WO2012035360A2 - Procédé pour optimiser un couplage électrique - Google Patents

Procédé pour optimiser un couplage électrique Download PDF

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WO2012035360A2
WO2012035360A2 PCT/GB2011/051751 GB2011051751W WO2012035360A2 WO 2012035360 A2 WO2012035360 A2 WO 2012035360A2 GB 2011051751 W GB2011051751 W GB 2011051751W WO 2012035360 A2 WO2012035360 A2 WO 2012035360A2
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sample
linear
heat exchanger
fluid
magnetisation
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PCT/GB2011/051751
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English (en)
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WO2012035360A3 (fr
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Remi Oseri Cornwall
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Remi Oseri Cornwall
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Publication of WO2012035360A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012035360A2/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N15/00—Thermoelectric devices without a junction of dissimilar materials; Thermomagnetic devices, e.g. using the Nernst-Ettingshausen effect
    • H10N15/20—Thermomagnetic devices using thermal change of the magnetic permeability, e.g. working above and below the Curie point

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improving power transfer, and in particular to devices and methods for improving power transfer from ferro fluid used as part of heat engine or refrigeration cycle.
  • the devices and methods disclosed herein build upon those laid out in earlier disclosures by the inventor R.O. Cornwall, including WO0064038, US6725668, JP2002542758, EP1171947, CN1376328, CN100388613, AU4307100 and US2008297290.
  • the present invention provides apparatuses and methods for converting energy, in accordance with the accompanying claims.
  • Figure 1 shows an ideal Carnot cycle P-V and T-S diagrams
  • Figure 2 shows P-V and T-S diagrams when the thermodynamic identity is altered by additional terms
  • Figure 3 shows two thermodynamic cycles laid out in the earlier patents of Cornwall
  • Figure 4 illustrates the kinetic theory model
  • Figure 5 illustrates Maxwell's Demon and a phase change and phase changing heat engine
  • Figure 6 illustrates the Clausius and Kelvin-Planck statements of the 2 nd Law of thermodynamics
  • Figure 7 is a schematic view of a regenerative means to cycle the magnetising fields
  • Figure 8 is a graph of magnetisation vs. temperature and table of Curie points
  • Figure 9 is a depiction of a ferro fluid particle
  • Figure 10 shows the difference between the Langevin function and 0.9*tanh(x/3)
  • Figure 11 shows power loss in ferrofluids by Bode plots
  • Figure 12 is a plant diagram
  • Figure 13 is a T-S diagram for a cycle embodying the present invention.
  • Figure 14 illustrates a model for working substance and electrical load
  • Figure 15 illustrates how a linear resistance leads to the return of the magnetising energy
  • Figure 16 shows a model for working substance, series linear capacitance and electrical load or working substance, parallel linear capacitance and electrical load
  • Figure 17 shows how a capacitor can lead to self-sustaining oscillations into an electrical load
  • Figure 18 is a schematic view of a model for working substance and non-linear electrical load
  • Figure 19 shows how the non-linear resistance can lead to energy in excess of the magnetising energy
  • Figure 20 shows schematically the non-linear resistance used for space heating or a heat pump or as the hot reservoir to a Carnot cycle engine
  • Figure 21 shows a possible configuration of the non-linear resistive element
  • Figure 22 shows a model for working substance, series non-linear capacitor and/or series non-linear inductor and linear electrical load; and Figure 23 is a plant diagram for use of the two cycles as a conventional Carnot cycle.
  • thermodynamic identity [1-3] for the control volume:
  • i is an index for the steps.
  • An example is the idealised reversible (dS, 0) Carnot cycle (figure 1) which is completed by two reversible adiabatic and isothermal processes.
  • Step 1-2 Isothermal expansion.
  • Step 2-3 Adiabatic expansion.
  • Q 2 _3 0
  • Step 3-4 Isothermal compression.
  • Q L -mRT L ln(V4/V 3 )
  • Step 4-1 Adiabatic compression.
  • Q 3 . 4
  • temperature can be related to volume and the compressibility factor of the gas:
  • Rosenweig [4] covers a heat engine whose working substance is a magnetic fluid transiting a closed loop with variation in magnetic field. The working substance absorbs and rejects heat and experiences substantial changes in the pressure of the magnetic fluid.
  • the pressure volume work of the magnetic fluid is once again Carnot limited.
  • thermodynamic identity affords another method of building a cyclical heat engine.
  • the implication of the Carnot result is that the working substance can only come back to initial co-ordinates after absorbing heat energy from the upper reservoir by rejecting some heat energy to the lower reservoir.
  • the working substance is 'forced' around the trajectory by external influence of the two reservoirs (placing it in thermal contact). Merely cycling the thermodynamic co-ordinates of the working substance alone, in isolation (say along an adiabatic), would achieve nothing useful.
  • thermodynamic potential per particle it is the thermodynamic potential per particle:
  • du Tds - pdV + ⁇
  • s and p are the entropy and pressure per particle.
  • the chemical potential has two parts [2] the 'internal' and 'external'.
  • the internal potential is defined as the chemical potential if an external potential is not present. If we are to extract internal energy from the system, the expression for dU must be made inexact:
  • a change of ⁇ can only correspond to a phase change, as this will introduce potential energy terms ⁇ ' such as latent heat (1 st order transition) or new magnetisation energy terms for instance (i.e. dipole work, 2 nd order transition). It is almost as if we have formed a different substance by the phase transition which then sweeps out a new path in TS space, figure 2 illustrates this.
  • Step 1-2 Work done adiabatically on substance
  • Step 2-3 Expands adiabatically but follows a different path and work leaves system
  • Step 3-1 Heat flow from reservoir to working substance along with phase change
  • figure 3 shows the two 2 n order magnetic cycles presented by Cornwall in earlier patents. We shall see later, in the electrodynamics and further thermodynamics sections, that the final step of each cycle has a work term MdM/dt added on to the thermodynamic identity what has the effect of the function ⁇ '.
  • the first cycle in figure 3a is the magneto-calorific cycle.
  • a magnetic material on the cusp of paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition is cycled in a strong magnetic field:
  • the magneto-calorific effect is an order-disorder 2 nd order phase transition [2] phenomenon whereby the magnetic field "freezes" out modes of energy partition in the system requiring it to be partitioned elsewhere, hence the rise in temperature.
  • a similar effect can be experienced with a rubber-band in analogy to this cycle. Rapid stretching and then application to lips will show a temperature rise. On equilibrium with the body temperature, rapid contraction will cool the band below ambient as vibration modes frozen out by the stretching are re-established.
  • Examples of materials displaying magneto-calorific effects are Gadolinium (Curie point approximately 290K) and Iron (700K). The rate of change of the flux is set by particle size as laid out in earlier disclosures.
  • W f
  • a solid super-paramagnetic material (a 'ferroset', the magnetic analogue of an 'electret') is modelled where each moment interacts only with the external magnetic field B ext .
  • the basic equation describing the system is a system of coupled dipoles in a lattice, whose components couple to their nearest neighbours' dipole- dipole interaction forces,
  • the matrix of dipoles (i, j) of moment of inertia I is represented by a state vector ⁇ ,, , ⁇ supervise , ⁇ ,, giving the angular acceleration, velocity and position respectively; motion is constrained in a flat plane with torques k d i p f( " ) and ⁇ x B.
  • B ext is included in eqn. 6 too.
  • the collapse of the field of the dipoles as they become randomised induces a current in a surrounding coil which dumps its power into a resistance, R.
  • Substitute i '
  • N the number of turns
  • ⁇ the flux from the dipole field collapse
  • ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇
  • M the magnetic moment per unit volume
  • A the cross-sectional area
  • R is the resistance of the electrical load
  • e j is a unit vector along axis j, only the flux down this axis causes the induction
  • Figure 5 depicts a 1 a order system where those above the energy barrier and in the higher phase have undergone a direct sorting process.
  • the author initially considered such a system with a water/calcium chloride (deliquescent/hygroscopic) solution and a reverse osmosis membrane: a tall column of the hygroscopic solution would favour water condensing and the head on the column would release water at the bottom through the reverse osmosis membrane. This was not practical.
  • the first term represents the energy change in the ferrofluid as it is magnetised.
  • the field, B is supplied by the solenoid.
  • the magnetising field is considered constant.
  • ⁇ is the efficiency by which we can recoup this magnetising energy and re-use it each cycle.
  • N is the number of turns and L is the length of the solenoid
  • the power generated by the working substance then is potentially squared in frequency, compared
  • ⁇ is the unit-less quantity called susceptibility and is usually positive and small.
  • Figure 7 shows a regenerative means to cycle the magnetising fields.
  • a low resistance LCR circuit 1 is commuted by a triac 2 at zero crossing. This is a good means to make ⁇ in
  • resistor in a separate load circuit. Some of the developed power can be used to re-charge the capacitor 4,
  • thermodynamic identity dU SQ— 5W and relations between 1 st order and 2 nd order crossed
  • the decay rate is designed by the size of the particles in relation to the rate of heat flow from the
  • the Brillouin function is derived by statistical mechanics as the probability of finding the system in the
  • partition/occupancy function[2,3] is defined as:
  • E Si has been shown as -m(n)H where the moment, m, itself is a function of
  • M (T) M s eqn. 33
  • M s (0) is the saturation magnetisation at absolute zero and is related to the spin or magnetic moment density. For higher spins it is possible to truncate the Brillouin function[5]:
  • the first term we have covered is of the form m.H and is the energy of a dipole in the field.
  • the second term we have covered is of the form m.H and is the energy of a dipole in the field.
  • the third term in eqn. 36 is an anisotropy term which reflects an intrinsic tendency of the moments to align along the crystalline axis, or even the shape anisotropy where the magnetic fields of an elongated particle
  • K is the anisotropy constant and V is the volume of the
  • the particle size is so-called "sub-domain” size.
  • the materials can be paramagnetic (small induced moment, small susceptibility), super-paramagnetic (large induced moment, moderate susceptibility) or ferromagnetic (large induced moment and high susceptibility ie a permeability) and are operated near the Curie Point. Roseinweig[4] is able with a simple Curie Law to derive the
  • the first term in the entropy is related to the heat capacity of the material and the second term shows how
  • the magnetic field causes magnetic ordering which lowers the entropy.
  • the particle is constant and it rotates wholesale or domain walls move. If the materials is magnetically
  • T is the temperature
  • k is the thermal diffusivity
  • c is the heat capacity
  • the second cycle relies exclusively on a temporary remanence effect of super-paramagnetic materials.
  • FIG. 9 is a depiction of a ferrofluid
  • the relaxation rate of the ferrofluids is controlled by two mechanisms: the Neel (eqn. 38) mechanism set by core size, V and anisotropy constant (shape or crystalline) and the Brownian mechanism (related to
  • a ferro fluid can have two such relaxation rates but slower rate will dominate considerations if it is within an order of magnitude of the other and the cycling frequency.
  • a feature of this cycle is that it is operated preferentially (though not exclusively) in the ferromagnetic
  • FIG 11 shows measured loss angle for a real ferro fluid supplied by Sustech Gmbh, the actual specifics of the ferrofluid are not important but the graphs show how well the first order pole approximation applies to real data[4, 5].
  • the susceptibility ⁇ is the
  • %o is the DC susceptibility
  • ⁇ ( ⁇ ) is the ferrofluid relaxation rate
  • Inductance is defined[9] as the magnetic flux per unit current: ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇
  • the flux is related to the magnetisation and cross-sectional area A of the coil, hence the inductance is
  • V IZ eqn. 53
  • Figure 12 shows one example of a plant diagram for a process embodying the invention.
  • the apparatus 8 of this embodiment comprises a closed circuit 9 around which a ferrofluid 10 may flow.
  • a pump 11 is
  • a heat exchanger 12 is at a location on the circuit
  • a power extraction area 13 At another location on the circuit 9, preferably separated from the heat exchanger 12, is a power extraction area 13, which will be described in more detail below.
  • Step 1-2 Adiabatic cooling with work leaving system from temperature
  • Step 2- 1 Isothermal warming at the heat exchanger from - dT back to
  • the relation at step 2 is precisely the variation in internal energy of the pure working substance with
  • step 1 the material moves from to - dT, as in step 2 but if:
  • step 1-2 looks like a "virtual heat capacity", which is smaller than Co and follows a different path in
  • the heat energy is being "wrung out”.
  • the substance reverts back to the higher heat capacity and "mops up" the heat energy from the heat exchanger.
  • a mathematical model can be constructed for the working substance and electrical output circuit. Let us
  • the ferro fluid or super-paramagnetic material in general obeys a 1 st order equation:
  • the dominant pole near the origin sets the dynamics, and a binomial series expansion of the roots of the
  • Figure 16 shows the circuit schematic with the inclusion of a series capacitance. Considering the series
  • Figure 17 shows a graph of this and appendix 3 contains the
  • Figure 18 shows the circuit schematic with the inclusion of a non-linear resistance which has a negative
  • Appendix 4 contains a Matlab script for the tedious expansion and algebra to the 2 n order in all the series
  • M ⁇ t) M 0 + M l t + M 2 t 2 + ... eqn. 78
  • R(t) R 0 +R x i + R. i +... eqn.80
  • the Matlab code is appendix 5 is a direct comparison to the same parameters for the linear case in appendix 2 but with a non-linear resistance of:
  • i is the normalised current (that is scaled to 0 ). This is an approximation to a diode's I-V characteristic or a thermistor. In the case of the two simulations, it can be seen in the energy vs 1/R trace of figure 19 that the energy gain is at least 2.5 times higher (figure 15) for these particular sets of parameters.
  • Figure 20 shows this application for space heating or running a conventional Carnot cycle engine at the output from the high temperature non-linear resistor.
  • Figure 21 has an implementation of the non-linear element with an active element (transconductance) device, a so-called Lambda diode.
  • active element transconductance
  • Other suitable elements are tunnel diodes and vacuum tubes.
  • the active component can be biased to keep it in the negative resistance zone with the power coil output then inserted in series with the bias current or ac coupled with a bypass arrangement for the bias current.
  • the load circuitry (e.g. as shown on the right hand side of figure 7) has in series or parallel with a linear or non-linear load R, whose I vs. V characteristic (if non-linear) has a
  • the load comprises a non-linear resistor R, or an
  • circuitry e.g. as shown on the left hand side of figure 7.
  • the resistive load R acts as a radiant heater for a heat pump between the heat exchanger 13 and the said non-linear load R.
  • the non-linear load R acts as the upper thermal reservoir to a
  • the thermal reservoir T L is the lower reservoir.
  • the output W is high quality
  • the non-linear load may be provided in parallel or series with a linear or non-linear capacitor (or equivalent network of components), and/or with a linear or non-linear inductor (or equivalent network of
  • the power output circuitry has a linear or non-linear electrical load in conjunction
  • the power output circuitry may still include at least one non-linear component, as discussed elsewhere, for instance a non-linear resistive load.
  • the power output circuitry has a linear or non-linear electrical load in conjunction with a series non-linear capacitor, or an equivalent series or parallel network of electrical components whose C vs. V characteristic has a substantial portion where dC(v c )
  • the power output circuitry has a linear or non-linear electrical load in conjunction with a series non-linear inductor, or an equivalent series or parallel network of electrical components whose L vs. I characteristic has a substantial portion where
  • the working substance arranged in regular separate spatial packets has its magnetisation remanence time altered such that the work produced is a function of the temperature difference between an upper (T H ) and lower reservoir (T L ) i.e.
  • Brownian or Neel process (eqn. 44) by placing the working substance 10 in contact with the first cold reservoir T L , where it is also magnetised and then moving the working substance 9, by means of a pump 11, to a second location and hot reservoir T H where the the flux collapse generates electricity into a power coil 14.
  • the transit time from the first cold reservoir is set so that the flux doesn't decay appreciably in this time.
  • the power coil 14 can be shorted into the load at timed instants when the working substance packets are within the second reservoir T H and power coil 14, this reduces magnetic drag to the flow circuit..
  • Consultation of eqn. 44 and the standard Arrenhius factor[2,3] shows that in the case of Neel type fluid, this change can be of the order of a factor of 2 for every 10K change in temperature, for example.
  • the parameter in question of the non-linear component varies by at least 10% over the operating range of the component. In other preferred embodiments, the parameter in question of the non-linear component varies by at least 20%o over the operating range of the component. In further preferred embodiments, the parameter in question of the non-linear component varies by at least 50%> over the operating range of the component. In yet further preferred embodiments, the parameter in question of the non-linear component varies by at least 100%o over the operating range of the component.
  • the non-linear component is has a non-linear characteristic over a substantial portion of the characteristic.
  • this substantial portion may comprise at least 10%o of the relevant operating range of the component.
  • this substantial portion may comprise at least 20%o of the operating range of the component.
  • this substantial portion may comprise at least 50%o of the operating range.
  • this substantial portion may comprise at least 100%o of the operating range.
  • the parameter in question may either rise or fall with respect to applied voltage, current or electric/magnetic field.
  • the first term on the RHS cancels due to the flux being the same at the start and end of the cycle.
  • the integrand on the RHS cancels for the same reason.
  • the above result shows that a dependent flux, eqn. A1.2 cannot lead to net power.
  • the proof sheds more light on the necessary condition for an independent flux: the flux is constant for any current including zero current - it bares no relation to the modulations of the current. The proof also dispels any form of dependent relation, non-linear or even a delayed effect. If the eqn. A1.2 was:
  • h2 findobj ( 'Nacae ' , 'Graph 4.1; Current:, vs tirae');
  • handle wb waitbar(0, ' ');
  • s sprintf ( ' PowerCoil 4 , ia busy, R ----- %0.2g ! , R(i)); waitbar(0, handle_wb, s) ;
  • [t y] Simulate (A, D, muO, N, R(i), tor, X) ;
  • indx find(y(:,l) ⁇ 0.05*max_i) ;
  • indx2 find(y(:,2) ⁇ 0.1*max i2)
  • iisq interpl (t, current, tt, 'linear') .
  • dy(2) -(l./tor) .* ( y(2) - N.*X.*y(l) ./D ) ;
  • waitbar (t . /Tend, handle_wb) ;
  • Tlast Tlast + 0.05.*Tend; % move i on hen 5% has ; passed e d
  • handle wb waitbar(0, ' ' ');
  • muO 4. *pi . * le-7 ;
  • N sqrt( (L .* D) ./ (1+X) ./ muO ./ A) ;
  • Rpick [le-1, 5e-l, 1, 10, le2 5e5]
  • [t y] Simulate (A, C(i), D, muO, N(i), R(i), tor, X, Tstep, Tend, Mi) ;
  • dy(3) -(l./tor) .* ( y(3) - N. *X . *y (2) . /D ) ;
  • dy(2) - (D. /muO . /N. ⁇ 2. /A) .* ( muO . *N . *A . *dy ( 3 ) + y(2).*R + d) O ; funct ion. do_wait_bar ( )
  • waitbar (t . /Tend, handle_wb) ;
  • Tlast Tlast + 0.05.*Tend
  • I2R i A 2*R
  • I2Rtrunc p(l) + p(2)*t + p(3)*t A 2;
  • I2R i A 2*R
  • I2Rtrunc pn ( 1 ) + pn(2)*t + pn(3)*t A 2; pretty (expand ( I2Rtrunc) ) ;
  • dQ2dt2 diff (dQdt, ! t ! );
  • I2R i A 2*R
  • I2Rtrunc pn ( 1 ) + pn(2)*t + pn(3)*t"C2;
  • h2 findobj ( 'Rante' , ' Graph 5.1: Current vs tim ' ) ;
  • handle wb waitbar(0, ' ');
  • [t y] Simulate (A, D, muO, N, R(i), tor, X) ;
  • indx find(y(:,l) ⁇ 0.05*max i) ;
  • indx2 find(y(:,2) ⁇ 0.1 *max_i2 ) ;

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  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé pour optimiser un couplage électrique. Dans le cadre de la présente invention, une liste des optimisations du procédé de production d'électricité de Cornwall est fournie, y compris l'utilisation d'éléments non linéaires résistifs, capacitifs et inductifs pour garantir un excès de puissance, un mode de réalisation pour un cycle d'oscillation auto-entretenu avec une charge électrique, un mode de réalisation pour utiliser une charge sensiblement non linéaire, un mode de réalisation pour utiliser un réseau non linéaire pour le couplage à une charge sensiblement linéaire, un mode de réalisation pour utiliser le dispositif dans un cycle de Carnot classique, un procédé d'exécution d'un cycle de Carnot de la sortie thermique de la charge non linéaire au réservoir thermique plus bas.
PCT/GB2011/051751 2010-09-16 2011-09-16 Procédé pour optimiser un couplage électrique WO2012035360A2 (fr)

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GB1015496.1 2010-09-16
GBGB1015496.1A GB201015496D0 (en) 2010-09-16 2010-09-16 Method for improving power coupling
GB1108500.8 2011-05-20
GBGB1108500.8A GB201108500D0 (en) 2010-09-16 2011-05-20 Method for improving power coupling

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WO2012035360A2 true WO2012035360A2 (fr) 2012-03-22
WO2012035360A3 WO2012035360A3 (fr) 2012-10-11

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EP3054592A1 (fr) * 2015-02-09 2016-08-10 Fu-Tzu Hsu Dispositif magnétoélectrique capable de stocker de l'énergie électrique utilisable
CN114691362A (zh) * 2022-03-22 2022-07-01 重庆邮电大学 一种时延与能耗折衷的边缘计算方法

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AU4307100A (en) 1999-04-19 2000-11-02 Remi Oseri Cornwall Thermodynamic cycles and method for generating electricity
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3054592A1 (fr) * 2015-02-09 2016-08-10 Fu-Tzu Hsu Dispositif magnétoélectrique capable de stocker de l'énergie électrique utilisable
CN114691362A (zh) * 2022-03-22 2022-07-01 重庆邮电大学 一种时延与能耗折衷的边缘计算方法
CN114691362B (zh) * 2022-03-22 2024-04-30 重庆邮电大学 一种时延与能耗折衷的边缘计算方法

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