WO2011131486A1 - Electrochemical nh3 scr reactor - Google Patents

Electrochemical nh3 scr reactor Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011131486A1
WO2011131486A1 PCT/EP2011/055349 EP2011055349W WO2011131486A1 WO 2011131486 A1 WO2011131486 A1 WO 2011131486A1 EP 2011055349 W EP2011055349 W EP 2011055349W WO 2011131486 A1 WO2011131486 A1 WO 2011131486A1
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Prior art keywords
reactor
scr
electrochemical
adsorber
anode
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PCT/EP2011/055349
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Andreas Schulze
Sebastian Kaefer
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Robert Bosch Gmbh
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/32—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00
    • B01D53/326—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group B01D61/00 in electrochemical cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/8621—Removing nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/8625—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/8631—Processes characterised by a specific device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • F01N3/2073—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR] with means for generating a reducing substance from the exhaust gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2251/00—Reactants
    • B01D2251/20—Reductants
    • B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
    • B01D2251/2062—Ammonia
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/204—Alkaline earth metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/20—Metals or compounds thereof
    • B01D2255/207—Transition metals
    • B01D2255/20738—Iron
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/50—Zeolites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
    • B01D2255/90—Physical characteristics of catalysts
    • B01D2255/91—NOx-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/01—Engine exhaust gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/064—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/072—Iron group metals or copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
    • B01J35/33—Electric or magnetic properties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/024—Multiple impregnation or coating
    • B01J37/0244—Coatings comprising several layers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2370/00—Selection of materials for exhaust purification
    • F01N2370/02—Selection of materials for exhaust purification used in catalytic reactors
    • F01N2370/04—Zeolitic material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
    • F01N2570/14—Nitrogen oxides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0892—Electric or magnetic treatment, e.g. dissociation of noxious components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor, comprising a base reactor and an SCR catalyst connected thereto, the base reactor having an anode, a proton conductor and a cathode, wherein an electrical potential can be applied to the anode and the cathode. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for operating such an electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor and its use.
  • Such a generic electrochemical nitrogen oxide catalyst is known from DE 103 92 987 T5.
  • This document describes a chemical reaction system for carrying out chemical reactions of a target substance comprising a chemical reaction part.
  • This consists of an oxygen ion conductor (ion conduction phase) and two electrodes, namely a cathode (reduction phase) and an associated anode (oxidation phase), with the ion conduction phase between them, as basic units together.
  • ion conduction phase oxygen ion conductor
  • reduction phase cathode
  • oxidation phase anode
  • microreaction regions at which oxidation reductions of the target substance take place are introduced in a part of the chemical reaction part.
  • the points of contact between the ion conducting phase and an electron conducting phase which is composed of a combination of any parts of an ionic conductor, an electron conductor or a mixed electric conductor, in the chemical reaction part Voltage applied or heat treatment applied.
  • the invention is based on the object of providing an NH 3-SCR reactor system which is improved over the prior art and which in particular special is able to perform without supplying external reducing agent desired reaction.
  • NO x adsorber a nitrogen oxide adsorber
  • the NH3-SCR reactor according to the invention is most preferably used for denitrification of engine exhaust gases, in particular self-igniting internal combustion engines fueled by diesel fuel, of motor vehicles.
  • the invention is based on the recognition that the denitrification, in particular of engine exhaust gases, under oxidizing conditions represents a major technical challenge.
  • two technologies have become established on the market, namely a NO x storage catalytic converter and the NH3-SCR system.
  • the reducing agent ammonia is supplied to the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine, which then reacts on a catalyst with the nitrogen oxides.
  • the most widely used system for ammonia The solution is the use of a urea water solution known under the trade name Ad-Blue.
  • Ad-Blue which must be stored in an additional tank, is controlled by a metering device into which hot exhaust gas is sprayed, where it is then vaporized and converted into ammonia, water and carbon dioxide via a complex chemical process.
  • This chemical reaction in ammonia is done via several intermediates, the intermediates, if they are not fully implemented, can settle on the cold surface of the exhaust pipe.
  • This deposit problem poses a major technical challenge, since both the injection geometry and the injection strategy must be adapted to the respective, sometimes complex, exhaust system.
  • the NO x adsorber based on a NO x - storing compound, wherein in the NO x adsorber using hydrogen H 2 nitrogen oxide NO x directly to nitrogen N 2 and H 2 0 and reacts to NH 3 ammonia , In this way, part of the harmful nitrogen oxides NO x is converted into desired nitrogen N 2 .
  • the resulting ammonia NH 3 moves further into the SCR catalyst and reacts there with another part of the NO x to form additional nitrogen N 2 and water.
  • all desired chemical reactions are shown directly without external supply of particular reducing agents.
  • the NOx adsorber is based on a strontium-aluminum-oxide compound. Such a compound has proved to be particularly suitable.
  • the proton conductor is a hydrogen-ion-conducting electrolyte, for example SrZro. 9 Ybo . i0 3 - a i.
  • a hydrogen-ion-conducting electrolyte for example SrZro. 9 Ybo . i0 3 - a i.
  • the SCR catalyst is an iron-zeolite catalyst which is particularly suitable for the subject matter of the present invention.
  • other SCR catalysts can also be used.
  • the anode is made of a noble metal, for example platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd) or a mixture of ion conductor and noble metal.
  • an NH.sub.3-SCR reactor system is created, with which a combination of an electrochemical decomposition of nitrogen oxides with a SCR catalysis proceeding in parallel is implemented.
  • Catalysis required reducing agent is produced on-board using NO x . This makes it possible to manage without additional components, such as Adblue tank systems or other ammonia-providing systems.
  • the sole figure shows the schematic structure of the electrochemical NH 3 - SCR reactor.
  • An anode 1 and a cathode 2 form electrodes to which an electric voltage is applied.
  • a proton conductor 3 Between the anode 1 and the cathode 2 is a proton conductor 3, which is more precisely a proton-conducting electrolyte, for example SrZro. 9 Ybo . i0 3 -a arranged.
  • the anode 1 which consists either only of a noble metal such as platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd) or of a mixture of ionic conductor and noble metal, the gaseous water is decomposed into H + ions and oxygen.
  • Protective layers may be incorporated between the anode and electrolyte which also absorb or attenuate any thermomechanical stresses.
  • the anode can also be constructed in multiple layers. Due to the applied voltage in the proton conductor 3, the hydrogen protons are pumped to the cathode 2. There, these protons are used on the one hand for the direct, electrochemically assisted reaction of nitrogen oxides and on the other hand for the formation of ammonia.
  • a special catalyst is used which is the NO x adsorber 4 according to the invention.
  • This NO x -Ad sorber 4 for example, a strontium-alumina compound stores nitrogen oxide NO x in the form Sr (N0 3 ) 2 / AI 2 0 3rd
  • the electrochemical NH 3 reactor (basic reactor) and the SCR catalyst 5 are formed from individual layers and installed in a common housing, wherein the housing comprises connection flanges for flow-conducting connection with an exhaust pipe of a self-igniting internal combustion engine.
  • the electrochemical NH 3 reactor, to which the NO x adsorber 4 according to the invention belongs in terms of component, may also have further catalyst layers and / or covering layers.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to an electrochemical NH3 SCR reactor having a base reactor and an SCR catalyst connected therewith, where the base reactor has an anode, a proton conductor and a cathode, with an electric potential being able to be applied to the anode and the cathode. The invention further relates to a method of operating such an electrochemical NH3 SCR reactor and the use thereof. The invention provides an NH3 SCR reactor which is improved compared to the prior art and is, in particular, able to carry out desired reactions without introduction of an external reducing agent. This is achieved by a nitrogen oxide adsorber (Nox adsorber) being present between the base reactor and the SCR catalyst (SCR = selective catalytic reduction). According to the method of the invention, ammonia, in particular, is produced in this NOx adsorber by means of hydrogen which is produced by the base reactor and this ammonia is used in the downstream SCR catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides NOx. The NH3 SCR reactor of the invention is very particularly preferably used for the removal of nitrogen oxides from engine exhaust gases of motor vehicles.

Description

Beschreibung Titel  Description title
Elektrochemischer NHySCR-Reaktor Stand der Technik  Electrochemical NHySCR reactor prior art
Die Erfindung betrifft einen elektrochemischen NH3-SCR-Reaktor, aufweisend einen Grundreaktor und einen damit verschalteten SCR-Katalysator, wobei der Grundreaktor eine Anode, einen Protonenleiter und eine Kathode aufweist, wobei an die Anode und die Kathode ein elektrisches Potential anlegbar ist. Weiterhin betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines solchen elektrochemischen NH3-SCR-Reaktor und dessen Verwendung. The invention relates to an electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor, comprising a base reactor and an SCR catalyst connected thereto, the base reactor having an anode, a proton conductor and a cathode, wherein an electrical potential can be applied to the anode and the cathode. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for operating such an electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor and its use.
Ein derartiger gattungsgemäßer elektrochemischer Stickoxidkatalysator ist aus der DE 103 92 987 T5 bekannt. In diesem Dokument wird ein chemisches Reaktionssystem zum Durchführen chemischer Reaktionen einer Zielsubstanz beschrieben, das einen chemischen Reaktionsteil umfasst. Dieser setzt sich aus einem Sauerstoffionenleiter (lonenleitungsphase) und zwei Elektroden, nämlich einer Kathode (Reduktionsphase) und einer dazugehörigen Anode (Oxidations- phase), wobei sich die lonenleitungsphase zwischen diesen befindet, als Grundeinheiten zusammen. Dabei werden Mikroreaktionsbereiche, an denen Oxidati- onsreduktionen der Zielsubstanz stattfinden, in einem Teil des chemischen Reaktionsteils eingeführt. In diesem Teil wird in einer oxidierenden Atmosphäre oder unter vermindertem Druck auf die Stellen des Kontakts zwischen der lonenlei- tungsphase und einer Elektronenleitungsphase, die sich aus einer Kombination von beliebigen Teilen eines lonenleiters, eines Elektronenleiters oder eines elektrischen Mischleiters zusammensetzt, im chemischen Reaktionsteil Strom oder Spannung angelegt oder eine Wärmebehandlung angewendet. Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, ein NH3-SCR-Reaktorsystem bereitzustellen, das gegenüber dem Stand der Technik verbessert ist und das insbe- sondere in der Lage ist, ohne Zuführung von externem Reduktionsmittel gewünschte Reaktion durchzuführen. Such a generic electrochemical nitrogen oxide catalyst is known from DE 103 92 987 T5. This document describes a chemical reaction system for carrying out chemical reactions of a target substance comprising a chemical reaction part. This consists of an oxygen ion conductor (ion conduction phase) and two electrodes, namely a cathode (reduction phase) and an associated anode (oxidation phase), with the ion conduction phase between them, as basic units together. In this case, microreaction regions at which oxidation reductions of the target substance take place are introduced in a part of the chemical reaction part. In this part, in an oxidizing atmosphere or under reduced pressure, the points of contact between the ion conducting phase and an electron conducting phase, which is composed of a combination of any parts of an ionic conductor, an electron conductor or a mixed electric conductor, in the chemical reaction part Voltage applied or heat treatment applied. The invention is based on the object of providing an NH 3-SCR reactor system which is improved over the prior art and which in particular special is able to perform without supplying external reducing agent desired reaction.
Offenbarung der Erfindung Disclosure of the invention
Diese Aufgabe wird dadurch gelöst, dass zwischen dem Grundreaktor und dem SCR-Katalysator (SCR = selektive katalytische Reaktion) ein Stickoxid-Adsorber (NOx-Adsorber) zwischengeschaltet ist. In diesem NOx-Adsorber wird gemäß dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren unter Einsatz von Wasserstoff, der von dem Grundreaktor erzeugt wird, insbesondere Ammoniak erzeugt, das in dem nachgeschalteten SCR-Katalysator zur selektiven katalytischen Reaktion von Stickoxiden NOx verwendet wird. Der erfindungsgemäße NH3-SCR-Reaktor wird dabei ganz bevorzugt zur Entstickung motorischer Abgase, insbesondere mit Dieselkraftstoff betriebenen selbstzündenden Verbrennungsmotoren, von Kraftfahr- zeugen eingesetzt. This object is achieved in that between the base reactor and the SCR catalyst (SCR = selective catalytic reaction), a nitrogen oxide adsorber (NO x adsorber) is interposed. In this NO x adsorber, according to the process of the invention using hydrogen produced by the basic reactor, in particular ammonia is generated, which is used in the downstream SCR catalytic converter for the selective catalytic reaction of nitrogen oxides NO x . The NH3-SCR reactor according to the invention is most preferably used for denitrification of engine exhaust gases, in particular self-igniting internal combustion engines fueled by diesel fuel, of motor vehicles.
Der Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zu Grunde, dass die Entstickung insbesondere motorischer Abgase unter oxidierenden Bedingungen eine große technische Herausforderung darstellt. Aktuell haben sich zwei Technologien am Markt durchgesetzt, nämlich ein NOx-Speicherkatalysator und das NH3-SCR-System. The invention is based on the recognition that the denitrification, in particular of engine exhaust gases, under oxidizing conditions represents a major technical challenge. Currently, two technologies have become established on the market, namely a NO x storage catalytic converter and the NH3-SCR system.
Im Falle des NOx-Speicherkatalysators werden Stickoxide chemisch gespeichert. Nachteil dieser Technologie ist, dass für die Regeneration des Speichers der mit einem Dieselkraftstoff betriebene selbstzündende Verbrennungsmotor in einem untypischen Modus (fettes Abgas λ < 1 ) betrieben wird, so dass zum Einen derIn the case of the NO x storage catalytic converter nitrogen oxides are chemically stored. Disadvantage of this technology is that for the regeneration of the memory of operated with a diesel fuel auto-ignition internal combustion engine is operated in a non-typical mode (rich exhaust λ <1), so that on the one hand
Applikationsaufwand sehr groß ist und zum Anderen durch die Anfettung sich ein erhöhter Kraftstoffverbrauch einstellt. Ein weiterer Nachteil von NOx- Speicherkatalysatoren ist die Vergiftung der Speicherkomponente durch Sulfate, die dazu führt, dass eine spezielle Desulfationsprozedur durchgeführt werden muss. Auch hier muss der Verbrennungsmotor unter sehr ungünstigen Bedingungen betrieben werden, um die entsprechenden Randbedingungen für diese Entgiftung darzustellen. Application effort is very large and on the other by the enrichment sets an increased fuel consumption. A further disadvantage of NO x storage catalysts is the poisoning of the storage component by sulfates, which leads to the fact that a special desulfation procedure has to be carried out. Again, the combustion engine must be operated under very unfavorable conditions to represent the appropriate conditions for this detoxification.
Im Falle der NH3-SCR-Systeme wird das Reduktionsmittel Ammoniak dem Ab- gas des Verbrennungsmotors zugeführt, welches dann auf einem Katalysator mit den Stickoxiden reagiert. Das am meisten verbreitete System zur Ammoniakbe- reitstellung ist die Verwendung von einer Harnstoffwasserlösung, die unter dem Handelsnamen Ad-Blue bekannt ist. Dabei wird das Ad-Blue, das in einem zusätzlichen Tank bevorratet werden muss, gesteuert von einer Dosiereinrichtung, in das heiße Abgas gesprüht, wo es dann verdampft und über eine komplexen chemischen Vorgang in Ammoniak, Wasser und Kohlendioxid umgewandelt wird. Diese chemische Umsetzung in Ammoniak geschieht über mehrere Zwischenprodukte, wobei die Zwischenprodukte sich, wenn diese nicht vollständig umgesetzt werden, an der kalten Oberfläche der Abgasleitung absetzen können. Diese Ablagerungsproblematik stellt eine große technische Herausforderung dar, da sowohl die Einspritzgeometrie als auch die Einspritzstrategie auf das jeweilige, zum Teil komplexe, Abgassystem angepasst werden muss. In the case of the NH3-SCR systems, the reducing agent ammonia is supplied to the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine, which then reacts on a catalyst with the nitrogen oxides. The most widely used system for ammonia The solution is the use of a urea water solution known under the trade name Ad-Blue. The Ad-Blue, which must be stored in an additional tank, is controlled by a metering device into which hot exhaust gas is sprayed, where it is then vaporized and converted into ammonia, water and carbon dioxide via a complex chemical process. This chemical reaction in ammonia is done via several intermediates, the intermediates, if they are not fully implemented, can settle on the cold surface of the exhaust pipe. This deposit problem poses a major technical challenge, since both the injection geometry and the injection strategy must be adapted to the respective, sometimes complex, exhaust system.
In Weiterbildung der Erfindung basiert der NOx-Adsorber auf einer NOx- speichernden Verbindung, wobei in dem NOx-Adsorber unter Einsatz von Wasserstoff H2 Stickoxid NOx direkt zu Stickstoff N2 und Wasser H20 sowie zu Ammoniak NH3 abreagiert. Auf diese Weise wird ein Teil der schädlichen Stickoxide NOx in gewünschten Stickstoff N2 umgesetzt. Das entstandene Ammoniak NH3 wandert weiter in den SCR-Katalysator und reagiert dort mit einem weiteren Teil des NOx unter Bildung von weiterem Stickstoff N2 und Wasser. Damit sind alle gewünschten chemischen Reaktionen auf direktem Wege ohne externe Zufuhr von insbesondere Reduktionsmitteln dargestellt. In a further development of the invention, the NO x adsorber based on a NO x - storing compound, wherein in the NO x adsorber using hydrogen H 2 nitrogen oxide NO x directly to nitrogen N 2 and H 2 0 and reacts to NH 3 ammonia , In this way, part of the harmful nitrogen oxides NO x is converted into desired nitrogen N 2 . The resulting ammonia NH 3 moves further into the SCR catalyst and reacts there with another part of the NO x to form additional nitrogen N 2 and water. Thus, all desired chemical reactions are shown directly without external supply of particular reducing agents.
In Weiterbildung der Erfindung basiert der NOx-Adsorber auf einer Strontium- Aluminium-Oxid-Verbindung. Eine solche Verbindung hat sich als besonders geeignet erwiesen. In a further development of the invention, the NOx adsorber is based on a strontium-aluminum-oxide compound. Such a compound has proved to be particularly suitable.
In weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist der Protonenleiter ein wasserstoffpro- tonenleitendes Elektrolyt, beispielsweise SrZro.9Ybo.i03-a i. Ein solcher Elektrolyt hat sich als besonders geeignet für die Durchführung der gewünschten chemischen Reaktion erwiesen. Weiterhin ist der SCR-Katalysator ein Eisen-Zeolith- Katalysator, der für den Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung besonders geeignet ist. Es können aber auch andere SCR-Katalysatoren eingesetzt werden. Schließlich ist die Anode aus einem Edelmetall, beispielsweise Platin (Pt) oder Palladium (Pd) oder aus einem Gemisch aus lonenleiter und Edelmetall hergestellt. Zusammenfassend ist erfindungsgemäß ein NH3-SCR-Reaktorsystem geschaffen, mit dem eine Kombination einer elektrochemischen Zersetzung von Stickoxiden mit einer parallel ablaufenden SCR-Katalyse umgesetzt wird. Dies hat gegenüber dem Bekannten den Vorteil, dass einerseits Stickoxide durch zwei pa- rallel ablaufende Prozesse reduziert werden und andererseits das zur SCR-In a further embodiment of the invention, the proton conductor is a hydrogen-ion-conducting electrolyte, for example SrZro. 9 Ybo . i0 3 - a i. Such an electrolyte has been found to be particularly suitable for carrying out the desired chemical reaction. Furthermore, the SCR catalyst is an iron-zeolite catalyst which is particularly suitable for the subject matter of the present invention. However, other SCR catalysts can also be used. Finally, the anode is made of a noble metal, for example platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd) or a mixture of ion conductor and noble metal. In summary, according to the invention, an NH.sub.3-SCR reactor system is created, with which a combination of an electrochemical decomposition of nitrogen oxides with a SCR catalysis proceeding in parallel is implemented. This has the advantage over the known that on the one hand nitrogen oxides are reduced by two parallel processes and on the other hand that the
Katalyse benötigte Reduktionsmittel on-board unter Verwendung von NOx hergestellt wird. Dadurch ist es möglich, ohne zusätzliche Komponenten, wie beispielsweise Adblue-Tanksystemen oder andere Ammoniak bereitstellende Systeme auszukommen. Catalysis required reducing agent is produced on-board using NO x . This makes it possible to manage without additional components, such as Adblue tank systems or other ammonia-providing systems.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind der Zeichnungsbeschreibung zu entnehmen, in der ein in der einzigen Figur dargestelltes Ausführungsbeispiel näher beschrieben ist. Kurze Beschreibung der Zeichnung Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are described in the drawings, in which an illustrated in the single figure embodiment is described in more detail. Short description of the drawing
Ausführungsform der Erfindung Embodiment of the invention
Die einzige Figur zeigt den schematischen Aufbau des elektrochemischen NH3- SCR-Reaktors. Eine Anode 1 und eine Kathode 2 bilden Elektroden, an die eine elektrische Spannung angelegt wird. Zwischen der Anode 1 und der Kathode 2 ist ein Protonenleiter 3, der genauer ein protonenleitender Elektrolyt ist, beispielsweise SrZro.9Ybo.i03-a angeordnet. An der Anode 1 , welche entweder nur aus einem Edelmetall, wie Platin (Pt) oder Palladium (Pd) oder aus einem Ge- misch aus lonenleiter und Edelmetall besteht, wird das gasförmige Wasser in H+- lonen und Sauerstoff zerlegt. Zwischen Anode und Elektrolytkönnen Schutzschichten eingebaut sein, die auch eventuelle thermomechanische Spannungen aufnehmen beziehungsweise abdämpfen. Des Weiteren kann die Anode auch mehrschichtig aufgebaut sein. Durch die angelegte Spannung im Protonenleiter 3 werden die Wasserstoffprotonen zur Kathode 2 gepumpt. Dort werden diese Protonen zum Einen für die direkte, elektrochemisch unterstützte Reaktion von Stickoxiden und zum Anderen für die Bildung von Ammoniak verwendet. Hierzu wird ein spezieller Katalysator verwendet, der der erfindungsgemäße NOx- Adsorber 4 ist. Dieser NOx-Ad sorber 4 aus beispielsweise einer Strontium- Aluminiumoxid-Verbindung speichert Stickoxid NOx in der Form Sr(N03)2/AI203 The sole figure shows the schematic structure of the electrochemical NH 3 - SCR reactor. An anode 1 and a cathode 2 form electrodes to which an electric voltage is applied. Between the anode 1 and the cathode 2 is a proton conductor 3, which is more precisely a proton-conducting electrolyte, for example SrZro. 9 Ybo . i0 3 -a arranged. At the anode 1, which consists either only of a noble metal such as platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd) or of a mixture of ionic conductor and noble metal, the gaseous water is decomposed into H + ions and oxygen. Protective layers may be incorporated between the anode and electrolyte which also absorb or attenuate any thermomechanical stresses. Furthermore, the anode can also be constructed in multiple layers. Due to the applied voltage in the proton conductor 3, the hydrogen protons are pumped to the cathode 2. There, these protons are used on the one hand for the direct, electrochemically assisted reaction of nitrogen oxides and on the other hand for the formation of ammonia. For this purpose, a special catalyst is used which is the NO x adsorber 4 according to the invention. This NO x -Ad sorber 4, for example, a strontium-alumina compound stores nitrogen oxide NO x in the form Sr (N0 3 ) 2 / AI 2 0 3rd
Mit Hilfe von Wasserstoff kann das dort gespeicherte Stickoxid NOx direkt zu Stickstoff N2 und Wasser H20 und zu Ammoniak NH3 abreagieren. Das dabei freiwerdende Ammoniak NH3 wird in einem darüber befindlichen SCR- Katalysator 5, beispielweise aus Eisen-Zeolith zur selektiven katalytischen Reaktion der restlichen Stickoxide NOx verwendet. Der elektrochemischen NH3- Reaktor (Grundreaktor) und der SCR-Katalysator 5 sind aus einzelnen Schichten gebildet und in ein gemeinsames Gehäuse eingebaut, wobei das Gehäuse Anschlussflansche zur strömungsleitenden Verbindung mit einer Abgasleitung eines selbstzündenen Verbrennungsmotors aufweist. Der elektrochemischen NH3- Reaktor, zu dem der erfindungsgemäße NOx-Adsorber 4 bauteilmäßig gehört, kann noch weitere Katalysatorschichten und/oder Abdeckschichten aufweisen. With the help of hydrogen, the nitrogen oxide stored there, NO x directly to Nitrogen N 2 and water H 2 0 and react to ammonia NH 3 . The released ammonia NH 3 is used in an overlying SCR catalyst 5, for example made of iron zeolite for the selective catalytic reaction of the remaining nitrogen oxides NO x . The electrochemical NH 3 reactor (basic reactor) and the SCR catalyst 5 are formed from individual layers and installed in a common housing, wherein the housing comprises connection flanges for flow-conducting connection with an exhaust pipe of a self-igniting internal combustion engine. The electrochemical NH 3 reactor, to which the NO x adsorber 4 according to the invention belongs in terms of component, may also have further catalyst layers and / or covering layers.

Claims

Ansprüche claims
1 . Elektrochemischer NH3-SCR-Reaktor, aufweisend einen Grundrekator und einen damit verschalteten SCR-Katalysator (5), wobei der Grundreaktor eine Anode (1 ), einen Protonenleiter (3) und eine Katode (2) aufweist, wobei an die Anode (1 ) und die Katode (2) ein elektrisches Potential anlegbar ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zwischen dem Grundreaktor und dem SCR- Katalysator (5) ein Stickoxid-Adsorber (NOx-Adsorber) (4) zwischengeschaltet ist. 1 . An electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor comprising a basic and a SCR catalyst (5) connected thereto, the basic reactor having an anode (1), a proton conductor (3) and a cathode (2), wherein the anode (1 ) and the cathode (2) an electrical potential can be applied, characterized in that between the base reactor and the SCR catalyst (5) a nitrogen oxide adsorber (NO x adsorber) (4) is interposed.
2. Elektrochemischer NH3-SCR-Reaktor nach Anspruch 1 , 2. Electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor according to claim 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der NOx-Adsorber (4) auf einer Stickoxid NOx speichernden Verbindung basiert, und dass in dem NOx-Adsorber unter Einsatz von Wasserstoff H2 Stickoxid NOx direkt zu Stickstoff N2 und Wasser H20 sowie zu Ammoniak NH3 abreagiert. characterized in that the NO x adsorber (4) is based on a nitrogen oxide NO x storing compound, and that in the NO x adsorber using hydrogen H 2 nitric oxide NO x directly to nitrogen N 2 and water H 2 0 and Ammonia NH 3 reacted.
3. Elektrochemischer NH3-SCR-Reaktor nach Anspruch 2, 3. Electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor according to claim 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der NOx-Adsorber auf einer Strontium- Aluminiumoxid-Verbindung basiert. characterized in that the NO x adsorber is based on a strontium-aluminum oxide compound.
4. Elektrochemischer NH3-SCR-Reaktor nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Protonenleiter (3) ein wasserstoffproto- nenleitender Elektrolyt, beispielsweise SrZro.9Ybo.i03-a ist. 4. Electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the proton conductor (3) a hydrogen proton nenleitender electrolyte, for example SrZro .9 Ybo . i0 is 3-a .
5. Elektrochemischer NH3-SCR-Reaktor, 5. Electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der SCR-Katalysator (6) ein Eisen-Zeolith- Katalysator ist. Elektrochemischer NH3-SCR-Reaktor nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Anode (1 ) aus einem Edelmetall, beispielsweise Platin oder Palladium oder einem Edelmetallgemisch besteht. characterized in that the SCR catalyst (6) is an iron-zeolite catalyst. Electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the anode (1) consists of a noble metal, for example platinum or palladium or a noble metal mixture.
Verfahren zum Betreiben eines elektrochemischen NH3-SCR-Reaktors, aufweisend einen Grundreaktor und einen damit verschalteten SCR- Katalysator (6), wobei der Grundreaktor eine Anode (1 ), einen Protonenleiter (3) und eine Kathode (2) aufweist, wobei an die Anode (1 ) und die Kathode (2) ein elektrisches Potential anlegbar ist, A method of operating an electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor comprising a base reactor and a SCR catalyst (6) connected thereto, the base reactor comprising an anode (1), a proton conductor (3) and a cathode (2) the anode (1) and the cathode (2) an electrical potential can be applied,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in einem zwischen dem Grundreaktor und dem SCR-Katalysator (6) angeordneten NOX-Adsorber (5) unter Einsatz von Wasserstoff H2 Ammoniak NH3 erzeugt wird, das in dem SCR-Katalysator (6) zur selektiven katalytischen Reaktion der Stickoxide NOx verwendet wird. characterized in that in an arranged between the base reactor and the SCR catalyst (6) NOX adsorber (5) using hydrogen H 2 ammonia NH 3 is generated in the SCR catalyst (6) for the selective catalytic reaction of Nitrogen oxides NO x is used.
Verfahren nach Anspruch 7 Method according to claim 7
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in dem NOX-Adsorber unter Einsatz von Wasserstoff H2 Stickoxid NOx direkt zu Stickstoff N2 und Wasser H20 und zu Ammoniak NH3 abreagiert. characterized in that reacted in the NOX adsorber using hydrogen H 2 nitrogen oxide NO x directly to nitrogen N 2 and water H 2 0 and ammonia NH 3 .
Elektrochemischer NH3-SCR-Reaktor, aufweisend einen Grundrekator und einen damit verschalteten SCR-Katalysator (6), wobei der Grundreaktor eine Anode (1 ), einen Protonenleiter (3) und eine Kathode (2) aufweist, wobei an die Anode (1 ) und die Kathode (2) ein elektrisches Potential anlegbar ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der NH3-SCR-Reaktor zur Entstickung motorischer Abgase eingesetzt wird. An electrochemical NH 3 -SCR reactor comprising a background repeater and an SCR catalyst (6) connected thereto, the base reactor comprising an anode (1), a proton conductor (3) and a cathode (2), the anode (1 ) and the cathode (2) an electrical potential can be applied, characterized in that the NH 3 -SCR reactor is used for denitrification of engine exhaust gases.
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