WO2011157815A1 - Analysis of quench marks - Google Patents

Analysis of quench marks Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011157815A1
WO2011157815A1 PCT/EP2011/060096 EP2011060096W WO2011157815A1 WO 2011157815 A1 WO2011157815 A1 WO 2011157815A1 EP 2011060096 W EP2011060096 W EP 2011060096W WO 2011157815 A1 WO2011157815 A1 WO 2011157815A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
glazing
marks
analysis
reference base
light
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Application number
PCT/EP2011/060096
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Pierre Detry
Nerio Lucca
Dorian Stevens
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Agc Glass Europe
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Publication date
Application filed by Agc Glass Europe filed Critical Agc Glass Europe
Priority to DE112011102015T priority Critical patent/DE112011102015T5/en
Publication of WO2011157815A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011157815A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
    • G01N21/95—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination characterised by the material or shape of the object to be examined
    • G01N21/958—Inspecting transparent materials or objects, e.g. windscreens
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G01L1/241—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet by photoelastic stress analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/21—Polarisation-affecting properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
    • G01N21/88—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination
    • G01N21/89—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination in moving material, e.g. running paper or textiles
    • G01N21/892—Investigating the presence of flaws or contamination in moving material, e.g. running paper or textiles characterised by the flaw, defect or object feature examined
    • G01N21/896—Optical defects in or on transparent materials, e.g. distortion, surface flaws in conveyed flat sheet or rod

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a technique for analyzing glazing tempering marks.
  • Glazing in particular those of vehicles are often subject to quenching intended on the one hand to make them more resistant and on the other hand to ensure that when they break under impact the fragments are of dimensions and forms such that they do not run the risk of deep injury.
  • the quenching techniques used typically include the abrupt cooling of the glazing previously heated to several hundred degrees.
  • the most traditional technique is to subject the glazing to a dynamic contact with a cooling fluid. Forced convection brings accelerated surface cooling while the temperature in the core of the glass is still very high.
  • the glass sheet is often driven by a relative movement relative to the gaseous jet so that the area impacted by each jet is more extensive. It may be to scroll the sheet under the assembly forming the gaseous jets or to animate the sheet of an oscillating type movement under a still blowing device.
  • tempering marks are not detrimental to the mechanical qualities, they are often perceived as unsightly. For this reason we may have to minimize them which is one of the reasons also systems in which we impose a relative movement of the leaves under the quenching jets. Nevertheless, for a significant part, tempered glazing presents marks that one wants to be able to analyze in order to better control them, or in certain cases, to implement techniques that make it possible to minimize them. The purpose of the invention is to analyze these marks.
  • the glass having stresses is optically anisotropic. It develops birefringence properties. It is these properties that are used to analyze quench marks.
  • quench marks is carried out using photoelasticity techniques.
  • the analysis leads to an image of the intensity and distribution of localized marks on the glass sheet.
  • the image of the marks present on the glass sheet is then analyzed according to pre-established criteria for correspond to the perception of the appearance of these marks by an observer.
  • the criteria depend on the perception of the observers, it is carried out a statistical evaluation of a set of people to which is subjected a series of representative samples of glasses with more or less apparent tempering marks, and quantification by the persons concerned.
  • these subjective evaluations are then related to measurements made on these same glass samples. From this operation there is a set of data forming a reference base for the subsequent appreciation of glazing.
  • the reference base is stored in a data processing set.
  • the measurements made on the samples analyzed subsequently are, for their part, the object of a similar treatment, the comparison of these measurements with the reference base leading to the result of the analysis sought.
  • the perception of trademarks involves various factors or criteria which are an integral part of the reference base. These factors are stress-dependent for a given type of glass. In addition, there are factors that depend on the lenses themselves and in particular those concerning the color of the glass, the perception of the marks being partly influenced by the color of the glass. As an indication, tempering marks may be less sensitive on very colored glasses. But other factors, notably the more or less reflective nature of the glazing, also have a significant influence.
  • the regularity of the marks present on the glazing are not the only ones that can be taken into account. Among these criteria are particularly significant, the intensity and density of brands.
  • the intensity reflects that the marks are more or less contrasted with the rest of the glazing.
  • the contrast is also a function of the gradient in the transition between the strongly marked areas and the unmarked areas of the glazing. A large number of marks per unit area, and therefore the density, is also a factor that seems very sensitive to the observer.
  • the glazings are passed through a known assembly for measuring the presence of birefringence resulting from the quenching of the glass sheets.
  • the base of this set is constituted by a measurement device by photoelasticity.
  • the latter has a light source.
  • the light beam is polarized and directed onto the glass sheet. It then goes into an analyzer.
  • the luminous intensity at the exit of this optical assembly is a function of the intensity of the birefringence of the crossed sheet.
  • the beam is received on a photodetector apparatus.
  • the device comprises the interposition of quarter-wave plates on either side of the glazing. These blades are oriented to transform the linearly polarized beam into an elliptical beam.
  • the blades in question are chosen advantageously for the average wavelength of the visible spectrum. This wavelength is about 550 nm.
  • the photodetector is advantageously constituted by a matrix camera.
  • the glazing is animated by a movement relative to the analysis set.
  • the light beam is distributed in a line that extends transversely to the relative movement of the glass sheet.
  • the beam is received on a detector that extends linearly in a direction parallel to that of the initial light beam.
  • the photo-sensitive component pixels of the camera are therefore aligned in this direction.
  • the signals emitted by the camera are then taken up in a processing set comprising a program that translates these signals into the quantities defined as the preset parameters.
  • FIG. 1 is a photograph of a glazing with tempering marks
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an assembly used for the analysis according to the invention.
  • FIG. 3 is an illustration of the image of the light beam received by the camera after its treatment
  • FIG. 4 represents, by level lines, light intensities corresponding to the example of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the profile of the intensities of FIG. 4 as it appears on line A-A.
  • the glazing of Figure 1 typically shows the type of quench marks (here relatively discrete) that appears on a glazing unit that has been exposed to quenching jets.
  • the marks in the form of points are regularly distributed over the entire surface. If in the example the marks are discernible, in other cases their presence is much more sensitive and can be considered as aesthetically unacceptable.
  • Figure 2 schematically shows the principle of the photoelastic measurement used for the analysis of quench marks.
  • the glass sheet 1 in the optical device shown is exposed to the light radiation of a source 2.
  • a source 2 reproduces a spectrum of light close to the solar spectrum.
  • a white discharge-type lighting called “neon” responds well to this use.
  • the radiation emitted by the source 2 is passed in a rectilinear polarizer 3.
  • the polarizer 3 is associated with a quarter wave plate 4. This blade transforms the linear wave into an elliptical wave.
  • the beam then passes into the glass sheet 1 at an incidence close to normal.
  • the most frequently used glazings even if they are curved, generally offer a restricted curvature.
  • the glazing is arranged so that the incidence is normal with respect to the central portion of the glazing. In these conditions the differences in incidence if the glazing is moved in a plane perpendicular to the beam remain modest. If the curvatures are more accentuated, and if the corresponding parts must nevertheless be analyzed, the orientation of the glazing is then advantageously maintained such that the beam is still substantially normal.
  • the beam from the glass sheet is then passed into a second wave plate V which transforms the elliptical vibration into a linear vibration.
  • the analyzer 6 completes the decomposition of the vibration and allows a quantitative measurement of the influence of the quench marks by variations in light intensity.
  • the camera 7 transforms the light intensity for a treatment in the processing unit 8.
  • the intensity variations of the beam received by the camera synthetically translate the birefringence of the glazing throughout its thickness.
  • the most significant elements are the existing difference between the glass surface and the heart of the leaf.
  • the thickness of the glazing whose variations are in practice limited, do not require correction with respect to the data of the reference base. This is particularly the case for glass sheets whose thicknesses are between 1.6 and 3.5 mm.
  • the windows analyzed are clear glass panes.
  • glasses in the automotive field, it is common, in particular for rear side windows or rear windows, to choose glasses with low light transmission and strong coloration.
  • quench marks or at least their perception, depends substantially on the nature of the corresponding glass, it is necessary to involve this factor in the reference base is therefore in the analytical treatment using this base.
  • the sheet is advantageously scanned by a beam taking a linear form.
  • the reception of the analyzed beam is done on a camera whose receiver is composed of a series of aligned pixels.
  • a movement of the sheet relative to the optical system is arranged.
  • the glazing is advantageously arranged on a movable carriage moving with a uniform movement.
  • a sample of glazings tempered under various conditions, including various products (side windows, rear glasses ...) is subjected to analysis under the conditions indicated below to constitute the reference base for the subsequent measurements.
  • the measuring set is placed in a dark room.
  • the equipment used comprises a source consisting for example of a neon tube delivering a white light flux spectrum corresponding approximately to the solar spectrum.
  • the source has a diffuser to make its lighting more uniform.
  • the light beam is disposed in a vertical plane transversely to the means ensuring the mobility of the glazing analyzed by means of this beam.
  • the beam passes through a linear polarization filter (Edmund Optics, NT 71-939), a wave retarder V of 140 ⁇ 10 nm (quarter wave compared to the median of the visible light estimated at 550 nm).
  • the beam then passes the glass sheet analyzed at a substantially normal incidence, and a second retarder V of identical wave but opposite to the previous one.
  • a second polarizing filter is arranged such that both polarizers have orthogonal directions.
  • the light beam is received by a digital camera comprising a series of 2048 pixels arranged in the plane of the initial light beam.
  • the constant speed of the glazing ensures a complete analysis of the surface.
  • the luminous intensity measurements are the object of the subsequent processing which establishes for each pixel the intensity received, for several successive pixels the intensity gradient, the extent of the intensity zones, the distribution of these zones on the surface. glazing ...
  • FIGS 3 to 5 are an illustration of the modes of analysis performed according to the invention.
  • Figure 3 shows the image of a glazing with very pronounced and relatively irregular tempering marks as they may appear after polarization, and passage in the retarder systems.
  • the image is that of the beam as it reaches the loaded camera to quantify the optical signals and to digitize them for later analysis.
  • FIG. 5 gives in an arbitrary scale the measurement of the intensity of the marks of the same glazing as they appear along the line AA of FIG.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for analyzing quench marks of glass sheets, including the determination of local stresses by a photoelasticimetry method, and the analysis of said stresses according to on one or more criteria preestablished in a reference database to correspond to the perception characteristics of the appearance of said marks.

Description

Analyse des marques de trempe  Analysis of quench marks
La présente invention concerne une technique d'analyse des marques de trempe de vitrages. The present invention relates to a technique for analyzing glazing tempering marks.
Les vitrages, en particulier ceux des véhicules font l'objet souvent de trempe destinée d'une part à les rendre plus résistants et d'autre part à faire en sorte que lorsqu'ils se brisent sous un impact les fragments sont de dimensions et de formes telles qu'ils ne font pas courir de risque de blessure profondes.  Glazing, in particular those of vehicles are often subject to quenching intended on the one hand to make them more resistant and on the other hand to ensure that when they break under impact the fragments are of dimensions and forms such that they do not run the risk of deep injury.
Les techniques de trempe mises en oeuvre typiquement comprennent le refroidissement brusque du vitrage préalablement porté à plusieurs centaines de degrés. Pour obtenir le refroidissement voulu, la technique la plus traditionnelle consiste à soumettre le vitrage à un contact dynamique avec un fluide de refroidissement. La convection forcée amène un refroidissement superficiel accéléré tandis que la température au coeur du verre est encore très élevée.  The quenching techniques used typically include the abrupt cooling of the glazing previously heated to several hundred degrees. To obtain the desired cooling, the most traditional technique is to subject the glazing to a dynamic contact with a cooling fluid. Forced convection brings accelerated surface cooling while the temperature in the core of the glass is still very high.
Pour la commodité de réalisation le plus usuellement la surface de la feuille est soumise à des jets gazeux intenses à température ambiante. Il en résulte superficiellement un traitement qui n'est pas uniforme. Dans la suite de la description c'est à ce mode de trempe que l'on fait référence par mesure de simplification. L'invention cependant n'est pas limitée à ce type. Tout vitrage comportant des marques de trempe, et donc résultant d'un traitement localement non-uniforme peut faire l'objet de la technique selon l'invention.  For the sake of convenience most commonly the surface of the sheet is subjected to intense gaseous jets at room temperature. The result is superficially a treatment that is not uniform. In the rest of the description it is to this quenching mode that reference is made for the sake of simplification. The invention however is not limited to this type. Any glazing having quench marks, and thus resulting from a locally non-uniform treatment can be the subject of the technique according to the invention.
Pour obtenir une trempe qui soit aussi uniforme que possible sur toute la surface du vitrage dans le cas de la trempe par jets gazeux, ceux-ci sont distribués de manière régulière à distance les uns des autres mais suffisamment rapprochés pour que les contraintes de trempe soient bien réparties. Pour encore améliorer l'homogénéité du traitement la feuille de verre est souvent animée d'un mouvement relatif par rapport aux jets gazeux de telle sorte que la zone impactée par chaque jet soit plus étendue. Il peut s'agir de faire défiler la feuille sous l'ensemble formant les jets gazeux, soit encore d'animer la feuille d'un mouvement de type oscillant sous un dispositif de soufflage immobile. To obtain a quenching which is as uniform as possible over the entire surface of the glazing in the case of quenching by gas jets, they are evenly distributed at a distance from each other but close enough that the quenching stresses are well distributed. To further improve the homogeneity of the treatment the glass sheet is often driven by a relative movement relative to the gaseous jet so that the area impacted by each jet is more extensive. It may be to scroll the sheet under the assembly forming the gaseous jets or to animate the sheet of an oscillating type movement under a still blowing device.
L'application de jets même s'ils sont proches les uns des autres, surtout si la position de la feuille est statique pendant toute l'opération, conduit à un impact sur la feuille de verre plus intense par endroits. Le traitement qui ne peut être parfaitement homogène, même s'il répond aux exigences mécaniques recherchées, s'accompagne souvent de marques visibles surtout sous certaines incidences d'éclairage et/ou d'observation.  The application of jets even if they are close to each other, especially if the position of the sheet is static throughout the operation, leads to an impact on the glass sheet more intense in places. The treatment that can not be perfectly homogeneous, even if it meets the mechanical requirements, is often accompanied by visible marks especially under certain incidences of lighting and / or observation.
Si la présence de ces marques de trempe n'est pas préjudiciable pour les qualités mécaniques, elles sont souvent perçues comme inesthétiques. Pour cette raison on peut être amené à les minimiser ce qui est une des raisons aussi des systèmes dans lesquels on impose un mouvement relatif des feuilles sous les jets de trempe. Quoiqu'il en soit pour une part significative les vitrages trempés présentent des marques que l'on veut pouvoir analyser pour mieux les maîtriser, ou dans certains cas, pour mettre en oeuvre des techniques qui permettent de les minimiser. L'invention a pour but l'analyse de ces marques.  If the presence of these tempering marks is not detrimental to the mechanical qualities, they are often perceived as unsightly. For this reason we may have to minimize them which is one of the reasons also systems in which we impose a relative movement of the leaves under the quenching jets. Nevertheless, for a significant part, tempered glazing presents marks that one wants to be able to analyze in order to better control them, or in certain cases, to implement techniques that make it possible to minimize them. The purpose of the invention is to analyze these marks.
S' agissant de la perception que les observateurs ont des marques de trempe, dans un premier temps les inventeurs ont établi qu'elles étaient dépendantes de la présence des contraintes développées dans la feuille de verre. Il est aussi apparu qu'en dehors de l'intensité des contraintes d'autres facteurs étaient susceptibles d'influer sur cette perception des marques. La démarche suivie a donc consisté en l'identification de ces facteurs, leur mesure et leur pondération éventuelle dans les combinaisons de facteurs. Mais dans tous les cas, il est nécessaire de procéder à la détermination des contraintes  With regard to the perception that the observers have quench marks, the inventors initially established that they were dependent on the presence of the stresses developed in the glass sheet. It also appeared that apart from the intensity of the constraints of other factors were likely to influence this perception of the marks. The approach followed consisted in the identification of these factors, their measurement and their possible weighting in the combinations of factors. But in all cases, it is necessary to proceed to the determination of the constraints
De manière connue le verre présentant des contraintes est optiquement anisotrope. Il développe des propriétés de biréfringence. Ce sont ces propriétés qui sont utilisées pour analyser les marques de trempe.  In a known manner, the glass having stresses is optically anisotropic. It develops birefringence properties. It is these properties that are used to analyze quench marks.
Selon l'invention l'analyse des marques de trempe est réalisée en mettant en oeuvre des techniques de photo-élasticimétrie.  According to the invention the analysis of quench marks is carried out using photoelasticity techniques.
L'analyse conduit à une image de l'intensité et de la distribution des marques localisées sur la feuille de verre. L'image des marques présentes sur la feuille de verre est ensuite analysée selon des critères préétablis pour correspondre à la perception de l'apparence de ces marques par un observateur. The analysis leads to an image of the intensity and distribution of localized marks on the glass sheet. The image of the marks present on the glass sheet is then analyzed according to pre-established criteria for correspond to the perception of the appearance of these marks by an observer.
Les critères dépendant de la perception qu'en ont les observateurs, il est procédé à une évaluation statistique auprès d'un ensemble de personnes auquel est soumis une série d'échantillons représentatifs de verres comportant des marques de trempe plus ou moins apparentes, et en faisant procéder à une quantification par les personnes concernées.  The criteria depend on the perception of the observers, it is carried out a statistical evaluation of a set of people to which is subjected a series of representative samples of glasses with more or less apparent tempering marks, and quantification by the persons concerned.
Selon l'invention ces appréciations subjectives sont ensuite rapportées aux mesures effectuées sur ces mêmes échantillons de verre. De cette opération il ressort un ensemble de données formant une base de référence pour l'appréciation ultérieure des vitrages.  According to the invention, these subjective evaluations are then related to measurements made on these same glass samples. From this operation there is a set of data forming a reference base for the subsequent appreciation of glazing.
Pour rendre l'analyse aussi reproductible que possible la technique d'évaluation des marques de trempe, la base de référence est enregistrée dans un ensemble de traitement de données. Les mesures faites sur les échantillons analysés ultérieurement font de leur côté l'objet d'un traitement analogue, la confrontation de ces mesures à la base de référence conduisant au résultat de l'analyse recherchée.  To make the analysis as reproducible as possible the quench mark evaluation technique, the reference base is stored in a data processing set. The measurements made on the samples analyzed subsequently are, for their part, the object of a similar treatment, the comparison of these measurements with the reference base leading to the result of the analysis sought.
Comme indiqué précédemment la perception des marques fait intervenir divers facteurs ou critères lesquels font partie intégrante de la base de référence. Ces facteurs sont dépendant des contraintes pour un type de verre donné. Il s'y ajoute des facteurs qui dépendent des verres eux mêmes et en particulier ceux concernant la couleur du verre, la perception des marques étant en partie influencée par la couleur du verre. A titre indicatif les marques de trempe peuvent être moins sensibles sur des verres très colorés. Mais d'autres facteurs, notamment le caractère plus ou moins réfléchissant du vitrage, influent aussi de façon significative.  As mentioned above, the perception of trademarks involves various factors or criteria which are an integral part of the reference base. These factors are stress-dependent for a given type of glass. In addition, there are factors that depend on the lenses themselves and in particular those concerning the color of the glass, the perception of the marks being partly influenced by the color of the glass. As an indication, tempering marks may be less sensitive on very colored glasses. But other factors, notably the more or less reflective nature of the glazing, also have a significant influence.
Selon l'invention, parmi les critères possibles, sont préférés ceux basés sur :  According to the invention, among the possible criteria, those based on:
- l'intensité de la marque  - the intensity of the brand
- la densité des marques sur la surface du vitrage  - the density of the marks on the surface of the glazing
- la dimension des marques  - the dimension of the marks
- la régularité des marques présentes sur le vitrage. Ces critères ne sont pas les seuls qui peuvent être pris en compte. Parmi ces critères sont particulièrement significatifs, l'intensité et la densité des marques. L'intensité rend compte de ce que les marques sont plus ou moins contrastées par rapport au reste du vitrage. Le contraste est aussi fonction du gradient existant dans la transition entre les zones fortement marquées et les zones non marquées du vitrage. Un grand nombre de marques par unité de surface, donc la densité, est aussi un facteur qui paraît très sensible à l'observateur. - the regularity of the marks present on the glazing. These criteria are not the only ones that can be taken into account. Among these criteria are particularly significant, the intensity and density of brands. The intensity reflects that the marks are more or less contrasted with the rest of the glazing. The contrast is also a function of the gradient in the transition between the strongly marked areas and the unmarked areas of the glazing. A large number of marks per unit area, and therefore the density, is also a factor that seems very sensitive to the observer.
De manière significative encore, les dimensions des marques et leur régularité, peuvent intervenir de manière appréciable sur la perception des marques.  Significantly, the dimensions of the marks and their regularity can play an important role in the perception of brands.
Pour procéder à l'analyse selon l'invention, les vitrages sont passés dans un ensemble connu pour la mesure de la présence de biréfringence résultant de la trempe des feuilles de verre. La base de cet ensemble est constituée par un dispositif de mesure par photo-élasticimétrie. Ce dernier comporte une source lumineuse. Le faisceau lumineux est polarisé et dirigé sur la feuille de verre. Il passe ensuite dans un analyseur. L'intensité lumineuse à la sortie de cet ensemble optique est fonction de l'intensité de la biréfringence de la feuille traversée. Le faisceau est reçu sur un appareil photodétecteur.  In order to carry out the analysis according to the invention, the glazings are passed through a known assembly for measuring the presence of birefringence resulting from the quenching of the glass sheets. The base of this set is constituted by a measurement device by photoelasticity. The latter has a light source. The light beam is polarized and directed onto the glass sheet. It then goes into an analyzer. The luminous intensity at the exit of this optical assembly is a function of the intensity of the birefringence of the crossed sheet. The beam is received on a photodetector apparatus.
La modification de l'intensité du faisceau qui est observée dans la configuration indiquée, fait apparaître un facteur qui est l'orientation du vitrage par rapport au dispositif de mesure. Pour faire en sorte que l'orientation du vitrage soit indifférente, le dispositif comprend l'interposition de lames quart d'onde de part et d'autre du vitrage. Ces lames sont orientées de façon à transformer le faisceau polarisé linéairement en un faisceau elliptique. Les lames en question sont choisies avantageusement pour la longueur d'onde moyenne du spectre visible. Cette longueur d'onde est d'environ 550nm.  The modification of the intensity of the beam which is observed in the indicated configuration shows a factor which is the orientation of the glazing with respect to the measuring device. To ensure that the orientation of the glazing is indifferent, the device comprises the interposition of quarter-wave plates on either side of the glazing. These blades are oriented to transform the linearly polarized beam into an elliptical beam. The blades in question are chosen advantageously for the average wavelength of the visible spectrum. This wavelength is about 550 nm.
Par commodité, le photo-détecteur est avantageusement constitué d'une caméra matricielle.  For convenience, the photodetector is advantageously constituted by a matrix camera.
Pour former l'image entière du vitrage il est préféré de procéder par balayage de la surface de celui-ci. Le vitrage est animé d'un mouvement relatif par rapport à l'ensemble d'analyse. Le faisceau lumineux est distribué suivant une ligne qui s'étend transversalement au mouvement relatif de la feuille de verre. Le faisceau est reçu sur un détecteur qui s'étend linéairement suivant une direction parallèle à celle du faisceau lumineux initial. Les pixels composants photo-sensibles de la caméra sont donc alignés selon cette direction. To form the entire image of the glazing it is preferred to proceed by scanning the surface thereof. The glazing is animated by a movement relative to the analysis set. The light beam is distributed in a line that extends transversely to the relative movement of the glass sheet. The beam is received on a detector that extends linearly in a direction parallel to that of the initial light beam. The photo-sensitive component pixels of the camera are therefore aligned in this direction.
Les signaux émis par la caméra sont ensuite repris dans un ensemble de traitement comportant un programme qui traduit ces signaux dans les grandeurs définies comme étant les paramètres préétablis.  The signals emitted by the camera are then taken up in a processing set comprising a program that translates these signals into the quantities defined as the preset parameters.
L'invention est décrite de manière détaillée dans la suite en faisant référence aux planches de dessin dans lesquelles :  The invention is described in detail hereinafter with reference to the drawing boards in which:
- la figure 1 est une photographie d'un vitrage comportant des marques de trempe ;  - Figure 1 is a photograph of a glazing with tempering marks;
- la figure 2 est une illustration schématique d'un ensemble utilisé pour l'analyse selon l'invention.  FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an assembly used for the analysis according to the invention.
- la figure 3 est une illustration de l'image du faisceau lumineux reçu par la caméra après son traitement ;  FIG. 3 is an illustration of the image of the light beam received by the camera after its treatment;
- la figure 4 représente par des lignes de niveau, des intensités lumineuses correspondant à l'exemple de la figure 3 ;  FIG. 4 represents, by level lines, light intensities corresponding to the example of FIG. 3;
- la figure 4 illustre le profil des intensités de la figure 4 tel qu'il apparaît sur la ligne A-A.  FIG. 4 illustrates the profile of the intensities of FIG. 4 as it appears on line A-A.
Le vitrage de la figure 1 montre de façon typique, le type de marques de trempe (ici relativement discrètes) qui apparaît sur un vitrage qui a été exposé à des jets de trempe. Dans l'exemple présenté les marques sous forme de points sont distribuées de manière régulière sur toute la surface. Si dans l'exemple les marques sont discernables, dans d'autres cas leur présence est beaucoup plus sensible et peut être considérée comme esthétiquement inacceptable.  The glazing of Figure 1 typically shows the type of quench marks (here relatively discrete) that appears on a glazing unit that has been exposed to quenching jets. In the example presented, the marks in the form of points are regularly distributed over the entire surface. If in the example the marks are discernible, in other cases their presence is much more sensitive and can be considered as aesthetically unacceptable.
La figure 2 présente schématiquement le principe de la mesure de photo-élasticimétrie utilisée pour l'analyse des marques de trempe.  Figure 2 schematically shows the principle of the photoelastic measurement used for the analysis of quench marks.
La feuille de verre 1 dans le dispositif optique représenté est exposée au rayonnement lumineux d'une source 2. Pour conserver les conditions les plus voisines de celles correspondant aux conditions ordinaires dans lesquelles ces marques sont perçues, la source reproduit un spectre lumineux voisin du spectre solaire. Un éclairage blanc de type à décharge dit "néon" répond bien à cet usage. The glass sheet 1 in the optical device shown is exposed to the light radiation of a source 2. To preserve the conditions closest to those corresponding to the ordinary conditions in which these marks are perceived, the source reproduces a spectrum of light close to the solar spectrum. A white discharge-type lighting called "neon" responds well to this use.
Le rayonnement émis par la source 2, est passé dans un polariseur rectiligne 3.  The radiation emitted by the source 2 is passed in a rectilinear polarizer 3.
Pour ne pas être tributaire de l'orientation du vitrage vis-à-vis du système optique, le polariseur 3 est associé à une lame quart d'onde 4. Cette lame transforme l'onde linéaire en une onde elliptique.  To avoid being dependent on the orientation of the glazing vis-à-vis the optical system, the polarizer 3 is associated with a quarter wave plate 4. This blade transforms the linear wave into an elliptical wave.
Le faisceau passe ensuite dans la feuille de verre 1 sous une incidence voisine de la normale.  The beam then passes into the glass sheet 1 at an incidence close to normal.
Les vitrages les plus fréquemment utilisés, même s' ils sont bombés, offrent généralement une courbure restreinte. Le vitrage est disposé de telle sorte que l'incidence soit normale par rapport à la partie centrale du vitrage. Dans ces conditions les écarts d'incidence si le vitrage est déplacé dans un plan perpendiculaire au faisceau restent modestes. Si les courbures sont plus accentuées, et si les parties correspondantes doivent néanmoins faire l'objet d'une analyse, l'orientation du vitrage est alors avantageusement maintenue telle que le faisceau soit toujours pratiquement normale.  The most frequently used glazings, even if they are curved, generally offer a restricted curvature. The glazing is arranged so that the incidence is normal with respect to the central portion of the glazing. In these conditions the differences in incidence if the glazing is moved in a plane perpendicular to the beam remain modest. If the curvatures are more accentuated, and if the corresponding parts must nevertheless be analyzed, the orientation of the glazing is then advantageously maintained such that the beam is still substantially normal.
La présence de contraintes de trempe dans le verre conduit à un phénomène de biréfringence qui modifie le faisceau.  The presence of quenching stresses in the glass leads to a birefringence phenomenon that modifies the beam.
Le faisceau issu de la feuille de verre est passé ensuite dans une deuxième lame V d'onde 5 qui transforme la vibration elliptique en vibration linéaire.  The beam from the glass sheet is then passed into a second wave plate V which transforms the elliptical vibration into a linear vibration.
L'analyseur 6 complète la décomposition de la vibration et permet une mesure quantitative de l'influence des marques de trempe par des variations d'intensité lumineuse.  The analyzer 6 completes the decomposition of the vibration and allows a quantitative measurement of the influence of the quench marks by variations in light intensity.
La caméra 7 transforme l'intensité lumineuse pour un traitement dans l'unité de traitement 8.  The camera 7 transforms the light intensity for a treatment in the processing unit 8.
Dans la pratique les variations d'intensité du faisceau reçu par la caméra traduisent de manière synthétique la biréfringence du vitrage dans toute son épaisseur. Les éléments les plus significatifs sont la différence existant entre la surface du verre et le cœur de la feuille. L'épaisseur du vitrage, dont les variations sont dans la pratique limitées, ne nécessitent pas de correction par rapport aux données de la base de référence. C'est le cas en particulier pour des feuilles de verre dont les épaisseurs se situent entre 1,6 et 3,5mm. In practice, the intensity variations of the beam received by the camera synthetically translate the birefringence of the glazing throughout its thickness. The most significant elements are the existing difference between the glass surface and the heart of the leaf. The thickness of the glazing, whose variations are in practice limited, do not require correction with respect to the data of the reference base. This is particularly the case for glass sheets whose thicknesses are between 1.6 and 3.5 mm.
De manière la plus usuelle les vitrages analysés sont des vitrages de verre clair. Néanmoins dans le domaine automobile, il est fréquent notamment pour les vitrages latéraux arrière ou les lunettes arrière, de choisir des verres à faible transmission lumineuse et à forte coloration. Dans la mesure où les marques de trempe, ou au moins leur perception, dépend sensiblement de la nature du verre correspondant, il est nécessaire de faire intervenir ce facteur dans la base de référence est donc dans le traitement analytique utilisant cette base.  In the most usual way, the windows analyzed are clear glass panes. However, in the automotive field, it is common, in particular for rear side windows or rear windows, to choose glasses with low light transmission and strong coloration. Insofar as the quench marks, or at least their perception, depends substantially on the nature of the corresponding glass, it is necessary to involve this factor in the reference base is therefore in the analytical treatment using this base.
En pratique pour procéder à l'analyse de la totalité de la feuille de verre on procède avantageusement à un balayage de la feuille par un faisceau prenant une forme linéaire. De même la réception du faisceau analysé se fait sur une caméra dont le récepteur est composé d'une série de pixels alignés. Pour couvrir l'ensemble de la feuille un mouvement de la feuille par rapport au système optique est aménagé. A cet effet le vitrage est avantageusement disposé sur un charriot mobile animé d'un mouvement uniforme.  In practice, in order to proceed with the analysis of the entire sheet of glass, the sheet is advantageously scanned by a beam taking a linear form. Similarly, the reception of the analyzed beam is done on a camera whose receiver is composed of a series of aligned pixels. To cover the entire sheet a movement of the sheet relative to the optical system is arranged. For this purpose the glazing is advantageously arranged on a movable carriage moving with a uniform movement.
Exemple. Example.
Un échantillon de vitrages trempés dans des conditions diverses, comportant des produits variés (vitrages latéraux, lunettes arrière...) est soumis à l'analyse dans les conditions indiquées ci-après pour constituer la base de référence pour les mesures ultérieures.  A sample of glazings tempered under various conditions, including various products (side windows, rear glasses ...) is subjected to analysis under the conditions indicated below to constitute the reference base for the subsequent measurements.
Pour éviter les flux lumineux parasites, l'ensemble de mesure est placé dans une pièce obscure.  To avoid stray light, the measuring set is placed in a dark room.
L'appareillage utilisé comprend une source constituée par exemple d'un tube néon délivrant un flux de lumière blanche de spectre correspondant approximativement au spectre solaire. La source comporte un diffuseur destiné à rendre son éclairage plus uniforme. Le faisceau lumineux est disposé dans un plan vertical transversalement aux moyens assurant la mobilité du vitrage analysé au moyen de ce faisceau. The equipment used comprises a source consisting for example of a neon tube delivering a white light flux spectrum corresponding approximately to the solar spectrum. The source has a diffuser to make its lighting more uniform. The light beam is disposed in a vertical plane transversely to the means ensuring the mobility of the glazing analyzed by means of this beam.
Successivement le faisceau traverse un filtre à polarisation linéaire (Edmund Optics, NT 71-939), un retardateur V d'onde de 140± 10nm (quart d'onde par rapport à la médiane de la lumière visible estimée à 550nm). Le faisceau passe ensuite la feuille de verre analysée sous une incidence pratiquement normale, et un deuxième retardateur V d'onde identique mais opposé au précédent. Un deuxième filtre polarisant est disposé de telle sorte que les deux polarisateurs aient des directions orthogonales.  Successively, the beam passes through a linear polarization filter (Edmund Optics, NT 71-939), a wave retarder V of 140 ± 10 nm (quarter wave compared to the median of the visible light estimated at 550 nm). The beam then passes the glass sheet analyzed at a substantially normal incidence, and a second retarder V of identical wave but opposite to the previous one. A second polarizing filter is arranged such that both polarizers have orthogonal directions.
Le faisceau lumineux est reçu par une caméra numérique comprenant une série de 2048 pixels disposés dans le plan du faisceau lumineux initial.  The light beam is received by a digital camera comprising a series of 2048 pixels arranged in the plane of the initial light beam.
La vitesse de défilement constante du vitrage assure une analyse complète de la surface.  The constant speed of the glazing ensures a complete analysis of the surface.
Les mesures d'intensité lumineuse sont l'objet du traitement ultérieur qui établit pour chaque pixel l'intensité reçue, pour plusieurs pixels successifs le gradient d'intensité, l'étendue des zones d'intensité, la distribution de ces zones sur la surface du vitrage...  The luminous intensity measurements are the object of the subsequent processing which establishes for each pixel the intensity received, for several successive pixels the intensity gradient, the extent of the intensity zones, the distribution of these zones on the surface. glazing ...
Les figures 3 à 5 sont une illustration des modes d'analyse réalisés selon l'invention.  Figures 3 to 5 are an illustration of the modes of analysis performed according to the invention.
La figure 3 présente l' image d'un vitrage comportant des marques de trempe très prononcées et relativement irrégulières telles qu'elles peuvent apparaître après polarisation, et passage dans les systèmes retardateurs. L'image est celle du faisceau tel que parvenant à la caméra chargée quantifier les signaux optiques et de numériser ceux-ci pour l'analyse ultérieure.  Figure 3 shows the image of a glazing with very pronounced and relatively irregular tempering marks as they may appear after polarization, and passage in the retarder systems. The image is that of the beam as it reaches the loaded camera to quantify the optical signals and to digitize them for later analysis.
Dans l'ensemble optique constitué, le faisceau reçu par la caméra est d'autant plus intense que la biréfringence est importante au point considéré. La figure 4 est une représentation du niveau de biréfringence de la figure 3 pour des seuils déterminés faisant ressortir l'intensité et la localisation des marques de trempe. La figure 5 donne dans une échelle arbitraire la mesure de l'intensité des marques du même vitrage telles qu'elles apparaissent selon la ligne A-A de la figure 4. In the optical assembly constituted, the beam received by the camera is all the more intense as the birefringence is important at the point considered. Figure 4 is a representation of the birefringence level of Figure 3 for specific thresholds highlighting the intensity and location of the quench marks. FIG. 5 gives in an arbitrary scale the measurement of the intensity of the marks of the same glazing as they appear along the line AA of FIG.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Procédé d'analyse des marques de trempe de vitrages, comprenant la détermination des contraintes locales par une technique de photo-élasticimétrie, et l'analyse de ces contraintes suivant un ou plusieurs critères préétablis dans une base de référence pour correspondre aux caractéristiques de perception de l'apparence de ces marques. 1. A process for analyzing glazing tempering marks, comprising the determination of local stresses by a photoelasticity technique, and the analysis of these stresses according to one or more criteria pre-established in a reference base to correspond to the characteristics of perception of the appearance of these marks.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 dans lequel la base de référence est établie partant des observations statistiques d'échantillons de verre correspondant à un ensemble représentatif des marques de trempe rencontrées, et en soumettant ces échantillons à la technique de mesure des contraintes par élasticimétrie.  2. The method of claim 1 wherein the reference base is established from the statistical observations of glass samples corresponding to a representative set of the quench marks encountered, and subjecting these samples to the technique of measuring stresses by elasticity.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 2 dans lequel les critères préétablis de la base de référence comportent au moins l'un de ceux du groupe comprenant :  The method of claim 2 wherein the predetermined criteria of the reference base comprise at least one of the group consisting of:
- la densité des marques à la surface du vitrage  - the density of the marks on the surface of the glazing
- la dimension des marques  - the dimension of the marks
- la régularité des marques sur l'ensemble vitrage  - the regularity of the marks on the glazed unit
- le gradient d'intensité de la marque.  - the intensity gradient of the mark.
4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel l'analyse d'image est faite en illuminant le vitrage en lumière polarisée, puis en analysant la lumière issue de la transmission à travers le vitrage par un analyseur, les variations d'intensité correspondant aux contraintes présentes.  4. Method according to one of the preceding claims wherein the image analysis is done by illuminating the glazing in polarized light, then analyzing the light from the transmission through the glazing by an analyzer, the intensity variations. corresponding to the constraints present.
5. Procédé selon la revendication 4 dans lequel la lumière polarisée est passée dans une lame quart d'onde avant de traverser la vitrage analysé, et le faisceau lumineux sortant du vitrage traverse une deuxième lame quart d'onde avant de passer dans l'analyseur.  5. The method of claim 4 wherein the polarized light is passed in a quarter wave plate before passing through the glazing analyzed, and the light beam leaving the glazing passes through a second quarter wave plate before passing into the analyzer. .
6. Procédé selon la revendication 5 dans lequel le faisceau lumineux est reçu sur un photo-détecteur dont le signal fait l'objet du traitement d'analyse mettant en jeu la base de référence. 6. The method of claim 5 wherein the light beam is received on a photodetector whose signal is the subject of the analysis processing involving the reference base.
7. Procédé selon la revendication 6 dans lequel l'analyse du vitrage est réalisée de manière dynamique en balayant le vitrage par un faisceau s'étendant transversalement au vitrage et en établissant un mouvement relatif de faisceau par rapport au vitrage. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the analysis of the glazing is performed dynamically by scanning the glazing by a beam extending transversely to the glazing and establishing a relative movement of the beam relative to the glazing.
8. Procédé selon la revendication 7 dans lequel le photodétecteur est une caméra dont les éléments sensibles (pixels) sont disposés en ligne correspondant à l'orientation du faisceau.  8. The method of claim 7 wherein the photodetector is a camera whose sensitive elements (pixels) are arranged in line corresponding to the orientation of the beam.
9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 4 à 8 dans lequel le faisceau lumineux est dirigé sur le vitrage selon une incidence voisine de la normale.  9. Method according to one of claims 4 to 8 wherein the light beam is directed on the glazing at an incidence close to normal.
10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel la base de référence comprend en plus des données relatives aux contraintes un ou plusieurs facteurs dont au moins un déterminé en fonction de la couleur du verre.  10. Method according to one of the preceding claims wherein the reference base further comprises stress data one or more factors including at least one determined according to the color of the glass.
PCT/EP2011/060096 2010-06-17 2011-06-17 Analysis of quench marks WO2011157815A1 (en)

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CN117782823A (en) * 2024-02-23 2024-03-29 易事特智能化系统集成有限公司 Photovoltaic material detection equipment

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