WO2011153660A1

WO2011153660A1 - Light curving illumination system and photovoltaic system

Info

Publication number: WO2011153660A1
Application number: PCT/CN2010/000811
Authority: WO
Inventors: 刘文祥
Original assignee: Liu Wenxiang
Priority date: 2010-06-09
Filing date: 2010-06-09
Publication date: 2011-12-15

Abstract

A light curving illumination system is composed of a light receiving terminal, a transmitting optical fiber (8), and a light diffusing terminal. The light receiving terminal comprises prisms (2) and a convex lens (5). The light diffusing terminal is composed of an optical fiber coupler and a light diffuser (9). Sunlight collected by the light receiving terminal is transmitted to a space needing illumination by the transmitting optical fiber and the light diffusing terminal. A photovoltaic system is composed of a light receiving terminal, a photoelectric converter and a circuit. A light curving photovoltaic system is composed of a light receiving terminal, a transmitting optical fiber and a photoelectric converter.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to optical technology, Kight technology, electrotechnology, electronic technology, optical fiber technology, photovoltaic technology, photovoltaic technology, renewable energy technology, and the like.

Quguang lighting technology will be widely used in lighting areas such as basement, closed equipment, shops that need lighting in the daytime, underground warehouses and various tunnels; concentrating photovoltaic technology will be widely used in solar energy utilization such as photoelectric conversion. These systems are inexhaustible and inexhaustible renewable energy sources.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Refractive convex lenses (or reflective concave mirrors) can change the light propagation path. A beam incident on the main optical axis incident on the refractive convex lens (or the reflective concave mirror) will converge on the focus; the parallel beam obliquely incident on the refractive convex lens (or the reflective concave mirror) will converge on the focal plane to form a light group.

Optical Fiber is an abbreviation for Optical Fiber. An optical fiber with a silky thickness is made of glass or transparent plastic as a core wrapped with a cladding having a refractive index lower than that of the core. If a beam of light enters one end of an optical fiber, it is totally reflected; as long as the curvature of the fiber is not too large, the light is transmitted along the curved fiber.

The optical fiber line can be laid at high altitude, not afraid of lightning strike, not easy to get wet, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and stable work. Its light weight and small size save a lot of material. When light is emitted from the optically dense medium to the optically permeable medium, if the incident angle is greater than the critical angle, the light is totally reflected back into the optically dense medium. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection (TIR). The advantages of a total reflection prism are: first, the incident light is totally reflected in the prism: second, the reflected light is not affected by the contamination of the prism surface. The disadvantages are: When light enters the prism and exits the prism, a portion of the light is lost due to reflections on the prism surface.

Since the electrons (or holes) of an object absorb more photon energy than their atomic binding energy, the internal photoelectric effect generated by the excitation of the unbalanced carriers and the directed diffusion motion is called the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect can be divided into three types: metal-semiconductor contact, P-N junction contact and Durban effect.

A photoelectric conversion device capable of directly converting light energy into electric energy or current is called a photoelectric converter. It is an energy converter that converts light energy into electrical energy. A completely pure, structurally intact semiconductor that is free of any impurities and defects is called an intrinsic semiconductor. Used to indicate the intrinsic carrier concentration.

The number of electrons in the semiconductor per cubic centimeter is called the electron concentration of the lead, expressed in n, in units of /cm ³ .

The number of valence holes per cubic centimeter of semiconductor, called the valence valence, is expressed in P in units of /cm ³ .

The semiconductor carrier concentration is a function of temperature. When the temperature rises, the thermal excitation increases, and the electron and hole generation rate exceeds the recombination rate; however, the electron and hole concentrations increase to a certain value, and their production rate and recombination rate are exactly offset to reach a new equilibrium.

The concentration product of the two carriers of the semiconductor is equal to the square of its intrinsic carrier concentration. which is

Np = n, ² (1)

After incorporating the donor domain acceptor impurity into the pure intrinsic semiconductor material, the donor domain acceptor ion ionizes and emits a large amount of electron-conducting electron domain holes. The electron concentration n of the semiconductor is greater than (or less than) the hole. concentration. Such a semiconductor that mainly depends on electron (or hole) conduction is called an N-type (or P-type) semiconductor. Where electrons (or holes) are majority carriers; holes (or electrons) are minority carriers.

At the close contact of the P-type semiconductor and the N-type semiconductor, a PN junction is inevitably formed due to diffusion. At the same time, a positive charge region is formed on the N region side of the PN junction, and a negative charge region is formed on the P region side. This area is called the space charge area (Figure 2). The positive and negative charges in the space charge region form an electric field called a self-built electric field. It causes a potential difference between the N zone and the P zone. This potential difference is called the contact potential difference of the P junction 3⁄4 (Figure 2) and can be derived:

3⁄4 = (k T/ q) Ln (N„N _A / n ) (2)

Where: k = 1. 38X 10- ²³ Joules / Kelvin, the Boltzmann constant; elementary charge ^{q = 1 6X 10- 19 C;} .

Ν _{ί :} concentration of donor impurities in the Ν-type zone Ν _{Α :} concentration of acceptor impurity in the Ρ-type zone 绝对 is absolute temperature

The hole-electron pair generated by the photon being absorbed by atoms in the surface of the semiconductor is an unbalanced carrier. Even at small photon injections, the unbalanced carrier hole concentration ΔΡ is set to be much smaller than the multi-sub-concentration Nno at equilibrium, but much larger than the minority carrier concentration Pno at equilibrium. Due to the different concentrations of unbalanced carriers, the diffusion of unbalanced carriers is caused. Therefore, the unbalanced carrier holes diffuse from the surface to the inside. Similarly, the unbalanced carrier electrons diffuse from the inside to the surface.

The impurity diffusion is at a high temperature, and the neutral atom is incorporated into the semiconductor in an alternative manner to change the conductivity type of the material; no current is formed.

A condition in which an external action is applied to a semiconductor (injecting photons or electrons) to destroy its thermal equilibrium is called a non-equilibrium state.

When a semiconductor is in a non-equilibrium state, carriers (electrons or holes) whose ratio is increased in equilibrium are called unbalanced carriers.

For an N-type (3⁄4 PS) semiconductor that is doped with donor or acceptor impurities, the photon of the appropriate frequency V (i.e., the energy of the photon is greater than the forbidden band width Eg of the semiconductor) uniformly illuminates the surface of the semiconductor. Since the photons are mostly absorbed in the thin layer of the semiconductor surface, the valence P (or electron ΔΝ) absorbs the photon energy and then excites from the valence enthalpy to the enthalpy, thereby introducing additional holes ΔΡ (or electrons) in the enthalpy. ΔΝ), at the same time there is an equal additional electron ΔΝ (or hole ΔΡ) in the valence band, ΔΡ and ΔΝ are the unbalanced carrier concentration, and there are

ΔΡ =ΔΝ (3)

Then, the electron carrier concentration in the thin layer of the semiconductor surface is Νο + ΔΝ, and the hole carrier concentration in the thin layer is Ρ. +ΔΡ.

The physical reaction phenomenon of light energy conversion electric energy can be divided into the following two effects (external photoelectric effect and internal photoelectric effect) - when the photon energy absorbed by electrons of a certain metal surface is not less than the work function of the electron, then the electron The metal surface can escape to form a current. The phenomenon of current formed by directional motion due to the excitation of photon energy by metal electrons is called the external photoelectric effect.

The phenomenon of electrons (or holes) in the surface of a semiconductor that absorbs photon energy not less than its atomic binding energy and is excited by a full band to a guide or a directional motion in a guide is called an internal photoelectric effect.

The internal photoelectric effect due to the absorption of photon energy by semiconductor electrons (or holes) greater than its atomic binding energy into unbalanced carriers and directed diffusion motion is called the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect can be divided into three types: metal-semiconductor contact, Bu-junction contact and Durban effect. In general, there are two types of unbalanced carriers in a semiconductor: one is light injection; the other is electrical injection.

The hole-electron pair generated by photons absorbed by atoms in the surface of the semiconductor is an unbalanced carrier, that is, an additional multi-sub-Δ Ν is present in the lead, and the same number of additional holes ΔΡ appear in the valence. The additional hole-electron pair causes the hole concentration of the light-irradiated surface in the semiconductor to be approximately equal to the equilibrium minority carrier concentration Pno of the germanium-type semiconductor, and the electron concentration is approximately equal to the equilibrium multi-sub-concentration Nno. Even at small photon injections, the unbalanced carrier concentration ΔΡ is set to be much smaller than the multi-sub-concentration Nno at equilibrium, but much larger than the minority carrier concentration Pno at equilibrium. Due to the different concentrations of unbalanced carriers, unbalanced carriers can be caused from the surface to the inside. The spread. Therefore, the unbalanced carrier holes diffuse from the surface to the inside.

If the carriers move along the X direction of the vertical surface (Figure 4). The variation of the unbalanced carrier concentration with X can be written as ΔΡ (X), and d P(x)/dx is the concentration gradient of the unbalanced carrier concentration along the X direction.

Definition: The hole diffusion flow density j _p is the number of holes per unit area passing vertically per unit time. The diffusion flow density is proportional to the concentration gradient, then

Among them is the proportional coefficient, called the diffusion coefficient of holes (units cm ² /s).

The negative sign in the formula (11) indicates that the holes diffuse from a place where the concentration in the ground direction having a high concentration is low. That is, the direction of the diffusion flow is opposite to the direction of the concentration gradient.

If the illumination is constant, the surface is unbalanced carrier concentration (ΔΡ). Constant. Under constant surface conditions, the concentration of holes throughout the interior of the semiconductor does not change over time, forming a stable distribution of holes, known as stable diffusion.

In the case of one-dimensional stable diffusion, the diffusion flow density j _p also varies with the position X. The rate of change of the diffusion flow (ie, the increase in the number of holes accumulated per unit volume per unit volume) is

Dj _? (x) /dx = -3⁄4d ² ΔΡ(χ)/ d (5)

Unbalanced carriers are reduced due to recombination. Let ^ be the lifetime of the unbalanced carrier holes. The number of holes in the unbalanced carriers in which the hole-electron pair is composited per unit time and unit volume is called the net recombination rate ΔΡ(χ)/τ _{Ρ of the} holes. Under steady diffusion, the net recombination rate of the non-equilibrium minority at any point in the region is equal to the rate of change of the minority diffusion flow. Steady-state diffusion equation for unbalanced minority holes

It is a second order constant coefficient differential equation. Its general solution is

ΔΡ(χ) = A exp(-x/Lp) + B exp(x/Lp) (7)

Where Lp is the diffusion length of the hole, Lp = (Dp ΓΡ) '-; the coefficients Α, Β are determined according to the boundary conditions.

The ^-type semiconductor has a thickness of W in cm. Then:

1. When the semiconductor sample is thick enough, ie W>>Lp (diffusion length); the boundary condition is

When x=0, AP = (AP), X ∞, ΔΡ 0

Therefore, the constant A = (ΔΡ) ₀ in equation (7) is obtained: Β = 0

Special solution is ΔΡ(χ)

Χ / Lp) (8)

Substituting equation (8) into equation (4), the diffusion flux density is

j= (3⁄4/ Lp) (AP),exp (- x/ Lp) Lp)AP(x) (9)

2. When the semiconductor sample is thin enough, ie W«Lp (diffusion length); the boundary condition is

When x=0, 厶 Ρ =(ΔΡ), when x = W, ΔΡ = 0

Therefore, the constant Α = (ΔΡ) ₀ exp(W/ Lp) /( exp(ff/ Lp) - expH/ Lp)) (10) is obtained in (7) B = (ΔΡ), exp(-W/ Lp) /( exp(- / Lp) ― exp(W/ Lp)) (11) Apply a hyperbolic function to transform, and obtain a special solution as

ΔΡ(χ) = (AP). Sh((W - x)/ Lp) /sh(W/ Lp) (12)

Since W<<Lp, the above formula can be simplified to

ΔP(x) *(AP)o((W-x)/ Lp) /(W/ Lp) =(ΔΡ). (1- x I W) (13)

At this time, the unbalanced carrier concentration is linearly distributed in the sample, and the concentration gradient is

dAP(x)/dx =(AP) ₀ / W (14)

Diffusion density is

= (AP)A/ W (15)

The above equation shows that under steady state conditions (electron-hole pair generation and recombination are in equilibrium), the diffusion flux density is a constant, that is, in the unit time and unit volume, the generation and recombination of unbalanced carriers In a state of balance.

From equations (9) and (15), the non-equilibrium carrier diffusion flux density is proportional to (ΔΡ) and is also proportional to the diffusion coefficient and inversely proportional to the distance of the non-equilibrium carrier distribution.

Because electrons carry a -q charge, the holes carry a +q charge. Where q =1.6X10—. Therefore, their diffusion motion is also inevitably accompanied by the generation of current to form a diffusion current. This diffusion current is also referred to as photo-generated current. From equation (4), the diffusion current of the hole is

- q D _p d厶P(x)/ dx (16) Similarly, the diffusion current of electrons is

J _n - q D„dA (x)/ dx (17)

Let the thickness of the N-type semiconductor in Figure 4 > Lp (diffusion length); the diffusion current of the hole is

JPT - q (3⁄4/ Lp) (ΔΡ) ₀ βχρ(-χ/ Lp) = (3⁄4/ Lp) ΔΡ(χ) (18)

Let the thickness of the N-type semiconductor in Figure 4 W«Ln (diffusion length); the diffusion current of the hole is

J _n = - q D _n d ΔΡ(χ)/ dx = - q Dp (ΔΡ) , IW (19)

When the N-type region of the diode is excited by photon energy greater than the forbidden band width of the semiconductor (Fig. 4), the atoms of the semiconductor release electrons due to the acquisition of light energy, forming an electron-hole pair; forcing it to deviate from the thermal equilibrium. The state, that is, the non-equilibrium state; the non-equilibrium carrier holes (or electrons) in these massively generated electron-hole pairs are called photo-generated unbalanced carriers, referred to as photo-generated carriers. When they absorb photon (higher light intensity) energy, a large number of photogenerated carriers appear, which produces a force against the reverse self-built electric field U„, which diffuses from the surface of the N-type region to the P-type region, forming a practical value. The reverse current is called the photo-generated current, and the photo-generated current is controlled by the intensity of the incident light. The larger the light intensity, the larger the photo-generated current. The photo-generated carrier-hole absorbs the photon energy and the concentration increases greatly. Moving toward the opposite direction of the self-built electric field on the P junction in the diode, and forming a charge accumulation opposite to the positive and negative charge accumulation of the self-built electric field on both sides of the PN junction, generating a photovoltaic electric field. When the surface of the region is exposed to a large number of photons larger than the band gap of the semiconductor by 3⁄4, the diode The holes in the middle N-type region move from the surface irradiated by the photon to the direction of the P region, and the electrons in the P-type region move toward the N region, thereby generating a photo-generated current from the N-type region to the P-type region inside the PN junction. A photo-generated carrier potential difference is formed on the P junction of the diode. It is opposite to the direction of the self-built electric field.

The light sources referred to below are: natural natural light sources, such as the sun, etc.: or other light sources, such as lasers. The fibers referred to below include cables. Direct beam transmission refers to the transmission of a beam in the atmosphere or liquid; beam fiber transmission refers to the transmission of a beam in its total reflection by means of a solid or hollow fiber. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is to form a light beam of a light source such as a sun, which is concentrated by a refractive convex lens or a reflective concave mirror, and is transmitted through a fiber to form various illumination systems (referred to as curved illumination). The light beam, through the photoelectric converter, converts the high power and high efficiency of the light energy into electric quantity, and constitutes various photovoltaic systems (called concentrating photovoltaic); the concentrating photovoltaic system can be divided into a direct transmission system according to the concentrated beam transmission mode. For direct light photovoltaic) and fiber transmission systems (called curved photovoltaic). They are all renewable energy systems that can capture solar energy cheaply and quickly.

Definition: A totally reflected beam capable of bending transmission in a solid or hollow fiber, called a curved light.

The function of concentrating the light beam by a convex lens or a concave mirror can concentrate light energy with high power and high efficiency. The use of optical fiber can provide good technical support for low-cost processing and low-loss transmission of light beams; at the same time, curved light has the characteristics of low energy loss, good retractability and good confidentiality.

The solar energy required for Quguang lighting, direct photovoltaic and curved photovoltaics is available everywhere, without the need to consume fuel, no mechanical rotating parts, simple maintenance and long service life. The practical potential difference formed by photo-generated carriers is called the photo-generated potential difference of 11⁄2 _$ . An object capable of generating a photo-generated potential difference is called a photo-generated power source. The atom in the object absorbs photon energy and generates unbalanced carriers to resist the diffusion of the self-built electric field force of the object. When moving from one point A to another point B, the work _B and the carrier of these carriers overcome the electric field force. The ratio _B / q of the amount of charge q is called the carrier potential difference between the two points A and B. This potential difference due to the diffusion of photogenerated carriers, also called photo-generated voltage, is indicated by a symbol. The photo-generated voltage of practical value is the photo-generated electromotive force 113⁄4. In addition to offsetting the effect of self-built electric field, it also makes the P-type region positively charged and the N-type region negatively charged in the space charge region of the semiconductor. If the external circuit is turned on, there is power output.

In curved photovoltaics, the area A of the convex or concave mirror of the light concentrator is determined according to the needs of the photovoltaic reaction or use. The direct sunlight intensity I may be 0. 3 - 0. 5 k W / m ', the light absorption efficiency ι \ may be between 0.4 - 0.6. Quguang photovoltaic power P is:

Ρ =(Ι η )Α (20) where: The unit of solar intensity I is W/m', the unit of daylighting area A is m', and the unit of absorbed power of curved photovoltaic is watt.

The absorption power P of the photoelectric converter is equal to the product of the photo-generated voltage 11⁄2 and the diffusion current J-expansion formed by the unbalanced carriers. which is

P = U light J expansion (21) where: the photogenerated electromotive force 11⁄2 _3⁄4 is in volts.

Let the N-type region of the semiconductor diode in Fig. 4 be illuminated by light with a thickness of W<<Lp (diffusion length); according to equations (19), (20) and (21), U _3⁄4 = -(I n )AW/ (q (Z\ P) „) (22) Similarly, if the P-type region of the semiconductor diode is illuminated by light, its thickness is W « Ln (diffusion length);

3⁄4 = (I n ) AW / (q D, (Δ ) , ) (23) Units in the above two formulas: The unit of sunlight intensity I is W/m ² _; the absorption efficiency of light η is a dimensionless unit, n is 0.4 —" between 0.6; The lighting area A unit is in; the semiconductor thickness W unit is .cm; the charge unit is C, the electron charge q = - 1. 6X 10 C;

The hole (or electron) diffusion coefficient (or) unit is cni ² / _{S; the} hole (or electron) concentration Δ P (or Δ N) unit is /.

When the light is coupled into the core η from the end face of the fiber at a different angle α in the air medium n , only the incident angle 0 is greater than the critical angle 0 . At this time, the light within the incident angle α of the corresponding light source can enter the fiber and be transmitted inside the fiber. At the core interface where light enters from the air, there is

Sin a _m /sin O , == sin a _m /sin (90°—Θ _: ) == n , / n ,

n , and n: are the refractive indices of the fiber core and the cladding, respectively. From the total reflection of sin Θ _c - n , / n , , into the above formula, you can get sin _Eai -- ( n ¹ --- n! ^! ) ^m I n ₀

When light enters the fiber from the air, n , == 1; then α _m == arcsin ( _n , ^! ― n ₂ ^] ) ^1,3

The total acceptance angle of the incident ray is 2α „. The value of the refractive index of the glass is generally 1.5, and the critical angle of the glass-air interface is Φο

SinO ο==1/1.5=0.67,

Φο=42°

The numerical aperture of the fiber (Numerical Aperture) NA == ( n , ^; — n , ² ) 'S RlJsin a _M NA / n , when n. == 1 , a arcsin NA ; The numerical aperture A reflects the maximum acceptable angle a « of the fiber.

A refracting convex lens or a reflecting concave mirror capable of collecting light from a light source such as the sun, an optical fiber coupled thereto, and a light diffuser can be used to form a variety of curved light illumination systems (Fig. 1). Similarly, a light beam such as a sun source can be collected. Through the photoelectric converter, a concentrating photovoltaic system is formed; according to the concentrated beam transmission mode, the concentrating photovoltaic system can be divided into two types: a direct light photovoltaic system and a curved light photovoltaic system.

1. The curved light illumination consists of three main parts: the light receiving end, the transmitting fiber and the light emitting end (Fig. 1). The light receiving end uses a convex lens or a concave mirror to collect the light of the light source such as the sun and directly couple it into the transmission fiber. The transmission fiber transmits the concentrated light to a certain distance and then sends it to the light diverging end. The light diverging end directly or through the light diffuser, the light that illuminates the basement, the closed equipment, the shops that need lighting in the daytime, the underground warehouse and the tunnel, and the sunlight cannot pass through the space illuminated by the straight line.

1. 1 The light receiving end (®1) is operated by a light concentrator capable of focusing light and a light receiving end of a coupling device group for feeding light into the optical fiber: it has a large lighting surface in different directions of the light source (generally the sun) The light rays are concentrated in the beginning of the transmission fiber for total reflection transmission of light.

The light receiving end is composed of a prism having a changing light direction (Fig. 5) or a ray tracer, a convex lens for collecting light, or a concave mirror (such as a parabolic reflecting surface). It concentrates parallel rays in different directions on the focal plane. The prism surface can also be coated with a "non-reflective" film to reduce light reflection losses.

The structure of the light receiving end in the curved light, direct light photovoltaic and curved light photovoltaic system can be divided into two types: the light tracking system and the non-tracking system.

1. 1. 1 The light receiving end uses a convex lens that collects light (Fig. 1), which is located below the center between the east and west prisms. This horizontally disposed convex lens has its focus at the beginning of the transmission fiber; the numerical aperture Μ and the convex lens manufacturer equation of the transmission fiber determine the minimum solar elevation angle H _t for the convex lens.

The relative position of the sun to a certain place on the earth's ground is related to the solar elevation angle H and the azimuth angle Z. Its value can be calculated by the formulas (24) and (25). It is assumed that the angle between the two refractive surfaces of the prism in the light receiving end is B, and the deflection angle of the outgoing light and the incident light is ε. Light from the refractive index r «i of the air medium, straight The line is incident on a prism having a refractive index of n shuttle. From the formulas G7) and (28), you can choose Θ so that when the sun's elevation angle is small (morning or evening), the solar elevation angle after refraction by the prism is not less than the minimum solar elevation angle H _{a of the} convex lens _; then the sun is all day The maximum solar elevation angle that can be gathered within the maximum acceptable angle _{α a} Jg of the transmission fiber can be determined based on local radiation statistics. Generally it can be selected between 20° and 30°.

The lighting area A can be determined according to the needs of the use, according to the rated power of the lighting system (or photovoltaic system), using (29) or (20). The solar light intensity I may take 0.3-0.5 k W/fflS light absorption efficiency η may be between 0.4-0.6.

1. 1.2 The light receiving end adopts a reflective concave mirror (Fig. 6) which is placed below the center between the east and west prisms (S11). This horizontally arranged concave mirror has a focus generally at the beginning of the transmission fiber; the numerical aperture Μ and the concave mirror reflection equation of the transmission fiber determine the minimum solar elevation angle for the concave mirror. According to the formulas (27) and (28), the angle 8 of the two refractive surfaces of the prism can be selected, so that when the solar height angle is small (morning or evening), the solar height angle 11 ₈ refracted by the prism is not less than the concave mirror. The minimum solar elevation angle Η; then the sun can be concentrated throughout the day to the maximum acceptable angle α „ of the transmission fiber. The minimum solar elevation angle can be determined according to local radiation statistics. Generally it can be 20° to 30°. Choose between.

The lighting area Α can be determined according to the needs of use, according to the rated power of the lighting system (or photovoltaic system) P, using (29) or (20). Among them, the intensity of sunlight is I. 0. 3- -0.5 k W/tf, the absorption efficiency of light η is between O.4"0.6.

1. 1.3 The light receiving end can use a ray tracer to align the refractive convex lens or the reflective concave mirror with the sun. Each convex lens or concave mirror on the ray tracer can control two motors to rotate in synchronization with the sun by a computer. When the sun is covered by clouds, the ray tracer is driven by a clock device. So as long as the sun is shining, the concave mirror can immediately face the sun. In this way, each convex lens or concave mirror can be aligned with the sun with the tracker during the day. After sunset, the computer turned the ray tracer to the east.

1. 1.4 The optical isolator (®10) can also be placed at the focus of the refractive convex lens or the reflective concave mirror at the light receiving end. Optical isolators prevent reflection of sunlight. The fiber coupler is connected to the beginning or end of the fiber for separation or merging of light; one or more input light waves are distributed to multiple or one line outputs. The function of the optical switch is to convert the optical path and realize the exchange of light waves.

The light of the light source (generally the sun) passes through the refractive convex lens or the reflective concave mirror at the light receiving end, reaches the optical isolator (Fig. 10), and is connected to the beginning of the transmission fiber by the fiber coupler for light transmission; To the light divergence end. The light-spreading end directly or through the light diffuser will illuminate the basement, enclosed equipment, shops that need lighting during the day, and other places where sunlight, such as underground warehouses and tunnels, cannot pass through the straight line (Fig. 2).

A layer of phosphor can also be applied to the inner wall of the optical isolator. When the phosphor is exposed to ultraviolet light contained in sunlight, visible light is emitted. Different qualities of phosphor can be used to create a source that emits any desired visible light. This visible light can supplement the intensity of the original visible light.

1. 1. 5 light receiving end can also use a convex lens domain with a diameter of 0.4 m or more, coated with silver or aluminum reflective concave mirror), after the parallel light of sunlight is refracted (or reflected), focus to a pass In a precision machined transparent cone, the cone contains oil that refracts light. Oil is a substance that causes light to gather at a high level. This cone gathers the sunlight to reduce the diameter of the focus from 1 cm to 1 mm.

1.2 Transmission fiber is the medium for light transmission in curved lighting systems. The fiber is composed of a high refractive index fiber core and a low refractive index cladding and jacket. Optical fibers can be classified into quartz fibers, multi-component glass fibers, all-plastic fibers, and doped fibers, depending on the material of the manufactured fiber. When light is emitted from the core of the fiber to the cladding, total reflection can occur, and repeated total reflection can transmit light from one end to the other. The fiber is soft and bends to transmit light. In the transmission fiber, it is also necessary to apply some optical passive components, such as optical switches.

Different types of fibers have different transmission characteristics and energy losses. Cables are also available in a variety of configurations. In order to adapt to the needs of various special lighting, a light guide can also be used. It is an optical cable composed of a plurality of optical fibers arranged in a certain structure.

Light is an electromagnetic wave. Its electric and magnetic fields change continuously with time and are always transmitted orthogonally to each other. When the electric field E is applied to the dielectric material, it causes polarization of its atoms and molecules. Under the action of a strong electric field, the relationship between polarization P and E is nonlinear. When the light intensity reaches 1000kW / _c m ', this nonlinearity must be considered.

The transmission of small energy light can use ordinary quartz glass fiber, also known as solid fiber. Hollow fiber is used for the transmission of high energy light.

1.2. 1 Solid fiber is generally made of quartz fiber; it not only has low loss, but also has good bending characteristics, heat resistance, chemical stability, etc.; it can be used to transmit visible light, infrared light and ultraviolet light. The diameter of a solid fiber that transmits visible light cannot be too small, so a multimode fiber is generally used.

1. 2.2 Hollow fiber is a thin tubular air (or gas) core, using a material with a refractive index of less than 1 (including metal, polymer, glass, crystal, etc. as the outer wall). Its light transmission principle and step refractive index type The solid fiber is the same, the light is totally reflected on the tube wall, and the light propagates on the inner wall of the thin tube.

The hollow fiber has a hollow inner diameter of more than 1 mm; and there is no reflection loss at the end. The inner wall of the hollow fiber can be coated with a very thin material with very low absorption; there is almost no absorption loss in the curved light. In theory, a gas core can transmit light of any wavelength.

1.3 The light divergence end is composed of a fiber coupler and a light diffuser. A fiber coupler couples light from the end of the transmission fiber into the diffuser. The working process of the light diverging end is as follows: The light is connected to the light diffuser through the fiber optic coupler at the end of the transmitting fiber, and finally the light diffuser composed of a refractive concave lens or a reflective convex mirror diverges the light and sends it to the space where illumination is required. For example, a concave lens can diverge parallel rays or diverge a point source located at a focus. In general, the terminal of the transmission fiber is located at the focus of the light diffuser.

1. A photoluminescence conversion system consisting of a fiber coupler and a photoluminescence converter. The working process is as follows: After the light is collected through the light receiving end, the light is transmitted from the terminal of the transmitting fiber to the photoluminescence converter through the fiber coupler, and the generated light is sent to the space needing illumination.

Photoluminescence converters are generally composed of a phosphor, titanium oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide or aluminum oxide; they convert infrared light and/or ultraviolet light in the visible range to visible light.

1.5 In order to solve this problem, the curved light system can be used together with the concentrating photovoltaic domain to solve the problem; to solve the basement, closed equipment, and need lighting during the daytime. Lighting problems such as shops, underground stores, and tunnels. When the sunlight is less energetic or there is no sunlight (including nighttime, cloudy, etc.), the curved lighting system can automatically activate the switch of the standby concentrating photovoltaic system. When the energy of the sunlight is large, the curved light illumination system can automatically turn off the switch of the photovoltaic system (or the power grid).

2. The direct light photovoltaic system is mainly composed of a light receiving end, a photoelectric converter and a circuit thereof. The light concentrator (Fig. 1) in the light receiving end focuses the light of the light source such as the sun on the photoelectric converter by using a convex lens or a concave mirror, and converts the light energy into electric energy.

The light of the light source (generally the sun) passes through the refractive convex lens or the reflective concave mirror at the light receiving end, and directly or through the optical isolator, the concentrated light beam is coupled to the photoelectric converter. The circuit of the photoelectric converter converts the energy of the light source into electrical energy. 2. 1 The light receiving end is composed of a prism (Fig. 1) with a changing light direction or a ray tracer, a convex lens (or a concave mirror) that collects light. A convex lens (or concave mirror) concentrates the light of a light source (such as the sun) on its focal plane. Its technical solution is the same as the light receiving end in the curved light illumination.

2.2 Photoelectric converters (including photocells) convert the focused solar light into useful electrical energy.

2.2. 1 The direct radiation of the light source is concentrated by the illuminating surface of the convex lens or the concave mirror, and concentrated on the absorption surface of the photoelectric converter to convert the light energy into electric energy. The heat absorption area of the photoelectric converter is much smaller than the calendering area. Therefore, the heat loss is small and the light energy can be highly concentrated, so that the power and voltage of a single photoelectric converter are much higher than the existing single solar cells without concentrating.

The opto-electrical converter (Figure 4) does not require any external power supply, and its circuitry can create a potential difference as long as there is light that illuminates certain parts of it. It can be charged after it is connected to the battery; after the load circuit is connected, there is photocurrent. The photoelectric converter has a practical voltage, and the direct current is 6 volts, 12 volts, and 24 volts.

Existing single solar cells (such as silicon solar cells) have a voltage of about 0.5 volts and cannot be used directly as a power source. They must be tens of strings, connected in parallel to form a solar cell array or panel, to obtain considerable power, in order to be a single application unit.

2.2.2 Dye sensitization can broaden the spectral response of wide bandgap semiconductors into the visible region; it can be made into high-efficiency photoelectric converters, such as dye-sensitized nanocrystalline Ti0 ₂ thin film solar cells. The porosity of the nanocrystalline ₂ 0 ₂ film makes its surface area much larger than its geometric surface area. The monolayer dye is adsorbed onto the nanocrystalline semiconductor electrode; due to its large surface area, the dye-sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor electrode can have high photoelectric conversion efficiency and light capturing efficiency. The dye molecules are excited by light to form an excited state. If the excited state energy level of the dye molecule is higher than the conductivity level of the semiconductor, and the energy levels of the two are matched, the excited state dye will inject electrons into the semiconductor lead. The electrons injected into the conduction band can instantaneously reach the back contact of the film and the conductive glass and enter the external circuit; the electric energy generated by the photogenerated electromotive force can be stored or transmitted (Fig. 7, Fig. 8, and Fig. 9). Figure 7 is a direct current system in which light energy is converted into electrical energy; Figure 8 is an alternating current system in which light energy is converted into electrical energy; and Figure 9 is an alternating current direct current hybrid system in which light energy is converted into electrical energy.

The light absorbing surface of the existing solar cell can reflect a considerable portion of the light irradiated thereon. This reflection loss is a large loss of light energy. For example, the reflectivity of a pure silicon surface is about 30% in the wavelength range of 0.4 to 1 micrometer; other materials are also quite high.

2.2.3 Photoelectric converters Semiconductor diodes can also be used. Polycrystalline silicon, single crystal silicon (1 small amount of boron, arsenic), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium selenide (CuInSe) are all semiconductor materials for manufacturing photoelectric converters. A practical photoelectric converter can also be fabricated by using a narrow band gap semiconductor such as silicon gallium arsenide.

The open circuit voltage of existing solar cells is less than the forbidden band width, and this power loss is called voltage factor loss.

The method of collecting light energy by a convex lens or a concave mirror can increase the intensity of light energy received by the photoelectric converter and improve the conversion efficiency of light energy. The open-circuit voltage of the photoelectric converter is greater than its forbidden band width, and no voltage factor loss occurs.

The core part of a silicon-to-electrical converter is the PN junction. Applying a very thin inversion layer on the surface of a P-type (or N-type) silicon wafer having a thickness of about 0.3 to 0.5 mm, for example, a diffusion method to form an N-type layer or a (P-type layer) PN junction. Then, an electrode is added to each side of the PN junction, which is a photoelectric converter. As long as it is illuminated by the sun, it produces voltage and current between the two electrodes. Diamond crystals can be made into high temperature resistant semiconductors.

The coating layer on the surface of the photoelectric converter is both selective and non-selective. The selective coating is a coating having a high absorption rate α for short-wave radiation and a low long-wave emissivity ε ^ of its own; it can be expressed by α / ε _τ > If α ΐ ε _τ =1 is called neutral paint. If α / ε _τ <1, it is called a non-selective coating. The selective absorption surface refers to a surface that has good high-frequency radiation absorption performance to the sun and has a low amount of low-frequency heat emission. This surface is of great significance for the use of solar energy. In the solar spectrum selective absorption film, the substrate should be made of a material having a small resistivity, and materials such as copper and aluminum are usually selected.

There are many types of selective absorbing membranes, generally nitrogen/aluminum selective absorbing membranes or stainless carbon/copper selective absorbing membranes.

Apply a very thin, highly absorptive selective coating to the light-absorbing surface of the photoelectric converter, or form a thin film of other materials with low emissivity (eg, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, and antimony trioxide). Etc.); these films are transparent in the operating spectrum of the photoelectric converter, and have strong mechanical properties, and are not affected by temperature changes and chemistry; the light-absorbing surface of the photoelectric converter can also be coated with various Selective coating layer.

2 Accumulator group or current load circuit (®7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9) is the energy storage device or power supply device for solar concentrating photovoltaic. The accumulator pack can supply power to the load during nighttime or when there is insufficient illumination and the load drain exceeds the amount of power from the optoelectronic converter (including the opto-electrical converter). The basic requirements of the storage device are: low self-discharge, long life, low maintenance, high charging efficiency, and low price. The battery is a common electric appliance.

3 adjustment controller (Figure 7, Figure 8, and Figure 9) main role: according to user requirements to give a stable voltage or current, when the storage device is overcharged or discharged, you can alarm or automatically cut off the line, the storage unit failure, The standby battery pack can be automatically switched on, and when the circuit load is short-circuited, the battery pack can be automatically disconnected and alarmed.

4 Anti-back charge diodes (Fig. 7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9) function to avoid the discharge of the accumulator group through the photoelectric converter when the photoelectric converter does not generate electricity during rainy days or nights, or when a short circuit fault occurs.

5 The function of the inverter (Fig. 8 and Fig. 9) is to invert the low voltage DC power provided by the photoelectric converter and the electric storage device into 220V AC power.

6 Electrical load is a device that converts electrical energy into various energies.

7 Measuring instruments: For small concentrating photovoltaics, only simple measurements are required. The voltmeters and ammeters used for the measurement are generally installed on the regulating controller. For large concentrating photovoltaics, an independent data acquisition system and a microcomputer monitoring system are required. .

2.2.4 The surface of the photoelectric converter can also be provided with a cover plate, which is required to transmit infrared rays, visible light and ultraviolet rays without passing through far infrared rays, which makes the incoming energy larger than the lost energy, and improves the photoelectric converter (generally a semiconductor diode). The efficiency of absorbing light energy; placing the photoelectric converter in a protective box with a cover plate to form a protective photoelectric converter for the cover; several representative cover protections are:

Single-layer glass cover plate with selective coating of photoelectric converter; single-layer glass cover surface coating is a selective absorption film photoelectric converter; cover plate adopts plastic transparent film photoelectric converter; in cover plate and photoelectric A photoelectric converter with a vertical honeycomb transparent material placed between the converters; when used in a cold area, a double-layer glass cover or a glass-plastic transparent film sandwich cover photoelectric converter can be used; when a protective photoelectric converter is used In high temperature environments, a selective coating layer cover must be used and a clear glass wool added.

3. Quguang Photovoltaic is mainly composed of three parts: light receiving end, transmission fiber and photoelectric converter (Fig. 3). The light of the light source (generally the sun) passes through the refractive convex lens or the reflective concave mirror at the light receiving end, and then is connected to the beginning end of the transmission fiber by the fiber coupler for light transmission; the concentrated beam is sent to the photoelectric converter. The circuit of the photoelectric converter converts the energy of the light source into electrical energy. Light collected by a convex lens or a concave mirror is transmitted through an optical fiber and introduced into a factory for photoelectric conversion to convert light energy into electrical energy. 3. 1 The light receiving end of the curved light photovoltaic (Fig. 1) can be used with prism and convex lens systems: or with prism and concave mirror (Fig. 11) system; or with ray tracer and convex lens; direct focus on light The beginning of the transmission fiber is transmitted to the terminal through the optical fiber; the light is coupled to the photoelectric converter (Fig. 3). The light receiving end is a convex lens (or concave mirror) that has a prism (or ray tracer) that changes the direction of the light, and concentrates the light. ) and other components. It concentrates the light from a source such as the sun on a focal plane. Its technical solution is the same as the light receiving end in the curved light illumination.

3.2 Transmission fiber is the medium for light transmission in curved photovoltaic (Fig. 3). When light strikes the cladding from the core of the fiber, total reflection occurs, and the repeated total reflections transmit light from one end to the other. The fiber can also transmit light when it is bent.

The transmission of small energy light generally uses a common quartz glass fiber, also known as a solid fiber. It is the same technology and structure as solid fiber in curved lighting. The transmission of high energy light generally requires the use of hollow fibers. It is identical to the technology and structure of hollow fiber in curved lighting.

In Quguang PV, optical fiber also needs to apply some optical passive components, such as optical switches.

3.3 Photoelectric converters (including solar cells) convert the concentrated solar light from the terminals of the transmission fiber into practically valuable electrical energy, which is the same as the photoelectric converter technology in direct photovoltaics.

3.4 In Quguang Photovoltaic, photoelectric converters, accumulators, regulating controllers, inverters, anti-back-charge diodes and measuring instruments are the same as corresponding devices in direct-light photovoltaic systems (Figure 7, Figure 8 or Figure 9).

3.5 Quguang photovoltaic system can achieve factory production. The solar light receiving end is installed on the roof of the building and factory, the wasteland, the factory empty space, the overhead layer of the road, and the open space; and the collected light beam is introduced into the factory by the transmission fiber, and the photoelectric converter (including the solar cell) is directly placed. Within the factory building.

4. Different combinations of light receiving end, transmission fiber and light diverging end can form various kinds of curved light illumination systems.

Different combinations of light receiving end, photoelectric converter and its circuit can form a variety of direct light photovoltaic systems.

Different combinations of light receiving end, transmission fiber, photoelectric converter and their circuits can form a variety of curved photovoltaic systems.

DRAWINGS

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of curved illumination using a convex lens. The refractive convex lens of the light receiving end is located below the center between the east and west prisms. The horizontal convex lens concentrates the sunlight on the beginning of the transmission fiber within a suitable range of solar elevation angles; after transmission to the fiber termination, the light is illuminated either directly or through a light diffuser.

Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of a curved light illumination using an optical isolator or the like. It consists of a light-receiving end that focuses light, a light isolator that prevents light from reflecting back, and a coupler that transmits light into the fiber, a transmission fiber, a fiber coupler that couples light from the end of the fiber to the light diffuser, and light. A diffuser, etc.

Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of a curved photovoltaic using an optical isolator or the like. It consists of a light-receiving end that focuses light, a light isolator that prevents light from reflecting back, and a coupler that transmits light into the fiber, a transmission fiber, a fiber coupler that couples light from the end of the fiber to the light diffuser, and optoelectronics. Converter and other components.

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the photoelectric converter. It does not require any external power supply and can generate a potential difference as long as it is properly illuminated. After it is connected to the appliance, it can be charged; after the load circuit is connected, there is a photo-generated current.

Figure 5 Schematic diagram of light transmission in a prism. The angle of the glass prism is 45° - ~90° - 45°. Light is incident on a shorter face of the prism' projected onto the slope at an angle of incidence of 45°. This angle is greater than the critical angle of the glass-air by 42°; the light is totally reflected and exits from the second, shorter face. Figure 6 Schematic diagram of the reflected light from a concave mirror. Light rays parallel to the optical axis are specularly reflected and concentrated at the focus. The other parallel beams are reflected by the concave mirror and then converge on the focal plane to produce a bright spot.

Figure 7 Schematic diagram of photoelectric conversion output DC. It consists of a photoelectric converter, an accumulator, a DC load, an anti-back charge diode, a measuring instrument and a controller. Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the photoelectric conversion output AC. It consists of a photoelectric converter, an accumulator, an AC load, an inverter, an anti-back charge diode, and a measuring instrument. Figure 9 Schematic diagram of photoelectric conversion output AC direct current. It consists of a photoelectric converter, an accumulator, a DC load, an AC load, an inverter, an anti-reverse diode, a measuring instrument, and an adjustment controller.

Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the optical isolator. It contains a permanent magnet and a 45° Faraday rotator that rotates the Faraday rotator so that the polarizer and the analyzer are at 45° to cut off the reflected light for optical isolation.

Figure 11 shows a curved illumination of a concave mirror. The reflective concave mirror at the light receiving end is located below the center between the east and west prisms. The horizontal concave mirror allows sunlight to converge on the beginning of the transmission fiber within the appropriate solar elevation angle: after transmission to the fiber termination, the light is illuminated either directly or through a light diffuser.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In a curved light illumination system, the light receiving end sends the concentrated sunlight to the beginning of the transmission fiber; after a certain distance of the curve transmission, it reaches the fiber terminal; and the light is transmitted through the light transmitting end. In the concentrating photovoltaic system, the light receiving end sends the concentrated sunlight to the photoelectric converter, and the circuit generates a current or an electromotive force. If the concentrated light is sent directly to the photoelectric converter, it is a direct light photovoltaic system; if the concentrated light is transmitted through the optical fiber for a certain distance, it is sent to the photoelectric converter, which is the curved light photovoltaic system.

1. A light receiving end composed of a refractive convex lens domain reflecting concave mirror having a function of collecting light beams, a fiber capable of transmitting curved light, and a concave lens (or convex mirror) for diverging a light beam, can form various curved light illumination systems. (Figure 1, Figure 11).

The light receiving end is composed of a light concentrator capable of collecting light at the beginning interface of the optical fiber. It can also consist of a light concentrator, an optical isolator that prevents light from reflecting back, and a coupler that splits the light into the fiber (Figure 2). The working process of the optical receiving end is:

The light receiving end is composed of a prism having a direction of changing light (Fig. 5) and a convex lens or a concave mirror (Fig. 6) that focuses parallel rays (Fig. 1). It can also be composed of a ray tracer and a convex lens or a concave mirror (Fig. 6). The light concentrator can collect the parallel light at the beginning of the fiber and send it into the transmission fiber for a certain distance of total reflection transmission; then, through the fiber coupler, enter the light diverging end for illumination.

1. 1 The light receiving end (Fig. 1) consists of a prism and a convex lens or a concave mirror. The east and west prisms are respectively located on the east and west sides of the upper part of the convex lens, and are mutually symmetrical. When the sun's elevation angle is small, the prism changes the direction of the sunlight; after passing the sunlight through the prism, it can enter the fiber through the convex lens.

1. 1. 1 The light concentrator can be a prism and a convex lens (Fig. 1) located below the center between the east and west prisms. This horizontally disposed convex lens should be such that at the appropriate solar elevation angle, sunlight can be concentrated at the beginning of the transmission fiber below the convex lens (Fig. 1).

The relative position of the sun to a certain place on the ground is related to the solar height angle and the sun azimuth.

The values of the solar elevation angle H and the azimuth angle Z can be calculated by the following formula:

Sin H =sin δ sin φ + cos δ cos φ cos ωί (24)

Sin Ζ = - sin ωΐ cos δ / cos Η (25) Where Φ --- --- the geographical latitude of a place;

ω --- --- The angular velocity of the Earth's rotation about the axis, approximately constant 15 ° / hour;

t average solar time, negative before noon; positive after noon,

t = t _st - ( L _st -- _s ) /15 - 12 _; where t _{st is the} time zone standard time, L ₅₁ is the longitude according to the standard; L _los is the longitude of a certain place.

δ...the sun declination angle, the approximate formula can be used

5 = 23.45° sin (360° (284 + No) / 365)) (26) No in the above formula – the day of the year. Azimuth Z: The direction of the south is 0: the southeast is negative, and the southwest is positive.

The simplest reflective prism, as shown in Figure 5. The angle of the prism is 45°-90° -45°. The light is incident on a shorter face of the prism and is projected onto the slope at an angle of incidence of 45°. This angle is greater than the critical angle of the glass-air by 42°. Therefore, the light is totally reflected, and after being deflected by 90°, the light is emitted from the second shorter side.

The angle between the two refractive surfaces of the prism in the light receiving end is e, and the deflection angle of the outgoing light and the incident light is E. From the air medium of the refractive index 1, a straight line is incident on the prism having the refractive index. Obtained by the law of refraction

Π _3⁄4 / Π ₀ = Sin[(6 + e)/2 ]/Sin(8/2) (27)

n S Sin[(8 + e)/2 ]/Sin(fl/2) (28)

You can choose the prism angle 0 so that the morning and evening sun elevation angles are at a certain value (generally 20°-30°). The sunlight refracted by the prism can be concentrated at its focus after being refracted by the convex lens. The beginning of the transmission fiber and the incident light is within the total acceptance angle of the transmission fiber.

The light-receiving area of the prism and lens of the light receiving end shall be determined by the rated power P required by the system according to the needs of use. The direct sunlight intensity I can be 0.3-0.5k W/Hf, and the light efficiency is between 0.4 and 0.6. Then the lighting area is:

Α=Ρ/(Ιη) (29)

According to experience, the focal length f of the lens is generally - when A = 1.5 m, choose f = 0.6~ 0.65π

When Α=2.0 ηι', choose f = 0.7-0.75m;

When A=2.5itf, choose f ≥ 0.8m;

The sunlight is incident on the optical fiber having a refractive index n from air having a refractive index of approximately 1, and if the incident angle β is larger than the critical angle Φο, total reflection occurs. Critical angle Φο = two arcsin (1/ n) (30)

The range of the height angle 太阳 of the sun can be determined by the angle of incidence of the solar ray incident on the edge of the lens in the morning and evening to the transmission angle of the 光纤δ boundary angle Φο. From the range of the solar height angle 可以, the angle β of the two refractive surfaces of the prism can be determined.

The effective length a of the lens can be substituted into the following formula by the focal length f (m) and the determined local minimum solar elevation angle H _Din (degrees): a = f tg (90° - HJ (unit: m) (31) The minimum solar elevation angle Η _η can be determined based on local solar radiation statistics, generally between 20° and 30°.

The width of the lens b can be substituted into the following formula using the focal length f (m) and the local geographic latitude Φ (degrees):

b = f tg(0. 8 Φ - 11° ) (unit: m ) ( φ ^ 23. 5° ) (32)

b = f tg ( 8° ) (unit: m ) ( Φ <23· 5° ) (33)

1. 1. 2 The light concentrator can be a prism and a concave mirror (Fig. 11), which is located below the center between the east and west prisms. This horizontally set concave mirror should be such that at the appropriate solar elevation angle, sunlight can be concentrated on the beginning of the ft fiber above the concave mirror (Fig. 1).

You can select the angle β of the two refractive surfaces of the prism so that the morning and evening sun elevation angles are at a certain value (20° - 30°), the sunlight refracted by the prism, and then refracted by the convex lens. It can be concentrated on the beginning of the transmission fiber at its focus and satisfies the incident light ray within the total acceptance angle of the transmission fiber.

1. 1. 3 Figure 1 also allows the prism or concave mirror to be mounted directly on the ray tracer without the use of a prism. This will keep them aligned with the sun. The ray tracer uses an east-west horizontal and vertical vertical direction, two-axis automatic tracking device to drive the light concentrator and the beginning of the transmission fiber at the focus of the convex lens or the concave mirror to track the sun movement together, so that the convex lens or the concave mirror remains with the light. Vertically, it maximizes the light energy radiated by light and improves the efficiency of the curved lighting system. The power of the ray tracer is provided by the concentrating photovoltaic energy stored in the accumulator. It can achieve high-precision, high-reliability, low-cost three-dimensional nonlinear motion. It provides a large-scale, high-efficiency use of solar energy, laying the foundation for a choice of equipment.

The mechanical transmission part of the ray tracer is composed of a horizontal and vertical elevation angle driving motor and a low gear gap, high strength, high precision, high reduction ratio reducer, which ensures the accuracy of the whole machine. Due to the high reduction ratio of the reducer, the driving force and power of the motor are greatly reduced; the power consumption of the azimuth and elevation drive motors is less than 1 W. Since the ray tracing device tracks the sun from east to west only 180° every day, and returns from the west to the east at night, it only rotates once a day, and the mechanical wear is extremely small and the life is very long.

1. 1. Optical isolators are optics that allow only one direction of transmission. The requirements for opto-isolators are high isolation, low insertion loss and low cost. The optical isolator can be made using the principle of the applied magneto-optical effect, as shown in Figure 10. It contains a permanent magnet and a 45° Faraday rotator that rotates the Faraday rotator so that the polarizer and the analyzer are at 45° to cut off the reflected light and prevent it from reflecting back to achieve optical isolation.

A layer of phosphor can be applied to the inner wall of the optical isolator. When the phosphor is exposed to ultraviolet light contained in sunlight, visible light is emitted. A different type of phosphor can be used to create a light diffuser that emits any desired visible light. Commonly used phosphorescent agents are: pink cadmium borate; zinc silicate which emits green light; calcium tungstate which emits blue light; a mixture which emits white light.

The fiber coupler is connected to the beginning or end of the fiber for separation or merging of light. The beam enters from the beginning of the fiber and is transmitted to the C terminal at the other end. The role of the fiber coupler is to distribute one or more input light waves to multiple or one line outputs. At present, the form of the coupler mainly includes a T-type coupler, a star coupler, a directional coupler, and the like. Fiber couplers are optics that split, combine, insert, and distribute light. According to the device structure, it can be basically divided into four types: a low-light component type, an optical fiber forming type, a fiber-optic butt coupling type, and a planar waveguide type. The main basis for selecting a coupler is the actual application. Fiber coupling The main parameters of the performance are insertion loss, additional loss, coupling ratio and isolation.

The function of the optical switch is to convert the optical path and realize the exchange of light waves. The requirements for the optical switch are small insertion loss, good repeatability, fast switching speed, large extinction ratio, long life, compact structure and convenient operation.

The optical switches currently used can be divided into two categories: One is a mechanical optical switch that uses an electromagnet or a stepping motor to drive an optical fiber or a lens to realize optical path conversion; wherein the micro-mechanical optical switch uses the principle of a mechanical optical switch, but It can be integrated on a single silicon substrate like a waveguide switch. The other type is a solid optical switch that utilizes solid physical effects such as electro-optic, magneto-optical, thermo-optical, and acousto-optic effects.

1. 1. 5 After the beginning of the fiber is sealed with a transparent material, it is directly mounted on the focus of the condensed convex lens mapped in the transparent cone in which the oil is stored.

1. The basic requirements for 2 pairs of optical fibers are: The optical power coupled into the optical fiber from the optical receiving end (Fig. 1) or the optical isolator (Fig. 10) is the largest; the transmission window of the optical fiber is to meet the requirements of the system application. The specific design should be compromised according to the conditions of use:

In the visible range (400 ηηη - 700TM), the attenuation of light in the fiber is small enough. Also consider the loss of connectors, connectors, and couplers. Therefore, the type of fiber should be selected correctly. When the core size of the fiber is large, the coupling loss of light can be reduced.

When the light is in the air medium, n is washed at different angles. When the fiber end is infiltrated into the core m, some light can be transmitted in the fiber, and some light cannot be transmitted in the fiber. Because of n. <m, not all incident light can enter the fiber core and be transmitted within the fiber core. When light in a certain angle range is incident into the core, the reflected light is generated under certain conditions to be transmitted in the optical fiber. According to the law of refraction, only when the incident angle 8 is greater than the critical angle Φο, the light within the corresponding incident angle a max can enter the fiber transmission.

Double the maximum acceptance angle 2 a max is the total acceptance angle of the incident ray. The acceptance angle of the fiber is - a == 2 a max

Connection loss includes loss of connectors and connectors. The tolerances, out-of-roundness, core and cladding concentricity errors of the core diameter are as small as possible to minimize connection loss. Light of small energy can be transmitted using ordinary quartz glass solid fiber. Hollow fiber is used to transmit high-energy light.

A fiber bundle that can be used to transmit light energy in total reflection, called a light guide. It can be constructed of rigid and flexible fiber bundles. The order in which the fibers in the bundle are arranged at the beginning and the end can be arbitrary. At the beginning and the end of the beam, the bundle can be arranged in different cross-sectional shapes to meet various special lighting needs, such as various signal lamps.

1. 2. 1 ordinary quartz glass solid fiber, can be divided into single mode fiber and multimode fiber. The latter is further divided into a step index, SI) fiber and a graded index (GI) fiber according to the distribution of the refractive index.

Since the concentrated beam diameter of sunlight is usually several hundred micrometers or more, a multimode fiber is generally used. In practical applications, optical fibers require not only low loss, but also good bending properties, heat resistance, and chemical stability. Quartz fiber meets these conditions and has the lowest loss near l m and can be used to transmit visible and ultraviolet light.

1.2. 2 Hollow fiber is also called hollow waveguide. Hollow waveguides typically use a material having a refractive index less than one for the transmission wavelength as a waveguide. The principle of transmitted light is the same as that of a solid fiber of step-index type, and the light is totally reflected on the tube wall.

The light is reflected multiple times on the coating of the hollow fiber coated with the transparent dielectric on the inner wall of the metal, and has a high reflectivity. Its support tube can be made of metal or glass. 1. 3 The light-diverging end (Fig. 2) consists of a device such as a fiber coupler and a light diffuser that couples light from the end of the fiber. A fiber optic coupler introduces light from an optical fiber into a light diffuser. The light diffuser is mainly a diverging concave lens (or a convex mirror). The concave lens may be a spherical concave lens or a cylindrical concave lens. After a pair of parallel rays are incident on the diverging concave lens, they are refracted into divergent rays. In general, the focus of the diverging lens is the end of the transmission fiber, and the focused sunlight can be passed through various diverging lenses to form various illumination rays as needed.

1. The photoluminescence conversion system consists of a device such as a fiber coupler and a photoluminescence converter. A fiber optic coupler introduces light from a fiber into a photoluminescence converter. In general, the focus of the diverging lens is the transmitting end of the fiber. The focused sunlight can be formed into various illumination systems through various photoluminescence converters as needed. Photoluminescent converters are typically constructed of a phosphor coated on a transparent body (e.g., glass, transparent plastic, etc.); the coating is very thin. When light is applied to such a photoluminescence converter, visible light is directly transmitted; other radiation light waves (infrared, ultraviolet light) are converted into visible light.

1. 5 Sunlight cannot always emit normal light during the day. It may be covered by clouds, or sometimes it is cloudy. To solve this problem, the system can be used in conjunction with a concentrating photovoltaic battery; or the system can be used in conjunction with a power source. When the energy of the sunlight in the optical fiber is small, the battery of the concentrating photovoltaic or the switch of the electric energy is automatically activated, and the electric current is turned on by the electric current to make up for the deficiency of the solar lighting system. When the energy of the sunlight in the fiber is large, the battery of the concentrating photovoltaic or the switch of the power source can be automatically turned off.

2. Direct light photovoltaic is mainly composed of two parts: the light receiving end and the photoelectric converter. The light concentrator focuses the sunlight directly on the photoelectric converter (Fig. 1). The photo-generated potential difference appears on the photoelectric converter, and the circuit can store or transmit the electric energy generated by the photo-generated electromotive force. 7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9).

The light concentrator in the direct-light photovoltaic (Fig. 1) uses a convex lens or a concave mirror to focus the light of a light source such as the sun into the photoelectric converter. The light concentrator directly focuses the light from the source such as the sun on the photoelectric converter to generate current through the circuit (Fig. 4).

2. 1 The light receiving end is composed of a prism with a changing light direction, a convex lens (or a concave mirror) that collects light, or a ray tracer (Fig. 1). It concentrates the light from the source (such as the sun) in the beginning of the transmission fiber. Its technical solution is the same as the light receiving end in the curved light illumination.

The length a of the semiconductor N-type region or P-type region can be calculated by the focal length f (m), the equivalent local minimum solar elevation angle H _Bin (degree) after the action of the prism and the convex lens (or concave mirror). .

The width b of the semiconductor N-type or P-type region can be obtained by substituting the focal length f (m) and the local geographic latitude Φ (Ι) into the equations (32) and (33).

2. 2 In a direct-light photovoltaic system, a photoelectric converter (including a photovoltaic cell) converts the focused solar energy into a practically valuable electrical energy.

2. 2. 1 The light receiving end directly focuses the light of the sun or other light source on the photoelectric converter (Fig. 4). The photogenerated potential difference appears on the photoelectric converter, and the electric energy generated by the photogenerated electromotive force can be stored or transmitted by the circuit (Fig. 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9). They are direct photovoltaics.

The photocurrent of the photoelectric converter is linear with the brightness of the light. The intensity of the sunlight collected by the light concentrator can be increased by a factor of 100, and the photo-generated electromotive force or photo-generated current can be increased by a factor of 100. That is, a concentrating photovoltaic solar photoelectric converter can be used to generate currents of 100 existing single solar cells.

2. 2. 2 Using dye sensitization, the spectral response of wide bandgap semiconductors can be broadened to the visible region; high-efficiency photoelectric converters such as dye-sensitized Ti0 ₂ thin film solar cells can be fabricated. The porosity of the nanocrystalline TiO ₂ film makes its surface area much larger than its geometric surface area. The monolayer dye is adsorbed onto the nanocrystalline semiconductor electrode; due to its large surface area, the dye-sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor electrode can have high photoelectric conversion efficiency and light capturing efficiency. Dye molecule Photoexcitation generates an excited state. If the excited state energy level of the dye molecule is higher than the conduction band energy level of the semiconductor, and the energy levels of the dye are matched, the excited state dye will inject electrons into the semiconductor lead. The electrons injected into the lead can instantaneously reach the back contact of the film and the conductive glass and enter the external circuit; the electric energy generated by the photogenerated electromotive force can be stored or transmitted (Fig. 7, Fig. 8, and Fig. 9). Figure 7 is a direct current system in which light energy is converted into electrical energy; Figure 8 is an alternating current system in which light energy is converted into electrical energy; and Figure 9 is an alternating current direct current hybrid system in which light energy is converted into electrical energy.

2. 2. 3 photoelectric converters generally use semiconductor diodes. Polycrystalline silicon, single crystal silicon (1 small amount of boron, arsenic), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium selenide (CuInSe) are all semiconductor materials for manufacturing photoelectric converters. A practical photoelectric converter can also be fabricated by using a narrow band gap semiconductor such as silicon gallium arsenide.

Photoelectric converters are typically made of a semiconductor material. It is divided into silicon photoelectric converters, cadmium sulfide photoelectric converters and gallium arsenide photoelectric converters according to materials. The silicon photoelectric converter is a photoelectric converter based on a silicon material, such as a monocrystalline silicon photoelectric converter, a polycrystalline silicon photoelectric converter, and an amorphous silicon photoelectric converter. The cadmium sulfide photoelectric converter is a photoelectric converter based on cadmium sulfide single crystal or polycrystal. A gallium arsenide photoelectric converter is a converter based on gallium arsenide. Indium phosphide (InP) and gallium arsenide (SaAs) photoelectric converters all have efficiencies in excess of 20%. After receiving the same particle radiation as the silicon photoelectric converter, the indium phosphide photoelectric converter not only has a small performance degradation, but also can recover at normal temperature. The indium phosphide photoelectric converter can be a conventional diffusion process or a chemical vapor deposition process.

The impurity doping method is to incorporate a controlled amount of donor impurities and acceptor impurities into a semiconductor to form various structures such as a P-junction, a self-built electric field, and a contact resistance, thereby achieving the purpose of changing the electrical characteristics of the semiconductor. Its two main ways are diffusion and ion implantation.

The diffusion implantation by the impurity doping method is performed by the movement of impurity atoms in the crystal lattice under high temperature and high concentration gradient. In this manner, the impurity atoms are diffused or deposited on the surface of the silicon wafer through the gas phase source or the doped oxide, and then monotonously decrease from the surface to the body, and the impurity distribution is mainly determined by the temperature and the diffusion time.

The constant source diffusion and the defined source diffusion of thermal diffusion are respectively described by the residual error function and the Gaussian function. The results of the diffusion process can be evaluated by measurement of PN junction depth, sheet resistance, and impurity concentration distribution.

The ion implantation by the impurity doping method is that the doping ions are implanted into the semiconductor in the form of an ion beam, and the impurity concentration has a peak distribution in the semiconductor; the impurity distribution is mainly determined by the ion mass and the implantation energy.

The ion implantation profile can be approximated by a Gaussian distribution. The advantage of the ion implantation process over thermal diffusion is that the doping amount can be precisely controlled, reproducible and at a lower process temperature. Ion implantation has a decisive effect on the performance of semiconductor devices. It comprises: multiple injections to form a special distribution; selecting appropriate masking material and thickness to block a certain proportion of incident ions from entering the substrate; oblique angle implantation to form ultra-shallow junctions; high energy implantation to form buried layers, and the like.

1 Focusing the sunlight and directly illuminating the photoelectric converter made of diode semiconductor can obtain practical electric energy. This photoelectric converter technology using solar power generation is safe, reliable, noise-free and pollution-free. It can be unattended and does not need to set up transmission lines; it can use the roof, beach, desert, wasteland, etc. of buildings to generate electricity. The energy required for the opto-electrical converter is readily available, no fuel, no mechanical rotating parts, simple maintenance and long service life.

A multilayer coating capable of effectively absorbing sunlight can be applied to the light absorbing surface of the photoelectric converter (for example, an N-type semiconductor). For example, the first layer of paint absorbs only light that is incident on it, preventing loss of light energy. It is made of silicon oxide. The second layer is a cermet layer having a high light energy absorption rate. The two layers can be taken It is produced by magnetron sputtering. The third layer is made by using an impurity thermal diffusion technique in which a sufficient amount of P-type impurities are diffused into the N-type semiconductor to compensate for the original conductivity type, which is made by establishing a reverse conductivity type semiconductor technology. The total thickness of these three layers can be only 100 nanometers. This multi-layer coating is applied to a photoelectric converter to achieve efficient light-to-electric conversion efficiency.

Spectral Selective Absorption Membrane Process Technology: Chemical Conversion, Electroplating, Spray Thermal Decomposition, Oxidation Coloration, Vacuum Evaporation, and Magnetron Sputtering.

Since the photoelectric converter requires the maximum energy absorbed in the solar spectrum, the heat loss is the smallest in the infrared spectrum (i.e., the thermal emissivity is small), so the magnetron sputtering coating method is used. "Sputtering" is the phenomenon of bombarding an object with a charge particle, causing the surface atom of the object to escape from the parent. Generally, a sputtering device forms a thin film by using a vacuum glow discharge, accelerating positive ions to bombard the surface of the target, and causing magnetron sputtering phenomenon, so that particles, atoms, ions, and the like released on the surface of the target are deposited on the surface of the substrate to form. film.

2 The electric storage device stores the DC power generated by the photoelectric converter for the load. In concentrating photovoltaics, the accumulator is in a floating charge and discharge state. During the day, solar energy is charged to the accumulator through the photoelectric converter, and the load is also used. At night, all of the load power is supplied by the battery. Therefore, the self-discharge of the accumulator is required to be small, and the charging efficiency is high. The accumulator can be a lead-acid battery, a silica gel battery, and a nickel-cadmium battery.

The direct current generated by the photoelectric converter enters the storage of the storage device, and its characteristics affect the working efficiency and characteristics of the concentrating photovoltaic.

3 The function of the adjustment controller is determined according to the requirements and importance of the concentrating photovoltaic. The adjustment controller consists of electronic components, meters, relays and switches. In concentrating photovoltaics, the basic function of the regulating controller is to provide the best charging current and electricity for the accumulator, to charge the accumulator quickly, smoothly and efficiently, and to reduce the loss during the charging process and prolong the service life of the accumulator. At the same time, the controller adjusts the storage device to avoid overcharging and overdischarging. If the user uses a DC load, the controller can also provide a stable DC power to the load.

4 The function of the anti-back charge diode is to prevent the electric storage device from discharging through the photoelectric converter when the photoelectric converter does not generate electricity during rainy days and nights, or when the line is short-circuited. It is connected in series in the photoelectric converter circuit of the concentrating photovoltaic; It is generally required that the anti-back charge diode (blocking diode) can withstand a sufficiently large current, and the forward voltage drop is small, and the reverse saturation current is small. Anti-back charge diodes generally select a suitable rectifier diode.

5 The function of the inverter is to invert the low-voltage DC power provided by the photoelectric converter and the storage device to 220 VAC. It uses a full-bridge circuit, using a processor to control modulation, filtering, boosting, etc., to obtain a sinusoidal AC power that matches the lighting load for the user to use.

2.2.4 Photoelectric converters can also be made into protective photoelectric conversion systems. It consists of a transparent cover, insulation material, photoelectric converter and housing. It is generally divided into: a single-layer glass cover plate with a selective coating of the photoelectric converter or a surface-coated photoelectric converter with a selective absorption film; a cover plate using a plastic film photoelectric converter; in the cover plate and photoelectric conversion A photoelectric converter of a vertical honeycomb transparent material is placed between the devices. When used in cold regions, a photoelectric converter with a double-layer glass cover or a glass-plastic film sandwich cover can be used. The cover material can be made of high-strength heat-resistant glass sheets (HSG), methyl methacrylate sheets (MMA), and glass sheets (ERP).

3. The light receiving end of the curved light photovoltaic, the light of the sun or other light source is focused on the optical isolator of the input port (starting end) of the transmitting fiber through a convex lens or a concave mirror; or directly focused on the input port of the optical fiber (Fig. 3); using optical fibers to transmit light to a photoelectric converter for conversion into electrical energy.

Quguang Photovoltaic is mainly composed of three parts: light receiving end, transmission fiber and photoelectric converter. That is, the light output from the light source (generally the sun) is received by light. Convergence of a convex lens or a concave mirror at the end (Fig. 1), and the opening of the beginning of the optical fiber coincides with the focus of the convex lens or the concave mirror, and the light is transmitted from one end to the other end through the optical fiber to reach the photoelectric converter, and the light energy is converted into Electrical energy (Figure 3). This allows for the introduction of factory-based, automated photoelectric conversion production.

3. The light receiving end of the curved light photovoltaic is the same as the light receiving end of the curved light illumination.

3. 2 fiber is the medium for light transmission in curved photovoltaic (Figure 3). The transmission fiber of Quguang Photovoltaic is the same as the transmission fiber of Quguang Lighting.

According to the light at the edge of the convex lens, the incident angle of the incident fiber is greater than the critical angle Φο, and the angular range of the height of the sun can be calculated. From the range of the solar elevation angle, the angle β between the two refractive surfaces of the prism can be determined.

The length a of the body Ν type or Ρ type area can be obtained by substituting the focal length f (m) and the minimum solar height angle 度 (degrees) into the formula (31).

The width of the semiconductor Ν-type or Ρ-type region b can be obtained by substituting the focal length f (m) and the local geographic latitude Φ (degrees) into the formula (32) or (33).

The fiber of Quguang Photovoltaic is basically the same as the fiber of Quguang Lighting.

The light from the source can be transmitted from one end of the fiber to the other end of the fiber. Using the function of transmitting light from the curve of the optical fiber, it is possible to form a variety of curved light photovoltaics that are factory-produced using sunlight.

3. 3 The photoelectric converter of Quguang Photovoltaic is the same as the photoelectric converter of Direct Photovoltaic.

The photoelectric converter is composed of an impurity semiconductor. On the light absorbing surface of a photoelectric converter (for example, a bismuth type semiconductor), a multilayer coating capable of efficiently absorbing light of a light source (the sun) can be applied. These are the same as the photoelectric converters in direct photovoltaics.

Spectral selective absorption film process technology: chemical conversion, electroplating, spray thermal decomposition, oxidation coloration, vacuum evaporation and magnetron sputtering.

3. In Quguang Photovoltaic, storage batteries, regulating controllers, inverters, anti-recharge diodes and measuring instruments are the same as direct light photovoltaics (Fig. 7, Fig. 8 or Fig. 9).

4. Different combinations of light receiving end, optical diverging end, photoelectric converter, its circuit and transmission fiber can form various kinds of curved light system, direct light photovoltaic system and curved light photovoltaic system.

Claims

1. The curved light illumination system consists of three main parts: the light receiving end, the transmitting fiber and the light emitting end. The light receiving end uses a prism and a convex lens to gather the light of the sun and directly couple it into the transmission fiber. The transmission fiber transmits the concentrated light for total reflection transmission, and transmits it to a light diverging end after transmitting a certain distance. The light is scattered directly or through a light diffuser, which illuminates the basement, closed equipment, shops that need lighting during the day, underground spaces such as underground warehouses and tunnels, and the space where sunlight cannot pass through the line.

The concentrated light is used to illuminate the space where sunlight cannot be illuminated by a straight line.

The light receiving end is a convex lens that collects light, and the convex lens is located below the center between the east and west prisms. This horizontally disposed convex lens has its focus at the beginning of the transmission fiber; the minimum solar elevation angle H _{ft is} determined for the convex lens by the numerical aperture NA of the transmission fiber and the convex lens manufacturer equation. It is possible to select the angle between the two refractive faces of the prism as β, so that when the solar height angle is small (morning or evening), the solar elevation angle H _s refracted by the prism is smaller than the minimum solar elevation angle of the convex lens 1^; It can be concentrated throughout the day in the range of the maximum acceptable angle α _{∞ of the} transmission fiber. The minimum solar elevation angle at design time can be determined based on local radiation statistics. It can generally be selected between 20° and 30°.

The transmission fiber is the medium for the transmission of light in a curved illumination system. The fiber is composed of a high refractive index fiber core and a low refractive index cladding and jacket. When light is emitted from the core of the fiber to the cladding, total reflection can occur, and repeated total reflection can transmit light from one end to the other.

The transmission of small energy rays can use solid fibers. Hollow fiber is used for the transmission of high energy light.

The lighting area Α can be determined according to the needs of the use, according to the rated power of the lighting system (or photovoltaic system) P, using the following formula.

p=(in)A

The solar light intensity I can be taken as 03-O5kW/m', and the light absorption efficiency η can be between 0.4 and 0.6.

The light diverging end is composed of a fiber coupler and a light diffuser. A fiber coupler couples light from the end of the transmission fiber into the light diffuser. The working process of the light-emitting end is: the light is connected to the light diffuser through the fiber optic coupler at the end of the transmission fiber, and finally the light diffuser composed of the refractive concave lens or the reflective convex mirror diverges the light and sends it to the space where illumination is required. In general, the terminal of the transmission fiber is located at the focus of the light diffuser.

2. The curved illumination system of claim 1 wherein the light receiving end replaces the prism and the convex lens with a prism and a concave mirror to concentrate the light of the sun and directly couple into the transmission fiber.

The light receiving end adopts a reflective concave mirror which is disposed below the center between the east and west prisms. The concave mirror horizontally arranged, its focal point is typically located in the beginning of the transmission fiber: ΝΑ equation and the concave mirror by the numerical aperture of the optical fiber transmission, determining a minimum sun angle H _a concave mirror. May be selected when the angle between two prism refractive surface ⁸ of the solar elevation angle is small (morning or evening), the solar elevation angle prism refractive H _s after not less than the minimum elevation angle of the sun concave H _a; the The sun can be concentrated throughout the day in the range of the maximum acceptable angle a „« of the transmission fiber. The minimum solar elevation angle at design can be determined from local radiation statistics. It can generally be selected between 20° and 30°.

3. The curved illumination system of claim 1 wherein the light receiving end uses a ray tracer instead of a prism to concentrate the sun's rays and couple directly into the transmission fiber. Each convex lens on the ray tracer can control two motors to rotate in synchronization with the sun with one computer. When the sun is covered by clouds, the light is followed. The tracker is driven by a clock device. So as long as the sun is out of the clouds, the concave mirror can immediately face the sun. In this way, each convex lens or concave mirror can be aligned with the sun with the tracker during the day. After sunset, the computer turned the ray tracer to the east again.

4. The curved light illumination system according to claim 1 and claim 2, wherein the light of the light source (generally the sun) passes through the refractive convex lens or the reflective concave mirror of the light receiving end, reaches the optical isolator, and is connected to the optical coupler. The light is transmitted in the beginning of the transmission fiber; the concentrated beam is sent to the light-emitting end, and a phosphor can also be applied to the inner wall of the optical isolator. When the phosphor is exposed to ultraviolet light contained in sunlight, visible light is emitted. Phosphors of different nature can be used to create a source that emits any desired visible light. This visible light can supplement the intensity of the original visible light.

The light receiving end can also use a convex lens (or a reflective concave mirror coated with silver or aluminum) with a diameter of 0.4 m or more to refract (or reflect) the parallel light of the sunlight, and then focus on a precisely processed transparent cone. In the body, the cone contains oil that refracts light. Oil is a substance that causes light to gather at a high level. This cone, when gathered together, reduces the diameter of the focus from 1 cm to 1 mm.

5. The light receiving end of the curved light illumination system of claim 1. It forms a direct-light photovoltaic system with a photoelectric converter and its circuit. The light collector in the light receiving end focuses the light of the light source such as the sun on the photoelectric converter by using a convex lens or a concave mirror, etc.; and converts the light energy into electrical energy.

6. The direct-photovoltaic photovoltaic system according to claim 5, wherein the light of the light source (generally the sun) is coupled to the photoelectric converter directly or through the optical isolator after passing through the refractive convex lens or the reflective concave mirror at the light receiving end. The circuit of the photoelectric converter converts the energy of the light source into electrical energy.

The dye sensitization can broaden the spectral response of the wide bandgap semiconductor to the visible region; it can be made into a high efficiency photoelectric converter, such as a dye-sensitized nanocrystalline Ti0 ₂ thin film solar cell. The porosity of the nanocrystalline TiO ₂ film makes its surface area much larger than its geometric surface area. The monolayer dye is adsorbed onto the nanocrystalline semiconductor electrode; due to its large surface area, the dye-sensitized nanocrystalline semiconductor electrode can have high photoelectric conversion efficiency and light capturing efficiency. The dye molecules are excited by light to form an excited state. If the excited state energy level of the dye molecule is higher than the conductivity level of the semiconductor, and the energy levels of the two are matched, the excited state dye will inject electrons into the semiconductor lead. The electrons injected into the lead can instantaneously reach the contact surface of the film and the conductive glass and enter the external circuit; the electric energy generated by the photogenerated electromotive force can be stored or transmitted.

7. The direct light photovoltaic system of claim 5, wherein the photoelectric converter can also employ a semiconductor diode. Polycrystalline silicon, single crystal silicon A small amount of boron, arsenic cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium selenide (CuInSe), etc. are all semiconductor materials for manufacturing photoelectric converters. A practical photoelectric converter can also be fabricated by using a narrow band gap semiconductor such as silicon gallium arsenide.

The method of collecting light energy by a convex lens or a concave mirror can increase the intensity of light energy received by the photoelectric converter and improve the conversion efficiency of light energy. The open circuit voltage of the photoelectric converter is greater than the forbidden band width, and no voltage factor loss occurs.

Apply a very thin coating of highly absorptive material to the light-absorbing surface of the photoelectric converter, or form a thin film of other materials with low emissivity (such as titanium oxide, cerium oxide and antimony trioxide). These films are transparent in the operating spectrum of the photoelectric converter, and have strong mechanical properties, and are not affected by temperature changes and chemistry; the light-absorbing surface of the photoelectric converter can also be coated with various Selective coating layer.

8. The direct-photovoltaic photovoltaic system according to claim 5, wherein the surface of the photoelectric converter can also be provided with a cover plate, which is required to transmit infrared rays, visible light and ultraviolet rays. It is not possible to pass the far infrared rays, which makes the incoming energy larger than the lost energy, and improves the efficiency of the photoelectric converter to absorb the light energy; the photoelectric converter is placed in the protective case with the cover plate to become the cover protective photoelectric converter .

The transmission optical fiber according to claim 1 or the optical receiving end according to claim 5, wherein the optical photovoltaic is mainly composed of a light receiving end, a transmitting optical fiber, and a photoelectric converter. The light of the light source (generally the sun) passes through the refractive convex lens or the reflective concave mirror at the light receiving end, and then is connected to the beginning end of the transmission fiber by the fiber coupler to transmit light; and the concentrated beam is sent to the photoelectric converter. The circuit of the photoelectric converter converts the energy of the light source into electrical energy. Light collected by a convex lens or a concave mirror is transmitted through an optical fiber and introduced into a factory for photoelectric conversion to convert light energy into electrical energy.

10. The optical receiving end according to claim 1, claim 2, claim 3, claim ^4, and the photoelectric converter according to claim 5, and the circuit thereof, which can be formed into various types of direct light. Photovoltaic system.

The optical receiving end and the transmission optical fiber according to claim 1, claim 2, claim 3, and claim 4, and the photoelectric converter according to claim 5, and circuits thereof, which can be formed into various types by different combinations Photovoltaic system.