WO2011143278A1 - Phase change material compositions - Google Patents
Phase change material compositions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011143278A1 WO2011143278A1 PCT/US2011/036003 US2011036003W WO2011143278A1 WO 2011143278 A1 WO2011143278 A1 WO 2011143278A1 US 2011036003 W US2011036003 W US 2011036003W WO 2011143278 A1 WO2011143278 A1 WO 2011143278A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- ethylene
- composition
- film
- pcm
- sheet
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012782 phase change material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 135
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- -1 fatty acid ester Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 29
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011104 metalized film Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- SECPZKHBENQXJG-FPLPWBNLSA-N palmitoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O SECPZKHBENQXJG-FPLPWBNLSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002126 Acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021319 Palmitoleic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005396 acrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- SECPZKHBENQXJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cis-palmitoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O SECPZKHBENQXJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005397 methacrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011093 chipboard Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006248 expandable polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011094 fiberboard Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005026 oriented polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011087 paperboard Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015277 pork Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009418 renovation Methods 0.000 claims 3
- LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl formate Chemical group OCC(CO)OC=O LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002193 fatty amides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 17
- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920003345 Elvax® Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- QHZOMAXECYYXGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)C=C QHZOMAXECYYXGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920000092 linear low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004707 linear low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007765 extrusion coating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930183415 Suberin Natural products 0.000 description 3
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 3
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000019737 Animal fat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylmethacrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Pentanol Chemical compound CCCCCO AMQJEAYHLZJPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000008289 Quercus suber Species 0.000 description 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- RUMACXVDVNRZJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C(C)=C RUMACXVDVNRZJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C=C CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical class [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003314 Elvaloy® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001643597 Evas Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000388 Polyphosphate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000219492 Quercus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016977 Quercus suber Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004775 Tyvek Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000690 Tyvek Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MUBKMWFYVHYZAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Al].[Cu].[Zn] Chemical compound [Al].[Cu].[Zn] MUBKMWFYVHYZAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RREGISFBPQOLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.[AlH3] RREGISFBPQOLTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006231 aramid fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007799 cork Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006184 cosolvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(triethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C=C FWDBOZPQNFPOLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C=C NKSJNEHGWDZZQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl ethylene Natural products CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009432 framing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004677 hydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical class [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010102 injection blow moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical class [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002081 peroxide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XZTOTRSSGPPNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphono dihydrogen phosphate;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1.OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O XZTOTRSSGPPNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001205 polyphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011176 polyphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000012358 sourcing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019871 vegetable fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012178 vegetable wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/06—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to solid or vice versa
- C09K5/063—Materials absorbing or liberating heat during crystallisation; Heat storage materials
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
- E04B1/78—Heat insulating elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
- E04B1/78—Heat insulating elements
- E04B1/80—Heat insulating elements slab-shaped
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
- F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
- E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
- E04B2001/7691—Heat reflecting layers or coatings
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249987—With nonvoid component of specified composition
- Y10T428/249991—Synthetic resin or natural rubbers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31678—Of metal
- Y10T428/31692—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31699—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/3188—Next to cellulosic
- Y10T428/31895—Paper or wood
- Y10T428/31899—Addition polymer of hydrocarbon[s] only
- Y10T428/31902—Monoethylenically unsaturated
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/3188—Next to cellulosic
- Y10T428/31895—Paper or wood
- Y10T428/31906—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
- Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
- Y10T428/31935—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
Definitions
- the invention relates to phase change material compositions comprising ethylene copolymers and to the use of the compositions.
- insulation layers which come in different physical forms, such as stone wool, polymeric foams or different fibers.
- the insulation layer inhibits the heat transfer from inside to outside or, alternatively, from outside to inside and thus either keeps the interior warm in cold weather conditions or, alternatively, cold in hot weather conditions.
- PCMs phase change materials
- a solid PCM may gradually melt, thereby absorbing the thermal energy that would otherwise have had heated up the building.
- the previously molten PCM re-solidifies (or
- Phase change materials can be organic or inorganic substances, and paraffins and vegetable oils and/or fats are frequently used as organic PCMs because of their low cost and toxicity.
- PCM can be introduced in matrices made of different materials or applied to a coating. See, e.g., US4003426, US4528328, US5053446, US20060124892
- the PCMs In order to conveniently use the PCMs in building applications, the PCMs have been so far incorporated into matrix polymers that absorb and retain the phase change materials, even at temperatures above the melting point of the PCMs, thus making it possible to manufacture the resulting PCMs composite materials into slabs, panels or other shapes that are easily mounted in a wall.
- most matrix polymers suffer from multiple drawbacks such as limited PCM absorption capacity, substantial loss of PCM by exudation during lifetime, and an increase in brittleness of the matrix polymer upon PCM absorption.
- a solution to the above problems has been proposed in
- US6574971 discloses a method for sourcing PCMs from vegetable oil or animal fats instead of from fossil fuel.
- PCMs can suffer from several drawbacks when incorporated in polymeric matrices, such as, for example, their tendency to supercool.
- Supercooling also known as undercooling, occurs when a liquid is cooled below its melting point without becoming solid.
- the temperature at which the PCM solidifies upon supercooling and which is below the melting temperature is called the crystallization temperature (T c ).
- PCMs suffer more than others from supercooling.
- pure paraffin suffers less from supercooling as described in US6765031 than PCMs based on vegetable oils and/or animal fats. Because paraffin is based on non-renewable fossil fuels, it is less preferred in compositions that need to source the phase change materials from renewable sources.
- a PCM composition comprising or produced from a PCM and at least one ethylene copolymer, wherein the ethylene copolymer comprises or is produced from repeat units derived from ethylene and at least one polar comonomer selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid ester, methacrylic acid ester, carbon monoxide, and combinations of two or more thereof.
- a film or sheet comprises or is produced from a PCM composition that can be the same as disclosed above and the film or sheet can be a single layer or multilayer structure.
- the invention also includes the use of an ethylene copolymer to prevent supercooling in compositions comprising at least one fatty acid ester and at least one ethylene copolymer, wherein the ethylene copolymer comprises at least 28% polar comonomer by weight, based on the weight of the at least one ethylene copolymer.
- weight percentages are given based on the total weight of the composition or ethylene acid copolymer, unless otherwise defined.
- phase change material (PCM) composition comprises or is produced from a blend of at least one PCM and at least one matrix polymer.
- the at least one PCM may be chosen from alkanes (e.g., hydrocarbons), fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, salts of fatty acids, eutectic liquids (e.g., organic-organic, organic-inorganic, inorganic-inorganic compounds), mineral salts (e.g., M n H 2 O), and organic salts, and/or combinations of two or more thereof.
- the PCM can preferably be chosen from fatty acids, fatty acid esters, salts of fatty acids, and/or combinations of two or more thereof. They can have an origin derived from animal fat, animal grease, vegetable oil, vegetable wax, and/or
- the fatty acids can be "long" chain fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, having tails of more than 12 carbons.
- Examples of such fatty acids include naturally occurring triglycerides, oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, or combinations of two or more thereof.
- Frequently available fatty acids can be oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, hydrates or hydrogenated acids of any of the preceding acids, and/or combinations of two or more thereof. Details of such renewable PCM are disclosed in US6574971 , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the fatty acid esters can be formed with alcohols, diols, and/or polyols, including, but not limited to, mono-, di- or triglycerides of glycerol, esters of pentaerythritol, polyesters of polyhydric alcohols, esters of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, isobutanol, pentanol, hexanol, cydohexanol, esters or diesters of ethylene glycol and/ or combinations of two or more thereof.
- the fatty acid esters are mono-, di- or triglycerides of glycerol, and/or combinations thereof.
- the fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, or salts of fatty acids disclosed above can be derived from renewable source such as animal fat sources (e.g., pork or beef tallow), poultry fat sources, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, vegetable oil, yellow grease, or combinations of two or more thereof.
- animal fat sources e.g., pork or beef tallow
- poultry fat sources e.g., soybean oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, vegetable oil, yellow grease, or combinations of two or more thereof.
- the amount of PCM absorbed in the polymer matrix is desirably as high as possible, because the thermal performance of the compositions may be directly proportional to the concentration of PCM contained in the composition.
- the ethylene copolymer comprises or is produced from repeat units derived from ethylene and at least one polar comonomer which can be vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid ester, methacrylic acid ester, carbon monoxide, or combinations of two or more thereof such as vinyl acetate, alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, carbon monoxide, and/or combinations of two or more thereof.
- the polar comonomer is vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, and/or combinations of two or more thereof.
- the at least one polar comonomer is vinyl acetate.
- the ethylene copolymer can be a copolymer of ethylene and at least about 28%, at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, polar comonomer by weight, based on the weight of the ethylene copolymer.
- ethylene copolymers include, but are not limited to, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene/(meth)acrylate copolymers, ethylene/alkyl
- (meth)acrylate copolymers ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate/CO copolymers, ethylene/acrylic ester/CO copolymers, and/or or combinations of two or more thereof.
- EVA includes copolymers derived from the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate or the copolymerization of ethylene, vinyl acetate, and an additional
- An EVA may have a melt flow rate, measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, of from 0.1 to 60 g/10 or 0.3 to 30 g/10 minutes. A mixture of two or more different EVAs may be used.
- Ethylene acid copolymers may be produced by any methods known to one skilled in the art such as use of "co-solvent technology” disclosed in US5028674.
- Specific acid copolymers include ethylene/acrylic acid dipolymers,
- ethylene/methacrylic acid dipolymers and ethylene/acrylic acid/n-butyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/n-butyl methacrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/iso-butyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/iso-butyl methacrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/methyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/methyl methacrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate and ethylene/methacrylic acid/ethyl methacrylate terpolymers, or combinations of two or more thereof.
- An ethylene/methacrylic acid dipolymer of note comprises 19 weight % of copolymerized units of methacrylic acid.
- lonomers are obtained by neutralization of an acid copolymer.
- Neutralizing agents including metal cations such as sodium or potassium ions are used to neutralize at least some portion of the acidic groups in the acid copolymer.
- Unmodified ionomers are prepared from the acid copolymers such as those disclosed in US3262272.
- Ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer includes copolymers of ethylene and one or more Ci-s alkyl (meth)acrylates.
- alkyl (meth)acrylates include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate.
- the copolymers include ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene/butyl acrylate copolymer, or combinations of two or more thereof.
- Ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers may be prepared by processes well known to one skilled in the art using either autoclave or tubular reactors. See, e.g., US patents 2897183, 3404134, 5028674, 6500888, and 6518365. Because the methods for making an ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer are well known, the description of which is omitted herein for the interest of brevity. Tubular reactor produced ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers are commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware (DuPont) such as
- the ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers may vary significantly in molecular weight and the selection of the melt index (Ml) grade of polymer may be made by balancing the properties of the ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer with those of the neutralized organic acid and ethylene acid copolymer to provide the desired mix of permeability and structural properties needed for a specific variable permeability construction.
- Ml melt index
- copolymers may be used.
- the PCM can be blended with a polymer matrix as disclosed in WO2006/062610 (or US20060124892), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the blend of PCM and polymer matrix can comprise, based on the total weight of the blend, at least 30 wt%, about 30 to about 70 wt%, or about 40 to about 60 wt%, of a PCM and the balance one or more polymers disclosed herein.
- the blend of PCM and polymer can be produced by any means known to one skilled in the art.
- a blend of PCM and polymer matrix can be produced by soaking different component(s) all together at temperatures which are slightly above the melting point of the PCM but below the melting point of the one or more polymers.
- Soaking is a natural absorption of the molten PCM by the polymer(s).
- the components can be mixed together in a tumble blender during a certain period of time which can vary in function of the rotational speed of the tumble blender itself for a sufficient period of time such as 1 to 10 hours or about 8 hours.
- the blend of PCM and polymer can also be produced by melt blend extrusion whereby the components are blended at temperatures above the melting point of both the one or more polymers and the PCM, the thus obtained mixture being subsequently extruded into granules or directly into sheets or any other suitable form.
- the composition may additionally comprise from 0.01 to 15, 0.01 to 10, or 0.01 to 5, weight % of additives including plasticizers, stabilizers including viscosity stabilizers and hydrolytic stabilizers, primary and secondary antioxidants, ultraviolet ray absorbers, anti-static agents, dyes, pigments or other coloring agents, inorganic fillers, fire- retardants, lubricants, reinforcing agents such as glass fiber and flakes, synthetic (for example, aramid) fiber or pulp, foaming or blowing agents, processing aids, slip additives, antiblock agents such as silica or talc, release agents, tackifying resins, or combinations of two or more thereof.
- additives including plasticizers, stabilizers including viscosity stabilizers and hydrolytic stabilizers, primary and secondary antioxidants, ultraviolet ray absorbers, anti-static agents, dyes, pigments or other coloring agents, inorganic fillers, fire- retardants, lubricants, reinforcing agents such as glass fiber and flakes, synthetic (for example, aramid
- the additives may be incorporated into the composition by any known process such as by dry blending, extruding a mixture of the various constituents, the
- the composition can further comprise a fire retardant such as a chemical additive including, but not limited to, phosphorous compounds, antimony oxides, and halogen compounds, particularly bromine compounds, and others well known in the art.
- a fire retardant such as a chemical additive including, but not limited to, phosphorous compounds, antimony oxides, and halogen compounds, particularly bromine compounds, and others well known in the art.
- a loading of such additives can be between 20 to 30, or about 25 % (of the final air-dried composition or air-dried film weight).
- the PCM composition can comprise at least one PCM-absorbing material, such as wood chips, saw dust, wood pulp, cellulose, bark material, starch, clay, diatomaceous earth, zeolites, talc, sodium stearate, cat litter, and/or combinations of two or more thereof.
- PCM-absorbing material such as wood chips, saw dust, wood pulp, cellulose, bark material, starch, clay, diatomaceous earth, zeolites, talc, sodium stearate, cat litter, and/or combinations of two or more thereof.
- the PCM-absorbing material is a bark material, which can be chosen from the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants, such as trees, woody vines and shrubs. More preferably, the PCM-absorbing material is chosen from the outermost layers of stems and roots of a plant of the genus Quercus and most preferably is cork from the cork oak Quercus suber. Supercooling is the phenomenon, also known as
- undercooling that occurs when a liquid is cooled below its melting point without becoming solid.
- PCM-absorbing materials derived from heart wood for example wood chips or saw dust, which are composed mainly of lignin and cellulose and which contain virtually no suberin, absorb smaller amounts of phase change material when compared to materials comprising suberin, such as bark.
- the PCM composition according to the present invention can comprise at least about 0.01 wt%, preferably from about 0.01 to about 5 wt%, of the at least one phase change material absorbing material, based on the total weight of the composition.
- the polymer matrix is an ethylene copolymer
- increasing the amount of polar comonomer in the ethylene copolymer may allow to entirely or partially prevent supercooling of the PCM in blends of ethylene copolymer and phase change material. That is, the increase in polar comonomer in the ethylene copolymer matrix polymer may decrease the difference between the melting temperature and the observed
- the composition allows to partially or entirely solve the encountered supercooling problem by providing a blend of at least one phase change material and at least one ethylene copolymer, wherein the ethylene copolymer comprises at least 28% polar comonomer by weight, based on the weight of the ethylene copolymer.
- the at least one ethylene copolymer according to the present invention comprises at least 35%, most preferably at least 40% polar comonomer.
- the polymer matrix of the PCM composition may be cross-linked after the PCM has been incorporated into it by means of any method known in the art like for example by using cross-linking agents based on silane and/or peroxide groups. In the crosslinking process, it may be undesirable crosslinking the PCM. This is possible, for example, by grafting silane groups onto the polymer molecules prior to incorporating the phase change material. Such grafting can occur by means of conventional techniques, such as by extruding the polymer at temperatures above 150°C after adding 0.2 to 2 wt% of vinyl-tri-methoxy-silane or vinyl-tri-ethoxy-silane together with 0.05 to 0.5 wt% peroxide.
- the PCM can then be incorporated into the silane-grafted polymer and the resulting blend can be cross-linked, in presence of water or water moisture, by using catalysts like dibutyl-tin-laureate.
- Such crosslinking of the polymer matrix enables to increase the mechanical and thermal properties of the composition itself when used in the different applications listed below, as well as to enhance its processability during manufacturing.
- the polymer matrix of the PCM composition may also be cross-linked by irradiation methods well known in the art.
- a film or sheet may be produced from the PCM composition by any means known to one skilled in the art such as, for example, extrusion, casting, coextrusion, extrusion coating, lamination, or any other known means which is well known to one skilled in the art and the description of which is omitted herein for the interest of brevity.
- the film or sheet can be further biaxially oriented.
- the film may also have a free shrink at 185°F (85°C) of at least 10 % in one direction or both directions.
- a multilayer film or sheet may have one or more layers including "inner layer” and/or "internal layer” (any layer, of a multilayer film, having both of its principal surfaces directly adhered to another layer of the film) and an “outer layer” (any film layer having less than two of its principal surfaces directly adhered to another layer of the film).
- All multilayer films have two, and only two, outer layers, each of which has a principal surface adhered to only one other layer of the multilayer film.
- the outermost layers of stems and roots of the cork oak are particularly high in suberin, a hydrophobic substance that prevents the loss of water and nutrients in plants.
- a multilayer structure can comprise at least one sheet (A) of the above PCM composition, which is adjacent to at least one layer (B).
- sheet (A) is positioned between two layers (B1 ,B2).
- One of the functions of the at least one layer (B), or preferably of two layers (B1 ,B2) is to help keep the PCM material of the sheet (A) within the polymer matrix, thus enabling to maintain the heat management performance of the PCM sheet (A) at a high level over a long period of time.
- the multilayer structure can be manufactured by extrusion coating the PCM material layer (A) onto the at least one layer (B), extrusion laminating the PCM material between two of such layers (B1 , B2), and co-extruding the PCM material with the at least one layer (B) if the material of such at least one layer (B) makes it possible (for example if the at least one layer is made of a flame retardant composition).
- a multilayer structure can comprise in the following sequence: a) at least one sheet (A); b) at least one layer (B) positioned adjacent to the at least one sheet (A); c) one or more additional layers (C) positioned adjacent to the at least one layer (B).
- the multilayer structure may further comprise one or more additional layers (C) positioned adjacent and externally to one or more of the layers (B1 , B2).
- Layer (B) and/or layer (C) can also have the function of conferring to the overall multilayer structure improved fire retardancy and/or heat conductivity so that heat is easily conveyed through such at least one layer to the PCM composition and vice versa.
- Layer B, B1 , B2, or (C) can be a metal layer or a metallized film layer.
- the metal can be aluminum, copper, zinc, iron, or combinations of two or more thereof.
- Aluminum foil (Al) is used extensively in the food packaging industry as a moisture and gas barrier. Aluminum, especially aluminum foil, can be a convenient metal layer.
- Metallized films are thermoplastic films having deposited (e.g., by vacuum) thereon a layer of metal such as aluminum.
- Metallized films can comprise polyesters (such as polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate) or polypropylene as the thermoplastic film component.
- Polyethylene is also sometimes metallized.
- metallized films are combined with other materials such as polyethylene, oriented polypropylene, oriented polyethylene terephthalate, paper, or paperboard in multilayer structures. Because a process for making metallized film is well known in the art, the description of which is omitted herein for the interest of brevity.
- aluminum or aluminum-coated film can be used with the PCM- containing film or sheet with the aluminum side facing the PCM sheet (A) to achieve optimum adhesion.
- layers containing flame retardant polymer compositions polymers filled with flame retardant inorganic fillers like aluminum trihydrate, ammonium
- polyphosphate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, brominated fillers and melamine pyrophosphate can also be used with a PCM-film or sheet.
- multilayer films or sheets can include plaster (plaster boards and panels, gypsum boards), rock-wool insulation, glass-wool insulation, foamed polystyrene, wood panel, dry wall, and other materials conventionally used in the construction industry.
- the layer (B) and layer (C) may have a thickness varying from 5 ⁇ up to 20 cm in accordance with the materials used.
- Aluminum layers, for example, may have thicknesses varying from 10 to 600 ⁇ , preferably from 80 to 200 ⁇ and, still more preferably, of about 128 ⁇ .
- a molded article comprising or made of a PCM composition.
- Such molded part can be manufactured by any process suitable for transforming thermoplastic materials including injection molding, blow molding, and thermoforming.
- Film or sheet made with the PCM composition can have a thickness varying between 1 ⁇ and ⁇ or 1 mm and 6 mm and can be manufactured either directly by method such as melt blend extrusion described above, or alternatively by preparing the PCM composition in advance, and subsequently processed by means of any conventional technology based on extrusion, calendaring and hot lamination.
- the PCM composition also can be used in several applications where thermal management is needed. While temperature management inside buildings is one of the most relevant applications, the PCM composition of the present invention may also be used in automotive applications (for example in the ceiling, seats and tires of vehicles); air filters in air ducts; air conditioners; transportation applications; food packaging (to keep food chilled or warm); medical packaging (for example organ or vaccine
- the composition can also be coated directly on a substrate using impregnation and coating techniques.
- the PCM composition can be a coating applied directly on the substrate (via extrusion coating, spraying, painting, or other appropriate application methods).
- Such coating can also be applied using spreading methods known in the art such as with a rubber doctor blade or with a slit extrusion machine.
- the PCM composition may be formed at least partially in the substrate by impregnating the substrate with the composition by applying the molten composition to the substrate and then cooling the composition while it is in contact with the pores of the substrate.
- the composition can be applied to one side or both sides of a substrate.
- the composition may be applied to the side.
- a film or sheet of the PCM composition can be applied, laminated, adhered, or coated onto a substrate by, for example, extrusion coating, spraying, painting, or other appropriate application methods.
- the substrate may be any material providing support, shape, esthetic effect, protection, surface texture, bulk volume, weight, or combinations of two or more thereof to enhance the functionality and handability of the structure.
- substrates include particle board, chip board, oriented strand board, plywood paneling, gypsum board, fiber reinforced gypsum board, fiber board, cement board, cementitious wood wool board, calcium silica board, fiber insulation batts or slabs, foam insulation slabs, nonwoven textiles, fiber-reinforced cellulose, paper, cloth, or combinations of two or more thereof.
- the PCM composition or a film or sheet thereof can be applied between the interior sheathing and the insulating material in a wall, ceiling and/or roof of a building, or be used with metal roofs or timber post constructions and can also lead to a reduction in building costs along with an improvement in temperature control.
- composition or a film or sheet thereof can be a film that can be applied as part of the wall, ceiling or roof construction of a building (e.g., the film may be attached to the framing members so that the film is between the insulating material and the interior sheathing).
- Cellulose materials such as paper webs (for example Kraft paper), membranes made from synthetic fiber spun fabrics such as nonwoven textiles, or even perforated films having large percentages of open areas such as perforated polyethylene films, may be also used as substrate. These carrier materials may be reinforced with fibers.
- An example for use is applied as a coating or film onto a construction material such as TYVEK®, commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company,
- Samples were prepared by mixing a same PCM with different matrix polymers having varying amounts of vinyl acetate monomer.
- Table 1 shows that increasing vinyl acetate comonomer content increased the absorption of phase change material.
- heating/cooling rate was 1 °C/sec over an interval of from -20°C to +60°C with an integration range of from -10°C to +35°C.
- the used correspond to the samples
- T M melting temperature peak
- T c temperature at maximum of the crystallization temperature peak
- sample 6 was prepared substantially the same as sample 1 except that 30 g of LLDPE and 30 g of renewably sourced PCM were used.
- the LLDPE was allowed to soak up the molten PCM for 6 hours at 80°C and for another 4 hours at 1 15°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
- Sample 7 was prepared substantially the same as sample 2 except that 30 g of ethylene vinyl acetate (ELVAX ® 3120) pellets were mixed with 30 g of renewably sourced PCM.
- the ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 6 hours at 65°C and for another 6 hours at 80°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
- Sample 8 was prepared substantially the same as sample 3 except that 30 g of ethylene vinyl acetate (ELVAX ® 3170) pellets were mixed with 30 g of renewably sourced PCM.
- the ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 6 hours at 65°C and for another 6 hours at 80°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
- Sample 9 was prepared substantially the same as sample 4 except that 30 g of ethylene vinyl acetate (ELVAX ® 265) pellets were mixed with 30 g of renewably sourced PCM. The ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 6 hours at 65°C and for another 6 hours at 80°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
- ELVAX ® 265 ethylene vinyl acetate
- Sample 10 was prepared substantially the same as sample 5 except that 36 g of ethylene vinyl acetate (ELVAX ® 40L3) pellets were mixed with 24 g of renewably sourced PCM.
- the ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 6 hours at 65°C and for another 6 hours at 80°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
- Table 2 shows that increasing vinyl acetate comonomer contents significantly reduced the tendency of the phase change material to supercool.
Abstract
A phase change material (PCM) composition comprises a blend of at least one fatty acid ester and at least one ethylene copolymer, wherein the ethylene copolymer comprises at least 28% of an at least one polar comonomer by weight, based on the weight of the ethylene copolymer. A film or sheet comprises or is produced from the PCM composition and the film or sheet can be a single layer or multilayer structure.
Description
PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL COMPOSITIONS
The invention relates to phase change material compositions comprising ethylene copolymers and to the use of the compositions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the building industry, there is a continuous need to decrease the energy costs related to heating and cooling indoor rooms. One of the key factors that improve the energy management is insulation layers, which come in different physical forms, such as stone wool, polymeric foams or different fibers. The insulation layer inhibits the heat transfer from inside to outside or, alternatively, from outside to inside and thus either keeps the interior warm in cold weather conditions or, alternatively, cold in hot weather conditions.
In recent years, new kinds of building materials have been used for managing the thermal efficiency of buildings. These new materials are based on phase change materials (PCMs). A PCM is latent thermal storage material using chemical bonds to store and release heat, which is capable of absorbing and releasing high amounts of latent heat during melting and crystallization, respectively.
During a hot day, for example, a solid PCM may gradually melt, thereby absorbing the thermal energy that would otherwise have had heated up the building. During the ensuing colder night, the previously molten PCM re-solidifies (or
crystallizes), thereby releasing the thermal energy absorbed during the day and so heating the building up at night.
Phase change materials can be organic or inorganic substances, and paraffins and vegetable oils and/or fats are frequently used as organic PCMs because of their low cost and toxicity.
PCM can be introduced in matrices made of different materials or applied to a coating. See, e.g., US4003426, US4528328, US5053446, US20060124892
(WO2006/062610), WO98/04644, and WO2004/044345.
In order to conveniently use the PCMs in building applications, the PCMs have been so far incorporated into matrix polymers that absorb and retain the phase change materials, even at temperatures above the melting point of the PCMs, thus making it possible to manufacture the resulting PCMs composite materials into slabs, panels or
other shapes that are easily mounted in a wall. However, most matrix polymers suffer from multiple drawbacks such as limited PCM absorption capacity, substantial loss of PCM by exudation during lifetime, and an increase in brittleness of the matrix polymer upon PCM absorption. A solution to the above problems has been proposed in
WO2006062610A2.
Nowadays, there is a strong trend towards renewable materials that have a low environmental impact, and the building sector is no exception. It therefore does not come as a surprise that manufacturers of building material have developed different PCM composite materials where the fossil fuel-based materials are replaced by renewable and/or biological materials.
US6574971 discloses a method for sourcing PCMs from vegetable oil or animal fats instead of from fossil fuel.
However, these PCMs can suffer from several drawbacks when incorporated in polymeric matrices, such as, for example, their tendency to supercool.
Supercooling, also known as undercooling, occurs when a liquid is cooled below its melting point without becoming solid.
In PCMs, whose thermal effect is almost entirely based on the energy absorbed or released during the phase change between liquid and solid, supercooling is a very undesirable property.
An unwanted situation arises when, for example, after having absorbed heat during a first day and having changed from solid to liquid, the PCM cools down to a temperature that is below its melting point during the night without solidifying. On the second day, the supercooled PCM may already be in the liquid state because of supercooling and may thus be unable to absorb appreciable quantities of heat by PCM from solid to liquid. This may lead to poor thermal performance during the second day.
In the context of the invention, the temperature at which the PCM solidifies upon supercooling and which is below the melting temperature is called the crystallization temperature (Tc).
Some PCMs suffer more than others from supercooling. For example, pure paraffin suffers less from supercooling as described in US6765031 than PCMs based on vegetable oils and/or animal fats. Because paraffin is based on non-renewable fossil
fuels, it is less preferred in compositions that need to source the phase change materials from renewable sources.
There is therefore a need to provide a composite material that comprises renewably sourced PCMs, but does not suffer from insufficient PCM absorption and where the tendency of PCMs to supercool is at least partially or entirely prevented.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above problems can be overcome by a PCM composition comprising or produced from a PCM and at least one ethylene copolymer, wherein the ethylene copolymer comprises or is produced from repeat units derived from ethylene and at least one polar comonomer selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid ester, methacrylic acid ester, carbon monoxide, and combinations of two or more thereof.
A film or sheet comprises or is produced from a PCM composition that can be the same as disclosed above and the film or sheet can be a single layer or multilayer structure.
The invention also includes the use of an ethylene copolymer to prevent supercooling in compositions comprising at least one fatty acid ester and at least one ethylene copolymer, wherein the ethylene copolymer comprises at least 28% polar comonomer by weight, based on the weight of the at least one ethylene copolymer.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Throughout the present application, weight percentages are given based on the total weight of the composition or ethylene acid copolymer, unless otherwise defined.
The term "produced from" is an open-ended term meaning that it does not exclude any elements that are not disclosed or recited. For example, when a multilayer structure is produced from a sealant layer and a barrier layer, the structure may comprise additional layer(s). What follows the verb "is" may be a definition.
All references disclosed are incorporated herein by reference.
The phase change material (PCM) composition comprises or is produced from a blend of at least one PCM and at least one matrix polymer.
The at least one PCM may be chosen from alkanes (e.g., hydrocarbons), fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, salts of fatty acids, eutectic
liquids (e.g., organic-organic, organic-inorganic, inorganic-inorganic compounds), mineral salts (e.g., MnH2O), and organic salts, and/or combinations of two or more thereof. The PCM can preferably be chosen from fatty acids, fatty acid esters, salts of fatty acids, and/or combinations of two or more thereof. They can have an origin derived from animal fat, animal grease, vegetable oil, vegetable wax, and/or
combinations of two or more thereof.
The fatty acids can be "long" chain fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, having tails of more than 12 carbons. Examples of such fatty acids include naturally occurring triglycerides, oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, or combinations of two or more thereof. Frequently available fatty acids can be oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, hydrates or hydrogenated acids of any of the preceding acids, and/or combinations of two or more thereof. Details of such renewable PCM are disclosed in US6574971 , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The fatty acid esters can be formed with alcohols, diols, and/or polyols, including, but not limited to, mono-, di- or triglycerides of glycerol, esters of pentaerythritol, polyesters of polyhydric alcohols, esters of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, isobutanol, pentanol, hexanol, cydohexanol, esters or diesters of ethylene glycol and/ or combinations of two or more thereof. Preferably, the fatty acid esters are mono-, di- or triglycerides of glycerol, and/or combinations thereof.
The fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, fatty acid amides, or salts of fatty acids disclosed above can be derived from renewable source such as animal fat sources (e.g., pork or beef tallow), poultry fat sources, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, vegetable oil, yellow grease, or combinations of two or more thereof.
When manufacturing compositions comprising PCM, the amount of PCM absorbed in the polymer matrix is desirably as high as possible, because the thermal performance of the compositions may be directly proportional to the concentration of PCM contained in the composition.
The ethylene copolymer comprises or is produced from repeat units derived from ethylene and at least one polar comonomer which can be vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid ester, methacrylic acid ester, carbon monoxide, or
combinations of two or more thereof such as vinyl acetate, alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, carbon monoxide, and/or combinations of two or more thereof.
Preferably, the polar comonomer is vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, and/or combinations of two or more thereof. Most preferably, the at least one polar comonomer is vinyl acetate.
The ethylene copolymer can be a copolymer of ethylene and at least about 28%, at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, polar comonomer by weight, based on the weight of the ethylene copolymer.
Examples of ethylene copolymers include, but are not limited to, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene/(meth)acrylate copolymers, ethylene/alkyl
(meth)acrylate copolymers, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate/CO copolymers, ethylene/acrylic ester/CO copolymers, and/or or combinations of two or more thereof.
EVA includes copolymers derived from the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate or the copolymerization of ethylene, vinyl acetate, and an additional
comonomer. An EVA may have a melt flow rate, measured in accordance with ASTM D-1238, of from 0.1 to 60 g/10 or 0.3 to 30 g/10 minutes. A mixture of two or more different EVAs may be used.
Ethylene acid copolymers may be produced by any methods known to one skilled in the art such as use of "co-solvent technology" disclosed in US5028674.
Specific acid copolymers include ethylene/acrylic acid dipolymers,
ethylene/methacrylic acid dipolymers, and ethylene/acrylic acid/n-butyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/n-butyl methacrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/iso-butyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/iso-butyl methacrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/methyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/methyl methacrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate and ethylene/methacrylic acid/ethyl methacrylate terpolymers, or combinations of two or more thereof. An ethylene/methacrylic acid dipolymer of note comprises 19 weight % of copolymerized units of methacrylic acid.
lonomers are obtained by neutralization of an acid copolymer. Neutralizing agents including metal cations such as sodium or potassium ions are used to neutralize
at least some portion of the acidic groups in the acid copolymer. Unmodified ionomers are prepared from the acid copolymers such as those disclosed in US3262272.
Ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer includes copolymers of ethylene and one or more Ci-s alkyl (meth)acrylates. Examples of alkyl (meth)acrylates include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate and butyl acrylate. Examples of the copolymers include ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer ethylene/ethyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene/butyl acrylate copolymer, or combinations of two or more thereof.
Ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers may be prepared by processes well known to one skilled in the art using either autoclave or tubular reactors. See, e.g., US patents 2897183, 3404134, 5028674, 6500888, and 6518365. Because the methods for making an ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer are well known, the description of which is omitted herein for the interest of brevity. Tubular reactor produced ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers are commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware (DuPont) such as
ELVALOY® AC. The ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers may vary significantly in molecular weight and the selection of the melt index (Ml) grade of polymer may be made by balancing the properties of the ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymer with those of the neutralized organic acid and ethylene acid copolymer to provide the desired mix of permeability and structural properties needed for a specific variable permeability construction. A mixture of two or more different ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate
copolymers may be used.
The PCM can be blended with a polymer matrix as disclosed in WO2006/062610 (or US20060124892), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The blend of PCM and polymer matrix can comprise, based on the total weight of the blend, at least 30 wt%, about 30 to about 70 wt%, or about 40 to about 60 wt%, of a PCM and the balance one or more polymers disclosed herein.
The blend of PCM and polymer can be produced by any means known to one skilled in the art. For example, a blend of PCM and polymer matrix can be produced by soaking different component(s) all together at temperatures which are slightly above the melting point of the PCM but below the melting point of the one or more polymers.
Soaking is a natural absorption of the molten PCM by the polymer(s). The components
can be mixed together in a tumble blender during a certain period of time which can vary in function of the rotational speed of the tumble blender itself for a sufficient period of time such as 1 to 10 hours or about 8 hours.
The blend of PCM and polymer can also be produced by melt blend extrusion whereby the components are blended at temperatures above the melting point of both the one or more polymers and the PCM, the thus obtained mixture being subsequently extruded into granules or directly into sheets or any other suitable form.
The composition may additionally comprise from 0.01 to 15, 0.01 to 10, or 0.01 to 5, weight % of additives including plasticizers, stabilizers including viscosity stabilizers and hydrolytic stabilizers, primary and secondary antioxidants, ultraviolet ray absorbers, anti-static agents, dyes, pigments or other coloring agents, inorganic fillers, fire- retardants, lubricants, reinforcing agents such as glass fiber and flakes, synthetic (for example, aramid) fiber or pulp, foaming or blowing agents, processing aids, slip additives, antiblock agents such as silica or talc, release agents, tackifying resins, or combinations of two or more thereof. These additives are described in the Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.
The additives may be incorporated into the composition by any known process such as by dry blending, extruding a mixture of the various constituents, the
conventional masterbatch technique, or the like.
The composition can further comprise a fire retardant such as a chemical additive including, but not limited to, phosphorous compounds, antimony oxides, and halogen compounds, particularly bromine compounds, and others well known in the art. A loading of such additives can be between 20 to 30, or about 25 % (of the final air-dried composition or air-dried film weight).
Furthermore, the PCM composition can comprise at least one PCM-absorbing material, such as wood chips, saw dust, wood pulp, cellulose, bark material, starch, clay, diatomaceous earth, zeolites, talc, sodium stearate, cat litter, and/or combinations of two or more thereof.
Preferably, the PCM-absorbing material is a bark material, which can be chosen from the outermost layers of stems and roots of woody plants, such as trees, woody vines and shrubs.
More preferably, the PCM-absorbing material is chosen from the outermost layers of stems and roots of a plant of the genus Quercus and most preferably is cork from the cork oak Quercus suber. Supercooling is the phenomenon, also known as
undercooling, that occurs when a liquid is cooled below its melting point without becoming solid.
PCM-absorbing materials derived from heart wood, for example wood chips or saw dust, which are composed mainly of lignin and cellulose and which contain virtually no suberin, absorb smaller amounts of phase change material when compared to materials comprising suberin, such as bark.
The PCM composition according to the present invention can comprise at least about 0.01 wt%, preferably from about 0.01 to about 5 wt%, of the at least one phase change material absorbing material, based on the total weight of the composition.
Different matrix polymers may give rise to different supercooling behaviors for the same PCM. Therefore, matrix polymers that allow to minimize the difference between theoretical solidification temperatures and the observed solidification temperatures are desirable to enhance the thermal efficiency of the PCM composition.
Where the polymer matrix is an ethylene copolymer, increasing the amount of polar comonomer in the ethylene copolymer may allow to entirely or partially prevent supercooling of the PCM in blends of ethylene copolymer and phase change material. That is, the increase in polar comonomer in the ethylene copolymer matrix polymer may decrease the difference between the melting temperature and the observed
crystallization temperature of the PCM in the blend of ethylene copolymer and PCM.
Therefore, the composition allows to partially or entirely solve the encountered supercooling problem by providing a blend of at least one phase change material and at least one ethylene copolymer, wherein the ethylene copolymer comprises at least 28% polar comonomer by weight, based on the weight of the ethylene copolymer.
Preferably, the at least one ethylene copolymer according to the present invention comprises at least 35%, most preferably at least 40% polar comonomer.
The polymer matrix of the PCM composition may be cross-linked after the PCM has been incorporated into it by means of any method known in the art like for example by using cross-linking agents based on silane and/or peroxide groups. In the
crosslinking process, it may be undesirable crosslinking the PCM. This is possible, for example, by grafting silane groups onto the polymer molecules prior to incorporating the phase change material. Such grafting can occur by means of conventional techniques, such as by extruding the polymer at temperatures above 150°C after adding 0.2 to 2 wt% of vinyl-tri-methoxy-silane or vinyl-tri-ethoxy-silane together with 0.05 to 0.5 wt% peroxide. The PCM can then be incorporated into the silane-grafted polymer and the resulting blend can be cross-linked, in presence of water or water moisture, by using catalysts like dibutyl-tin-laureate. Such crosslinking of the polymer matrix enables to increase the mechanical and thermal properties of the composition itself when used in the different applications listed below, as well as to enhance its processability during manufacturing.
The polymer matrix of the PCM composition may also be cross-linked by irradiation methods well known in the art.
A film or sheet may be produced from the PCM composition by any means known to one skilled in the art such as, for example, extrusion, casting, coextrusion, extrusion coating, lamination, or any other known means which is well known to one skilled in the art and the description of which is omitted herein for the interest of brevity.
The film or sheet can be further biaxially oriented. The film may also have a free shrink at 185°F (85°C) of at least 10 % in one direction or both directions.
A multilayer film or sheet may have one or more layers including "inner layer" and/or "internal layer" (any layer, of a multilayer film, having both of its principal surfaces directly adhered to another layer of the film) and an "outer layer" (any film layer having less than two of its principal surfaces directly adhered to another layer of the film). All multilayer films have two, and only two, outer layers, each of which has a principal surface adhered to only one other layer of the multilayer film. The outermost layers of stems and roots of the cork oak are particularly high in suberin, a hydrophobic substance that prevents the loss of water and nutrients in plants.
For example, a multilayer structure can comprise at least one sheet (A) of the above PCM composition, which is adjacent to at least one layer (B). Preferably, such sheet (A) is positioned between two layers (B1 ,B2). One of the functions of the at least one layer (B), or preferably of two layers (B1 ,B2) is to help keep the PCM material of
the sheet (A) within the polymer matrix, thus enabling to maintain the heat management performance of the PCM sheet (A) at a high level over a long period of time.
Furthermore, undesired grease stains on the surfaces adjacent to the PCM composition are hereby avoided. The multilayer structure can be manufactured by extrusion coating the PCM material layer (A) onto the at least one layer (B), extrusion laminating the PCM material between two of such layers (B1 , B2), and co-extruding the PCM material with the at least one layer (B) if the material of such at least one layer (B) makes it possible (for example if the at least one layer is made of a flame retardant composition).
Also for example, a multilayer structure can comprise in the following sequence: a) at least one sheet (A); b) at least one layer (B) positioned adjacent to the at least one sheet (A); c) one or more additional layers (C) positioned adjacent to the at least one layer (B). The multilayer structure may further comprise one or more additional layers (C) positioned adjacent and externally to one or more of the layers (B1 , B2). Layer (B) and/or layer (C) can also have the function of conferring to the overall multilayer structure improved fire retardancy and/or heat conductivity so that heat is easily conveyed through such at least one layer to the PCM composition and vice versa.
Layer B, B1 , B2, or (C) can be a metal layer or a metallized film layer. The metal can be aluminum, copper, zinc, iron, or combinations of two or more thereof. Aluminum foil (Al) is used extensively in the food packaging industry as a moisture and gas barrier. Aluminum, especially aluminum foil, can be a convenient metal layer.
Metallized films are thermoplastic films having deposited (e.g., by vacuum) thereon a layer of metal such as aluminum. Metallized films can comprise polyesters (such as polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate) or polypropylene as the thermoplastic film component. Polyethylene is also sometimes metallized. Often, metallized films are combined with other materials such as polyethylene, oriented polypropylene, oriented polyethylene terephthalate, paper, or paperboard in multilayer structures. Because a process for making metallized film is well known in the art, the description of which is omitted herein for the interest of brevity.
For example, aluminum or aluminum-coated film can be used with the PCM- containing film or sheet with the aluminum side facing the PCM sheet (A) to achieve optimum adhesion.
Additionally, layers containing flame retardant polymer compositions (polymers filled with flame retardant inorganic fillers like aluminum trihydrate, ammonium
polyphosphate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, brominated fillers and melamine pyrophosphate) can also be used with a PCM-film or sheet. Examples of such multilayer films or sheets can include plaster (plaster boards and panels, gypsum boards), rock-wool insulation, glass-wool insulation, foamed polystyrene, wood panel, dry wall, and other materials conventionally used in the construction industry. The layer (B) and layer (C) may have a thickness varying from 5 μιτι up to 20 cm in accordance with the materials used. Aluminum layers, for example, may have thicknesses varying from 10 to 600 μιτι, preferably from 80 to 200 μιτι and, still more preferably, of about 128 μιτι.
Also disclosed is a molded article comprising or made of a PCM composition.
Such molded part can be manufactured by any process suitable for transforming thermoplastic materials including injection molding, blow molding, and thermoforming.
Film or sheet made with the PCM composition can have a thickness varying between 1 μηη and δθθμηη or 1 mm and 6 mm and can be manufactured either directly by method such as melt blend extrusion described above, or alternatively by preparing the PCM composition in advance, and subsequently processed by means of any conventional technology based on extrusion, calendaring and hot lamination.
The PCM composition also can be used in several applications where thermal management is needed. While temperature management inside buildings is one of the most relevant applications, the PCM composition of the present invention may also be used in automotive applications (for example in the ceiling, seats and tires of vehicles); air filters in air ducts; air conditioners; transportation applications; food packaging (to keep food chilled or warm); medical packaging (for example organ or vaccine
transportation); woven and nonwoven fabrics for garments, clothes and sport wear; footwear; tree wraps, hand grips (in tools, sporting goods and vehicles); bedding;
carpets; wood composites; electric cables and plastic tubes for hot media including water.
The composition can also be coated directly on a substrate using impregnation and coating techniques. For example, the PCM composition can be a coating applied directly on the substrate (via extrusion coating, spraying, painting, or other appropriate application methods). Such coating can also be applied using spreading methods known in the art such as with a rubber doctor blade or with a slit extrusion machine.
The PCM composition may be formed at least partially in the substrate by impregnating the substrate with the composition by applying the molten composition to the substrate and then cooling the composition while it is in contact with the pores of the substrate.
The composition can be applied to one side or both sides of a substrate. In the case where the substrate is coated or laminated on one side, the composition may be applied to the side.
Alternatively, a film or sheet of the PCM composition can be applied, laminated, adhered, or coated onto a substrate by, for example, extrusion coating, spraying, painting, or other appropriate application methods.
The substrate may be any material providing support, shape, esthetic effect, protection, surface texture, bulk volume, weight, or combinations of two or more thereof to enhance the functionality and handability of the structure. Examples of substrates include particle board, chip board, oriented strand board, plywood paneling, gypsum board, fiber reinforced gypsum board, fiber board, cement board, cementitious wood wool board, calcium silica board, fiber insulation batts or slabs, foam insulation slabs, nonwoven textiles, fiber-reinforced cellulose, paper, cloth, or combinations of two or more thereof.
The PCM composition or a film or sheet thereof can be applied between the interior sheathing and the insulating material in a wall, ceiling and/or roof of a building, or be used with metal roofs or timber post constructions and can also lead to a reduction in building costs along with an improvement in temperature control. The PCM
composition or a film or sheet thereof can be a film that can be applied as part of the wall, ceiling or roof construction of a building (e.g., the film may be attached to the
framing members so that the film is between the insulating material and the interior sheathing).
Cellulose materials such as paper webs (for example Kraft paper), membranes made from synthetic fiber spun fabrics such as nonwoven textiles, or even perforated films having large percentages of open areas such as perforated polyethylene films, may be also used as substrate. These carrier materials may be reinforced with fibers. An example for use is applied as a coating or film onto a construction material such as TYVEK®, commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company,
Wilmington, Delaware, USA, for construction for temperature control of a building.
EXAMPLES
Absorption of phase change material
Samples were prepared by mixing a same PCM with different matrix polymers having varying amounts of vinyl acetate monomer.
For sample 1 (Comparative), 27 g of LLDPE (linear low density polyethylene) pellets commercially available from Dow (Midland, USA) under the trademark DOWLEX® 2740, were mixed with 33 g of renewably sourced PCM (a fatty acid derivative mixture; see also US6574971 ) having a melting temperature of 23°C and a latent heat of fusion of 208 J/g, commercially available from Entropy Solutions (Minneapolis, USA) under the trademark PURETEMP. The LLDPE was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 48 hours at 23°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the amount of absorbed phase change material was determined by weighing the pellets and dividing the weight of the pellets by the sum of the initial weight of the pellets (27 g) and the phase change material (33 g). Results are shown in Table 1 .
For sample 2, 27 g of ethylene vinyl acetate pellets, commercially available from
DuPont (Wilmington, DE USA) under the trademark EL VAX® 3120, having an vinyl acetate content of 7.5 wt%, were mixed with 33 g of renewably sourced PCM (a fatty acid derivative mixture; see also US6574971 ) having a melting temperature of 23°C and a latent heat of fusion of 208 J/g, commercially available from Entropy Solutions
(Minneapolis, USA) under the trademark PURETEMP. The ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 48 hours at 23°C in a Type
IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the amount of absorbed phase change material was determined by weighing the pellets and dividing the weight of the pellets by the sum of the initial weight of the pellets (27 g) and the phase change material (33 g). Results are shown in Table 1 .
For sample 3, 27 g of ethylene vinyl acetate pellets, commercially available from
DuPont (Wilmington, DE USA) under the trademark ELVAX® 3170, having an vinyl acetate content of 18 wt%, were mixed with 33 g of renewably sourced PCM (a fatty acid derivative mixture; see also US6574971 ) having a melting temperature of 23°C and a latent heat of fusion of 208 J/g, commercially available from Entropy Solutions
(Minneapolis, USA) under the trademark PURETEMP. The ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 24 hours at 23°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the amount of absorbed phase change material was determined by weighing the pellets and dividing the weight of the pellets by the sum of the initial weight of the pellets (27 g) and the phase change material (33 g). Results are shown in Table 1 .
For sample 4, 27 g of ethylene vinyl acetate pellets, commercially available from DuPont (Wilmington, DE USA) under the trademark EL VAX® 265, having an vinyl acetate content of 28 wt%, were mixed with 33 g of renewably sourced PCM a fatty acid derivative mixture; see also US6574971 ) having a melting temperature of 23°C and a latent heat of fusion of 208 J/g, commercially available from Entropy Solutions
(Minneapolis, USA) under the trademark PURETEMP. The ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 48 hours at 23°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the amount of absorbed phase change material was determined by weighing the pellets and dividing the weight of the pellets by the sum of the initial weight of the pellets (27 g) and the phase change material (33 g). Results are shown in Table 1 .
For sample 5, 27 g of ethylene vinyl acetate pellets, commercially available from DuPont (Wilmington, DE USA) under the trademark EL VAX® 40L03, having an vinyl acetate content of 40 wt%, were mixed with 33 g of renewably sourced PCM (a fatty acid derivative mixture; see also US6574971 ) having a melting temperature of 23°C and a latent heat of fusion of 208 J/g, commercially available from Entropy Solutions
(Minneapolis, USA) under the trademark PURETEMP. The ethylene vinyl acetate was
allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 48 hours at 23°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the amount of absorbed phase change material was determined by weighing the pellets and dividing the weight of the pellets by the sum of the initial weight of the pellets (27 g) and the phase change material (33 g). Results are shown in Table 1 .
Table 1 shows that increasing vinyl acetate comonomer content increased the absorption of phase change material.
Supercooling
The tendency to supercool of a PCM compositions obtained in the above section was measured in duplicate on an AQ20 differential scanning calorimeter from TA
Instruments, according to ASTM D-3417, using samples weighing 8 mg. The
heating/cooling rate was 1 °C/sec over an interval of from -20°C to +60°C with an integration range of from -10°C to +35°C. The used correspond to the samples
The tendency to supercool was quantified by the difference (ΔΤ) of the
temperature at maximum of the melting temperature peak (TM) minus the temperature at maximum of the crystallization temperature peak (Tc). The smaller the difference, the less supercooling there is.
In Table 2, sample 6 was prepared substantially the same as sample 1 except that 30 g of LLDPE and 30 g of renewably sourced PCM were used. The LLDPE was allowed to soak up the molten PCM for 6 hours at 80°C and for another 4 hours at 1 15°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
Sample 7 was prepared substantially the same as sample 2 except that 30 g of ethylene vinyl acetate (ELVAX® 3120) pellets were mixed with 30 g of renewably sourced PCM. The ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 6 hours at 65°C and for another 6 hours at 80°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
Sample 8 was prepared substantially the same as sample 3 except that 30 g of ethylene vinyl acetate (ELVAX® 3170) pellets were mixed with 30 g of renewably sourced PCM. The ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 6 hours at 65°C and for another 6 hours at 80°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
Sample 9 was prepared substantially the same as sample 4 except that 30 g of ethylene vinyl acetate (ELVAX® 265) pellets were mixed with 30 g of renewably sourced PCM. The ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 6 hours at 65°C and for another 6 hours at 80°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
Sample 10 was prepared substantially the same as sample 5 except that 36 g of ethylene vinyl acetate (ELVAX® 40L3) pellets were mixed with 24 g of renewably sourced PCM. The ethylene vinyl acetate was allowed to soak up the molten phase change material for 6 hours at 65°C and for another 6 hours at 80°C in a Type IKA KA260 control shaker operating at a frequency of 5 Hz. Then, the tendency to supercool was measured by DSC.
Table 2 shows that increasing vinyl acetate comonomer contents significantly reduced the tendency of the phase change material to supercool.
Claims
1 . A composition comprising or produced from a blend of a phase change material (PCM) and at least one ethylene copolymer wherein the PCM is selected from the group consisting of alkane, fatty acid, fatty alcohol, fatty acid ester, fatty acid amide, salts of fatty acid, eutectic liquid, mineral salts (e.g., MnH2O), organic salts, and combinations of two or more thereof; and
the ethylene copolymer comprises or is produced from repeat units derived from ethylene and at least one polar comonomer selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid ester, methacrylic acid ester, carbon monoxide, and combinations of two or more thereof.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein
the PCM is selected from the group consisting of fatty acid, fatty alcohol, fatty acid ester, fatty acid amide, salts of fatty acid, and combinations of two or more thereof;
the ethylene copolymer comprises at least 28% of the polar comonomer, based on the weight of the ethylene copolymer; and
the ethylene copolymer is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene/(meth)acrylate copolymers, ethylene/alkyl (meth)acrylate copolymers, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid copolymers, ethylene/vinyl acetate/CO terpolymer, ethylene/acrylic ester/CO terpolymer, and combinations of two or more thereof.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein
the PCM is fatty acid or fatty acid derivative; the fatty acid is oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, or combinations of two or more thereof; the fatty acid derivative is
monoglyceride, diglyceride, or triglyceride, fatty alcohol, fatty amide, or combinations thereof; and
the ethylene copolymer comprises at least about 35% of the polar comonomer.
4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the PCM is derived from pork tallow, beef tallow, poultry fat, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, vegetable oil, yellow grease, or combinations of two or more thereof.
5. The composition of 1 , 2, 3, or 4 wherein the ethylene copolymer is ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer comprising at least 40% of repeat units derived from vinyl acetate.
6. A film or sheet comprising or produced from a composition wherein the film or sheet is a single layer or multilayer structure and the
composition is as characterized in claim 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5.
7. The film or sheet of claim 6 wherein the film or sheet is a multilayer structure comprising a first layer and a second layer; the first layer comprises or is produced from the composition as characterized in claim
I , 2, 3, 4, or 5; and the second layer is a metal layer or a metallized film layer.
8. The film or sheet of claim 7 wherein the first layer is in direct contact with the second layer.
9. The film or sheet of claim 7 wherein the metal is aluminum and the film of the metallized layer is polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene, oriented polypropylene, oriented polyethylene terephthalate, paper, or paperboard.
10. The composition of claim 1 , 2, 3, 4, or 5, or the film or sheet of claim 6, 7, 8, or 9 further comprising one or more flame retardant polymer composition, plaster, rock-wool insulation, glass-wool insulation and foamed polystyrene.
I I . A article comprising a substrate having coated, laminated, adhered, or applied thereon a composition or a film or sheet wherein the
composition is as characterized in claim 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10; the film or sheet is as characterized in claim 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; and the substrate is particle board, chip board, oriented strand board, plywood paneling, gypsum board, fiber reinforced gypsum board, fiber board, cement board, cementitious wood wool board, calcium silica board, fiber insulation batts or slabs, foam insulation slabs, nonwoven textiles, fiber-reinforced cellulose, paper, cloth, or combinations of two or more thereof.
12. Use of a composition in construction of renovation of a building wherein the composition is as characterized in claim 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10.
13. Use of a film or sheet in construction of renovation of a building wherein the film or sheet is as characterized in claim 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
14. Use of an article in construction of renovation of a building wherein the film or sheet is as characterized in claim 1 1 .
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP11721401.5A EP2569389B1 (en) | 2010-05-13 | 2011-05-11 | Phase change material compositions |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US33438310P | 2010-05-13 | 2010-05-13 | |
US61/334,383 | 2010-05-13 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2011143278A1 true WO2011143278A1 (en) | 2011-11-17 |
Family
ID=44281026
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2011/036003 WO2011143278A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 | 2011-05-11 | Phase change material compositions |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8308861B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2569389B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011143278A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015168096A1 (en) | 2014-05-01 | 2015-11-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Cables made of phase change material |
WO2016042064A1 (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2016-03-24 | Mci Technologies | Under-roof screen |
WO2017079018A1 (en) | 2015-11-03 | 2017-05-11 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Cables made of phase change material |
WO2017214398A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2017-12-14 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Heat storage cable including closing system |
CN108102394A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-06-01 | 苏州佳亿达电器有限公司 | A kind of thermal insulator for LED street lamp |
Families Citing this family (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9598622B2 (en) | 2012-09-25 | 2017-03-21 | Cold Chain Technologies, Inc. | Gel comprising a phase-change material, method of preparing the gel, thermal exchange implement comprising the gel, and method of preparing the thermal exchange implement |
US9556373B2 (en) | 2012-09-25 | 2017-01-31 | Cold Chain Technologies, Inc. | Gel comprising a phase-change material, method of preparing the gel, and thermal exchange implement comprising the gel |
US20160040054A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-02-11 | Entropy Solutions Inc. | Methods for organic nucleating agents |
WO2015084778A1 (en) | 2013-12-05 | 2015-06-11 | Honeywell International Inc. | Stannous methansulfonate solution with adjusted ph |
EP3122335B1 (en) | 2014-03-26 | 2022-02-16 | Cold Chain Technologies, LLC | Method of preparing a gel comprising a phase-change material |
PL3166999T3 (en) | 2014-07-07 | 2023-07-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Thermal interface material with ion scavenger |
WO2016069349A1 (en) * | 2014-10-28 | 2016-05-06 | Tempra Technology, Inc. | Heat retaining dish assembly and method of heating same |
KR102470083B1 (en) | 2014-12-05 | 2022-11-23 | 허니웰 인터내셔널 인코포레이티드 | High performance thermal interface materials with low thermal impedance |
US9718737B2 (en) | 2015-04-21 | 2017-08-01 | Behr Process Corporation | Decorative coating compositions |
US10400105B2 (en) | 2015-06-19 | 2019-09-03 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Extruded starch-lignin foams |
GB201516401D0 (en) * | 2015-09-16 | 2015-10-28 | Knauf Insulation Gmbh | Insulating product |
US10312177B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 | 2019-06-04 | Honeywell International Inc. | Thermal interface materials including a coloring agent |
EP3415543B1 (en) | 2016-01-25 | 2020-05-13 | Technogel Italia S.R.L. | Temperature regulating polyurethane gels |
JP6842469B2 (en) | 2016-03-08 | 2021-03-17 | ハネウェル・インターナショナル・インコーポレーテッドHoneywell International Inc. | Phase change material |
US10501671B2 (en) | 2016-07-26 | 2019-12-10 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gel-type thermal interface material |
SG11201908708UA (en) * | 2017-03-23 | 2019-10-30 | Agency Science Tech & Res | A phase change material composition and method of preparation thereof |
CN107227807A (en) * | 2017-06-13 | 2017-10-03 | 华南理工大学 | A kind of phase-change accumulation energy building heat preservation structure |
CA3073206A1 (en) * | 2017-08-17 | 2019-02-21 | Serta Simmons Bedding, Llc | Three dimensional polymeric fiber matrix layer for bedding products |
US11041103B2 (en) | 2017-09-08 | 2021-06-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Silicone-free thermal gel |
US10428256B2 (en) | 2017-10-23 | 2019-10-01 | Honeywell International Inc. | Releasable thermal gel |
US11072706B2 (en) | 2018-02-15 | 2021-07-27 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gel-type thermal interface material |
WO2020077555A1 (en) * | 2018-10-17 | 2020-04-23 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Gel comprising hybrid phase change materials |
CN109722118A (en) * | 2019-01-07 | 2019-05-07 | 江苏世通着色新材料有限公司 | A kind of anticorrosive paint for building and preparation method thereof |
US20220158273A1 (en) * | 2019-03-22 | 2022-05-19 | Siddique Ali Khateeb Razack | Thermal management system and device |
US11373921B2 (en) | 2019-04-23 | 2022-06-28 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gel-type thermal interface material with low pre-curing viscosity and elastic properties post-curing |
CN115335578A (en) * | 2020-03-23 | 2022-11-11 | 欧文斯科宁知识产权资产有限公司 | Insulator comprising phase change material |
TWI720894B (en) * | 2020-05-19 | 2021-03-01 | 財團法人紡織產業綜合研究所 | Temperature adjusting nylon fiber |
CN112940688B (en) * | 2021-02-04 | 2022-04-15 | 齐鲁工业大学 | Preparation method of biomass-based temperature control material and prepared temperature control material |
CN114571817A (en) * | 2022-03-04 | 2022-06-03 | 华中科技大学 | Composite film material with heat management and electromagnetic shielding functions and preparation method thereof |
US20230348806A1 (en) * | 2022-04-28 | 2023-11-02 | Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations Llc | Phase change materials to address reversion problems in heavy oils |
Citations (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2897183A (en) | 1954-01-13 | 1959-07-28 | Du Pont | Constant environment process for polymerizing ethylene |
US3262272A (en) | 1964-01-17 | 1966-07-26 | Edward J Barakauskas | Method of ejecting a missile from a launching tube |
US3404134A (en) | 1961-08-31 | 1968-10-01 | Du Pont | Process of crosslinking polymers |
US4003426A (en) | 1975-05-08 | 1977-01-18 | The Dow Chemical Company | Heat or thermal energy storage structure |
US4528328A (en) | 1983-10-12 | 1985-07-09 | Occidental Chemical Corporation | Blends of vinyl halide-polyolefin graft polymers and ASA polymers |
US5028674A (en) | 1990-06-06 | 1991-07-02 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Methanol copolymerization of ethylene |
US5053446A (en) | 1985-11-22 | 1991-10-01 | University Of Dayton | Polyolefin composites containing a phase change material |
US5191004A (en) * | 1991-03-22 | 1993-03-02 | Quantum Chemical Corporation | Flame retardant crosslinkable polymeric compositions having improved processability |
US5565132A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1996-10-15 | The University Of Dayton | Thermoplastic, moldable, non-exuding phase change materials |
WO1998004644A1 (en) | 1996-07-25 | 1998-02-05 | Zae Bayern Bay. Zentrum Für Angewandte Energieforschung E.V. | Method/system for accumulating heat or cold in an accumulating composite material, such an accumulating composite material and a method for producing such an accumulating composite material |
US6500888B2 (en) | 2000-12-27 | 2002-12-31 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Surface treatment of ethylene based polymer pellets to improve blocking resistance |
US6518365B1 (en) | 1999-07-28 | 2003-02-11 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | High melt swell polymer |
US6574971B2 (en) | 2000-07-03 | 2003-06-10 | Galen J. Suppes | Fatty-acid thermal storage devices, cycle, and chemicals |
WO2004044345A2 (en) | 2002-11-05 | 2004-05-27 | Barbara Pause | Wall covering assembly with thermo-regulating properties |
US6765031B2 (en) | 2001-02-20 | 2004-07-20 | Vacupanel, Inc. | Micropore open cell foam composite and method for manufacturing same |
WO2006062610A2 (en) | 2004-12-09 | 2006-06-15 | E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company | Phase change material (pcm) compositions for thermal management |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4797160A (en) * | 1984-08-31 | 1989-01-10 | University Of Dayton | Phase change compositions |
US4988543A (en) | 1989-09-25 | 1991-01-29 | Ecole Polytechnique | Process for incorporation of a phase change material into gypsum wallboards and other aggregate construction panels |
US5349798A (en) | 1992-09-17 | 1994-09-27 | Fabricating Packaging Materials, Inc. | Insulating insert for concrete blocks |
US5755216A (en) | 1995-06-06 | 1998-05-26 | The University Of Dayton | Building products incorporating phase change materials and method of making same |
US6482332B1 (en) | 1999-03-12 | 2002-11-19 | Ted J. Malach | Phase change formulation |
US6412545B1 (en) | 2001-08-16 | 2002-07-02 | Paul C. Buff | Carrying case for protecting heat sensitive materials |
US6869441B2 (en) * | 2003-03-21 | 2005-03-22 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Thermal therapy sleeve |
-
2011
- 2011-03-31 US US13/076,852 patent/US8308861B2/en active Active
- 2011-05-11 EP EP11721401.5A patent/EP2569389B1/en active Active
- 2011-05-11 WO PCT/US2011/036003 patent/WO2011143278A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2897183A (en) | 1954-01-13 | 1959-07-28 | Du Pont | Constant environment process for polymerizing ethylene |
US3404134A (en) | 1961-08-31 | 1968-10-01 | Du Pont | Process of crosslinking polymers |
US3262272A (en) | 1964-01-17 | 1966-07-26 | Edward J Barakauskas | Method of ejecting a missile from a launching tube |
US4003426A (en) | 1975-05-08 | 1977-01-18 | The Dow Chemical Company | Heat or thermal energy storage structure |
US4528328A (en) | 1983-10-12 | 1985-07-09 | Occidental Chemical Corporation | Blends of vinyl halide-polyolefin graft polymers and ASA polymers |
US5053446A (en) | 1985-11-22 | 1991-10-01 | University Of Dayton | Polyolefin composites containing a phase change material |
US5028674A (en) | 1990-06-06 | 1991-07-02 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Methanol copolymerization of ethylene |
US5191004A (en) * | 1991-03-22 | 1993-03-02 | Quantum Chemical Corporation | Flame retardant crosslinkable polymeric compositions having improved processability |
US5565132A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1996-10-15 | The University Of Dayton | Thermoplastic, moldable, non-exuding phase change materials |
WO1998004644A1 (en) | 1996-07-25 | 1998-02-05 | Zae Bayern Bay. Zentrum Für Angewandte Energieforschung E.V. | Method/system for accumulating heat or cold in an accumulating composite material, such an accumulating composite material and a method for producing such an accumulating composite material |
US6518365B1 (en) | 1999-07-28 | 2003-02-11 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | High melt swell polymer |
US6574971B2 (en) | 2000-07-03 | 2003-06-10 | Galen J. Suppes | Fatty-acid thermal storage devices, cycle, and chemicals |
US6500888B2 (en) | 2000-12-27 | 2002-12-31 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Surface treatment of ethylene based polymer pellets to improve blocking resistance |
US6765031B2 (en) | 2001-02-20 | 2004-07-20 | Vacupanel, Inc. | Micropore open cell foam composite and method for manufacturing same |
WO2004044345A2 (en) | 2002-11-05 | 2004-05-27 | Barbara Pause | Wall covering assembly with thermo-regulating properties |
WO2006062610A2 (en) | 2004-12-09 | 2006-06-15 | E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company | Phase change material (pcm) compositions for thermal management |
US20060124892A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 | 2006-06-15 | Rolland Loic P | Phase change material (PCM) compositions for thermal management |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015168096A1 (en) | 2014-05-01 | 2015-11-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Cables made of phase change material |
US10435606B2 (en) | 2014-05-01 | 2019-10-08 | Performance Materials Na, Inc. | Cables made of phase change material |
WO2016042064A1 (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2016-03-24 | Mci Technologies | Under-roof screen |
FR3026046A1 (en) * | 2014-09-18 | 2016-03-25 | Loda | ROOF SCREEN |
WO2017079018A1 (en) | 2015-11-03 | 2017-05-11 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Cables made of phase change material |
WO2017214398A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2017-12-14 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Heat storage cable including closing system |
EP3878922A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 | 2021-09-15 | E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company | Heat storage cable including closing system |
CN108102394A (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2018-06-01 | 苏州佳亿达电器有限公司 | A kind of thermal insulator for LED street lamp |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8308861B2 (en) | 2012-11-13 |
US20110281485A1 (en) | 2011-11-17 |
EP2569389B1 (en) | 2015-06-24 |
EP2569389A1 (en) | 2013-03-20 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP2569389B1 (en) | Phase change material compositions | |
JP5204491B2 (en) | Phase change material (PCM) composition for temperature control | |
US8852749B2 (en) | Compositions and structures having tailored water vapor transmission | |
US7838123B2 (en) | Variable vapor barrier for moisture control in buildings | |
US7829197B2 (en) | Variable vapor barrier for humidity control | |
US10435606B2 (en) | Cables made of phase change material | |
CZ20032269A3 (en) | Use of ionomers for sealing insulating materials | |
US10435550B2 (en) | Variable vapor barrier for humidity control | |
EP3524658B1 (en) | Resin member and sheet using same, and heat storage material and heat control sheet using same | |
EP3469035B1 (en) | Heat storage cable including closing system | |
US20230084266A1 (en) | Composite house wrap formed of low density polyethylene foam with evacuated closed cells and having tortuous paths of thermal conductivity | |
Kośny et al. | Basic Building Envelope Products Containing PCM and Related Patents |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 11721401 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2011721401 Country of ref document: EP |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |