WO2011101475A2 - A method of operating a wind turbine to provide a corrected power curve - Google Patents

A method of operating a wind turbine to provide a corrected power curve Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011101475A2
WO2011101475A2 PCT/EP2011/052538 EP2011052538W WO2011101475A2 WO 2011101475 A2 WO2011101475 A2 WO 2011101475A2 EP 2011052538 W EP2011052538 W EP 2011052538W WO 2011101475 A2 WO2011101475 A2 WO 2011101475A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
turbine
wind
power curve
wind turbine
wind speed
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PCT/EP2011/052538
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French (fr)
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WO2011101475A3 (en
Inventor
Frank Ormel
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Vestas Wind Systems A/S
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Application filed by Vestas Wind Systems A/S filed Critical Vestas Wind Systems A/S
Publication of WO2011101475A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011101475A2/en
Publication of WO2011101475A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011101475A3/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
    • F03D7/043—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller characterised by the type of control logic
    • F03D7/046—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller characterised by the type of control logic with learning or adaptive control, e.g. self-tuning, fuzzy logic or neural network
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
    • G01P21/00—Testing or calibrating of apparatus or devices covered by the preceding groups
    • G01P21/02—Testing or calibrating of apparatus or devices covered by the preceding groups of speedometers
    • G01P21/025—Testing or calibrating of apparatus or devices covered by the preceding groups of speedometers for measuring speed of fluids; for measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/32—Wind speeds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/335—Output power or torque
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/80—Devices generating input signals, e.g. transducers, sensors, cameras or strain gauges
    • F05B2270/802—Calibration thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of operating a wind turbine to provide a corrected power curve, and to a wind turbine configured to implement the method. More generally, the invention provides a technique for operating a wind energy power generator, to determine its Nacelle Transfer Function and based on nacelle anemometry, its power performance characteristics. The invention also relates to subsequent control of the wind energy power generator based on the determined function.
  • a Nacelle Transfer Function is a function that allows a measurement of the wind speed at the nacelle of a wind turbine to be converted into an estimate of the free stream wind speed.
  • the free stream wind speed is defined as the wind speed at a location assuming that the wind is free to blow without obstruction.
  • the presence of a wind energy power generator, such as a wind turbine acts as an obstruction in the flow of wind, and as a result, the wind speed measured by an anemometer at the wind turbine is inevitably not the same as the free stream wind speed.
  • the shape of the wind turbine, and the location of the anemometer means that for each design and construction of wind turbine, the discrepancy between the measured wind speed at the nacelle, called the nacelle wind speed, and the free stream wind speed will be different. Although, for all wind turbines of the same design and construction, the discrepancy itself may be approximately the same, in practice, rotation of the blades of the wind turbine will also affect the nacelle wind speed that is measured.
  • SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
  • a Nacelle Power Curve such as that shown in figure 1 for example, is a representation of the electrical output of the wind turbine as a function of the driving (free stream) wind speed.
  • a turbine's Nacelle Power Curve is therefore an important indication of the power performance characteristics of a wind turbine, and can be used for example to calculate the estimated Annual Energy Production (AEP) value of a turbine or other wind energy installation, such as a wind park. This parameter allows wind turbine operators to plan and monitor the power output of the wind turbine or wind park over a year, as well as identify any problems with power production.
  • AEP Annual Energy Production
  • the power curve indicates how efficiently the wind turbine is converting the incident wind energy into electrical power.
  • a related variable is the power coefficient Cp, which is the ratio of the net electric power available in the free stream wind over the area swept out by the rotor.
  • Cp can be expressed as follows:
  • V r the free steam wind speed
  • A the area of the rotor blades.
  • the main challenge in determining the power curve of a wind turbine therefore is the measurement of the wind speed that is plotted on the x-axis.
  • the free stream wind speed cannot be measured directly as any measurements taken in the vicinity of the wind turbine will be affected by errors arising from the presence of the wind turbine itself in the flow of wind.
  • a power curve based solely on measurements of the nacelle wind speed will be unreliable due to the various different factors that affect the anemometer readings.
  • a power curve based on the nacelle wind speed is illustrated in Figure 2 by way of example. This can be seen to differ from that of Figure 1 in that some of the data points are shifted to the right with respect to the x-axis.
  • the power curve therefore indicates a faster measured wind speed for a given output power.
  • the diagram is illustrative, and the measured nacelle wind speed at any given moment could be larger or smaller than the free stream wind speed, as it is subject to a large amount of variation.
  • the curve shown in Figure 2 is therefore just one example of a curve that could be obtained and represents smoothed experimental data.
  • Met masts are typically several tens of meters high and support various sensor apparatus (for example one or more anemometers).
  • the distance between the met mast and the test wind turbine is typically two to four rotor diameters.
  • a correlation is then made between the wind speed measured at the position of the met mast, which is assumed to be the free stream wind speed, and the nacelle wind speed measured by the anemometer on the test wind turbine.
  • the correlation is expressed as a function for converting one wind speed value to the other, and is the Nacelle Transfer Function or NTF referred to above.
  • the NTF provides a correction to the measured nacelle wind speed, which takes into account the effect of the flow distortion caused by the test wind turbine's rotor and flow distortion or wake around the nacelle. This NTF is then stored and is assumed to be valid for every turbine with the same hardware in the wind park.
  • a wind turbine comprising: an electrical sensor for measuring the output electrical power provided by the turbine; an anemometer for measuring a wind speed at the turbine; and a processor, wherein the processor is operable to: a) receive a predetermined expected power curve generated for the wind turbine, the expected power curve correlating the expected output electrical power of the turbine and the free stream wind speed; b) over a predetermined test period, determine a measured power curve, based on the output electrical power and wind speed measured respectively by the electrical sensor and anemometer; and c) determine and store a correction factor between the measured power curve and expected power curve to provide a corrected power curve.
  • the turbine therefore operates in a test period to generate a measured power curve and based on comparison with the expected power curve, generates a correction factor that reflects both the structural and environmental operating characteristics for that particular turbine.
  • Individual turbines in a wind park can therefore update their power curve based on their individual operational conditions. In doing so, the operation of the turbines and of the wind park in which they are based can be more accurate and efficient.
  • the correction factor converts the measured wind speed to the free stream wind speed.
  • the correction factor is determined from the expected and measured power curves, the correction factor can be expressed as the NTF to allow direct comparison with other wind turbines.
  • the processor is operable to receive an estimated nacelle transfer function for converting the measured wind speed to the free stream wind speed, and determine a correction factor to correct the estimated nacelle transfer function. This allows the wind turbine to be operated more accurately in the initial test period.
  • the predetermined expected power curve received by the processor of the wind turbine is generated using a computer model, that operates based on site specific information relating to the location at which the wind turbine is installed, and information relating to the size and shape of the wind turbine.
  • the processor receives an expected power curve based on computer model, there is no requirement to generate a generic NTF using a met mast, as in prior art techniques.
  • the expected power curve includes information about the site where the wind turbine is to operate, it can therefore be generated to more accurately reflect the likely power curve of an individual turbine in situ. This means that the necessary corrections to the power curve can be made smaller, and means that individual wind turbines can operate with a more accurate power curve before the calibration process has taken place.
  • a method of operating a wind turbine to provide a corrected power curve comprising an electrical sensor for measuring the output electrical power provided by the turbine, an anemometer for measuring a wind speed at the turbine, and a processor; the method comprising: a) receiving, at the processor, a predetermined expected power curve, generated for the wind turbine, the expected power curve correlating the expected output electrical power of the turbine and the free stream wind speed; b) over a predetermined test period, measuring with the electrical sensor the output electrical power provided by the turbine and measuring the wind speed at the turbine with the anemometer; c) by means of the processor: i) determining a measured power curve, based on the output electrical power and wind speed measured by the electrical sensor and anemometer; and ii) determining and storing a correction factor between the indicated power curve and expected power curve.
  • Step a) can comprise calibrating the wind turbine to the expected power curve, such that in operation the wind turbine operates as closely to the power curve as possible. This allows the wind turbine to be operated more accurately in the initial test period.
  • Step b) can also comprise connecting the wind turbine to the grid before or during the test period. This allows the wind turbine to be brought on line, even though the initial test period is not completed, and results in more efficient power generation.
  • the predetermined test period occurs substantially immediately after installation of the wind turbine at a site. At this time, the blades can be considered to be clean and free of any ice or other accumulated matter that would lead to inaccurate results.
  • the invention includes operating a wind park, comprising performing the above method at each turbine in the park.
  • This provides each wind turbine in the park with its own correction factor and NTF and allows the wind park to be operated more accurately.
  • the invention provides a computer program for performing the method.
  • the program may be stored on a computer readable medium for execution by a processor, and may also be stored on a computer readable medium within a wind turbine.
  • Figure 1 illustrates an example Nacelle Power Curve
  • Figure 2 illustrates a theoretical nacelle power curve based on nacelle wind speed, rather than free stream wind speed, and thus indicates the difference in the two quantities
  • Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a wind turbine
  • Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of the wind turbine power performance measurement system
  • Figure 5 is a flow chart illustrating steps of an exemplary method for performing the invention.
  • the invention proposes a new method of determining an NTF and provides an individual NTF for each wind turbine that compensates for both structural effects, those that arise from the shape and configuration of the wind turbine, and environmental effects, those that are a result of the terrain or geographical location.
  • the nacelle transfer function can then be determined from a site specific power curve generated using a computer model, such as Vestas Turbine
  • VTS Simulator
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a wind turbine 1 , comprising a wind turbine tower 2 on which a wind turbine nacelle 3 is mounted.
  • a wind turbine rotor 4 comprising at least one wind turbine blade 5 is mounted on a hub 6.
  • the hub 6 is connected to the nacelle 3 through a low speed shaft (not shown) extending from the nacelle front.
  • the wind turbine illustrated in Figure 3 may be a small model intended from domestic or light utility usage, or may be a large model used, such as those that are suitable for use in large scale electricity generation on a wind farm for example. In the latter case, the diameter of the rotor could be as large as 100 metres or more.
  • an anemometer 7 is mounted on the wind turbine nacelle 3, providing an indication of wind speed to a sensor system (not shown) such as SCADA.
  • a sensor system such as SCADA.
  • the anemometer 7 is located in the symmetry plane of the nacelle, such as above the tower 2, and located generally outside of the wake generated by the nacelle and from the transition in the rotor blades between the cylindrical section at the root, and the blade section.
  • FIG 4 is a schematic illustration of a measurement system 10 for determining the power performance characteristics of wind turbine, and in particular a NTF and appropriate power curve.
  • the system 10 comprises a controller 11 , comprising a processor running control logic. Connected to the processor are sensor apparatus, comprising the anemometer 7 and a power sensor 12.
  • the power sensor 12 is preferably connected to the output of the nacelle generator (not shown) before the transformer connection to the grid feed-in network.
  • the controller 11 under the command of the control logic receives data from the sensor apparatus 7 and 12 at periodic intervals and stores the data in memory 13.
  • the control logic may require the controller to actively poll the sensor apparatus in order to obtain the sensor data, or may simply process the data transmitted from the sensor apparatus according to its operating parameters.
  • the data sampling frequency of the sensor apparatus is preferably 1 Hz or higher.
  • the controller 11 is provided with network connection 14 for transmitting the measurement data or measurement results, such as an analysis of the power performance characteristics or NTF, to a network controller where they may be stored or further analysed.
  • the network connection is also used to download information, data or control logic to the controller 11 when it is necessary.
  • the controller 11 may perform analysis of the measurement data stored in memory before transmission both in order to provide a preliminary interpretation of the data, which if transmitted in place of the raw data can save on bandwidth required for the connection.
  • the various components illustrated in Figure 4 are preferably implemented as part of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) system provided in most wind turbines to control their operation, but may in alternative embodiments be provided as a separate stand-alone system.
  • SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System
  • the technique will now be explained in more detail.
  • the technique begins from the assumption that a generic NTF does not exist for a set of turbines. Additionally, the technique assumes that a suitable NTF should take into account not only the shape and configuration of the wind turbine, such as its aerodynamic interaction with the wind and the location of the anemometer, but also the local terrain and wind conditions. Such conditions include but are not limited to turbulence intensity (Tl), wind shear, wind upflow, and atmospheric stability for example.
  • Tl turbulence intensity
  • Wind shear wind shear
  • wind upflow wind upflow
  • atmospheric stability for example.
  • step s1 a wind turbine is erected at the designated site in the normal way, and connected to the local electricity substation or grid.
  • the processor in controller 11 of the wind turbine is provided with an expected generic power curve mapping the expected relationship between the output power of the wind turbine to the free stream wind speed (step s2).
  • the generic power curve can be downloaded via network connection 14, be pre-loaded in advance into memory, such as the general purpose memory 13 for access by the processor, or into the processor's RAM, or be loaded into to memory from a portable device, such as portable personal computer or portable memory device.
  • the generic power curve initially provided to the wind turbine can be generated for the wind turbine using a computer model, such as the Vestas Turbine Simulator (VTS) software.
  • VTS Vestas Turbine Simulator
  • the software takes into account geographical and environmental information about the proposed location of the wind turbine, and combines this with details of the wind turbine itself, to generate a wind turbine and site specific expected power curve.
  • the wind turbine is then configured and calibrated so that it is expected to run as close to the generic power curve as possible (step s3).
  • the power performance of each individual wind turbine will differ from the expected power curve for the various reasons noted above, namely unavoidable inaccuracies in the calibration of the anemometer, and the difficulty of accurately modelling the particular environmental characteristics of the wind turbine's location.
  • the wind turbine can be provided with a generic power curve determined or measured for that type of turbine only, irrespective of the environmental characteristics.
  • the inventive method will still correct the individual power curve of the turbine to take into account environmental factors, though the magnitude of the correction will therefore invariably be larger.
  • the wind turbine provided with only a generic power curve will operate at a considerably lower efficiency.
  • the wind turbine can be operated to output power to the grid (step s4).
  • control of the wind turbine will not yet be optimal because of the discrepancy between the generic power curve and the power curve under describing the actual operation of the particular wind turbine.
  • the wind turbine is therefore operated for a period of time in a calibration mode (step s5).
  • the wind turbine operates to produce power in the normal way, except that measurements of the output power and of the corresponding nacelle wind speed measured by power sensor 12 and anemometer 7 are periodically made and stored in memory 13.
  • v an actual power curve based on measured nacelle wind speed is gradually built up for the individual turbine and stored in memory (step s6).
  • the measured power curve may resemble that shown in Figure 2.
  • the blades can be considered to be clean and free of any ice or other accumulated matter that would lead to inaccurate results.
  • the measured power curve produced in this way can therefore be assumed to depend only on the structural and environmental factors particular to that turbine.
  • the wind turbine processor analyses (step s7) the measured power curve (based on the stored nacelle wind speed and power output data), and the expected generic power curve supplied to the wind turbine in advance, and calculates an NTF to map the measured power curve to the expected power curve.
  • the NTF can be calculated and expressed in a number of ways. In a simple case, it may be an array of correction factors to be applied to each measured wind speed to convert it to the appropriate free stream wind speed corresponding for that value of output power. Alternatively, a curve fitting algorithm could be used.
  • the nacelle wind speed measured by the anemometer 7 can be used in the SCADA wind turbine control and monitoring system. In this way, an individual, customised NTF can be established for every turbine, providing for more accurate control of the turbine and increased power output. The anemometer calibration will also no longer affect the SCADA, as any calibration differences between turbines will be compensated for by the individual respective NTFs.
  • the wind turbine can be provided with a provisional NTF defined in advance and allowing for variation in nacelle shape, blade shape, anemometer location and calibration. This occurs prior to step s4 and allows the wind turbine to operate more efficiently during the operation and calibration phase of steps s4 and s5.
  • the power curve provided to each wind turbine has been that previously generated by measurements made using a met mast and a single test wind turbine in the same location. As has been pointed out, this power curve is overly simplistic when applied to all of the turbines in the park.
  • the present technique requires neither the use of a met mast, and further more provides each wind turbine with a NTF that is specific to that wind turbine.
  • the expected site specific power curve replaces the generic power curve provided by the met mast and test wind turbine, until it can be individually corrected by individual wind turbines as they operate.

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Abstract

A new method is proposed for determining a Nacelle Transfer Function (NTF), in which an individual NTF is provided for each wind turbine compensating for both structural effects, those that arise from the shape and configuration of the wind turbine, and environmental effects, those that are a result of the terrain or geographical location. Based on the assumption that the turbine is running correctly and SCADA data is taken over a certain period, and based on a siting model to give data on Turbulence Intensity (TI), υpflow, shear and other atmospheric parameters (as a function of wind speed and wind direction as necessary) the NTF can be determined from a site specific power curve made generated using a computer model. The NTF is the function that gives the required site power curve over the period that data is available. Unlike, previous techniques, there is no requirement to use a met mast.

Description

A Method Of Operating A Wind Turbine
To Provide A Corrected Powe Curve
The invention relates to a method of operating a wind turbine to provide a corrected power curve, and to a wind turbine configured to implement the method. More generally, the invention provides a technique for operating a wind energy power generator, to determine its Nacelle Transfer Function and based on nacelle anemometry, its power performance characteristics. The invention also relates to subsequent control of the wind energy power generator based on the determined function.
A Nacelle Transfer Function (NTF) is a function that allows a measurement of the wind speed at the nacelle of a wind turbine to be converted into an estimate of the free stream wind speed. The free stream wind speed is defined as the wind speed at a location assuming that the wind is free to blow without obstruction. The presence of a wind energy power generator, such as a wind turbine, acts as an obstruction in the flow of wind, and as a result, the wind speed measured by an anemometer at the wind turbine is inevitably not the same as the free stream wind speed. The shape of the wind turbine, and the location of the anemometer (usually on the top of the nacelle), means that for each design and construction of wind turbine, the discrepancy between the measured wind speed at the nacelle, called the nacelle wind speed, and the free stream wind speed will be different. Although, for all wind turbines of the same design and construction, the discrepancy itself may be approximately the same, in practice, rotation of the blades of the wind turbine will also affect the nacelle wind speed that is measured.
For these reasons and others, control of wind turbines and monitoring of wind turbine performance, by systems such as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System), is typically given in terms of the free stream wind rather than the more variable and less reliable nacelle wind speed.
A Nacelle Power Curve, such as that shown in figure 1 for example, is a representation of the electrical output of the wind turbine as a function of the driving (free stream) wind speed. A turbine's Nacelle Power Curve is therefore an important indication of the power performance characteristics of a wind turbine, and can be used for example to calculate the estimated Annual Energy Production (AEP) value of a turbine or other wind energy installation, such as a wind park. This parameter allows wind turbine operators to plan and monitor the power output of the wind turbine or wind park over a year, as well as identify any problems with power production.
The power curve indicates how efficiently the wind turbine is converting the incident wind energy into electrical power. A related variable is the power coefficient Cp, which is the ratio of the net electric power available in the free stream wind over the area swept out by the rotor. Cp can be expressed as follows:
Cp = {power] / 0.5 * p * Vf 3 * A
Where p is the air density, Vr the free steam wind speed, and A the area of the rotor blades.
The main challenge in determining the power curve of a wind turbine therefore is the measurement of the wind speed that is plotted on the x-axis. The free stream wind speed cannot be measured directly as any measurements taken in the vicinity of the wind turbine will be affected by errors arising from the presence of the wind turbine itself in the flow of wind. On the other hand, a power curve based solely on measurements of the nacelle wind speed will be unreliable due to the various different factors that affect the anemometer readings. Although anemometers can be calibrated in a wind tunnel in advance of installation, in practice fluctuations in wind speed and wind direction can cause
anemometers to perform differently in the field. Further, as the siting of each wind turbine is different, so too will the wind characteristics experienced by each turbine.
A power curve based on the nacelle wind speed is illustrated in Figure 2 by way of example. This can be seen to differ from that of Figure 1 in that some of the data points are shifted to the right with respect to the x-axis. The power curve therefore indicates a faster measured wind speed for a given output power. In practice, the diagram is illustrative, and the measured nacelle wind speed at any given moment could be larger or smaller than the free stream wind speed, as it is subject to a large amount of variation. The curve shown in Figure 2 is therefore just one example of a curve that could be obtained and represents smoothed experimental data.
The most common method of assessing the power performance of a wind turbine therefore is to measure the wind speed some distance away from a test wind turbine using a meteorological mast, or met mast, and relate this to a measurement of the local nacelle wind speed. Met masts are typically several tens of meters high and support various sensor apparatus (for example one or more anemometers). The distance between the met mast and the test wind turbine is typically two to four rotor diameters.
A correlation is then made between the wind speed measured at the position of the met mast, which is assumed to be the free stream wind speed, and the nacelle wind speed measured by the anemometer on the test wind turbine. The correlation is expressed as a function for converting one wind speed value to the other, and is the Nacelle Transfer Function or NTF referred to above. The NTF provides a correction to the measured nacelle wind speed, which takes into account the effect of the flow distortion caused by the test wind turbine's rotor and flow distortion or wake around the nacelle. This NTF is then stored and is assumed to be valid for every turbine with the same hardware in the wind park.
Determining the NTF in the manner described above leads to large uncertainties when the NTF is applied to wind turbines in complex terrains, and the technique is a significant source of bias in the SCADA power curve. The method is also generic per wind turbine type and as such does not cancel the nacelle anemometer calibration effects. In addition to these accuracy problems, the use of met masts is also problematic. Use of a met mast to calibrate a wind park requires additional cost and time associated with installing and decommissioning a mast at the beginning and end of its operational lifetime.
We have therefore appreciated that there is a need to provide a technique for determining the nacelle transfer function more accurately, and in a manner that is operationally more efficient.
Summary of the Invention
According to an embodiment of the invention in a first aspect, there is provided a wind turbine comprising: an electrical sensor for measuring the output electrical power provided by the turbine; an anemometer for measuring a wind speed at the turbine; and a processor, wherein the processor is operable to: a) receive a predetermined expected power curve generated for the wind turbine, the expected power curve correlating the expected output electrical power of the turbine and the free stream wind speed; b) over a predetermined test period, determine a measured power curve, based on the output electrical power and wind speed measured respectively by the electrical sensor and anemometer; and c) determine and store a correction factor between the measured power curve and expected power curve to provide a corrected power curve. The turbine therefore operates in a test period to generate a measured power curve and based on comparison with the expected power curve, generates a correction factor that reflects both the structural and environmental operating characteristics for that particular turbine. Individual turbines in a wind park can therefore update their power curve based on their individual operational conditions. In doing so, the operation of the turbines and of the wind park in which they are based can be more accurate and efficient.
Advantageously, the correction factor converts the measured wind speed to the free stream wind speed. Although the correction factor is determined from the expected and measured power curves, the correction factor can be expressed as the NTF to allow direct comparison with other wind turbines.
In one aspect, the processor is operable to receive an estimated nacelle transfer function for converting the measured wind speed to the free stream wind speed, and determine a correction factor to correct the estimated nacelle transfer function. This allows the wind turbine to be operated more accurately in the initial test period.
In one aspect, the predetermined expected power curve received by the processor of the wind turbine is generated using a computer model, that operates based on site specific information relating to the location at which the wind turbine is installed, and information relating to the size and shape of the wind turbine. As the processor receives an expected power curve based on computer model, there is no requirement to generate a generic NTF using a met mast, as in prior art techniques. Further, as the expected power curve includes information about the site where the wind turbine is to operate, it can therefore be generated to more accurately reflect the likely power curve of an individual turbine in situ. This means that the necessary corrections to the power curve can be made smaller, and means that individual wind turbines can operate with a more accurate power curve before the calibration process has taken place.
According to an embodiment of the invention in a second aspect, there is provided a method of operating a wind turbine to provide a corrected power curve, the wind turbine comprising an electrical sensor for measuring the output electrical power provided by the turbine, an anemometer for measuring a wind speed at the turbine, and a processor; the method comprising: a) receiving, at the processor, a predetermined expected power curve, generated for the wind turbine, the expected power curve correlating the expected output electrical power of the turbine and the free stream wind speed; b) over a predetermined test period, measuring with the electrical sensor the output electrical power provided by the turbine and measuring the wind speed at the turbine with the anemometer; c) by means of the processor: i) determining a measured power curve, based on the output electrical power and wind speed measured by the electrical sensor and anemometer; and ii) determining and storing a correction factor between the indicated power curve and expected power curve.
Step a) can comprise calibrating the wind turbine to the expected power curve, such that in operation the wind turbine operates as closely to the power curve as possible. This allows the wind turbine to be operated more accurately in the initial test period.
Step b) can also comprise connecting the wind turbine to the grid before or during the test period. This allows the wind turbine to be brought on line, even though the initial test period is not completed, and results in more efficient power generation.
Optionally, the predetermined test period occurs substantially immediately after installation of the wind turbine at a site. At this time, the blades can be considered to be clean and free of any ice or other accumulated matter that would lead to inaccurate results.
In a further aspect, the invention includes operating a wind park, comprising performing the above method at each turbine in the park. This provides each wind turbine in the park with its own correction factor and NTF and allows the wind park to be operated more accurately. In alternative aspects, the invention provides a computer program for performing the method. The program may be stored on a computer readable medium for execution by a processor, and may also be stored on a computer readable medium within a wind turbine.
Description of the Drawings Preferred embodiments of the inventio will now be described in more detail and with reference to the drawings in which:
Figure 1 illustrates an example Nacelle Power Curve; Figure 2 illustrates a theoretical nacelle power curve based on nacelle wind speed, rather than free stream wind speed, and thus indicates the difference in the two quantities;
Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of a wind turbine;
Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of the wind turbine power performance measurement system; and
Figure 5 is a flow chart illustrating steps of an exemplary method for performing the invention.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment The invention proposes a new method of determining an NTF and provides an individual NTF for each wind turbine that compensates for both structural effects, those that arise from the shape and configuration of the wind turbine, and environmental effects, those that are a result of the terrain or geographical location.
Based on the assumption that the turbine is running correctly and SCADA data is taken over a certain period, and based on a siting model to give data on Turbulence Intensity (Tl), upflow, shear and other atmospheric parameters (as a function of wind speed and wind direction as necessary) the nacelle transfer function can then be determined from a site specific power curve generated using a computer model, such as Vestas Turbine
Simulator (VTS). As before, the nacelle transfer function is then defined as that function that gives the required site power curve over the period that data is available. Unlike, the previous techniques, there is no requirement to use a met mast.
A typical horizontal axis wind turbine is illustrated in Figure 3 to which reference should now be made. Figure 3 illustrates a wind turbine 1 , comprising a wind turbine tower 2 on which a wind turbine nacelle 3 is mounted. A wind turbine rotor 4 comprising at least one wind turbine blade 5 is mounted on a hub 6. The hub 6 is connected to the nacelle 3 through a low speed shaft (not shown) extending from the nacelle front. The wind turbine illustrated in Figure 3 may be a small model intended from domestic or light utility usage, or may be a large model used, such as those that are suitable for use in large scale electricity generation on a wind farm for example. In the latter case, the diameter of the rotor could be as large as 100 metres or more. In the example shown, an anemometer 7 is mounted on the wind turbine nacelle 3, providing an indication of wind speed to a sensor system (not shown) such as SCADA. Preferably, the anemometer 7 is located in the symmetry plane of the nacelle, such as above the tower 2, and located generally outside of the wake generated by the nacelle and from the transition in the rotor blades between the cylindrical section at the root, and the blade section.
Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of a measurement system 10 for determining the power performance characteristics of wind turbine, and in particular a NTF and appropriate power curve. The system 10 comprises a controller 11 , comprising a processor running control logic. Connected to the processor are sensor apparatus, comprising the anemometer 7 and a power sensor 12. The power sensor 12 is preferably connected to the output of the nacelle generator (not shown) before the transformer connection to the grid feed-in network. The controller 11 under the command of the control logic receives data from the sensor apparatus 7 and 12 at periodic intervals and stores the data in memory 13. The control logic may require the controller to actively poll the sensor apparatus in order to obtain the sensor data, or may simply process the data transmitted from the sensor apparatus according to its operating parameters. In practice, the data sampling frequency of the sensor apparatus is preferably 1 Hz or higher.
The controller 11 is provided with network connection 14 for transmitting the measurement data or measurement results, such as an analysis of the power performance characteristics or NTF, to a network controller where they may be stored or further analysed. The network connection is also used to download information, data or control logic to the controller 11 when it is necessary. The controller 11 may perform analysis of the measurement data stored in memory before transmission both in order to provide a preliminary interpretation of the data, which if transmitted in place of the raw data can save on bandwidth required for the connection.
The various components illustrated in Figure 4 are preferably implemented as part of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System (SCADA) system provided in most wind turbines to control their operation, but may in alternative embodiments be provided as a separate stand-alone system. With reference to Figure 5, the technique will now be explained in more detail. First, and unlike known methods, the technique begins from the assumption that a generic NTF does not exist for a set of turbines. Additionally, the technique assumes that a suitable NTF should take into account not only the shape and configuration of the wind turbine, such as its aerodynamic interaction with the wind and the location of the anemometer, but also the local terrain and wind conditions. Such conditions include but are not limited to turbulence intensity (Tl), wind shear, wind upflow, and atmospheric stability for example.
The method wilJ now be explained in more detail. In step s1 , a wind turbine is erected at the designated site in the normal way, and connected to the local electricity substation or grid. At installation, the processor in controller 11 of the wind turbine is provided with an expected generic power curve mapping the expected relationship between the output power of the wind turbine to the free stream wind speed (step s2). Depending on the embodiment, the generic power curve can be downloaded via network connection 14, be pre-loaded in advance into memory, such as the general purpose memory 13 for access by the processor, or into the processor's RAM, or be loaded into to memory from a portable device, such as portable personal computer or portable memory device.
The generic power curve initially provided to the wind turbine can be generated for the wind turbine using a computer model, such as the Vestas Turbine Simulator (VTS) software. The software takes into account geographical and environmental information about the proposed location of the wind turbine, and combines this with details of the wind turbine itself, to generate a wind turbine and site specific expected power curve. At installation, the wind turbine is then configured and calibrated so that it is expected to run as close to the generic power curve as possible (step s3). In practice, the power performance of each individual wind turbine will differ from the expected power curve for the various reasons noted above, namely unavoidable inaccuracies in the calibration of the anemometer, and the difficulty of accurately modelling the particular environmental characteristics of the wind turbine's location. In alternative embodiments, the wind turbine can be provided with a generic power curve determined or measured for that type of turbine only, irrespective of the environmental characteristics. The inventive method will still correct the individual power curve of the turbine to take into account environmental factors, though the magnitude of the correction will therefore invariably be larger. Further until, the calibration has completed, the wind turbine provided with only a generic power curve will operate at a considerably lower efficiency. Following installation in step 3, the wind turbine can be operated to output power to the grid (step s4). However, control of the wind turbine will not yet be optimal because of the discrepancy between the generic power curve and the power curve under describing the actual operation of the particular wind turbine. Immediately following installation, the wind turbine is therefore operated for a period of time in a calibration mode (step s5). In this mode, the wind turbine operates to produce power in the normal way, except that measurements of the output power and of the corresponding nacelle wind speed measured by power sensor 12 and anemometer 7 are periodically made and stored in memory 13. In this wayv an actual power curve based on measured nacelle wind speed is gradually built up for the individual turbine and stored in memory (step s6). As discussed above, the measured power curve may resemble that shown in Figure 2. Given that the turbine is recently installed, the blades can be considered to be clean and free of any ice or other accumulated matter that would lead to inaccurate results. The measured power curve produced in this way can therefore be assumed to depend only on the structural and environmental factors particular to that turbine.
At the end of the calibration period, the wind turbine processor analyses (step s7) the measured power curve (based on the stored nacelle wind speed and power output data), and the expected generic power curve supplied to the wind turbine in advance, and calculates an NTF to map the measured power curve to the expected power curve.
Referring to Figures 1 and 2, it will be appreciated that the NTF can be calculated and expressed in a number of ways. In a simple case, it may be an array of correction factors to be applied to each measured wind speed to convert it to the appropriate free stream wind speed corresponding for that value of output power. Alternatively, a curve fitting algorithm could be used. Once the NTF for the wind turbine has been generated, the nacelle wind speed measured by the anemometer 7 can be used in the SCADA wind turbine control and monitoring system. In this way, an individual, customised NTF can be established for every turbine, providing for more accurate control of the turbine and increased power output. The anemometer calibration will also no longer affect the SCADA, as any calibration differences between turbines will be compensated for by the individual respective NTFs. As the deviations shown by the SCADA system will be much less, the SCADA data will show more clearly when turbines are running with problems. In an alternative method, the wind turbine can be provided with a provisional NTF defined in advance and allowing for variation in nacelle shape, blade shape, anemometer location and calibration. This occurs prior to step s4 and allows the wind turbine to operate more efficiently during the operation and calibration phase of steps s4 and s5. In prior art techniques, the power curve provided to each wind turbine has been that previously generated by measurements made using a met mast and a single test wind turbine in the same location. As has been pointed out, this power curve is overly simplistic when applied to all of the turbines in the park. The present technique requires neither the use of a met mast, and further more provides each wind turbine with a NTF that is specific to that wind turbine. The expected site specific power curve replaces the generic power curve provided by the met mast and test wind turbine, until it can be individually corrected by individual wind turbines as they operate.
The above description is intended to be illustrative of the invention, but non-limiting. The invention is defined in the independent claims, with advantageous features defined in the dependent claims.

Claims

Claims
1. A wind turbine comprising:
an electrical sensor for measuring an output electrical power provided
by the turbine;
an anemometer for measuring a wind speed at the turbine; and
a processor, wherein the processor is operable to:
a) receive a predetermined expected power curve generated for the wind turbine, the expected power curve correlating the expected output electrical power of the turbine and the free stream wind speed;
b) over a predetermined test period, determine a measured power curve, based on the output electrical power and wind speed measured respectively by the electrical sensor and anemometer; and
c) determine and store a correction factor between the measured power curve and expected power curve to provide a corrected power curve.
2. The turbine of claim 1 , wherein the correction factor converts the measured wind speed to the free stream wind speed. 3. The turbine of claim 2, wherein the processor is operable to receive an estimated nacelle transfer function for converting the measured wind speed to the free stream wind speed, and determine a correction factor to correct the estimated nacelle transfer function.
4. The turbine of claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the predetermined expected power curve is generated using a computer model, based on site specific information relating to the location at which the wind turbine is installed, and information relating to the size and shape of the wind turbine.
5. A method of operating a wind turbine to provide a corrected power curve, the wind turbine comprising an electrical sensor for measuring the output electrical power provided by the turbine, an anemometer for measuring a wind speed at the turbine, and a processor; the method comprising: a) receiving, at the processor, a predetermined expected power curve, generated for the wind turbine, the expected power curve correlating the expected output electrical power of the turbine and the free stream wind speed;
b) over a predetermined test period, measuring with the electrical sensor the output electrical power provided by the turbine and measuring the wind speed at the turbine with the anemometer;
c) by means of the processor:
i) determining a measured power curve, based on the output electrical power and wind speed measured by the electrical sensor and anemometer; and
ii) determining and storing a correction factor between the indicated power curve and expected power curve.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the correction factor converts the measured wind speed to the free stream wind speed.
7. The method of claim 5, comprising receiving at the processor an estimated nacelle transfer function for converting the measured wind speed to the free stream wind speed, and the correction factor corrects the estimated nacelle transfer function. 8. The method of claim 5, 6 or 7, wherein the predetermined expected power curve is generated using a computer model, based on s'rte specific information relating to the location at which the wind turbine is installed, and information relating to the size and shape of the wind turbine. 9. The method of any of claims 5, 6, 7 or 8, wherein step a) comprises calibrating the wind turbine to the expected power curve, such that in operation the wind turbine operates as closely to the power curve as possible.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein step b) comprises connecting the wind turbine to the grid before or during the test period. 1. The method of claim 5, wherein the predetermined test period occurs substantially immediately after installation of the wind turbine at a site. 12. A method of operating a wind park, comprising performing the method of claim 5 at each turbine in the park.
13. A computer program for performing the steps of any of claims 5 to 12.
14. A wind turbine having a computer readable medium on which the computer program of claim 13 is stored.
PCT/EP2011/052538 2010-02-19 2011-02-21 A method of operating a wind turbine to provide a corrected power curve WO2011101475A2 (en)

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