WO2011152062A1

WO2011152062A1 - Battery charging apparatus and battery charging method

Info

Publication number: WO2011152062A1
Application number: PCT/JP2011/003128
Authority: WO
Inventors: Hayato Nagakura
Original assignee: Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
Priority date: 2010-06-03
Filing date: 2011-06-02
Publication date: 2011-12-08
Also published as: US20130069584A1; JP5782803B2; KR20130031858A; JP2012016263A; CN102948036B; EP2577843B1; CN105305549A; EP2577843A1; US9219377B2; EP2577843A4; CN102948036A; KR101500826B1; CN105305549B

Abstract

A battery charging apparatus is configured to charge a battery with at least one of charging current and charging power set to a predetermined setpoint, wherein the battery includes a lithium secondary cell. The battery charging apparatus calculates a lithium deposition threshold voltage value based on the setpoint, wherein lithium is assumed to be deposited in the lithium secondary cell when a terminal voltage of the lithium secondary cell is above the lithium deposition threshold voltage value. Then, the battery charging apparatus compares the terminal voltage with the calculated lithium deposition threshold voltage value, and controls the at least one of charging current and charging power depending on the comparison.

Description

BATTERY CHARGING APPARATUS AND BATTERY CHARGING METHOD

The present invention relates to battery charging apparatus and battery charging method.

Japanese Patent Application Publication 2003-079059 discloses a method for charging an assembled battery that is composed of a plurality of lithium secondary cells, such as lithium-ion cells, which are connected to each other. In this method, the current terminal voltage of each lithium secondary cell is compared with a specific full-charge voltage value. When the terminal voltage of at least one of the lithium secondary cells has reached the full-charge voltage value, the charging current starts to be gradually reduced so that other cells can be gradually charged to fully-charged state while the terminal voltage of the fully-charged cell is maintained at the full-charge voltage value.

According to the method described above, even when the terminal voltage of a cell is below the full-charge voltage value, deposition of lithium (i.e. deposition of lithium dendrite on a negative electrode plate) may occur in the cell depending on the magnitude of the charging current or charging power. This may adversely affect the performance of the battery.

In view of the foregoing, it is desirable to provide a battery charging apparatus and a battery charging method with which deposition of lithium in a cell of a battery can be suitably prevented.

According to one aspect of the present invention, a battery charging apparatus for charging a battery including a lithium secondary cell, the battery charging apparatus comprising: a charging section configured to charge the lithium secondary cell with at least one of charging current and charging power set to a first setpoint; a voltage measuring section configured to obtain a measured value of a terminal voltage of the lithium secondary cell; and a control section configured to: calculate a lithium deposition threshold voltage value based on the first setpoint, wherein lithium is assumed to be deposited in the lithium secondary cell when the terminal voltage is above the lithium deposition threshold voltage value; compare the measured value of the terminal voltage with the calculated lithium deposition threshold voltage value; and control the at least one of charging current and charging power depending on the comparison.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a battery charging method for charging a battery with at least one of charging current and charging power set to a predetermined setpoint, wherein the battery includes a lithium secondary cell, the battery charging method comprising: calculating a lithium deposition threshold voltage value based on the setpoint, wherein lithium is assumed to be deposited in the lithium secondary cell when a terminal voltage of the lithium secondary cell is above the lithium deposition threshold voltage value; comparing the terminal voltage with the calculated lithium deposition threshold voltage value; and controlling the at least one of charging current and charging power depending on the comparison.

Fig. 1 is a diagram showing configuration of a battery system according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 2 is a diagram showing a control system of the battery system according to the embodiment. Fig. 3 is a graphic diagram showing a relationship between a charging current and a lithium deposition threshold voltage value. Fig. 4 is a flow chart showing a process of charging a battery according to the embodiment. Fig. 5 is a time chart showing an example of how each cell is charged by the battery charging apparatus battery charging method according to the embodiment.

Fig. 1 shows configuration of a battery system according to an embodiment of the present invention. This battery system is configured as a power supply for an electric vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle. The battery system is not so limited, but may be applied to another system.

As shown in Fig. 1, the battery system includes an assembled battery 1. Assembled battery 1 is composed of a plurality of cells 2 which are connected to each other in series. Assembled battery 1 is connected to a charger 9 and a vehicle load 10 through a junction box 3. Junction box 3 houses

main relays

4, 5, wherein main relay 4 connects one end of assembled battery 1 to a line leading to charger 9 and vehicle load 10, and main relay 5 connects another end of assembled battery 1 to another line leading to charger 9 and vehicle load 10. Vehicle load 10 includes a starter motor, a driving motor, etc. Junction box 3 is provided with a current sensor 6, a precharge relay 7, and a resistance 8 as well as

main relays

4, 5. Current sensor 6 is configured to measure a charge and discharge current with which assembled battery 1 is charged or discharged. Precharge relay 7 and resistance 8 are connected to each other in series, and connected in parallel with main relay 5. Current sensor 6 sends to a microcomputer 14 a signal indicative of information about the measured charge and discharge current.

On the other hand, a battery controller 11 is composed of cell controllers IC (cell controller integrated circuit) 12, a total voltage sensor 13, and microcomputer 14. Cell controllers IC 12 are configured to measure the terminal voltage of each cell 2, and monitors whether or not each cell 2 is applied with excessive charge or excessive discharge. Total voltage sensor 13 is configured to measure a total terminal voltage of assembled battery 1. Microcomputer 14 includes a ROM (read only memory) for memorizing programs and data for controlling the assembled battery 1, and a RAM (Random Access Memory) for temporarily memorizing data during calculation.

As shown in Fig. 1, each cell controller IC 12 is connected to four cells 2 as a unit, for measuring the terminal voltage of four cells 2 and monitoring excessive charge or excessive discharge of four cells 2. Cell controller IC 12 sends to microcomputer 14 a signal indicative of obtained information about four cells 2.

As shown in Fig. 1, a plurality of temperature sensors 15 are provided for measuring the temperature of cells 2. Each temperature sensor 15 sends to microcomputer 14 a signal indicative of information about the measured temperature. In this example, each temperature sensor 15 is provided per four cells 2. This configuration may be modified so that each temperature sensor 15 is provided per two cells 2.

Microcomputer 14 receives information about charge and discharge current I of assembled battery 1 obtained by current sensor 6, cell voltage V_cell of each cell 2 obtained by cell controller IC 12, total voltage V of assembled battery 1 obtained by total voltage sensor 13, and cell temperature T of each cell 2 obtained by temperature sensor 15.

Battery controller 11 makes microcomputer 14 perform calculations based on charge and discharge current I, cell voltage V_cell, total voltage V and cell temperature T, and control charging operation of assembled battery 1 based on the calculations. The following describes a battery charging method of controlling the charging operation of assembled battery 1 with reference to Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 shows a control system of the battery system according to the embodiment, focusing on configuration of a system controller 100, battery controller 11 and charger 9, wherein other components are omitted. In this control system, system controller 100 is a high-level controller for controlling the battery controller 11 and charger 9.

System controller 100 is configured to start to charge assembled battery 1, in response to a condition that the vehicle on which the battery system is mounted is connected to an external charger or the like. Specifically, system controller 100 determines whether to start the charge mode, shifts a vehicle system from normal mode to charge mode by sending charge mode requests to battery controller 11 and some of other controllers that are mounted on the vehicle and used for charging operation.

Upon receipt of the charge mode request from system controller 100, battery controller 11 makes microcomputer 14 determine whether or not assembled battery 1 is fully charged. In response to determination that assembled battery 1 is not fully charged, microcomputer 14 calculates charging power P with which assembled battery 1 is to be charged. The method of calculating the charging power P is described in detail below. Battery controller 11 sends to system controller 100 a signal indicative of charging power P calculated by microcomputer 14, and a charge permission signal indicative of permission to charge assembled battery 1.

Upon receipt of the charge permission signal and the signal of charging power P from battery controller 11, system controller 100 sends a charging power command signal to charger 9 based on the charge permission signal and charging power P from battery controller 11. In response to this charging power command signal, charger 9 starts to supply charging power to assembled battery 1 with charging power P calculated by microcomputer 14.

On the other hand, after the charging operation for assembled battery 1 is started, battery controller 11 repeatedly determines by microcomputer 14 whether or not assembled battery 1 is fully charged. In response to determination that assembled battery 1 is fully charged, battery controller 11 sends a charge stop request to system controller 100. Upon receipt of the charge stop request, system controller 100 sends a charge stop command signal to charger 9 so that the charging operation of charger 9 for assembled battery 1 is terminated.

The following describes how microcomputer 14 determines charging power P.

Fig. 3 shows a relationship between a charging current and a lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep, wherein deposition of lithium (deposition of lithium dendrite on the negative electrode plate) occurs inside the lithium secondary cell when the terminal voltage of a lithium secondary cell is below the lithium deposition threshold voltage value. In Fig. 3, three curves represent a relationship under low temperature condition, a relationship under middle temperature condition, a relationship under high temperature condition.

As shown in Fig. 3, under the high temperature condition, when charging current I is above zero and below a value I₃, the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep is constant. When charging current I is above the value I₃, the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep tends to decrease as the charging current I increases. The lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep has a similar tendency under other conditions, namely, under the low temperature condition, and under the middle temperature condition. Specifically, under the middle temperature condition, when charging current I is above zero and below a value I₂, the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep is constant. When charging current I is above the value I₂ and below a value I₅, the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep tends to decrease as the charging current I increases. Under the low temperature condition, when charging current I is above zero and below a value I₁, the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep is constant. When charging current I is above the value I₁ and below a value I₄, the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep tends to decrease as the charging current I increases.

In this way, a lithium secondary cell has a tendency that lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep decreases as a charging current increases, wherein the tendency varies according to temperature condition. If the lithium secondary cell is charged with a relatively large charging current or charging power, the terminal voltage of the lithium secondary cell may rise so that deposition of lithium begins even when the terminal voltage of the lithium secondary cell is relatively low. In this viewpoint, it is preferable to maintain the charging current or charging power relatively small, in order to allow the terminal voltage of the lithium secondary cell to be raised as high as possible while preventing the deposition of lithium.

The relationship between the charging current and the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep depends on the material and structure of the lithium secondary cell, and can therefore be calculated beforehand.

The problem about deposition of lithium described above is solved by the present embodiment in which a plurality of tables (charging-current-vs.-lithium-deposition-threshold-voltage tables, or I-V_dep tables) are calculated beforehand for different temperatures, each of which tables represents a relationship between the charging current and the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep, and memorized in the RAM of microcomputer 14 of battery controller 11, and referred to for determining the charging power P with which assembled battery 1 is charged.

Specifically, microcomputer 14 of battery controller 11 receives the information about cell temperature T from temperature sensor 15, and reads out one of the I-V_dep tables which corresponds to cell temperature T. Then, microcomputer 14 calculates lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep based on charge and discharge current I measured by current sensor 6, using the read table, and sets charging power P such that cell voltage V_cell of each cell 2 is maintained below lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep (V_cell < V_dep).

The I-V_dep tables may be prepared taking account of a further parameter as well as the material and structure of the lithium secondary cell. For example, this parameter may be at least one of an error in measurement of cell voltage V_cell of each cell 2 by cell controller IC 12; a delay in the measurement; and a ripple current caused by the charging operation for the cell. This modification serves to enhance the accuracy of calculation of lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep so that deposition of lithium in cell 2 can be prevented effectively.

The cell temperature T, which is referred to for reading out one of the I-V_dep tables, may be an average of the temperatures measured by temperature sensors 15. Alternatively, cell temperature T may be the highest one or lowest one among the temperatures measured by temperature sensors 15.

Fig. 4 is a flow chart showing a process of charging the assembled battery 1. This process is started when a vehicle system is shifted by system controller 100 from normal mode, in which assembled battery 1 is not charged by charger 9, to charge mode.

At Step S1, microcomputer 14 of battery controller 11 determines whether or not the charge mode request is received from system controller 100. When the answer to Step S1 is affirmative (YES), then microcomputer 14 proceeds to Step S2. On the other hand, when the answer to Step S1 is negative (NO), microcomputer 14 performs the operation of Step S1 repeatedly.

At Step S2, microcomputer 14 obtains the charge and discharge current I from current sensor 6, the cell voltage V_cell from cell controllers IC 12, the total voltage V of assembled battery 1 from total voltage sensor 13, and the cell temperature T from temperature sensors 15.

At Step S3, microcomputer 14 determines whether or not assembled battery 1 is fully charged. This determination is implemented by checking the total voltage V obtained at Step S2, and determining that assembled battery 1 is fully charged when the total voltage V is equal to a specific full charge voltage value. When the answer to Step S3 is YES, microcomputer 14 returns from this process without further charging operation. On the other hand, when the answer to Step S3 is NO, microcomputer 14 proceeds to Step S4.

At Step S4, microcomputer 14 calculates a charging power setpoint P₁ of charging power P with which assembled battery 1 is charged, in response to the charge mode request from system controller 100. This calculation is implemented by calculation based on cell voltage V_cell and cell temperature T using the I-V_dep tables stored in the RAM. Specifically, microcomputer 14 reads out the table prepared for cell temperature T, and determines the charging power P based on cell voltage V_cell using the selected table. This serves to prevent the cell voltage V_cell from quickly reaching the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep by application of charging power P.

At Step S5, microcomputer 14 sends to system controller 100 the signal of charging power setpoint P₁ of charging power P calculated at Step S4, and the charge permission signal. In response to these signals, system controller 100 sends a charge command signal to charger 9 such that charger 9 charges assembled battery 1 with charging power P set to charging power setpoint P₁. In this way, charger 9 starts to charge assembled battery 1 with charging power P set to charging power setpoint P₁.

At Step S6, microcomputer 14 obtains the charge and discharge current I from current sensor 6, the cell voltage V_cell from cell controllers IC 12, the total voltage V of assembled battery 1 from total voltage sensor 13, and the cell temperature T from temperature sensors 15.

At Step S7, microcomputer 14 calculates a highest cell voltage V_{cell_h} based on cell voltage V_cell of each cell 2 obtained at Step S6. Highest cell voltage V_{cell_h} is the highest one of the terminal voltages of all cells 2 in assembled battery 1.

At Step S8, microcomputer 14 reads out the I-V_dep table prepared for cell temperature T, and calculates the lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep based on charging current I using the I-V_dep table.

At Step S10, microcomputer 14 shifts the charging power P from current charging power setpoint P₁ to a second charging power setpoint P₂ in order to prevent deposition of lithium in cell 2, wherein second charging power setpoint P₂ is smaller than current charging power setpoint P₁. Second charging power setpoint P₂ is calculated based on cell voltage V_cell and cell temperature T obtained at Step S6, using the I-V_dep tables stored in the RAM. Specifically, microcomputer 14 reads out the I-V_dep table corresponding to cell temperature T, and determines second charging power setpoint P₂ of charging power P based on cell voltage V_cell, using the read I-V_dep table. This allows to suitably control the amount of reduction in the voltage of assembled battery 1 with charging power P set to second charging power setpoint P₂.

Cell voltage V_cell of each cell 2 is lower than or equal to highest cell voltage V_{cell_h}. Accordingly, the operations of Steps S9 and S10 serve to maintain highest cell voltage V_{cell_h} below lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep, and thereby maintain cell voltage V_cell of each and every cell 2 below lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep. This serves to effectively prevent the deposition of lithium in each cell 2.

At Step S11, microcomputer 14 sends to system controller 100 the signal of second charging power setpoint P₂ of charging power P calculated at Step S10. In response to this signal, system controller 100 sends a charging command signal to charger 9 such that charger 9 charges assembled battery 1 with charging power P set to second charging power setpoint P₂. In this way, charger 9 starts to charge assembled battery 1 with charging power P shifted from first charging power setpoint P₁ to second charging power setpoint P₂.

At Step S12, microcomputer 14 determines whether or not assembled battery 1 is fully charged. This determination is implemented by checking the charge and discharge current I and total voltage V obtained at Step S6, and determining that assembled battery 1 is fully charged when the total voltage V obtained at Step S6 is equal to the specific full charge voltage value, and charge and discharge current I is below a predetermined threshold value. When the answer to Step S12 is YES, microcomputer 14 proceeds to Step S13. On the other hand, when the answer to Step S12 is NO, microcomputer 14 returns to Step S6, and repeatedly performs the operations of Steps S6 to S12.

At Step S13, microcomputer 14 stops charging operation in response to determination at Step S12 that assembled battery 1 is fully charged. Specifically, microcomputer 14 sends a charge stop request signal to system controller 100. In response to this charge stop request signal, system controller 100 sends a charge stop request signal to charger 9. In response to this charge stop request signal, charger 9 terminates supply of charging power P to assembled battery 1.

Fig. 5 shows an example of how cell 2 is charged by the battery charging method according to the present embodiment. In Fig. 5, three solid or broken curves represent changes of charging power P, highest cell voltage V_{cell_h} and lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep during a period of time instant t₀ to time instant t₆.

During a period of time instant t₀ to time instant t₁, no charge mode request is issued by system controller 100 (NO at Step S1). Accordingly, charging power P is equal to zero so that assembled battery 1 is not being charged.

At time instant t₁, system controller 100 issues the charge mode request (YES at Step S1), and then microcomputer 14 obtains charge and discharge current I, cell voltage V_cell of each cell 2, total voltage V of assembled battery 1, and cell temperature T (at Step S2). Then, it is determined whether or not assembled battery 1 is fully charged (at Step S3), and charging power P is calculated based on cell voltage V_cell and cell temperature T, using the I-V_dep tables memorized in the RAM (at Step S4). In the situation of Fig. 5, charging power P is calculated to be equal to first charging power setpoint P₁ at time instant t₁ (at Step S4). Then, charger 9 starts to charge assembled battery 1 (at Step S5). At time instant t₂, charging power P reaches first charging power setpoint P₁.

During a period of time instant t₅ to time instant t₆, assembled battery 1 is charged similarly as during the period of time instant t₂ to time instant t₃, except that charging power P is set to fourth charging power setpoint P₄ and lithium deposition threshold voltage V_dep is set to lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_{dep_4}. Accordingly, during this period until immediately before time instant t₆, assembled battery 1 is charged with charging power P set to fourth charging power setpoint P₄, and highest cell voltage V_{cell_h} gradually increases as the charging operation progresses.

In the way described above with reference to the situation of Fig. 5, assembled battery 1 is charged into a fully charged state by charging with charging power P that is gradually reduced. This results in that lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep rises as charging power P decreases, which serves to charge assembled battery 1 safely and effectively, while effectively preventing the occurrence of deposition of lithium in cell 2.

Moreover, according to the present embodiment, the feature that charging power P is set by referring to one of the charging-current-vs.-lithium-deposition-threshold-voltage tables defined for different temperatures, serves to charge assembled battery 1 safely and effectively, while effectively preventing the occurrence of deposition of lithium in cell 2, and thereby shorten the period needed to fully charge assembled battery 1.

In the battery charging apparatus according to the present embodiment, microcomputer 14 serves as a control section and a memorizing section, charger 9 serves as a charging section, cell controller IC 12 serves as a voltage measuring section, and temperature sensor 15 serves as a temperature measuring section.

Although the invention has been described above by reference to certain embodiments of the invention, the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. Modifications and variations of the embodiments described above will occur to those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. The scope of the invention is defined with reference to the following claims. For example, the present embodiment may be modified as follows.

In the present embodiment, microcomputer 14 is configured to calculate and manipulate charging power P for controlling cell voltage V_cell, but microcomputer 14 may be alternatively or additionally configured to calculate and manipulate charging current I for controlling cell voltage V_cell. In such cases, a plurality of charging-current-vs.-lithium-deposition-threshold-voltage tables defining a relationship between charging current I and lithium deposition threshold voltage value V_dep are memorized in the RAM, and referred to for calculation of charging current I.

In the present embodiment, system controller 100 has a function of determining whether or not to start the charge mode, for example, in response to that the host vehicle is connected to an external charging system, but this may be modified so that charger 9 is configured to implement this determination.

Claims

A battery charging apparatus for charging a battery including a lithium secondary cell, the battery charging apparatus comprising:
a charging section configured to charge the lithium secondary cell with at least one of charging current and charging power set to a first setpoint;
a voltage measuring section configured to obtain a measured value of a terminal voltage of the lithium secondary cell; and
a control section configured to:
calculate a lithium deposition threshold voltage value based on the first setpoint, wherein lithium is assumed to be deposited in the lithium secondary cell when the terminal voltage is above the lithium deposition threshold voltage value;
compare the measured value of the terminal voltage with the calculated lithium deposition threshold voltage value; and
control the at least one of charging current and charging power depending on the comparison.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the control section is configured to calculate the lithium deposition threshold voltage value such that the calculated lithium deposition threshold voltage value decreases as the first setpoint increases.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in Claim 2, further comprising a temperature measuring section configured to obtain a measured value of temperature of the lithium secondary cell, wherein the control section is configured to calculate the lithium deposition threshold voltage value such that the calculated lithium deposition threshold voltage value decreases as the measured value of temperature decreases.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in Claim 3, further comprising a memorizing section configured to memorize a set of tables each defining a relationship between the lithium deposition threshold voltage value and the at least one of charging current and charging power when the temperature is equal to a predetermined set value, wherein the control section is configured to calculate the lithium deposition threshold voltage value using the set of tables.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in Claim 4, wherein each table defines the relationship taking account of at least one of three factors, wherein the three factors are: an error in the measured value of the terminal voltage; a delay time in the measurement of the terminal voltage; and a ripple current caused by the charging of the lithium secondary cell.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 3, wherein the control section is configured to shift the at least one of charging current and charging power from the first setpoint to a second setpoint in response to determination that the measured value of the terminal voltage has reached the lithium deposition threshold voltage value, and make the charging section charge the lithium secondary cell with the at least one of charging current and charging power set to the second setpoint.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in Claim 4 or 5, wherein the control section is configured to shift the at least one of charging current and charging power from the first setpoint to a second setpoint in response to determination that the measured value of the terminal voltage has reached the lithium deposition threshold voltage value, and make the charging section charge the lithium secondary cell with the at least one of charging current and charging power set to the second setpoint.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the control section is configured to set the at least one of charging current and charging power to the first setpoint using the set of tables before the charging of the lithium secondary cell is started.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in Claim 7 or 8, wherein the control section is configured to set the at least one of charging current and charging power to the second setpoint using the set of tables.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 9, wherein the control section is configured to implement the comparison by determining whether or not the measured value of the terminal voltage has reached the calculated lithium deposition threshold voltage value.
The battery charging apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 10, comprising a plurality of the lithium secondary cells, wherein the control section is configured to implement the comparison by determining whether or not the measured value of the terminal voltage of one of the lithium secondary cells has reached the lithium deposition threshold voltage value, wherein the one of the lithium secondary cells is the highest in the measured value of the terminal voltage among all of the lithium secondary cells.
A battery charging method for charging a battery with at least one of charging current and charging power set to a predetermined setpoint, wherein the battery includes a lithium secondary cell, the battery charging method comprising:
calculating a lithium deposition threshold voltage value based on the setpoint, wherein lithium is assumed to be deposited in the lithium secondary cell when a terminal voltage of the lithium secondary cell is above the lithium deposition threshold voltage value;
comparing the terminal voltage with the calculated lithium deposition threshold voltage value; and
controlling the at least one of charging current and charging power depending on the comparison.