storage cell 100 includes a container 1 10 having lower and upper portions 112, 114, and defining a center axis 115.
  • the upper container portion 114 defines a mouth 1 16 having a rim 118.
  • the lower container portion 112 receives a cathode 120, such as a pellet or mix that comprises silver or a silver material.
  • the electric storage cell 100 includes a separator 130 disposed over the cathode 120, and an anode 140 disposed on the separator 130.
  • the anode 140 can be housed in the upper container portion 114 with the separator 130 essentially separating the lower container portion 112 from the upper container portion 114.
  • the anode 140 may include a pellet or mix that contains zinc.
  • the separator 130 provides an at least semi-impermeable (or completely impermeable) barrier between the cathode 120 and the anode 140.
  • the separator 130 (also referred to as a stack) may include multiple layers joined together (e.g., chemically (e.g., cross-linked) or physically).
  • the electric storage cell 100 includes a crimp ring 150 disposed in the lower container portion 112.
  • the crimp ring 150 can be configured to receive and at least partially encase the cathode 120.
  • the crimp ring 150 has first and second axial annular surfaces 152, 154, opposite of each other, as well as inner and outer radial surfaces 156, 158.
  • the crimp ring 150 defines a substantially "L" shape in cross-section; however, other cross-sectional shapes are possible as well (e.g., rectangular, polygonal, elliptical etc.).
  • the inner radial surface 156 may surround at least a portion of a radial outer surface 122 of the cathode 120.
  • the crimp ring 150 comprises a polymeric material and can be configured to provide additional structural integrity to the container 110.
  • the crimp ring 150 can be formed of any ceramic or polymer that can be sized for use in a cell and is substantially chemically stable (e.g., intert) in the presence of a cathode (e.g., silver material), an anode (e.g., zinc), an alkaline electrolyte, or any combination thereof.
  • a cathode e.g., silver material
  • an anode e.g., zinc
  • an alkaline electrolyte e.g., aluminum oxide
  • the crimp ring 150 comprises a polymer material that is moldable (e.g., injection moldable, compression moldable, any combination thereof, or the like).
  • the crimp ring 150 comprises a polymer that is machinable.
  • the crimp ring 150 comprises a polymer comprising polyacetal (e.g., polyoxyalkylene (e.g., polyoxymethylene)), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (e.g., Kel-F ® or Neoflon ® ), Fel-Res, poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), polysulfonic acid, polyether ether ketone, poly(trifluoroethyl acrylate), poly(perfluoroalkoxy), poly(ethyl ethylene phosphate), any copolymer thereof, or any combination thereof.
  • polyacetal e.g., polyoxyalkylene (e.g., polyoxymethylene)
  • polychlorotrifluoroethylene e.g., Kel-F ® or Neoflon ®
  • Fel-Res poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene), polysulfonic acid, polyether ether ketone, poly(trifluoroethyl
  • the crimp ring 150 comprises a stampable metal that may be uncoated or substantially coated with a material that is substantially chemically stable in the presence of a cathode, anode, alkaline electrolyte, or any combination thereof.
  • the crimp ring 150 and/or the separator 130 support a sealing ring 160 (e.g., a gasket) that receives a cover 170 for enclosing and sealing the container 110.
  • the sealing ring 160 may at least partially encase the anode 140.
  • the sealing ring 160 can be formed of any ceramic or polymer that can be sized for use in a cell and is substantially chemically stable (e.g., inert) in the presence of a cathode (e.g., silver material), an anode (e.g., zinc), an alkaline electrolyte, or any combination thereof.
  • the sealing ring 160 comprises a polymer material that is moldable (e.g., injection moldable, compression moldable, any combination thereof, or the like).
  • the sealing ring 160 comprises an elastomer (e.g., a fluoroelastomer, a perfluoroelastomer, rubber (e.g., fluorosilicone, polyacrylic rubber, combinations thereof, or the like), styrene-butadiene, combinations thereof, or the like).
  • the sealing ring 160 comprises a polymer that is machinable.
  • the sealing ring 160 comprises a polymer comprising polyacetal (e.g., polyoxyalkylene (e.g., polyoxymethylene)),
  • the sealing ring 160 comprises a stampable metal that may be uncoated or substantially coated with a material that is substantially chemically stable in the presence of a cathode, anode, alkaline electrolyte, or any combination thereof. And, in some examples, the sealing ring 160 comprises the same material as the crimp ring 150, or a different material.
  • the separator 130, the crimp ring 150, and the sealing ring 160 may each be disposed in the container 110 coaxially with the container center axis 115.
  • the sealing ring 160 has first and second axial annular surfaces 162, 164, opposite of each other, as well as inner and outer radial surfaces 166, 168.
  • the sealing ring 160 defines a substantially "L" shape in cross-section; however, other cross-sectional shapes are possible as well (e.g., rectangular, polygonal, elliptical etc.).
  • the inner radial surface 168 may surround at least a portion of a radial outer surface 142 of the anode 140.
  • the rim 118 of the container mouth 116 can be crimped over the cover 170 to retain the cover 170 in the mouth 116 of the container 110.
  • the sealing ring 160 receives the cover 170 along its inner radial surface 166 (which in this case is substantially "L" shaped).
  • the crimped container rim 118 applies a force to the cover 170, compressing the second axial annular surface 164 of the sealing ring 160 against the first axial annular surface 152 of the crimp ring 150 and optionally peripheral portions 135 of the separator 130.
  • the compression of the sealing ring 160 may apply pressure on the peripheral portions 135 of the separator 130, substantially sealing the separator 130 against any migration of metallic ions from the anode 140 in the upper container portion 114 to the cathode 120 in the lower container portion 112 and vice versa.
  • the crimp ring 150 and the sealing ring 160 together are configured to define an annular separator recess 180 for receiving the separator 130.
  • the separator recess 180 can be sized so that any forces exerted on the peripheral edge portions 135 of the separator 130, due to the compression of the sealing ring 160 against the crimp ring 150, does not exceed a threshold compression force and/or so that the separator 130 (or at least the peripheral edge portions 135 of separator 130) is not compressed below a threshold thickness T s .
  • the threshold compression force is between about 0.1 N and about 600 N (e.g., between about 1 N and about 500 N or between about 10 N and about 400 N).
  • an axial depth Ds of the separator recess 180 is less than or equal to an axial thickness Ts of the separator 130.
  • the axial depth Ds of the separator recess 180 is between about 10% and about 95% (e.g., between about 30% and about 95% or between about 50% and about 80%) of the axial thickness Ts of the separator 130.
  • the axial depth Ds of the separator recess 180 is between about 0.001 mm and about 2 mm (e.g., 0.3 mm).
  • the axial depth Ds of the separator recess 180 can correspond to the threshold thickness Ts of the separator 130.
  • the threshold thickness Ts of the separator 130 can be between about 0.001 mm and about 3 mm (e.g., 0.3 mm).
  • the measurements or range of measurements provided herein are the measurements of the component or portion or the component when the cell assembled (e.g., crimped or compressed to form a unitary cell) or are the measurements of the component or portion of the component when the component is isolated from the cell (e.g., non-crimped or non-compressed).
  • the crimp ring 150 includes an annular protrusion 153 extending axially from the first axial surface 152.
  • the annular protrusion 153 is received by a corresponding annular recess 163 defined by the second axial surface 164 of the sealing ring 160.
  • the annular protrusion 153 and/or the annular recess 163 can be sized to provide a desired radial width Ws and axial depth Ds of the separator recess 180.
  • annular protrusion 153 is shown extending from the crimp ring 150 and the annular recess 163 is shown as being defined by the sealing ring 160, the opposite is possible as well, such as having the annular protrusion 153 extending from the second axial surface 164 of the sealing ring 160 and having the annular recess 163 be defined by the first axial surface 152 of the crimp ring 150.
  • the annular protrusion 153 can have a radial width Wp of between about 0.1 Wc and about 0.5Wc, and an axial height Hp of between about 0.1 3 ⁇ 4 and about 0.53 ⁇ 4.
  • the annular recess 163 can have a radial width WR of between about 0.1 W s and about 0.5 Ws, and an axial depth D R of between about 0.1 Hs and about 0.53 ⁇ 4.
  • the annular protrusion 153 can have a radial width Wp of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm (e.g., 1 mm), and an axial height Hp of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm (e.g., 1 mm), while the annular recess 163 can have a radial width W R of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm (e.g., 1 mm), and an axial depth D R of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm (e.g., 1 mm).
  • the annular protrusion 153 and the annular recess 163 may be configured to engage each other in a manner that provides a releasable or permanent connection.
  • the annular protrusion 153 and the annular recess 163 may be each sized to provide an interference fit or a snap fit therebetween.
  • the annular protrusion 153 and/or the annular recess 163 may define a locking feature (e.g., lip, rim, groove, etc.) to provide locking engagement between the two.
  • FIGS. 6-8 provide sectional views of additional implementations of the crimp ring 150 and the sealing ring 160, such that engagement between the crimp ring 150 and the sealing ring 160 defines the separator recess 180 for receiving the separator 130 and preventing compression of the received separator portions (i.e., peripheral edge portions 135) beyond the threshold compression force and/or below the threshold thickness Ts.
  • the sealing ring 160 either defines no annular recess 163 or the annular recess 163 has an axial depth DR of near zero, and the annular protrusion 153 protrusion has an axial height H P either equal to or substantially equal to the axial depth D s of the of the separator recess 180.
  • the crimp ring 150 has a flat or substantially flat first annular surface 152, while the sealing ring 160 has an axial annular protrusion 165 extending from its second axial surface 164.
  • the axial annular protrusion 165 can be sized to provide a separator recess 180, defined between the crimp ring 150 and the sealing ring 160, of a particular size.
  • the axial annular protrusion 165 can have a radial width WRS of between about 0.1 Wc and about 0.5Wc, and an axial height HR of between about 0.1 He and about 0.53 ⁇ 4.
  • the axial annular protrusion 165 has a radial width W R s of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm (e.g., 1 mm), and an axial height H R of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm (e.g., 1 mm).
  • both the crimp ring 150 and the sealing ring 160 each include axial annular protrusions 153, 165 sized to provide a separator recess 180 of a size that allows receipt of the separator 130 while preventing compression of the received separator portions (i.e., the peripheral edge portions 135) beyond the threshold compression force and/or below the threshold thickness Ts.
  • the axial annular protrusions 153, 165 are shown as approximately the same size, one may be larger than the other.
  • the axial annular protrusions 153, 165 can be configured to lockably engage one another.
  • the arrangement of the crimp ring 150, the sealing ring 160, and/or the separator 130 provides a tortuous path for impeding passage of conductive material between the lower and upper container portions 112, 1 14, and therefore, between the anode 140 and the cathode 120.
  • the sealing ring 160 can seal any paths between the anode 140 and the cathode 120, thus preventing conductive material from moving therebetween.
  • the mating surfaces between the crimp ring 150, the sealing ring 160, and/or the separator 130 are shown as generally smooth, the mating surfaces may define corresponding undulations, grooves, waves, geometric shapes, etc. to provide an even greater tortuous path for impeding passage of conductive material between the lower and upper container portions 112, 114.
  • FIG. 9 provides an exemplary arrangement 900 of operations for manufacturing an electric storage cell 100.
  • the operations include placing 902 a crimping ring 150 in a lower portion 112 of a container 100, placing 904 a cathode 120 in the lower portion 112 of the container 100 (e.g., inside of the crimp ring 150).
  • the operations further include placing 906 a separator 130 over the cathode 120, and placing 908 a sealing ring 160 over the separator 130 and the crimp ring 150.
  • the crimp ring 150 and the sealing ring 160 together define a separator recess 180 that receives peripheral edge portions 135 of the separator 130.
  • the operations include placing 910 an anode 140 over the separator and inside of the sealing ring 160, placing 912 a cover 170 over the anode 140, and crimping 914 a rim 118 of the container 1 10 over the cover 170 to retain the cover 170 on the container 1 10 (e.g., in the mouth 1 16 of the container 110).
  • the separator recess 180 is sized to prevent compression of the received separator portions (i.e., the peripheral edge portions 135) beyond the threshold compression force and/or the threshold thickness Ts.
  • the operations may include arranging the axial annular recess 163 defined by the sealing ring 160 to receive the corresponding axial annular protrusion 153 of the crimp ring 150.
  • the operations include sizing the annular protrusion 153 of the crimp ring 150 to have a radial width Wp of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional width Wc of the crimp ring 150, and an axial height Hp of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional height 3 ⁇ 4 of the crimp ring 150.
  • the operations may include sizing the annular recess 163 of the sealing ring 160 to have a radial width W R of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional width Ws of the sealing ring 160, and an axial depth D R of between about 0.1 and about 0.5 times a cross-sectional height Hs of the sealing ring 160.
  • the operations include sizing the annular protrusion 153 of the crimp ring 150 to have a radial width Wp of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm, and an axial height Hp of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm.
  • the operations may also include sizing the annular recess 163 of the sealing ring 160 to have a radial width WR of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm, and an axial depth D R of between about 0.001 mm and about 5 mm.
  • the operations include lockably engaging the axial annular protrusion 153 and the corresponding axial annular recess 163 together. Moreover, the operations may include coaxially disposing the separator, the crimp ring, and the sealing ring in the container.
  • Example No. 1 Undoped AgO Cathode
  • the following material and methods were used to generate undoped AgO cathode material that was used in cells for purposes of generating comparative data concerning cell performance characteristics, i.e., cell cycle life.
  • the undoped AgO cathode material generated using the methods of example no. 1 serves as a control for comparison purposes.
  • Silver nitrate A.C.S. grade, DFG
  • Gelatin from bovine skin, type B, -225 bloom, Sigma
  • Potassium hydroxide solution KOH solution, 1.4g/ml, LabChem., Inc.
  • a 2L Aceglass reactor was placed into a hot water bath and a Teflon-coated radial propeller was used. 116.7 g of AgN0 3 and 1000 g of DI water were added to the reactor and stirred at 400 rpm. The mixture in the reactor was heated to 55 °C. 0.11 g gelatin was added.
  • the water was decanted as the solution cooled down and the particles settled.
  • the particles were rinsed with DI water, and once the particles settled, the water was decanted.
  • the particles underwent this rinse and decant process until the ion conductivity of the mixture measured below 25 micro-Ohm.
  • the product was filtered and dried in a 60 °C vacuum oven.
  • the resultant undoped AgO cathode material is characterized below in Table 1.
  • a sample was crushed with a spatula. If sample was not completely dry, it was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C overnight. 0.100 g of sample was added to a clean 125 ml flask, wherein the weight was measured accurately to at least the third decimal place. 10 ml of acetate buffer and 5 ml KI solution was added to the flask. The flask was swirled to disperse particles followed by covering the flask by putting an inverted plastic cup over top, and sonicating for 2 hours. 20 ml of DI was added to the flask. The solution was titrated with Na 2 S 2 0 3 until the solution achieved a pale yellow (record exact normality).
  • Particle size analysis was performed using a Horiba LA-930. Diameters on 10%, 50%, and 95% (D10, D50, and D95) were measured for the samples provided above and below.
  • a 4000 ml Erlenmeyer flask was placed into a hot water bath and a Teflon-coated radial propeller was used for stirring. 301.5 g of AgN0 3 and 2500 g of DI water were added to the reaction flask and stirred at 300 rpm. 2.85 g Indium (III) Nitrate Pentahydrate was dissolved in 100 g DI water and added to the flask. The mixture in the flask was heated to 50 °C.
  • Table 2 Exemplary cathodes comprising indium dopant.
  • Example No. 4 Exemplary Anode Materials
  • Anode Active Material was formulated from 81.9 % Zinc, 5 % PTFE binder
  • Example No. 5 Exemplary Al-Doped Cathodes
  • a 4000 ml Erlenmeyer flask was placed into a hot water bath and a Teflon-coated radial propeller was used for stirring. 301.5 g of AgN0 3 and 2500 g of DI water were added to the reaction flask and stirred at 300 rpm. 2.85 g aluminum hydroxide was dissolved in 100 g DI water and added to the flask. The mixture in the flask was heated to 50 °C.
  • Silver nitrate A.C.S. grade, DFG
  • Gallium (III) nitrate hydrate 99.9% metals basis, Aldrich
  • Potassium hydroxide solution KOH solution, 1.4g/ml, LabChem., Inc.
  • a 2L Aceglass reactor was placed into a hot water bath and a Teflon-coated radial propeller was used.
  • 116.7 g of AgN0 3 and 1000 g of DI water were added to the reactor and stirred at 400 rpm.
  • 0.77 g Gallium (III) nitrate hydrate was dissolved in 100 g DI water and added to the reactor.
  • the mixture in the reactor was heated to 55 °C. 0.11 g gelatin was added.
  • 240 g of KOH solution (1.4 g/ml) was mixed with 240 g DI water to give a diluted KOH solution.
  • the diluted KOH solution was added to the reactor per pump at 55 °C.
  • the mixture was heated to 65 °C, 198 g of potassium persulfate was added, and the temperature was maintained for 50 min.
  • the water was decanted as the solution cooled down, and the particles settled.
  • the particles were rinsed with DI water, and once the particles settled, the water was decanted.
  • the particles underwent this rinse and decant process until the ion conductivity of the mixture measured below 25 micro-Ohm.
  • the product was filtered and dried in a vacuum oven at 60 °C.
  • Table 3 Exemplary cathode material comprising gallium dopant.
  • Example No. 7 Exemplary B-Doped Cathodes
  • Silver nitrate A.C.S. grade, DFG
  • Gelatin from bovine skin, type B, -225 bloom, Sigma
  • Potassium hydroxide solution KOH solution, 1.4g/ml, LabChem., Inc.
  • a 2L Aceglass reactor was placed into a hot water bath and a Teflon-coated radial propeller was used.
  • 1 16.7 g of AgN0 3 and 1000 g of DI water were added to the reactor and stirred at 400 rpm.
  • 1.11 g Boron oxide was dissolved in 100 g DI water and added to the reactor.
  • the mixture in the reactor was heated to 55 °C. 0.11 g gelatin was added.
  • 240 g of KOH solution (1.4g/ml) was mixed with 240 g DI water to give a diluted KOH solution.
  • the diluted KOH solution was added to the reactor per pump at 55°C.
  • 198 g of potassium persulfate was added, and add the temperature was maintained for 50 min.
  • Table 4 Exemplary cathode comprising boron dopant.
  • Example No. 8 Exemplary 3.6 % Yb-Doped Cathodes
  • Silver nitrate A.C.S. grade, DFG
  • Potassium hydroxide solution KOH solution, 1.4g/ml, LabChem., Inc.
  • Potassium persulfate, 99+%, Sigma-Aldrich [0147] A 2L Aceglass reactor was placed into a hot water bath and a Teflon-coated radial propeller was used. 1 16.7 g of AgN0 3 and 1000 g of DI water were added to the reactor and stirred at 400 rpm. 3.06 g Ytterbium (III) nitrate pentahydrate was dissolved in 100 g DI water and added to the reactor. The mixture in the reactor was heated to 55 °C. 0.11 g gelatin was added.
  • the water was decanted as the solution cooled and the particles settled.
  • the particles were rinsed with DI water, and once the particles settled, the water was decanted.
  • the particles underwent this rinse and decant process until the ion conductivity of the mixture dropped below 25 micro-Ohm.
  • the product was filtered and dried in a 60 °C vacuum oven.
  • the resistivity of the above cathode material was measured to be 38 Q.cm, as measured using the method described above in Example No. 1, above.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Primary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une pile bouton (100) comprenant un réceptacle (110) définissant un axe central (115), un anneau de sertissage (150) disposé dans le réceptacle, et une cathode (120) disposée dans le réceptacle à l'intérieur de l'anneau de sertissage. La pile bouton comprend également un séparateur (130) disposé sur la cathode, un anneau d'étanchéité (160) disposé sur l'anneau de sertissage, et une anode (140) disposée sur le séparateur. L'anneau de sertissage porte au moins partiellement le séparateur, et l'anneau d'étanchéité et l'anneau de sertissage forment ensemble un évidement (180) pour séparateur pouvant recevoir une partie bord périphérique (135) du séparateur. L'évidement pour séparateur empêche la compression des parties bord périphérique insérées du séparateur au-delà d'une épaisseur seuil (Ts) et/ou l'application, sur les parties bord périphérique insérées du séparateur, d'une force de compression supérieure à une force de compression seuil.
PCT/US2011/055034 2010-10-07 2011-10-06 Piles électrochimiques serties WO2012048074A1 (fr)

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Cited By (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109511241A (zh) * 2017-09-15 2019-03-22 施耐德电器工业公司 用于人机对话元件的密封装置
US10448137B1 (en) 2018-06-21 2019-10-15 Bose Corporation Dual zone discharge of rechargeable batteries
CN112485634A (zh) * 2020-11-11 2021-03-12 维沃移动通信有限公司 修复电路、方法和电子设备
WO2023285795A1 (fr) * 2021-07-15 2023-01-19 Lina Energy Ltd. Cellule électrochimique
CN112485634B (zh) * 2020-11-11 2024-06-07 维沃移动通信有限公司 修复电路、方法和电子设备

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GB2109622A (en) * 1981-10-26 1983-06-02 Duracell Int Air-depolarized button cells
US4487819A (en) * 1981-12-26 1984-12-11 Kawaguchiko Seimitsu Company Limited Flat battery
JP2005026090A (ja) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-27 Sii Micro Parts Ltd 電気化学セル
US20100183912A1 (en) * 2009-01-19 2010-07-22 Renata Ag Galvanic element for high stresses

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4150221A (en) * 1977-04-14 1979-04-17 Saft-Societe Des Accumulateurs Fixes Et De Traction Arrangement for sealing an electric cell
GB2109622A (en) * 1981-10-26 1983-06-02 Duracell Int Air-depolarized button cells
US4487819A (en) * 1981-12-26 1984-12-11 Kawaguchiko Seimitsu Company Limited Flat battery
JP2005026090A (ja) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-27 Sii Micro Parts Ltd 電気化学セル
US20100183912A1 (en) * 2009-01-19 2010-07-22 Renata Ag Galvanic element for high stresses

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109511241A (zh) * 2017-09-15 2019-03-22 施耐德电器工业公司 用于人机对话元件的密封装置
CN109511241B (zh) * 2017-09-15 2021-07-16 施耐德电器工业公司 用于人机对话元件的密封装置
US10448137B1 (en) 2018-06-21 2019-10-15 Bose Corporation Dual zone discharge of rechargeable batteries
US11553267B2 (en) 2018-06-21 2023-01-10 Bose Corporation Dual zone discharge of rechargeable batteries
CN112485634A (zh) * 2020-11-11 2021-03-12 维沃移动通信有限公司 修复电路、方法和电子设备
CN112485634B (zh) * 2020-11-11 2024-06-07 维沃移动通信有限公司 修复电路、方法和电子设备
WO2023285795A1 (fr) * 2021-07-15 2023-01-19 Lina Energy Ltd. Cellule électrochimique
GB2623675A (en) * 2021-07-15 2024-04-24 Lina Energy Ltd Electrochemical cell

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