WO2011150918A2

WO2011150918A2 - Photovoltaic generator having a switchgear assembly for protection of photovoltaic modules

Info

Publication number: WO2011150918A2
Application number: PCT/DE2011/001159
Authority: WO
Inventors: Marco GÖTZ; Sebastian Engel
Original assignee: Trimos Gmbh
Priority date: 2010-06-03
Filing date: 2011-06-03
Publication date: 2011-12-08
Also published as: DE102010023549A1; DE102010023549B4; WO2011150918A3

Abstract

The invention relates to a photovoltaic generator (40) having a switchgear assembly (1) for protection of photovoltaic modules (2), which are connected via at least one generator section line (6), a generator connecting box (42) and a direct-current power supply system (22) in sequence to an inverter (41), and are connected via respective module electronics (3) to the generator section line (6) of the photovoltaic generator (40). In this case, for each photovoltaic module (2), the switchgear assembly (1) has module electronics (3), which is associated with the photovoltaic module (2), and a control point (14, 141) which is associated with all the photovoltaic modules (2), which are connected for signalling purposes to the individual module electronics (3), wherein at least the following assemblies are provided for the module electronics (3): - a first switching element (7), which is arranged in a line section (43) of a supply section line (16) between a first positive module connection (12) of the photovoltaic module (2) and a first positive section connection (4) of a generator section line (6), - a second switching element (8), which is connected in a short-circuiting line (17) between the first positive section connection (4) and a second negative section connection (5) of the generator section line (6) - a module electronics controller (90), which has - drive electronics (9) which has drive logic (92), switch-off delay electronics (93) and switch-off current-limiting electronics (94), and - a supply unit (29), which is fed from the photovoltaic module (2) at a first positive module connection (12, 16, 21) and/or from the first positive section connection (4) of the generator section line (6) and supplies current to the drive electronics (9), - at least one measurement electronics (10), which is connected for signalling purposes to the drive electronics (9) and for supply purposes to the supply unit (29), and - communication electronics (11, 111), which is connected for signalling purposes via a communication path (23, 77, 78) to the drive electronics (9, 91) and to the control point (14, 141) which is located outside the module electronics (3), and is connected for supply purposes to the supply unit (29), wherein the drive electronics (9) is connected for control purposes to the two switching elements (7) and (8) such that the switching states comprising the activated state (38) and the switched-off state (39) of the switches (7, 8) can be set separately via the drive logic (90) for each individual module electronics (3), and the time of the state change for each individual module electronics (3) can be set separately via the switch-off delay electronics (93), such that the individual module electronics (3) does not change to the switched-off state (39) at the same time, and the short-circuit current in the short-circuiting line (17) can be limited, adjustably via the switch-off current-limiting electronics (94) by the first switching element (7), both at times while switching off and permanently when the short circuit is activated, wherein the assemblies are connected between the module connections (12, 13) to the photovoltaic module (2) and the section connections (4, 5) to the generator section line (6), and wherein at least two operating states for each individual module electronics (3) can be set separately, depending on the signals from the measurement electronics (10) and the communication electronics (11), for the module electronics (3) by means of the controllable first switching element (7) and the controllable second switching element (8): a) either an activated state (38) with current transfer and connection of the photovoltaic module (2) into the generator section line (6), b) or a switched-off state (39) with automatic electrically isolating disconnection of the photovoltaic module (2) from the generator section line (6) and with a short circuit between the section connections (4) and (5), wherein, in particular after switching off, the active activated state (38) of each individual module electronics (3) is made possible by the permanently supplying supply unit (29), by means of the active drive logic (92), by evaluation of the signals from the measurement electronics (10) and/or from the communication electronics (11) via the control point (14, 141).

Description

Photovoltaic generator with circuit protection for photovoltaic modules Description

The invention relates to a photovoltaic generator with a circuit system for the protection of photovoltaic modules, which are connected via at least one generator line, a generator junction box and a DC network in the order to an inverter and connected via a respective module electronics with the generator line of the photovoltaic generator.

A problem is that in case of danger, no independent grid separation of a photovoltaic module and the subsequent subsequent active, connection of the photovoltaic module to the DC network of the photovoltaic generator are not possible. It is a protection circuit for a photovoltaic module in the document DE 10 2005 036 153 B4 described, wherein in the photovoltaic module, a plurality of working in normal operation and shading solar cells are connected in series. At least one controllable electrical switching element serving as a bypass element is connected with its switching path parallel to the plurality of photovoltaic cells. A supply circuit provides a control voltage for driving the control electrode of the bypass element, wherein an isolating circuit for blocking the over the switching path of the bypass element in normal operation lying voltage to the supply circuit and for switching over the switching path in the shadowing case of at least one photovoltaic cell voltage the supply circuit is provided. This protection circuit relates to the reduction of the power loss occurring at the bypass element in Abschattungsfall. A protective circuit for a photovoltaic system is described in the publication DE 10 2007 032 605 A1, wherein the current flow and the voltage of photovoltaic panels are controllable. For this purpose, in particular remote-controlled switches are used, which cause an electrical separation of the photovoltaic elements with each other or can also generate a short circuit of the photovoltaic element.

A problem of this protection circuit is that no autonomous power supply of the controllable switch is specified, which permanently supplies the controllable switch and after elimination of the risk enabling the activation of the generator (ie cancellation of the separation and the short circuit). Furthermore, no device is recognizable which limits the discharging currents of the inverter during the switch-off process in such a way that destruction of the inverter during shutdown is ruled out. Rather, it is pointed out to first disconnect the inverter from the system before switching off the generator by the controllable switch. This approach in turn is an automatic separation in the event of danger, for example by the mentioned sensors near the photovoltaic elements, in the way. A protective circuit for photovoltaic modules is described in the publication DE 10 2009 024 516 A1, which electrically short-circuits a photovoltaic module. This is done by activating an electromechanical switching contact or a thyristor.

One problem is that the activation can not be canceled by an external Fretschaft device only signal technically connected with the short-circuit device. In addition, the thyristor requires a self-sufficient power supply to maintain the short circuit through the thyristor. Another disadvantage is that the control signal activates the safety device. Because in the case of danger, it can very probably be that outside the photovoltaic modules, for example due to interruption of the power supply systems, no activation energy is available any more. In this case, an activation of the security device is necessarily dependent on the supply of fuel to the control device. The thermal alarm activates a photovoltaic module termination without any possibility to limit the associated discharge current of the inverter and to prove this or destruction.

It is an electromechanical protection circuit for photovoltaic modules described in the document DE 10 2009022 508 A1, which ensures a short circuit of the PV generator after the separation of the DC power line to the inverter. The triggering of the safety setting can be carried out remotely. The preceding separation of the PV generator with the inverter is beneficial for avoiding discharge currents in the inverter.

One problem is that, however, the switch must have a very high withstand voltage, since the disconnection of the DC power supply line can cause the full system voltage to drop by up to 1000V. The protection circuit has no features of the remote controlled withdrawal of the triggered Sicherheitmechäntsmus.

The term photovoltaic module is used here to designate all photovoltaic conversion elements that use light energy in electricity. A problem of all photomultipliers is that an automatic grid separation of the photovoltaic modules in the general hazard, the grid disconnects the photovoltaic modules by a complete galvanic isolation from the mains de-energized (disconnection) and the power supply voltage (shutdown), and after elimination of the risk active Mains connection of the separate and switched off photovoltaic modules is not possible. In addition, the abovementioned shutdown solutions which relate to a module short-circuit require either the previous disconnection of the inverter from the generator network or the use of string diodes to avoid the uncontrolled discharge currents in the inverter which occur when switching off. The use of stranded diodes is disadvantageous for cost reasons. The requirement for prior separation of the inverter from the grid is disadvantageous, since at risk, for example, by overheating of individual photovoltaic modules, these affected photovoltaic modules are to be switched off, and this with continuous feeding of energy into the network.

The invention has for its object to provide a photovoltaic generator with a circuit for the protection of photovoltaic modules, which is designed so suitable that an independent separation and shutdown of a single photovoltaic module and or more photovoltaic modules from the DC network of the photovoltaic generator in particular in case of danger but also in general is possible and then an active connection of the separate and disconnected photovoltaic modules to the DC network of the photovoltaic generator can be ensured again. In this case, the discharge currents of the inverter caused by the shading should be limited in order to avoid destruction of the inverter as a result of the shutdown.

The object is solved by the features of patent claim 1.

In the photovoltaic generator with circuit system for the protection of photovoltaic modules, the photovoltaic modules via at least one generator line, via a generator junction box and a DC power in connected to an inverter in the stated sequence and connected via a respective module electronics to the generator line of the photovoltaic generator,

wherein according to the characterizing part of patent claim 1

the circuit installation per photovoltaic module has a module electronics associated with the photovoltaic module and a control station which is associated with all photovoltaic modules and which is signal-wise connected to the individual module electronics, wherein at least the following modules are provided for the module electronics:

a first switching element, which is arranged in a line section of a supply line between a first positive Modulanschi uss of the photovoltaic module and a first positive line connection of a generator line,

a second switching element which is connected in a short-circuit line between the first positive line connection and a second negative line connection of the generator line line,

- A module electronics control, the

- An electronic control, which has a drive logic, a Ausschaltverzö- rungselektronik and Abschaltstrombegrenzungselektronik, as well as

a supply unit, which feeds from the photovoltaic module at the first positive module connection and / or from the first positive line connection of the generator branch line and supplies the control electronics,

- At least one measuring electronics, which is technically connected to the control electronics and to the supply unit, and

a communication electronics, which is signal-technically connected to the control electronics and to the outside of the module electronics control center via a communication link and is connected to the supply unit supply technology,

includes, wherein the control electronics are in control connection with the two switching elements in such a way that the scanning states free-circuit status and shut-off state of the switching elements can be set separately via the control logic for each individual module logic, and via the

Time point of Zustafidsweeftsel for each Möduelektresik is separately einstellba so that the individual Modulelektröniken not at the same time in the AbdhältiStmffib ^ the short-circuit current in the short-circuit line through the first switching element both temporarily during the shutdown and permanently ted can be limited when the short circuit is activated,

wherein the modules are connected between the Mödulanschtüssen to Photovoltaikmodui and the Stranganschtüssen to the generator line and for the module electronics with the controllable first switching element and the controllable second shading element at least two operating conditions for each module electronics, depending on the signals of the measuring electronics and the communications electronics, are separately adjustable:

a) either a Fraischäitzuständ with current transfer and supply of Ptlötovottaikmöduls in the Generatorstrangieitung

b) or a shading state with automatic electrically insulating separation of the filamentary material from the generator and with a short circuit between the two strand connections,

wherein, in particular after Abschaltun the active free aftzustarid of each individual Mödulelekfronik after passing danger, or tm in general, is made possible by the permanently supplying supply unit by means of the active drive logic by evaluating the signals of the measuring electronics and / or the communication electronics on the Leitstetle.

The first switching element can be designed as a galvanically isolating and electronically controllable switching contact, and the second switching element can be designed as an electronically controllable half-diverter switch with parallel polarity reversal protection diode, electrically directed from the negative line connection to the positive line sink. The first shaft element is located in the line section of the supply line line and there between the supply tap for the control electronics for electrical energy supply of the entire module electronics and the first positive strand connection of the short-circuit line.

The first switching element is able to interrupt the current flow of the Photovoltatkmodule in the open state (electrically insulating separation) and in the closed state, the current flow through the photovoltaic module unhindered through the Generatorstrangleitu g to the DC network.

The second switching element is able to reduce the voltage at the line connection in the closed state to a safe voltage (short circuit) and limit the then flowing short-circuit current. The module electronics can set the two controllable switching elements in two active operating states:

a) In the first and normal operating state, the state of the activation, the first shaft element are closed and the second switching element is opened, wherein the photovoltaic module is connected to the first strand connection of the generator strand line low impedance, wherein in the state of activation, the photovoltaic module power over the Output generator line to the DC network of the photovoltaic generator,

b) In the second state, the state of the shutdown, the first switching element are open and the second switching element is closed, wherein the photovoltaic module is electrically isolated by the first switching element of the generator strand line and is placed in the non-dangerous currentless operating state and at the same time the voltage is reduced at the first positive line connection by the second switching element to a safe low voltage value.

During the transition from the disconnected state to the disconnected state, the inverter of the photovoltaic system is discharged by the short-circuiting switches, in the form of the second switching element. The occurring discharge current can thereby be limited in order not to damage the inverter in this process by overload. For this purpose, the state change for each individual module electronics is set separately via the switch-off delay electronics with a programmable time delay element in the control electronics, so that not all module electronics simultaneously change to the switch-off state, but offset in time and thus the discharge flow is limited. In addition, the short-circuit current in the short-circuit line is programmably limited by the first switching element both temporarily during the shutdown as well as permanently with activated short circuit via the Abschaltstrombegrenzungselektronik in the form of a current limiting element in the control electronics.

The signal-technical communicative connection in the form of a communication link between the control center and the respective communication electronics of the module electronics can be formed via a wireless radio link or via a separate signal bus cable or via the generator strand line.

From the control electronics, starting from the first switching element, a first control line and the second switching element, a second control line out, via the first control line, the switching signals for separating and closing the line section of the supply line to the first switching element and the second control line, the switching signals for separating and Close the short-circuit line to be sent to the second switching element. At least some of the assemblies may be in a sealed box.

The modules can be located within the can on a Leite latte, which is optionally mounted mounted in the can.

The supply unit can provide from the Photovottaikmodulspannung over the supply line line by a voltage regulator, a regulated supply voltage for the entire module electronics, with short Voltage dips the electrical supply is maintained by a backup capacitor in the supply unit and a backflow of current from the voltage regulator in the photovoltaic module is blocked by oppositely connected diodes -ist.

The electrical supply unit is connected to the supply line to the photovoltaic module and to the short-circuit line and to the ground line. The connection box of the inverter can be inside or outside the inverter.

The control electronics are connected on the one hand to the supply line (positive potential, positive voltage, positive poles) and on the other hand to ground or to the ground line (negative potential, negative poles).

Due to the supply tap on the supply line line, the electrical supply of the supply unit and thus the entire module electronics in network separation by means of the open first switching element is guaranteed even in Abschattzustand.

In the communication electronics, a first optocoupler with a diode transmitter and a phototransistor of the first opto-coupler serves as transmitter of the signals on the part of the Leitstelie, wherein the phototrans- sistor of the first optocoupler from the side of the communication electronics having a supply line from the Versorgungsernheit with a Schmitttrigger Branch is connected.

The communication electronics via the supply line with the electric see supply unit of the control electronics, wherein the at a constant reference current source l _re f related Schmitt trigger of the communication electronics are connected to a receiver within the control electronics, which a receiver register is arranged downstream of the parallel with egg - nem memory for two keywords A and B is connected to a comparator, wherein the comparator, in turn, a window detector is connected, the output side is connected to a multiple OR gate whose output to the memory for the keywords A and B via a Signallei - and connected to a driver.

The driver may be designed on the output side such that from it a first control line to the first switching element and a second control line to the second shaft element are guided.

Between the control center and the communication electronics, a transmission path and a reception path can be present as the communication path.

A re-transmission of signals to the operating conditions is provided by the communication electronics in the direction of the control center, which also changes a part of the previous control electronics for alternative control electronics by the introduction of the reception path in the communication electronics. In the transmission path, the starting point of the transmission telegram may be a transmitter of the control center, which is in communication with a first transmission transistor and a voltage source, wherein the first transmission transistor connected to the first optical coupler is operated, wherein the first Schmitttrigger the communication electronics from the phototransistor of the first optocoupler taken over signals of the transmission telegram to the receiver of the control electronics.

In the control electronics, a command decoder downstream of the receiver can perform the functions of the receive register, the comparator, the window decoder and the functions of the memory for the keywords A and B, wherein the command decoder has a direct connection to the multiple OR gate, the Command decoder for setting up the sending receive path defined by the control center with a status register ter / data register is connected, the transmitter of the control electronics is arranged downstream, wherein the transmitter of the control electronics is connected to a transmit transistor, which is technically in communication with the second optocoupler.

The signals triggered by the phototransistor of the second optocoupler in the commutation electronics can be supplied to a second Schmitt trigger of the control center with the assistance of a current source, the Schmitt trigger transmitting to the receiver connected to it the digitized receive telegram defining an operating state.

In a combination between the control electronics and the measuring electronics within the module electronics to remedy a hazard in the occurrence of undervoltages U, the measuring electronics may include a voltage divider with an AD Wandier connected thereto, wherein the voltage divider has the taps on the supply line of the supply unit and the ground line.

The AD converter may subsequently have a data register with a comparator, wherein two threshold value registers with a threshold value comparator of threshold values U1, U2 from the two threshold value registers are arranged parallel to the data register at the input of the comparator, the comparator being followed by a debounce filter, the On the output side, it is connected to the threshold comparator via a feedback signal line and to the multiple OR gate via a signal line, and a driver arranged downstream of the multiple OR gate is connected to the respective shadow elements via the two control lines.

Corresponding circuit designs with regard to the threshold value value register and the comparator can also be provided for elevated temperatures T and for overcurrents I. In a combination of the food electronics with the control electronics in the event of overcurrent I in the ground line; a protection resistor can be switched on, which is connected to a Spannungsabgreifenden AD converter for taking over a voltage drop across the protective resistor, wherein the AD converter is connected to the data register of the control electronics.

When combining the measuring electronics with the control electronics when an elevated temperature T occurs, the measuring electronics can have a thermal pickup with a connected AD converter, which is connected to the data register of the control electronics.

The measuring electronics with the assembly circuits for determining the parameters of undervoltage U and / or overcurrent I and / or excessively high temperatures T can be contained in a compact measuring electrics whose respective connections to the control electronics are formed as in the parameter-related measuring electronics ,

Further developments and further embodiments of the inventions are specified in further subclaims.

The invention will be explained in more detail using an exemplary embodiment by means of several drawings.

Show it:

Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of a photovoltaic generator with

a circuit system for the protection of photovoltaic modules,

2 is a schematic diagram of a part of a circuit system according to the invention for a photovoltaic module of module electronics and control center, with a connection with modultrennenden and modulzuschaltenden switching elements,

Fig. 3 is a circuit diagram of the module electronics with control electronics, a

Communication electronics including a transmission path and the the control station adapted to the transmission path,

Fig. 4 temporal representation of states of moduftrenden and

modulzuschaltenden switching elements in conjunction with the signals of the control center, wherein

Figure! 4a Sequence of active and locked switching element states, Fig. 4b Sequence of keyword / window signals in the communication electronics and

Fig. 4c sequence of modultrennenden and modulzuschaltenden

Show keyword signals from the control center,

5 is a circuit diagram of the module electronics with a control electronics, a communication electronics including transmission path and receiving path and a transmission path and the receiving path associated control center,

6 is a circuit diagram of the module electronics with control electronics and with a measuring electronics as a voltage sensor,

7 is a circuit diagram of the module electronics with control electronics and with a measuring electronics as a current sensor, and

Fig. 8 is a circuit diagram of the module electronics with control electronics and with a measuring electronics as a temperature sensor.

In the following, FIGS. 1 and 2 as well as FIG. 3 are considered together. In Fig. 1, a photovoltaic generator 40 is shown with Schaltungsarilage 1 for the protection of photovoltaic modules 2, which are connected via eg two generator lines 6, a generator junction box 42 and a DC power supply 22 in the order mentioned to an inverter 41 and via each module electronics 3 with the generator line line 6 of the photovoltaic generator 40 are connected. The two generator branch lines 6 are guided parallel to each other to the generator junction box 42.

According to the invention, the circuit installation 1 per photovoltaic module 2 has a module electronics 3 associated with the photovoltaic module 2 and a control station 14 assigned to all photovoltaic modules 2, which is signal-wise connected to the individual module electronics 3, wherein at least the following modules are provided for the module electronics 3:

a first switching element 7, which is arranged in a line section 43 of a supply line 16 between a first positive module connection 12 of the photovoltaic module 2 and a first positive line connection 4 of a generator line 6,

a second switching element 8, which is connected in a short-circuit line 17 between the first positive line connection 4 and a second negative line connection 5 of the generator line 6,

a module electronics controller 90, the

a control electronics 9 shown in FIG. 2, which has a control logic 92, a switch-off delay electronics 93 and a switch-off current limiting electronics 94, as well as

a supply unit 29, which feeds from the photovoltaic module 2 at the first positive module connection 12, 16, 21 and / or from the first positive line connection 4 of the generator line 6 and supplies the drive electronics 9 with electron energy,

- At least one measuring electronics 10, which is technically connected to the control electronics 9 signal technically and to the supply unit 29, and

a communication electronics 11, which is signal-technically connected via a communication path 23, 77 to the control electronics 9 and to the control station 14 located outside of the module electronics 3 and is connected to the supply unit 29 in terms of supply technology,

wherein the control electronics 9 with the two switching elements 7 and 8 is in controlled connection in such a way that via the control logic 90 for each individual The switching states enable state 38 and switch-off state 39 of the switching elements 7, 8 are separately adjustable and the time of state change for each individual module electronics 3 is separately adjustable via the Abschaltverzö- gerungselektronik 93 in the form of a programmable time delay element that the individual module electronics. 3 do not switch simultaneously into the switch-off state 39, and via the Abschaltströmbegrenzungselek- tronik 94 in the form of a current limiting element of the short-circuit current in the short-circuit line 17 can be limited by the first switching element 7 both temporarily during shutdown and permanently adjustable with activated short circuit,

wherein the assemblies according to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 between the module terminals 12, 13 are connected to the photovoltaic module 2 and the strand terminals 4, 5 to the generator line 6 and wherein for the module electronics 3 with the controllable first switching element 7 and the controllable second switching element 8 at least two operating states for each individual module electronics 3, depending on the signals of the measuring electronics 10 and the communication electronics 11, are separately settable:

a) either a release state 38 with power transfer and connection of the photovoltaic module 2 in the generator line line. 6

b) or a switch-off state 39 with automatic electrically insulating separation of the photovoltaic module 2 from the generator line 6 and with a short circuit between the strand connections 4 and 5,

wherein, in particular after the shutdown of the active unlocking state 38 of each module electronics 3 after passing danger, or in general, by the permanently electrical power supply unit 29 by means of the active drive logic 92 by evaluating the signals of the measuring electronics 10 and / or the Kommunikationsseiektronik 11 via the control center 14 is enabled. The first switching element 7 may, as shown in Fig. 3, as a galvanically isolating and electronically controllable switching contact may be formed and the second switching element 8 may be as an electronically controllable semiconductor switch with parallel Reverse polarity protection diode 69, electrically directed from the negative strand connection 5 to the positive strand connection 4, be formed.

The signal-technical communicative connection in FIG. 3 in the form of a communication path 23 between the control center 14 and the respective communication electronics 11 of the modular electronics 3 can be formed via a wireless radio link or via a separate signal bus cable or via the generator line 6. From the control electronics 9, starting from the first switching element 7, a first control line 18 and the second switching element 8, a second control line 19, wherein via the first control line 18, the switching signals for separating and closing the line section 43 of the supply line 16 to the first switching element 7 and the switching signals for separating and closing the short-circuit line 17 are sent to the second switching element 8 via the second control line 19.

The first switching element 7 is located in the line section 43 of the supply line 16 and there between the supply tap 21 for the control electronics 9, 91 for Efektroenergieversorgung the entire module electronics 3 and the first positive strand connection 4 of the short-circuit line 17th

At least a part of the assemblies 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 32 can be located in a closed box.

The assemblies 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 32 may be located within the box on a printed circuit board, which is optionally mounted in the can.

The supply unit 29 can provide a regulated supply voltage for the entire module electronics 3 from the photovoltaic module voltage via the supply line 16 through a voltage regulator, the supply being maintained by a backup capacitor 45 in the supply unit 29 during short voltage dips, and a current return flow from the voltage regulator in the photovoltaic module 2 is blocked by oppositely connected diodes 46, 47.

The electrical supply unit 29 is connected to the supply line 16 to the photovoltaic module 2 and to the short-circuit line 17 and to the ground line 20.

The module electronics 3 can have at least two operating states, as shown in FIG. 4 a, wherein the module electronics 3

a) in a first and normal operating state, the enable state 38, wherein the first switching element 7 is closed and the second switching element 8 are opened and wherein the Photovoltaikmodui 2 is connected to the power line 4 of the generator line 6 low impedance, wherein in the disconnected state 38, the Photovoltaikmodui 2 outputs a power via the generator line 6 and the connection box 42 to the DC network 22 of the Photovottaikgenerators 40, or

b) is in a second state, the off state 39, wherein the first switching element 7 is opened and the second switching element 8 are closed, wherein the photovoltaic module 2 is separated from the generator line 6 line.

Through the Versorgungsabgriff 21 on the supply line 16, 43, the electrical supply of the supply unit 29 and thus the entire module electronics 3 is ensured in network separation by means of the open first switching element 7 in Abschaftzustand 39.

In the communication electronics 11, 111, a first optocoupler 24 with a diode transmitter 25 and a phototransistor 26 of the first opto-coupler 24 serves as a transmitter of the signals from the control station 14.141 in a transmission path 77, wherein the phototransistor 26 of the first optocoupler 24 from the side of the communication electronics 11, 1 11 is connected to a supply line 27 from the supply unit 29 with a Schmitt trigger 28 having branch. The communication electronics 11, 11 1 is connected via the supply line 27 to the electrical supply unit 29 of the control electronics 9, 91, wherein the at a constant Referenzstromquelie l _re f 48 related Schmitt trigger 28, the communication electronics 11, 1 11 to a receiver 30 within the Control electronics 9, 91 is connected to a receiver register 31 is arranged downstream, which is connected in parallel with a memory 32 for two keywords A and B to a comparator 33, wherein the comparator 33 in turn a window detector 34 is connected downstream, the output side with a ehrfach- OR gate 35 is connected, the output 36 is connected to the memory 32 for the keywords A and B via a signal line 62 and a driver 37.

The driver 37 may be formed on the output side such that from it a first control line 18 to the first switching element 7 and a second control line 19 to the second Schaitelement 8 are performed.

Between the control center 141 and the communication electronics 111, a transmission path 77 and a reception path 78 can be present as the communication path 23.

A re-transmission of signals to the operating conditions is provided by the communication electronics 111 in the direction of the control center 141, which also changes a Teif the previous control electronics 9 for alternative on-board electronics 91 by the introduction of the receiving path 78 in the communication electronics.

In the transmission path 77, the starting point of the transmission telegram 44 may be a transmitter 76 of the control station 141, which is in communication with a first transmission transistor 75 and a voltage source 79, wherein the first transmission transistor 75 of the first optical coupler 24 connected to it is operated, the first Schmitttrigger 28 of the communication electronics 1 1 1, the signals transmitted by the phototransistor 26 of the first optocoupler 24 of the transmission telegram 44 to the receiver 30 of the control electronics 91 passes. In Ansieereiektronik 9i a beschöieder the receiver 3ö command decoder 70, the functions of the receive register 31, the comparator 33, the window decoder 34 and the functions of the memory 32 for the keywords A and B take over, from the command decoder 70 is a direct connection to the multiple OR gate 35, wherein the command decoder 70 is connected to the structure of the transmitting, defined by the control station 141 from receiving path 78 to a status register / data register 71, which is a transmitter 72 downstream of the control electronics 91, wherein the transmitter 72 of Control electronics 91 is connected to a transmit transistor 74, the signal technically with the second optical coupler 73 is in communication.

The signals triggered by the phototransistor of the second optocoupler 73 in the communication electronics 91 can be supplied to a second Schmitt trigger 81 of the control station 141 with the assistance of a current source 83, the Schmitt trigger 81 transmitting to the receiver 82 connected thereto the digitized receive telegram 80 defining an operating state.

In a combination between the control electronics 9, 91 and the measuring electronics 101 within the module electronics 3 for eliminating a hazardous event when low voltages U occur, the measuring electronics 101 may include a voltage divider 49 with an AD converter 50 connected thereto, wherein the voltage divider 49 the has a terminal 57 on the supply line 27 and the other terminal 58 on the ground line 20. The AD converter 50 can subsequently have a data register 51 with a comparator 55, wherein two threshold value registers 52 and 53 with a threshold value comparator 54 of threshold values U1, U2 from the two threshold value registers 52, 53 are arranged parallel to the data register 51 at the input of the comparator 55 in which the comparator 55 is followed by a debounce filter 56 which is connected on the output side via a feedback signal line 59 to the threshold comparator 54 and via a signal line 60 to the multi-OR element 35, and wherein one of the multiple OR element 35 nachgeordne- Driver 37 is connected via the two control lines 18, 19 with the respective switching elements 7 and 8.

Corresponding circuit designs with regard to the threshold value registers 52, 53 and the comparator 55 can also be provided for elevated temperatures T and for overcurrents I.

In a combination of the measuring electronics 102 with the control electronics 9, 91 in the event of overcurrent I in the ground line 20, a protective resistor 65 may be switched on, which is connected to a Spannungsabgreifenden AD converter 63 for taking over a voltage drop across the protective resistor 65, wherein the AD Converter 63 is connected to the data register 51 of the control electronics 9, 91. When the measuring electronics 103 are combined with the control electronics 9, 91 when an elevated temperature T occurs, the measuring electronics 103 can have a thermocouple 15 with a connected AD converter 64, which is connected to the data register 51 of the control electronics 9, 91 , The measuring electronics 101, 102, 103 with the assembly circuits for determining the parameters of undervoltage U and / or overcurrent I and / or excessively high temperatures T may be contained in a compact measuring electronics 10 whose respective connections to the control electronics 9, 91 as are formed in the parameter-related measuring electronics 101, 102, 103.

In Fig. 3, the modules of the control electronics 9 are shown in more detail: The control electronics 9 includes a drive logic 92, a Ausschaltverzöer- rungselektronik 93 and Abschaltstrombegrenzungselektronik 94, which are electrically powered by the supply unit 29 via a microelectronics supply line 91. The drive logic 92 includes a receiver 30, a receive register 31, a memory 32 for the keywords A and B stored therein, a comparator 33, a window decoder 34, and a multi-user OR gate 35. The turn-off delay 93 is a programmable time delay, which is connected to an output 36 of the multi-OR gate 35. The Abschaltstrombegrenzungselektronik 94 has at least one current limiting element, which is located in the control line 19 between the driver 37 and the switching input of the second switching element 8.

As shown in detail in FIG. 3, the control electronics 9 can supply energy in the active disconnected state 38 and also in the stationary shutdown state 39 by means of the supply unit 29 contained in it. In this case, the power supply of the control electronics 9 and thus of the entire module electronics 3 is ensured by the supply tap 21 on the supply line 16 in general in network separation by means of the open first switching element 7 in the off state 39.

The control electronics 9 is very energy-efficient and can work even at low voltages of the photovoltaic module 2. Under-voltages, overflows and elevated temperatures may e.g. occur as hazardous states for the module electronics 3.

In Fig. 3 is a partial circuit diagram of the circuit 1 with a portion of the module electronics 3 from the Ansteuerelektxonik 9 and the communication * electronics 11 and the control center 14 shown in more detail to the occurrence of potential hazards and the response measures of the circuit 1 to the Explain hazardous situations in more detail.

In Fig. 3, the communication between the communication electronics 1 1 and the control center 14 component-related simplicity, only in a transmission direction (transmission path 77) indicated. The control center 14 is connected via a line-formed communication link 23 (cable) of the transmission path 77 to the communication electronics 11 at least in signaling connection. As a transformer of the signals from the control center 14 (transmission path 77), a first optical coupler 24 with a diode transmitter 25th and a phototransistor 26. The phototransistor 26 of the first optocoupler 24 is connected from the side of the communication electronics 11 to a supply line 27 from the supply unit 29 and a branch with a Schmitt trigger 28.

In this case, the control electronics 9 from the Photovoltäikmodulspannung over the supply line 16 by a voltage regulator a regulated supply voltage of the module electronics 3 ready. For short voltage drops, the electrical supply is guaranteed by a support capacitor 45 in the supply unit 29 and a backflow of current from the voltage regulator in the photovoltaic module 2 by diodes 46, 47 blocked. In this case, the first diode 46 is connected to the supply tap 21 and the second diode 47 is connected to the supply tap 61 of the short-circuit line 17. The control electronics 9 automatically detects the described states of danger and switches the switching elements 7 and 8 in the off state 39 and thus the photovoltaic module 2 at the strand connections 4, 5 power and voltage-free, so that an independent network separation from the DC network 22 is present. The switch-off state 39 can be left only by a release telegram 44 from the L-scale 14 of the module electronics 3, wherein the release telegram 44 is received by the communication electronics 11, and in the enable state 38 (active operating state) transition, in which the first switching element 7 is closed and the second switching element 8 are open, which represents a cancellation of the short circuit on the generator line 6 and thus represents an active power supply.

The mode of operation of the module electronics 3 of the circuit system 1 consists in principle of the following:

In the defined first permissible and normal operating state, the enabling state 38, the switching element 7 is closed and the switching element 8 is opened, wherein the photovoltaic module 2 is connected to the first strand connection 4 of the generator line 6 low impedance. In the unlock state 38 For example, the photovoltaic module 2 can deliver a power via the generator line 6 to the DC network 22 of the photovoltaic generator 40.

In the second permissible state, the switch-off state 39, the first switching element 7 are opened and the second switching element 8 is closed, wherein the photovoltaic module 2 is disconnected from the generator line 6.

In the off state 39, the photovoltaic module 2 is switched off and the strand connections 4, 5 are short-circuited.

The first switching element 7 can in FIGS. 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 in this case be a relay or galvanically isolated, insulated switching element and the second shading element 8 can be bridged in parallel by a polarity reversal protection diode 69.

The control electronics 9 may have an electrical supply unit 29 of a conventional type, which is connected to the supply line 16 to the photovoltaic module 2 or to the short-circuit line 17 and to ground / ground line 20. On the protective diode side, the electrical supply unit 29 is connected to two supply diodes 46, 47 connected to the supply line 16 and to the short circuit line 17, respectively. While the communication electronics 11 in FIG. 3 is connected via supply line 27 to the electrical supply unit 29 of the control electronics 9, the Schmitt trigger 28 connected to the constant reference current source _f 48 is connected to a receiver 30 within the control electronics 9. The receiver 30 is followed by a receiver register 31 which is connected in parallel to a memory 32 for two keywords A and 8 to a comparator 33. The comparator 33, in turn, is followed by a window detector 34, whose output is connected to a multiple-OR gate 35 whose output 36 is connected to the memory 32 for the keywords A and 6 via the return signal line 62 and to a driver 37 ,

The driver 37 is designed on the output side such that from it a first control line 18 to the first shaft element 7 and a second control line 19 to the second switching element 8 is guided. In the following, it will be explained with reference to FIGS. 4a, 4b and 4c how the communication electronics 11 and the control center 14 bypass each other after the occurrence of hazardous situations and after the completion and remedying of the hazardous situations.

FIG. 4a shows the switchable switching element states of the two switching elements 7 and 8, the state 38 indicating the disconnection state and the state 39 indicating the disconnection state.

The keyword A sent by the manager 14 means that there is no danger of failure and the power transfer goes from the photovoltaic module 2 to the DC network 6 of the photovoltaic generator 40.

Fig. 4b shows the expectation state timings for the keyword A, and Fig. 4c shows the keyword signal sequence connections for the keyword A and for the keyword B.

The operation of the communication electronics 1 1 for communication with the control center 14 and for receiving their release telegrams 44 will be explained by way of example with reference to FIG. 3 together with Figs. 4a, 4b, 4c.

If the photovoltaic module 2 is connected to the generator line 6, as shown in FIG. 4 a, which represents the disconnected state 38, in which the first switching element 7 is closed and the second switching element 8 is open, the control electronics 9 expects a signal sent by the control station 14, periodically recurring telegram 44, which may be a release telegram, wherein the telegram 44 is received via the communication electronics 11.

The enable message 44 may be provided with a particularly distinctive pulse signal compared to the periodically recurring telegrams for undisturbed continuous operation, but may also contain this signal pulse in the periodically recurring telegram even with appropriate training.

The periodically repeating telegram 44 thus signals an unsafe photovoltaic generator operation. The telegram 44 and its time regime are implementation-dependent. If the periodically recurring telegram 44 remains off, recognizes the control electronics 9 a hazardous state / -fal! of the photovoltaic generator 40 and switches, as shown in Fig. 4a, the switching elements 7 and 8 in the off state 39 and thus the photovoltaic module 2 at the strand connections 4, 5 power and voltage free, so that thus an independent network separation to the photovoltaic module 2 present.

The telegram 44 is converted in the control center 14 into voltage modulation of the communication path 23 in the form of a two-wire bus of the transmission path 77, which is connected to a first optocoupler 24 of the communication electronics 11. The voltage modulation is converted to the communication electronics 11 by a light diode 25 in üchtimpulse falling fall on a phototransistor 26, which changes its current depending on the light intensity. The light diode 25 and the phototransistor 26 are part of the first optocoupler 24. By means of a constant reference current source 48, the changing current is converted into a voltage modulation in the communication electronics 11. The voltage change is converted with a first Schmitt trigger 28 into a two-valued logic signal. It creates a bitstream. The digital receiver 30 following the first Schmitt trigger 28 composes the bit stream as a function of the protocol into a telegram which is stored in the reception register 31. If the module electronics 3 are in the disconnected state 38, the telegram consisting of a signal field is compared in a comparator 33 with a connected window detector 34 in two consecutive time windows 66, 67 with the presence of a keyword A. In the first time window 66, whose length tee is specified, the telegram must not correspond to the keyword A. If this happens, the photovoltaic module 2 is disconnected from the generator line 6 (inactive state 39). In the second sequential window 67, the maximum length of which is specified, a telegram with the keyword A must be received. If this does not happen, the photovoltaic module 2 is disconnected from the generator line 6 (switch-off state 39). If in the second window 67 the keyword A is received within the prescribed time tc7, then the window detector 34 is reset to the first window 66. The switch-off state 39 remains in effect until a keyword B consisting of another signal form is sent by the control station 14.

If the photovoltaic module 2 is disconnected from the generator line 6 (switch-off state 39), the module electronics 3 expects the keyword B in FIG. 4c in the manner described above and goes into the disconnected state 38 (first switching element 7 closed, second switching element 8 open) , Thereafter, the window detector 34 starts immediately with the first window 66.

The current operating state of the module electronics 3 and the recognized hazard state can in an alternative circuit to the first communication electronics 1 1 including a transmission path 77 of the communication path 23 by means of a second communication electronics 111 shown in Fig. 5 including the transmission path 77 and a reception path 78 by a return Telegram 80 are transmitted from the communication electronics 111 to an extended second guide parts 141. In this case, either the control station 141 can interrogate the communication electronics 111 via the communication link 23, or the communication electronics 11 1 transmit the state transition in the form of a receive telegram 80 to the control center 141 independently upon transition to the respective operating state, in particular into the switch-off state 39.

The reception path 78 is also operated via the supply line 27 of the electrical supply unit 29 of the control electronics 91. The return transmission of signals by the communication electronics 1 1 in the direction of the control station 141 may be provided by means of the following components in the following connecting circuit shown in FIG. 5:

While the transmission paths 77 of the two communication electronics 11 and 111 are largely similar, the incorporation of a reception path 78 into the communication electronics 111 may also change part of the previous control electronics 9 to the alternative control electronics 91.

In the transmission path 77, the starting point of the transmission telegram 44 from the control center 141 is a transmitter 76, which is provided with a first transmission transistor 75 and a transmission transistor Voltage source 79 is connected. From the first transmitting transistor 75 of the associated with him first optocoupler 24 is operated. The first Schmitt trigger 28 of the communication electronics 111 forwards the signals of the transmission telegram 44 taken over by the phototransistor of the first optocoupler 24 to the receiver 30 of the control electronics 91.

In the control electronics 91, a command decoder 70 connected downstream of the receiver 30 takes over the functions of the receive register 31, the comparator 33, the window decoder 34 as well as the functions of the memory 32 for the keywords A and B. The command decoder 70 has a direct connection to the multiple OR gate 35. The instruction decoder 70 is connected to the structure of the transmitting, defined by the control station 141 from receiving path 78 to a status register / data register 71, which is a transmitter 72 of the control electronics 91 downstream. Transmitter 72 is connected to a transmit transistor 74, which is in signal communication with second optocoupler 73. The signals triggered by the phototransistor of the second optocoupler 7 are supplied with the assistance of a current source 83 to a second Schmitt trigger 81, which transmits the digitized receive telegram 80 via the operating state of the module electronics 3 to the receiver 82 connected to it. In the alternative provision, a transmission path 77 and a reception path 78 may be present between the control center 141 and the communication electronics 11, the latter two being able to represent the communication path 23. FIG. 6 shows an exemplary combination between the control electronics 9 and a measuring electronics 101 within the module electronics 3 for eliminating a hazardous situation when underexts U appear.

The measuring electronics 101 in Fig. 6 includes a voltage divider 38 with an AD converter 39 connected thereto, wherein the voltage divider 49, the taps 57, 58 on the supply lines line 16 and the potential line 20 has. The AD converter 50 has subsequently a data register 51 with a comparator 55, parallel to the data register 51 two threshold value registers 52 and 53 having a threshold value comparator 54 of voltage threshold values U1, U2 both Schwellwertregistem 52, 53 are arranged at the input of the comparator 55. The comparator 55 is followed by a debounce filter 56, which is connected to the threshold value comparator 54 via a feedback signal line 59 and to the multiple OR element 35 via a signal line 60. The multiple-OR gate 35 downstream driver 37 is connected via the two control lines 18, 19 with the respective switching elements 7 and 8.

The measuring electronics 101 detects via the voltage divider 49 a module voltage U (actual voltage) and outputs the respective voltage value U to the control electronics 9. If the current voltage value (undervoltage) U falls below a predefined voltage threshold value U1, the control electronics 9 detects a danger state caused by the undervoltage U and switches the switching elements 7 and 8 into the switch-off state 39, whereby the switching element 7 is open and the switching element 8 is closed, and thus the photovoltaic module 2 at the strand connections 4, 5 power-free and stress-free also here to an independent network separation.

To detect the hazardous state, the current undervoltage U is written by the measuring electronics 101 in Fig. 6 by means of voltage divider 49 and analog-to-digital converter 50 in digitized form in a data register 51. In the control electronics 9, this value is compared with a programmable threshold value U1 of the threshold value register 52 and debounced. If the voltage U falls below a critical value, the control electronics 9 enters the switch-off state 39. In the state, the voltage threshold value U1 is increased to a voltage threshold value U2 (threshold value U2> threshold value U1) by a programmable value (hysteresis function) , The switch-off state 39 in FIG. 5 a can only be left with the transmission of the enable telegram 44 under the condition that the current voltage value U is higher than the voltage threshold value U 2.

Corresponding circuitry training in the control electronics 9 with respect to the threshold value register and the comparator and the already mentioned These assemblies can also be provided for elevated temperatures and for overcurrents.

In Fig. 7 is a circuit diagram of the combination of the measuring electronics 102 is shown with the control electronics 9 in the occurrence of overcurrent as another state of danger.

For this purpose, in the potential line 20, a protective resistor 65 may be switched on, which is connected to a Spannungsabgreifenden AD converter 63 for taking over a voltage drop across the protective resistor 65. The AD converter 63 is connected to the data register 51.

Thus, the measuring electronics 10 can detect the current flowing through the ground line 20 module current and pass the current value I to the control electronics 9 by a voltage measurement. If the current current value I exceeds predetermined current values 11, 12, the control electronics 9 detects a dangerous state caused by excessive current and switches the switching elements 7 and 8 into the switch-off state 39 and thus the photovoltaic module 2 at the line connections 4, 5 without power and voltage also to an independent network separation. FIG. 8 shows a circuit diagram of the combination of the measuring electronics 103 with the control electronics 9 when an excessive temperature occurs as a further hazardous condition.

For this purpose, the measuring electronics 103 contains a thermal sensor 15 with a connected AD converter 64, which is connected to the data register 51 of the Ansteuerelektro- 9 in combination.

The measuring electronics 103 detects the current temperature T at the photovoltaic module 2 and in the box 15 and outputs the digitized temperature signals T to the control electronics 9 via the AD converter 64. If the current temperature values T exceed predetermined temperature values (threshold values) T1, T2, the control electronics 9 detects a danger state caused by excessive temperature T and switches the switching elements 7 and 8 into the switch-off state 39, in which the first switching element 7 is open and the second switching element 8 are closed, and thus the photovoltaic module 2 at the strand connections 4, 5 without power and voltage to an independent network separation.

The parameter-related measuring electronics 101, 102, 103 with the assembly circuits for determining parameters such as undervoltage U and / or overcurrent I and / or excessive temperatures T may be included in a compact measuring electronics 10 according to FIG. 2, their respective connections to the control electronics 9 as in the mentioned parameter-related measuring electronics 101, 102, 103 may be formed.

The essential advantages of the circuit system 1 according to the invention are that 1. upon occurrence of hazardous events or conditions on photovoltaic modules 3, an independent disconnection from the direct current network 22 of the photovoltaic generator 40 takes place and

2. after the repair and / or termination of the hazard at the photovoltaic modules 2 an active connection of the photovoltaic modules 2 in the

DC power supply 22 of the photovoltaic generator 40 is performed, whereby a much improved protection of the photovoltaic generator 40 is ensured.

Reference number list

1 circuit system

2 photovoltaic module

3 module electronics

4 first positive strand connection

5 second negative strand connection

6 Generator line

7 first switching element

8 second switching element

9 control electronics

10 measuring electronics

101 Measuring electronics for parameter undervoltage

102 Measuring electronics for parameter overcurrent

103 Measuring electronics for parameters increased temperatures 11 Communication electronics

11 1 Communication electronics

12 first positive module connection

13 second negative module connection

14 control center

141 guide parts

15 thermocouples

16 service line

17 short circuit cable

18 first control line

19 second control line

20 ground line

21 supply tap

22 DC network

23 communication route

24 optocouplers

25 diode

26 phototransistor

27 supply line 28 Schmitt trigger

29 supply unit

30 recipients

31 receiver registers

32 memory for keywords

33 comparators

34 window detector

35 multiple OR gate

36 output

37 drivers

38 release state

39 shutdown state

40 Photovo! Taik generator

41 inverters

42 junction box

43 line section

44 telegram

45 backup capacitor

46 first diode

47 second diode

48 constant reference current source

49 voltage divider

50 AD converters

51 data registers

52 first threshold register

53 second threshold register

54 logic switch

55 comparators

56 entrusted

57 connection

58 connection

59 feedback signal line

60 signal line 61 supply disconnection on short-circuit line

62 signal line

63 AD converters

64 AD converters

65 protective resistor

66 first window

67 second window

69 Verpoischutzdiode

70 command decoder

71 status register / data register

72 stations

73 second optocoupler

74 second transmit transistor

75 first transmitting transistor

76 transmitters of the control center

77 transmission path

78 reception path

79 Voltage source

80 receive telegram

81 second Schmitt trigger

82 receiver of the control center

83 power source

84 Signal line to the multiple OR gate 90 Module electronics control

91 oduel electronics supply line

92 control logic

93 Shutdown delay electronics

94 Shutdown current limiting electronics (A) first keyword

(B) second keyword

U current voltage

U1 first voltage threshold U2 second voltage threshold

I current current

II first current threshold 12 second current threshold T current temperature

T1 first temperature threshold T2 second temperature threshold tea first window period

te7 second window duration

Uref constant reference voltage source Iref constant reference current source

Claims

claims

1. Photovoltaic generator (40) with a circuit system (1) for protecting photovoltaic modules (2), which via at least one generator line (6), a generator terminal box (42) and a DC power supply (22) in the order to an inverter (41) connected and in each case via a module electronics (3) with the generator line line (6) of the photovoltaic generator (40) are connected,

characterized,

in that the circuit installation (1) has a module electronics (3) associated with the photovoltaic module (2) for each photovoltaic module (2) and a control station (14, 141) assigned to all photovoltaic modules (2), which signalically communicates with the individual module electronics ( 3) is connected, wherein at least the following modules are provided for the module electronics (3):

a first switching element (7) which is connected in a line section (43) of a supply line line (16) between a first positive module connection (12) of the photovoltaic module (2) and a first positive line connection (4) of a generator line line (6) is arranged

- A second switching element (8) in a short-circuit line (17) between the first positive strand connection (4) and a second negative

Strand connection (5) of the generator line line (6) is connected,

- A module electronics control (90), the

- An electronic control unit (9), the at least one control logic (92), a Ausschaltverzögerungselektronik (93) and a Abschaltstrombegren- zungselektronik (94), and

- A supply unit (29), which feeds from the Photovoitaikmodul (2) at the first positive module connection (12, 16, 21) and / or from the first positive line connection (4) of the generator line line (6) and the control electronics (9) Supplied with electricity,

- At least one measuring electronics (10), the supply electronics (9) signal technology and the supply unit (29) is connected supply technology, and - Communication electronics (11, 111), which is connected to the control electronics (9, 91) and with the outside of the module electronics (3) located control center {14, 141) signal technology via a communication link (23, 77, 78) and to the Supply unit (29) is connected to supply technology,

includes,

wherein the control electronics (9) with the two switching elements (7) and (8) is in control connection in such a way that via the control logic (90) for each module electronics (3) the switching states enable state (38) and shutdown state (39) of the switch (7, 8) are separately adjustable and via the turn-off delay electronics (93) the time of state change for each module electronics (3) is separately adjustable so that the individual module electronics (3) not at the same time in the off state (39), and via the Abschaftstrombegrenzungselektronik (94) of the short-circuit current in the short-circuit line (17) by the first switching element (7) can be limited both temporarily during the shutdown and permanently adjustable with activated short circuit,

wherein the modules between the module terminals (12, 13) to the photovoltaic module (2) and the strand connections (4, 5) are connected to the generator line (6) and wherein for the module electronics (3) with the controllable first switching element (7) and the controllable second switching element (8) at least two operating states for each individual Modufelektronik (3), depending on the signals of the measuring electronics (10) and the communication electronics (11), are separately adjustable:

a) either an enable state (38) with current transfer and connection of the photovoltaic module (2) in the generator line line (6)

b) or a shutdown state (39) with automatic electrical insulation separation of the photovoltaic module (2) from the generator line (6) and with a short circuit between the strand connections (4) and (5), wherein in particular after the shutdown of the active unlocking state (38) each individual module electronics (3) by the permanently supplying supply unit (29) by means of the active drive logic (92) by output evaluation of the signals of the measuring electronics (10) and / or the communication electronics (11) on the Leitsteife (14, 141) is made possible.

2. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

in that the first switching element (7) is designed as a galvanically isolating and / or electronically controllable switching contact and the second switching element (8) as an electronically controllable semiconductor switch with parallel Verpofschutz- diode (69), directed from the negative strand connection (5) to the positive strand connection (4 ), is trained.

3. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

in that the control electronics (9) contain a control logic (92), a turn-off delay electronics (93) and a cut-off current limiting electronics (94), which are electrically supplied by the supply unit (29) via a microelectronics supply line (91), wherein the control logic (92) a receiver (30), a receive register (31), a memory (32) for the keywords (A, B) stored therein, a comparator (33), a window decoder (34), and a multiple OOER (35) wherein the Abschaltverzö evaluation electronics (93) represents a programmable time delay element, which is connected to an output (36) of the multi-OR gate (35), and wherein the Abschaltstrombegrenzungselektronik (94) has at least one current limiting element located in the control line (19) between the driver (37) and the switching input of the second switching element (8).

4. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

that the signal-technical communicative connection in the form of a communication path (23) between the control station (14, 141) and the respective communication electronics (1 1, 111) of the module electronics (3) via a wireless radio link or via a separate signal bus cable or via the generator line (6) is formed.

Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

that from the control electronics (9, 91) starting from the first switching element (7) a first control line (18) and the second switching element (8) a second control line (19) are guided, wherein via the first control line (18) the switching signals for separating and for closing the line section (43) of the supply line line (16) to the first switching element (7) and via the second control line (1) the switching signals for separating and closing the short-circuit line (17) are sent to the second switching element (8).

Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

in that the first switching element (7) in the line section (43) of the supply line line (16) and there between the supply tap (21) for the control electronics (9, 91) for the electrical power supply of the entire module electronics (3) and the first strand connection (4 ) of the short-circuit line (17).

Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

that at least a part of the assemblies (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 32) is located in a closed box.

Photovoltaic generator according to claim 7,

characterized,

in that the assemblies (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 32) are located inside the can on a printed circuit board which is optionally mounted in the can.

Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1, characterized,

that the supply unit (29) from the Photovoitaikmodulspannung over the supply line (16) by a voltage regulator provides a regulated supply voltage for the entire module electronics (3), wherein maintained at short voltage dips, the electrical supply by a backup capacitor (45) in the supply unit (29) and a backflow of current from the voltage regulator into the photovoltaic module (2) is blocked by oppositely connected diodes (46, 47). 10. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

the electrical supply unit (29) is connected to the supply line line (16) to the photovoltaic module (2) and to the short-circuit line (17) and to the ground line (20).

11. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

in that the supply tap (21) on the supply line line (43) ensures the electrical supply of the supply unit (29) and thus of the entire module electronics (3) in the disconnection state (39) in the case of grid separation by means of the open first shaft element (7).

12. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

a first optocoupler (24) with a diode transmitter (25) and a phototransistor (26) of the first opto-coupler (24) serves as a transmitter of the signals from the control station (14, 41) in the transmission electronics (11, 111) in a transmission path (77) , wherein the phototransistor (26) of the first optocoupler (24) from the side of the communication electronics (11, 111) with a supply line (27) from the supply unit (29) is connected to a Schmitt trigger (28) having branch.

13. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1, characterized,

that communication electronics (11, 1 11) is connected via the supply line (27) to the electrical supply unit (29) of the control electronics (9, 91), said at a constant reference current source l _re f (48) in communication Schmitt trigger (28 ) of the communication electronics (11, 11) is connected to a receiver (30) within the control electronics (9, 91), which is followed by a receiver register (31) connected in parallel with a memory (32) for two keywords (A ) and (B) is connected to a comparator (33), the comparator (33) in turn being followed by a window detector (34) whose output is connected to a multiple-OR gate (35) whose output ( 36) is connected to the memory (32) for the keywords (A) and (B) via a signal line (62) and to a driver (37). 14. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 13,

characterized,

the driver (37) is designed on the output side such that a first control line (18) to the first switching element (7) and a second control line (19) to the second switching element (8) are guided by it.

15. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 1,

characterized,

a transmission path (77) and a reception path (78) are present between the control station (141) and the communication electron (111) as the communication path (23). 6. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 15,

characterized,

that a return transmission of signals to the Betnebszuständen by the communication electronics (111) in the direction of the control center (141) is provided, whereby by the introduction of the receiving path (78) in the communication electronics (111) and a part of the previous control electronics (9 ) to the alternative control electronics (91) changes.

17. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 16,

characterized,

in the transmission path (77), the starting point of the transmission telegram (44) is a transmitter (76) of the control circuit (141), which is in communication with a first transmission transistor (75) and a voltage source (79), whereby the first transmission transistor (75) the first optocoupler (24) connected to it is operated, the first Schmitt trigger (28) of the communication electronics (11) receiving from the phototransistor (26) of the first optocoupler (24) signals of the transmission telegram (44) to the receiver (30 ) of the control electronics (91) passes on.

18. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 16,

characterized,

in the control electronics (91), a command decoder (70) connected downstream of the receiver (30) has the functions of the reception register (31), the comparator (33), the window decoder (34) and the functions of the memory (32) for the keywords (A , B), wherein the command decoder (70) has a direct connection to the multiple-OR gate (35), wherein the command decoder (70) for establishing the transmitting, from the control center (141) from defined receiving path (78) with a Status register / data register (71) is connected to a transmitter (72) of the control electronics (91) downstream, wherein the transmitter (72) of the control electronics (91) with a transmit transistor (74) is connected, the signal technically with the second optocoupler ( 73).

19. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 18,

characterized,

in that the signals triggered by the phototransistor of the second optocoupler (73) in the communication electronics (91) are supplied to a second Schmitt trigger (81) of the control station (141) with the assistance of a current source (83), the Schmitt trigger (81) being connected to the associated receivers (82) the digitized, an operating state defining receive telegram (80) passes

20. Photovoltaic generator according to at least one of the preceding claims,

characterized,

in the case of a combination between the control electronics (9, 91) and the measuring electronics (101) within the module electronics (3) for eliminating a hazard in the event of undervoltages (U), the measuring electronics (101) have a voltage divider (49) with one thereon connected AD converter (50), wherein the voltage divider (49) has the respective terminals (57, 58) on the supply line (27) and the ground line (20).

21. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 20,

characterized,

the AD converter (50) subsequently has a data register (51) with a comparator (55),

wherein two threshold value registers (52) and (53) with a threshold value comparator (54) of threshold values (U1, U2) from the two threshold value registers (52, 53) are arranged parallel to the data register (51) at the input of the comparator (55),

wherein the comparator (55) is followed by a debounce filter (56) arranged on the output side via a feedback signal line (59) to the threshold value comparator (54) and via a signal line (60) to the multiple OR gate (35) in FIG Connection stands,

wherein a multiple OR gate (35) downstream driver (37) via the two control lines (18, 19) with the respective switching elements (7) and (8) is connected. 22. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 20 and 21,

characterized, that corresponding circuit designs with regard to the threshold value registers (52, 53) and the comparator (55) are also provided for elevated temperatures (T) and for overcurrents (I). 23. Photovoltaic generator according to claim 22,

characterized,

in combination of the measuring electronics (102) with the Ansteuerefektronik (9, 91) in the occurrence of overcurrent (I) in the ground line (20), a protective resistor (65) is turned on, with a Spannungsabgreifenden AD converter (63) for taking over a Voltage drop across the protective resistor (65) is connected, wherein the AD converter (63) with the data register (51) of the control electronics (9, 91) is connected.

24. photovoltaic generator according to claim 22,

characterized,

in the case of the combination of the measuring electronics (103) with the control electronics (9, 91) when an elevated temperature (T) occurs, the measuring electronics (103) have a thermo-sensor (15) with a connected AD converter (64) connected to the data register ( 51) of the control electronics (9, 91) is in communication, has.

25. Photovoltaic generator according to claims 20 to 24,

characterized,

that the measuring electronics (101, 102, 103) with the assembly circuits for detecting the parameters of undervoltage (U) and / or overcurrent (I) and / or of excessive temperatures (T) in a compact measuring electronics (10) included are, whose respective connections to the control electronics (9, 91) as in the parameter-related measuring electronics (101, 102, 103) are formed.