WO2011085066A2 - Treatment of pancreatic developmental gene related diseases by inhibition of natural antisense transcript to a pancreatic developmental gene - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to antisense oligonucleotides that modulate the expression of and/or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene, in particular, by targeting natural antisense polynucleotides of a Pancreatic Developmental gene. The invention also relates to the identification of these antisense oligonucleotides and their use in treating diseases and disorders associated with the expression of Pancreatic Developmental genes.

Description

TREATM ENT OF PANCREATIC DEVELOPM ENTAL GE E RELATED DISEASES BY IN H I BITION OF NATURAL ANTISENSE TRANSCRIPT TO A PANCREATIC DEVELOPM ENTAL GENE

FIELD OF TH E INVENTION

[0001 ] The present application claims the priority of U.S. provisional patent application 61 /292508 filed January 6, 2010; U.S. provisional patent application No. 1/294129 filed January 12, 2010; U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/297847 filed January 25, 2010, U.S. provisional patent application No. 61 297X63 filed January 25, 2010; U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/323027 filed April 12, 2010 and which arc incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0002] Embodiments of the invention comprise oligonucleotides modulating expression and/or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene and associated molecules.

BACKGROUND

[0003] DNA-RNA and RNA-RNA hybridization arc important to many aspects of nucleic acid function including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Hybridization is also central to a variety of technologies that cither detect a particular nucleic acid or alter its expression. Antisense nucleotides, for example, disrupt gene expression by hybridizing to target RNA, thereby interfering with RNA splicing, transcription, translation, and replication. Antisense DNA has the added feature that DNA-RNA hybrids serve as a substrate for digestion by ribonuclcasc H. an activity that is present in most cell types. Antisense molecules can be delivered into cells, as is the case for oligodcoxynuclcotidcs (ODNs), or they can be expressed from endogenous genes as RNA molecules. The FDA recently approved an antisense drug, VITRAVENE™ (for treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis), reflecting that antisense has therapeutic utility.

SUMMARY

[0004] In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for inhibiting the action of a natural antisense transcript by using antisense oligonuclcotide(s) targeted to any region of the natural antisense transcript resulting in up-regulation of the corresponding sense gene. It is also contemplated herein that inhibition of the natural antisense transcript can be achieved by siRNA, ribozymes and small molecules, which arc considered to be within the scope of the present invention.

[0005] One embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antisense oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to a reverse complement of a polynucleotide comprising 5 to 30 consecutive nucleotides within nucleotides 1 to 1235 of SEQ I D SEQ ID NO: 6, 1 to 1 7,964 of SEQ ID NO: 7, 1 to I to 50.003 of SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 8, 1 to 486 of SEQ I D NO: 9. I to 494 of SEQ ID NO: 10, I to 1 92 of SEQ I D NO: 1 1 , or 1 to 1 767 of SEQ ID NO: 12 thereby modulating function and or expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in viim. [0006] In another embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antiscnsc sequence of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide, for example, nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 to 12, and any variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Examples of antiscnsc oligonucleotides arc set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 45.

[0007] Another embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antiscnsc oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to a reverse complement of the an antiscnsc of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide: thereby modulating function and/or expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.

[0008] Another embodiment provides a method of modulating function and/or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising contacting said cells or tissues with an antiscnsc oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to an antiscnsc oligonucleotide to a Pancreatic Developmental gene antiscnsc polynucleotide: thereby modulating function and/or expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.

[0009] In one embodiment, a composition comprises one or more antiscnsc oligonucleotides which bind to sense and/or antiscnsc Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotides.

[0010] In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified or substituted nucleotides.

[001 1 ] In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified bonds.

[001 2] In yet another embodiment, the modified nucleotides comprise modified bases comprising phosphorothioatc, mcthylphosphonatc, peptide nucleic acids, 2'-0-mcthyl, fluoro- or carbon, methylene or other locked nucleic acid (LNA) molecules. Preferably, the modified nucleotides are locked nucleic acid molecules, including a-L-LNA.

[0013] In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides arc administered to a patient subcutancously, intramuscularly, intravenously or intraperitoneal ly.

[0014] In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides arc administered in a pharmaceutical composition. A treatment regimen comprises administering the antiscnsc compounds at least once to patient: however, this trcaDiicnt can be modified to include multiple doses over a period of time. The treatment can be combined with one or more other types of therapies.

[001 5] In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides arc encapsulated in a liposome or attached to a carrier molecule (e.g. cholesterol, TAT peptide).

[001 6] Other aspects arc described infra.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [001 7] Figure 1 is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold 'change + standard deviation in NEUROD l mRNA after treatment of HcpG2 cells with phosphorothioatc oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofcctaminc 2000, as compared to control. Real time PCR results show that the levels of the NEUROD l mRNA in HcpG2 cells are significantly increased 48 h after treatment with one of the oligos designed to N EUROD l antisense Stcedo.aApr07. Bars denoted as CUR- 1373, CUR- 1374, CUR- 1375 and CUR- 1376 correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 16 respectively.

[001 8] Figure 2 is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change + standard deviation in HNF4A mRNA after treatment of 5 I 8A2 cells with phosphorothioatc oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofcctaminc 2000, as compared to control. Bars denoted as CUR- 1 194, CUR- 1 195, CUR- 1 1 3, CUR- 1 192, CUR- 1 191. CU R1 1 0, CUR- 1 188, CUR- 1 1 9, CUR- 1 187, CUR- 1 1 6, CUR- 1 1 2. CUR- 1 1 3, CUR- 1 1 5. CUR- 1 184, CUR- 1 1 1 correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NOS: 1 7 to 31 respectively.

[001 9] Figure 3 is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change + standard deviation in MAFA mRNA after treatment of HcpG2 cells with phosphorothioatc oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofcctaminc 2000, as compared to control. Real time PCR results show that the levels of MAFA mRNA in HcpG2 cells arc significantly increased 48 h after treatment with one of the oligos designed to MAFA antisense B 1 27748. Bars denoted as CUR- 1207, CUR- 1209, CUR- 1208, CUR- 1210 and CUR- 12 I I correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NOS: 32 to 36 respectively.

[0020] Figure 4 is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change + standard deviation in PDX I mRNA after treatment of HcpG2 cells with phosphorothioatc oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofcctaminc 2000. as compared to control. Real time PCR results show that the levels of PDX I mRNA arc significantly increased in HcpG2 cells 48 h after treatment with two of the oligos designed to PDX I antisense Hs.41 201 . Bars denoted as CUR- 1388, CUR- 1389, CUR- 1390, CUR- 1391 and CUR- 1392 correspond to samples treated with SEQ I D NOS: 37 to 41 respectively.

[002 1 ] Figure 5 is a graph of real time PCR results showing the fold change + standard deviation in N KX6- I mRNA after treatment of MCF-7 cells with phosphorothioatc oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofcctaminc 2000, as compared to control. Bars denoted as CUR- 1501 to CUR- 1504 correspond to samples treated with SEQ ID NOS: 42 to 45 respectively.

[0022] Sequence Listing Description

SEQ ID NO: I : Homo sapiens neurogenic differentiation 1 (NEUROD l ), mRNA (NCBI Accession No.: NM_0025()0). SEQ ID NO: 2: Homo sapiens hepatocyte nuclear factor 4, alpha (HNF4A), transcript variant 2. mRNA (NCBI Accession No.: NM_000457). SEQ ID NO: 3: Homo sapiens v-maf musculoaponcurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (avian) (MAFA), mRNA (NCBI Accession No.: NM_201589). SEQ ID. NO: 4: Homo sapiens pancreatic and duodenal homcobox 1 (PDX I ), mRNA (NCBI Accession No.: NM_000209). SEQ ID NO: 5: Homo sapiens NK.6 homcobox 1 (N X6- 1 ), mRNA. (NCBI Accession No.: NM_0061 8). SEQ ID NOs: 6 to 12: SEQ I D NO: 6: Natural NEUROD I antisensc sequence (Stccdo.aAprf>7): SEQ I D NO: 7: Natural HNF4A antisensc sequence (AF 143870); SEQ ID NO: 8: Natural HNF4A antisensc sequence (BC071 794); SEQ I D NO: 9: Natural HNF4A antisensc sequence (BX099913); SEQ I D NO: 10: Natural MAFA antisensc sequence (B 127748); SEQ ID NO: I I : Natural PDX I antisensc sequence (Hs.416201 ) and SEQ I D NO: 12: Natural N .X6- 1 antisensc sequence (torsnaby.aApr07-unspliccd)

SEQ ID NOs: 13 to 45: Antisense oligonucleotides. * indicates phosphothioatc bond.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Several aspects of the invention arc described below with reference to example applications for illustration. It should be understood that numerous specific details, relationships, and methods are set forth to provide a full understanding of the invention. One having ordinary skill in the relevant art, however, will readily recognize that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details or with other methods. The present invention is not limited by the ordering of acts or events, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts or events arc required to implement a methodology in accordance with the present invention.

[0024] All genes, gene names, and gene products disclosed herein are intended to correspond to homologs from any species for which the compositions and methods disclosed herein are applicable. Thus, the terms include, but arc not limited to genes and gene products from humans and mice. It is understood that when a gene or gene product from a particular species is disclosed, this disclosure is intended to be exemplary only, and is not to be interpreted as a limitation unless the context in which it appears clearly indicates. Thus, for example, for the genes disclosed herein, which in some embodiments relate to mammalian nucleic acid and amino acid sequences arc intended to encompass homologous and/or orthologous genes and gene products from other animals including, but not limited to other mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. In embodimenls, the genes or nucleic acid sequences are human.

Definitions

[0025] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" arc intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms "including", "includes"., "having", "has", "with", or variants thereof are used in cither the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms arc intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising."

[0026] The term "about" or "approximately" means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, "about" can mean within I or more than I standard deviation, per the practice in the an. Alternatively, "about" can mean a range of up to 20%. preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and more preferably still up to 1 % of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term "about" meaning within an acceptable enor range for the particular value should be assumed.

[0027] As used herein, the term "mRNA" means the presently known mRNA transcript(s) of a targeted gene, and any further transcripts which may be elucidated.

[0028] By "antisense oligonucleotides" or "antisense compound" is meant an RNA or DNA molecule that binds to another RNA or DNA (target RNA, DNA). For example, if it is an RNA oligonucleotide it binds to another RNA target by means of RNA-RNA interactions and alters the activity of the target RNA. An antisense oligonucleotide can uprcgulatc or downrcgulate expression and/or function of a particular polynucleotide. The definition is meant to include any foreign RNA or DNA molecule which is useful from a therapeutic, diagnostic, or other viewpoint.

Such molecules include, for example, antisense RNA or DNA molecules, interference RNA ( RNAi ). micro RNA. decoy RNA molecules. siRNA. enzymatic RNA, therapeutic editing RNA . nd agonist and antagonist RNA. antisense oligomcric compounds, antisense oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EfiS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomcric compounds that hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds may be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, partially single-stranded, or circular oligomcric compounds.

[0029] In the context of this invention, the term "oligonucleotide" refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimctics thereof. The term "oligonucleotide", also includes linear or circular oligomers of natural and/or modified monomers or linkages, including dcoxyribonuclcosidcs, riboiuiclcosidcs. substituted and alpha-anomcric forms thereof, peptide nucleic acids (PNA), locked nucleic acids (LNA), phosphorothioatc, mcthylphosphonatc, and the like. Oligonucleotides arc capable of specifically binding to a target polynucleotide by way of a regular pattern of monomcr-to-monomcr interactions, such as Watson-Crick type of base pairing, Hoogstecn or reverse Hoogstecn types of base pairing, or the like.

[0030] The oligonucleotide may be "chimeric", that is, composed of different regions. In the context of this invention "chimeric" compounds arc oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemical regions, for example, DNA rcgion(s), RNA rcgion(s), PNA rcgion(s) etc. Each chemical region is made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotides compound. These oligonucleotides typically comprise at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified in order to exhibit one or more desired properties. The desired properties of the oligonucleotide include, but arc not limited, for example, to increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. Different regions of the oligonucleotide may therefore have different properties. The chimeric oligonucleotides of the present invention can be formed as mixed structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosidcs and/or oligonucleotide analogs as described above. [003 1 ] The oligonucleotide can be composed of regions that can be linked in "register" that is, when the monomers arc linked consecutively, as in native DNA, or linked via spacers. The spacers arc intended to constitute a covalcnt "bridge" between the regions and have in cases a length not exceeding about 100 carbon atoms. The spacers may carry different functionalities, for example, having positive or negative charge, carry special nucleic acid binding properties (intercalators, groove binders, toxins, fluorophors etc.), being lipophilic, inducing special secondary structures like, for example, alanine containing peptides that induce alpha-hcliccs.

[0032] As used herein "Pancreatic Developmental genes" and "Pancreatic Developmental gene" arc inclusive of all family members, mutants, alleles, fragments, species, coding and noncoding sequences, sense and antiscnsc polynucleotide strands, etc.

[0033] As used herein, the words 'Neurogenic differentiation , 'Neurogenic differentiation factor Γ, NEUROD l , BETA2, BHF- 1 , bHLHa3, NcuroD, NEUROD, NcuroD l , are considered the same in the literature and arc used interchangeably in the present application.

[0034] As used herein, the words Hcpatocytc nuclear factor 4, alpha; Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4. alpha.; HNF4.alpha.; HNF4A, HNF-4alpha, MODY, ODY I , NR2A 1 , NR2A2 I , TCF, TCF 14, Transcription factor- 14. APF, LFB 1 and H 1 are considered the same in the literature and are used interchangeably in the present application.

[0035] As used herein, the words 'v-maf musculoaponcurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A^', AFA. h afA, v-maf. mafA, Pancreatic bcta-cell-spccific transcriptional activator, RIPE3b l , Transcription factor afA.

Transcription factor RlPE3b l , V-maf musculoaponcurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (av ian), are considered the same in the literature and arc used interchangeably in the present application.

[0036] As used herein, the words ' Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox , PDX I . PDX- I . Glucose-sensitive factor, GSF, IDX- I . Insulin promoter factor I , Insulin upstream factor 1 , ^'IPFl , IPF- 1 , Islct/duodcnum homcobox- l .

1UFI , IUF- 1 , MODY4, Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 , Somatostarin-transactivating factor I , STF- 1 arc considered the same in the literature and arc used interchangeably in the present application.

[0037] As used herein, the words NK.6 homeobox 1 , N X6- I , Homeobox protein NK-6 homolog A, Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1 , Nkx6.1 , NKX6. 1 and NK.X6A arc considered the same in the literature and arc used interchangeably in the present application.

[0038] As used herein, the term "oligonucleotide specific for" or "oligonucleotide which targets" refers to an oligonucleotide having a sequence (i) capable of forming a stable complex with a portion of the targeted gene, or (ii) capable of forming a stable duplex with a portion of a mRNA transcript of the targeted genc. Stability of the complexes and duplexes can be determined by theoretical calculations and/or in vitro assays. Exemplary assays for determining stability of hybridization complexes and duplexes arc described in the Examples bclow- [0039] As used herein, the term "target nucleic acid" encompasses DNA, RNA (comprising prcmRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA, coding, noncoding sequences, sense or antiscnsc polynucleotides. The specific hybridization of an oligomcric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds, which specifically hybridize to it, is generally referred to as "antiscnsc". The functions of DNA to be interfered include, for example, replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered, include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of an encoded product or oligonucleotides.

[0040] RNA interference "RNAi" is mediated by double stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules that have sequence- specific homology to their "target" nucleic acid sequences. In certain embodiments of the present^' invention, the mediators arc 5-25 nucleotide "small interfering" RNA duplexes (siRNAs). The siRNAs are derived from the processing of dsRNA by an RNasc enzyme known as Dicer. siRNA duplex products are recruited into a multi- protein siRNA complex termed RISC (RNA Induced Silencing Complex). Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, a RISC is then believed to be guided to a target nucleic acid (suitably mRNA), where the siRNA duplex interacts in a sequence-specific way to mediate cleavage in a catalytic fashion. Small interfering RNAs that can be used in accordance with the present invention can be synthesized and used according to procedures that arc well known in the art and that will be familiar to the ordinarily skilled artisan. Small interfering RNAs for use in the methods of the present invention suitably comprise between about 1 to about 50 nucleotides (nt). In examples of non limiting embodiments, siRNAs can comprise about 5 to about 40 nt, about 5 to about 30 nt, about 1 to about 30 nt, about 15 to about 25 nt, or about 20-25 nucleotides.

[0041 ] Selection of appropriate oligonucleotides is facilitated by using computer programs that automatically align nucleic acid sequences and indicate regions of identity or homology. Such programs are used to compare nucleic acid sequences obtained, for example, by searching databases such as GenBank or by sequencing PCR products. Comparison of nucleic acid sequences from a range of species allows the selection of nucleic acid sequences that display an appropriate degree of identity between species. In the case of genes that have not been sequenced, Southern blots arc performed to allow a determination of the degree of identity between genes in target species and other species. By performing Southern blots at varying degrees of stringency, as is well known in the art, it is possible lo obtain an approximate measure of identity. These procedures allow the selection of oligonucleotides that exhibit a high degree of complementarity to target nucleic acid sequences in a subject to be controlled and a lower degree of complementarity to corresponding nucleic acid sequences in other species. One skilled in the art will realize diat there is considerable latitude" in selecting appropriate regions of genes for use in the present invention.

[0042] By "enzymatic RNA" is meant an RNA molecule with enzymatic activity. Enzymatic nucleic acids (ribozymes) act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of an enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic portion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through base pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts cnzymatically to cut the target RNA.

[0043] By "decoy RNA" is meant an RNA molecule that mimics the natural binding domain for a ligand. The decoy RNA therefore competes with natural binding target for the binding of a specific ligand. For example, it has been shown that over-expression of H IV trans-activation response (TAR) RNA can act as a "decoy" and efficiently binds HIV tat protein, thereby preventing it from binding to TAR sequences encoded in the H IV RNA. This is meant to be a specific example. Those in the art will recognize that this is but one example, and other embodiments can be readily generated using techniques generally known in the art.

[0044] As used herein, the term "monomers" typically indicates monomers linked by phosphodicstcr bonds or analogs thereof to fonn oligonucleotides ranging in size from a few monomeric units, e.g., from about 3-4. to about several hundreds of monomeric units. Analogs of phosphodicstcr linkages include: phosphorothioate. phosphorodithioatc, mcthylphosphomatcs, phosphorosclcnoatc, phosphoramidatc, and the like, as more fully described below.

[0045] The term "nucleotide" covers naturally occurring nucleotides as well as nonnaturally occurring nucleotides. It should be clear to the person skilled in the art that various nucleotides which previously have been considered "non-naturally occurring" have subsequently been found in nature. Thus, "nucleotides" includes not only the known purine and pyrimidine hetcrocyclcs-containing molecules, but also heterocyclic analogues and tautomcrs thereof. Illustrative examples of other types of nucleotides arc molecules containing adenine, guanine. thymine, cytosinc, uracil, purine, xanthine, diaminopurinc, 8-oxo- N6-mcthyladcninc. 7-dcazaxanthinc. 7- dcazaguaninc, N4,N4-cthanocytosin, N6,N6-ethano-2,6- diaminopurinc, 5-mcthylcytosinc, 5-(C3-C6)- alkynylcytosinc, 5-fluorouracil, 5-broinouracil, pscudoisocytosine, 2-hydroxy-5-mctliyl-4-triazolopyridin, isocytosinc, isoguanin, inosinc and the "non-natural ly occurring" nucleotides described in U.S. Pat No. 5,432,272. The term "nucleotide" is intended to cover every and all of these examples as well as analogues and tautomcrs thereof. Especially interesting nucleotides are those containing adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosinc, and uracil, which arc considered as the naturally occurring nucleotides in relation to therapeutic and diagnostic application in humans. Nucleotides include the natural 2'-dcoxy and 2'- hydroxyl sugars, e.g., as described in Kombcrg and Baker, DNA Replication, 2nd Ed. (Freeman, San Francisco, 1 92) as well as their analogs.

[0046] "Analogs" in reference to nucleotides includes synthetic nucleotides having modified base moieties and/or modified sugar moieties. Such analogs include synthetic nucleotides designed to enhance binding properties, e.g.. duplex or triplex stability, specificity, or the like.

[0047] As used herein, "hybridization" means the pairing of substantially complementary strands of oligomcric compounds. One mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick. Hoogstccn or reversed Hoogstccn hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases (nucleotides) of the strands of oligomeric compounds. For example, adenine and thymine arc complementary nucleotides which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hybridization can occur under varying circumstances.

[0048] An antisense compound is "specifically hybridizablc" when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a modulation of function and/or activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays arc performed in the case of in vitro assays.

[0049] As used herein, the phrase "stringent hybridization conditions" or "stringent conditions" refers to conditions under which a compound of the invention will hybridize to its target sequence, but to a minimal number of other sequences. Stringent conditions arc sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances and in the context of this invention, "stringent conditions" under which oligomeric compounds hybridize to a target sequence arc determined by the nature and composition of the oligomeric compounds and the assays in which they arc being investigated. In general, stringent hybridization conditions comprise low concentrations (<⁽⁾. 15M) of salts with inorganic cations such as Na++ or K++ (i.e., low ionic strength), temperature higher than 20°C - 25° C. below the Tm of the oligomeric compound:targct sequence complex, and the presence of denaturants such as formamidc, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or the detergent sodium dodccyl sulfate (SDS). For example, the hybridization rate decreases 1. 1 % for each 1% formamidc. An example of a high stringency hybridization condition is 0.1 X sodium chloride-sodium citrate buffer (SSQ/0.1 % (w/v) SDS at 60° C. for 30 minutes.

[0050] "Complementary," as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides on one or two oligomeric strands. For example, if a nuclcobasc at a certain position of an antisense compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nuclcobasc at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, said target nucleic acid being a DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be a complementary position. The oligomeric compound and the further DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotide molecule arc complementary to each other when a sufficient number of complementary positions in each molecule arc occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, "specifically hybridiAnblc" and "complementary" arc terms which arc used to indicate a sufficient degree of precise pairing or complementarity over a sufficient number of nucleotides such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligomeric compound and a target nucleic acid.

[0051 ] It is understood in the art that the sequence of an oligomeric compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizablc. Moreover, an oligonucleotide may hybridize over one or more segments such that intervening or adjacent segments are not involved in the hybridization event (e.g., a loop staicture, mismatch or hairpin structure). The oligomeric compounds of the present invention comprise at least about 70%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 99% sequence complementarity to a target region within the target nucleic acid sequence to which they are targeted. For example, an antisensc compound in which 18 of 20 nucleotides of the antisense compound arc complementary to a target region, and would therefore specifically hybridize, would represent 90 percent complementarity. In this example, the remaining noncomplcmcntary nucleotides may be clustered or interspersed with complementary nucleotides and need not be contiguous to each other or ιο complementary nucleotides. As such, an antisensc compound which is 18 nucleotides in length having 4 ( four) noncomplcmcntary nucleotides which arc flanked by -two regions of complete complementarity with the target nucleic acid would have 77.8% overall complementarity with the target nucleic acid and would thus fall within the scope of the present invention. Percent complementarity of an antisensc compound with a region of a target nucleic acid can be determined routinely using BLAST programs (basic local alignment search tools) and PowcrBLAST programs known in the art. Percent homology, sequence identity or complementarity, can be determined by, for example, the Gap program (Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, Version 8 for Unix, Genetics Computer Group, University Research Park, Madison Wis.), using default settings, which uses the algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math., ( 1 1 ) 2, 482-489).

[0052] As used herein, the term "Thermal Melting Point (Tm)" refers to the temperature, under defined ionic strength, H, and nucleic acid concentration, at which 50% of the oligonucleotides complementary to the target sequence hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium. Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is at least about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 3()°C for short oligonucleotides (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotide). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamidc.

[0053] As used herein, "modulation" means cither an increase (stimulation) or a decrease ( inhibition) in the expression of a gene.

[0054] The term "variant," when used in the context of a polynucleotide sequence, may encompass a polynucleotide sequence related to a wild type gene. This definition may also include, for example, "allelic," "splice," "species," or "polymorphic" variants. A splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing. The corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or an absence of domains. Species variants arc polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. Of particular utility in the invention arc variants of wild type gene products. Variants may result from at least one mutation in the nucleic acid sequence and may result in altered mRNAs or in polypeptides whose sraicture or function may or may not be altered. Any given natural or recombinant gene may have none, one. or many allelic forms. Common mutational changes that give rise to variants arc generally ascribed to natural deletions, additions, or substitutions of nucleotides. Each of these types of changes may occur alone, or in combination with the others, one or more times in a given sequence. [0055] The resulting polypeptides generally will have significant amino acid identity relative to each other. A polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species. Polymorphic variants also may encompass "single nucleotide polymorphisms" (SNPs,) or single base mutations in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one base. The presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population with a propensity for a disease state, that is susceptibility versus resistance.

[0056] Derivative polynucleotides include nucleic acids subjected to chemical modification, for example, replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, or amino group. Derivatives, e.g., derivative oligonucleotides, may comprise non-naturally-occurring portions, such as altered sugar moieties or inter-sugar linkages. Exemplary among these arc phosphorothioate and other sulfur containing species which are known in the art. Derivative nucleic acids may also contain labels, including radionucleotidcs, enzymes, fluorescent agents, chcmilumincsccnt agents, chromogenic agents, substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles, and the like.

[0057] A "derivative" polypeptide or peptide is one that is modified, for example, by glycosylation. pcgylation. phosphorylation, sulfation, rcduction/alkylation, acylation, chemical coupling, or mild formalin treatment. A derivative may also be modified to contain a detectable label, cither directly or indirectly, including, but not limited to, a radioisotope, fluorescent, and enzyme label.

[0058] As used herein, the term "animal" or "patient" is meant to include, for example, humans, sheep, elks, deer, mule deer, minks, mammals, monkeys, horses, cattle, pigs, goats, dogs, cats, rats, mice, birds, chicken, reptiles, fish, insects and arachnids.

[0059] "Mammal" covers warm blooded mammals that are typically under medical care (e.g.. humans and domesticated animals). Examples include feline, canine, equine, bovine, and human, as well as just human.

[0060] "Treating" or "treatment" covers the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, and includes: (a) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it: (b) inhibiting the disease-state, e.g., arresting it development: and/or (c) relieving the disease-state, e.g., causing regression of the disease state until a desired endpoint is reached. Treating also includes the amelioration of a symptom of a disease (e.g., lessen the pain or discomfort), wherein such amelioration may or may not be directly affecting the disease (e.g., cause, transmission, expression, etc. ).

[0061 ] As used herein, "cancer" refers to all types of cancer or neoplasm or malignant tumors found in mammals, including, but not limited to: lcukcmias, lymphomas, melanomas, carcinomas and sarcomas. The cancer mani ests itself as a "rumor" or tissue comprising malignant cells of the cancer. Examples of tumors include sarcomas and carcinomas such as, but not limited to: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, cndothcliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangiocndotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadcnocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma. Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, mcdulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pincaloma, hcmangioblastoma. acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma. Additional cancers which can be treated by the disclosed composition according to the invention include but not l imited to. for example, Hodgkin's Disease, Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, rhabdomyosarcoma, primary thrombocytosis, primary macroglobulincmia. small-cell lung tumors, primary brain tumors, stomach cancer, colon cancer, malignant pancreatic insulanoma, malignant carcinoid, urinary bladder cancer, premalignant skin lesions, testicular cancer, lymphomas, thyroid cancer, neuroblastoma, esophageal cancer, genitourinary tract cancer, malignant hypercalcemia, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, adrenal cortical cancer, and prostate cancer.

[0062] "Neurological disease or disorder" refers to any disease or disorder of the nervous system and/or visual system. "Neurological disease or disorder" include disease or disorders that involve the central nervous system (brain, brainstem and cerebellum), the peripheral nervous system (including cranial nerves), and the autonomic nervous system (parts of which arc located in both central and peripheral nervous system). Examples of neurological disorders include but arc not limited to, headache, stupor and coma, dementia, seizure, sleep disorders, trauma, infections, neoplasms, ncuroopthalmology, movement disorders, dcmyclinating diseases, spinal cord disorders, and disorders of peripheral nerves, muscle and neuromuscular junctions. Addiction and mental illness. include, but arc not limited to, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, arc also included in the definition of neurological disorder. The following is a list of several neurological disorders, symptoms, signs and syndromes that can be treated using compositions and methods according to the present invention: acquired epileptiform aphasia; acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; adrcnolcukodystrophy; age-related macular degeneration; agenesis of the corpus callosuni; agnosia; Aicardi syndrome; Alexander disease; Alpcrs' disease; alternating hemiplegia; Vascular dementia; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; anenccphaly; Angclman syndrome; angiomatosis; anoxia; aphasia; apraxia; arachnoid cysts; arachnoiditis; Anronl-Chiari malformation; arteriovenous malformation; Asperger syndrome; ataxia telegiectasia; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; autism; autonomic dysfunction; back pain: Batten disease; Behcet's disease; Bell's palsy; benign essential blepharospasm; benign focal; amyotrophy; benign intracranial hypertension; Binswanger's disease; blepharospasm; Bloch Sulzberger syndrome; brachial plexus injury; brain abscess; brain injury; brain tumors (including glioblastoma multiforme); spinal tumor; Brown- Scquard syndrome: Canavan disease; carpal tunnel syndrome; causalgia; central pain syndrome; central pontine myclinolysis; cephalic disorder; cerebral aneurysm; cerebral arteriosclerosis; cerebral atrophy; cerebral gigantism; cerebral palsy; Charcot-Maric- Tooth disease; chemotherapy- induced neuropathy and neuropathic pain; Chiari malformation; chorea; chronic inflammatory dcmyclinating polyneuropathy; chronic pain; chronic regional pain syndrome; Coffin Lowry syndrome; coma, including persistent vegetative state; congenital facial diplegia; corticobasal degeneration; cranial arteritis; craniosynostosis; Creutzfcldt-Jakob disease; cumulative trauma disorders; Cushing's syndrome; cytomegalic inclusion body disease; cytomegalovirus infection; dancing eyes- dancing feet syndrome; DandyWaiker syndrome; Dawson disease; Dc Morsicr's syndrome; Dejcrinc-Klumkc palsy; dementia; dcrmatomyositis; diabetic neuropathy; diffuse sclerosis; dysautonomia; dysgraphia; dyslexia; dystonias; early infantile epileptic encephalopathy; empty sella syndrome; encephalitis; enccphalocclcs; cnccphalotrigcminal angiomatosis; epilepsy; Erb's palsy; essential tremor; Fabry's disease; Fahr's syndrome: fainting; familial spastic paralysis; febrile seizures; Fisher syndrome; Friedreich's ataxia; fronto-tcmporal dementia and other "tauopathies"; Gauchcr's disease; Gcrstmann s syndrome; giant cell arteritis; giant cell inclusion disease: globoid cell leukodystrophy; Guillain-Barrc syndrome; HTLV- 1 -associated myelopathy Hallcrvordcn-Spatz disease; head injury; headache; hemifacial spasm; hereditary spastic paraplegia; hcrcdopathia atactic a polyncuritifonnis; herpes zoster oticus; herpes zoster; Hirayama syndrome: H IVassociatcd dementia and neuropathy (also neurological manifestations of AI DS); holoproscnccphaly: Huntington's disease and other polygliitamine repeat diseases; hydrancncephaly; hydrocephalus; hypcrcortisolism; hypoxia; immune-mediated encephalomyelitis; inclusion body myositis; incontinentia pigmcnti; infantile phytanic acid storage disease; infantile refsum disease; infantile spasms; inflammatory myopathy; intracranial cyst; intracranial hypertension; Joubcrt syndrome; Kcams-Sayrc syndrome; Kennedy disease Kinsboume syndrome: Klippcl Fcil syndrome; Krabbe disease; Kugclbcrg-Wclandcr disease; kuru: Lafora disease; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; Lnndau-Klcfrncr syndrome; lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome; learning disabilities; Leigh's disease; Lcnnox-Gustaut syndrome; Lcsch-Nyhan syndrome: leukodystrophy; Lcwy body dementia; Lisscnccphaly: loeked-in syndrome; Lou Gehrig's disease (i.e., motor neuron disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis); lumbar disc disease; Lyme disease-neurological sequelae; Machado-Joscph disease; macrcnccphaly; mcgalcnccphaly: Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome; Mcnicrcs disease; meningitis; Menkes disease; metachromatic leukodystrophy: microcephaly; migraine: Miller Fisher syndrome; mini-strokes; mitochondrial myopathics: Mobius syndrome: monomelic amyotrophy; motor neuron disease; Moyamoya disease; mucopolysaccharidoses; milti-infarct dementia: multifocal motor neuropathy; multiple sclerosis and other dcmyclinating disorders: multiple system atrophy with postural hypotension; p muscular dystrophy: myasthenia gravis: myclinoclastic diffuse sclerosis: myoclonic encephalopathy of infants; myoclonus; myopathy; myotonia congenital; narcolepsy; neurofibromatosis; neuroleptic malignant syndrome; neurological manifestations of AI DS; neurological sequelae oflupus; ncuromyotonia; neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis; neuronal migration disorders; Nicmann-Pick disease; O'Sullivan- McLcod syndrome; occipital neuralgia; occult spinal dysraphism sequence; Ohtahara syndrome; olivopontocerebellar atrophy: opsoclonus myoclonus: optic neuritis; orthostatic hypotension: overuse syndrome paresthesia; Neurodegenerative disease or disorder (Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dementia, multiple sclerosis and other diseases and disorders associated with neuronal cell death); paramyotonia conucnital; paraneoplastic diseases; paroxysmal attacks; Parry Romberg syndrome; Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease; periodic paralyses; peripheral neuropathy; painful neuropathy and neuropathic pain; persistent vegetative state; pervasive developmental disorders; photic sneeze reflex; phytanic acid storage disease; Pick's disease; pinched nerve; pituitary tumors; polymyositis; porencephaly; post-polio syndrome; postherpetic neuralgia; postinfectious encephalomyelitis; postural hypotension; Pradcr- Willi syndrome; primary lateral sclerosis; prion diseases; progressive hemifacial atrophy; progressive multifocallcukocnccphalopathy; progressive sclerosing poliodystrophy; progressive supranuclear palsy; pseudotumor cerebri; Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (types I and 1 1); Rasmussen's encephalitis; reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome; Refsum disease; repetitive motion disorders; repetitive stress injuries; restless legs syndrome; retrovirus-associated myelopathy; Rett syndrome; Reyc's syndrome; Saint Vitus dance; Sandhoff disease; Schildcr's disease; schizcnccphaly; septo-optic dysplasia; shaken baby syndrome; shingles; Shy-Dragcr syndrome; Sjogren's syndrome; sleep apnea; Soto's syndrome; spasticity; spina bifida; spinal cord injury; spinal cord tumors; spinal muscular atrophy; Stiff-Person syndrome; stroke; Stiirgc- Weber syndrome; subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy; Sydenham chorea; syncope; syringomyelia; tardive dyskinesia; Tay-Sachs disease; temporal arteritis; tethered spinal cord syndrome; Thomscn disease; thoracic outlet syndrome; Tic Douloureux; Todd's paralysis; Tourette syndrome; transient ischemic attack: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; transverse myelitis; traumatic brain injury; tremor; trigeminal neuralgia; tropical spastic paraparesis; tuberous sclerosis; vascular dementia (multi-infarct dementia); vasculitis including temporal arteritis; Von Hippcl-Lindau disease; Wallenberg's syndrome; Wcrdnig-Hoffman disease; West syndrome; whiplash; Williams syndrome; Wildon's disease; and Zellweger syndrome.

[0063] An "Inflammation" refers to systemic inflammatory conditions and conditions associated locally with migration and attraction of monocytes, leukocytes anchor neutrophils. Examples of inflammation include, but arc not limited to, Inflammation resulting from infection with pathogenic organisms (including gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites such as protozoa and helminths), transplant rejection (including rejection of solid organs such as kidney, liver, heart, lung or cornea, as well as rejection of bone marrow transplants including graft-vcrsus-host disease (GVHD)), or from localized chronic or acute autoimmune or allergic reactions. Autoimmune diseases include acute glomerulonephritis; rheumatoid or reactive arthritis; chronic glomerulonephritis; inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and necrotizing enterocolitis; granulocyte transfusion associated syndromes; inflammatory dermatoses such as contact dermatitis. atopic dermatitis, psoriasis; systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). autoimmune thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, and some forms of diabetes, or any other autoimmune state where attack by the subject's own immune system results in pathologic tissue destruction. Allergic reactions include allergic asthma, chronic bronchitis, acute and delayed hypersensitivity. Systemic inflammatory disease states include inflammation associated with trauma, burns, repcrfusion following ischemic events (e.g. thrombotic events in heart, brain, intestines or peripheral vasculature. including myocardial infarction and stroke), sepsis, ARDS or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Inflammatory cell recruitinent also occurs in atherosclerotic plaques. Inflammation includes, but is not limited to, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Wegener's granulomatosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hepatocellular carcinoma, thymus atrophy, chronic pancreatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, osteoarthritis, ulcerative colitis, papillary carcinoma. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, acute cholecystitis, chronic cholecystitis, cirrhosis, chronic sialadenitis, peritonitis, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, chronic Gastritis, adenomyosis, endometriosis, acute cervicitis, chronic cervicitis, lymphoid hyperplasia, multiple sclerosis, hypertrophy secondary to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, primary IgA nephropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, pulmonary emphysema, chronic pyelonephritis, and chronic cystitis.

[0064] A cardiovascular disease or disorder includes those disorders that can either cause ischemia or arc caused by rcperfusion of the heart. Examples include, but arc not limited to, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, granulomatous myocarditis, chronic myocarditis (non-granulomatous), primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, peripheral artery disease (PAD), stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by cardiac arrest, cardiovascular tissue damage caused by cardiac bypass, cardiogen ic shock, and related conditions that would be known by those of ordinary skill in the art or which involve dysfunction of or tissue damage to the heart or. vasculature, especially, but not limited to, tissue damage related to a Pancreatic Developmental gene activation. CVS diseases include, but are not limited to, atherosclerosis, granulomatous myocarditis, myocardial infarction, myocardial fibrosis secondary to valvular heart disease, myocardial fibrosis without infarction, primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and chronic myocarditis (non-granulomatous).

[0065] A 'Metabolic disease or disorder" refers to a wide range of diseases and disorders of the endocrine system including, for example, insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, high blood cholesterol, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia. dyslipidemia and hyperlipidemia.

Polynucleotide and Oligonucleotide Compositions and Molecules

Targets

[0066] In one embodiment, the targets comprise nucleic acid sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene, including without limitation sense and/or antisense noncoding and/or coding sequences associated with a Pancreatic Developmental gene.

[0067] In one embodiment, the targets comprise nucleic acid sequences of NEUROD I . including without limitation sense and/or antisense noncoding and/or coding sequences associated with N EUROD 1 gene.

[0068] In one embodiment, the targets comprise nucleic acid sequences of HNF4A. including without l imitation sense and/or antisense noncoding and/or coding sequences associated with HNF4A gene.

[0069] In one embodiment, the targets comprise nucleic acid sequences of MAFA, including without limitation sense and/or antisense noncoding and/or coding sequences associated with AFA gene. [0070] In one embodiment, the targets comprise nucleic acid sequences of PDX I , including without limitation sense and/or antisense noncoding and or coding sequences associated with PDX I gene.

[007 1 ] In one embodiment, the targets comprise nucleic acid sequences of NK.X6. including without limitation sense and/or antisense noncoding and/or coding sequences associated with N X6 gene.

[0072] BETA2/NcuroD l is a tissue-specific basic hclix-loop-hclix transcription factor with abil ity to up-rcgulatc insulin gene expression. NcuroD I BETA2 is a key regulator of pancreatic islet morphogenesis and insulin hormone gene transcription in islet beta cells. It was cloned as a gene required for neuronal differentiation, named NcuroD; we now refer to the gene asBETA2 euroD I . Like many bHLH family members that play important roles in regulating various developmental systems, BETA2/NcuroD I is essential for development of the pancreas and brain.

[0073] HNF4A encodes a transcription factor with an important role in hepatocyte and pancreatic transcriptional regulation. An orphan nuclear receptor and hepatic activator, hepatic nuclear factor-4 (HNF-4), is a central regulator of transcriptional networks in the liver and pancreatic B-cells. The two promoters, P I and P2, arc located 45.5 kb apart on chromosome 20q. While HNF4A transcripts in the liver are primarily of P I origin, the P2 promoter drives expression in the pancreas, where it regulates genes involved in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis.

[0074] MAFA is the -ccll-specific nuclear factor bound to a conserved cis-rcgiilaiory clement called R IPE3b l in the insulin gene enhancer region and functions as an important transactivator for the insulin gene. AFA is a basic- lcucinc zipper (bLZ) transcription factor that controls ^-cell-specific expression of the insulin gene through a cis- regulatory clement called RIPE3b l and functions as potent transactivator of insulin gene. MA FA cooperates syncrgistically with NEUROD 1 and PDX I . Phosphorylation by GSK3 increases its transcriptional activity and is required for its oncogenic activity.

[0075] Pancreatic-duodenal homcobox l (PD I ) is a transcription factor of homcobox genes family important in differentiation and development of the pancreas, duodenum and antrum. Pancreatic duodenal homcobox I (PDX- I ) is a transcription factor with a critical role in pancreatic development. PDX- 1 regulates pancreatic cell proliferation and differentiation, and increased expression of this transcription factor has been described in huma Pancreatic adenocarcinoma and cell lines. Pdx l is also necessary for β-ccll maturation: developing β-cclls co- express Pdx l , Nkx6- 1 , and insulin, a process that results in the silencing of MafB and the expression of MafA. a necessary switch in maturation of β-cclls. Pdx l appears to also play a role in the fating of endocrine cells, encoding for insulin and somatostatin, two pancreatic endocrine products, while repressing glucagon. Thus, Pd I expression apparently favors the production of insulin+ β-cclls and somatostatin+A-cclls rather than glucagon+ a-cclls.

[0076] Nkxfi. l is recognized as the most beta-cell specific transcription factor in the pancreas. NkxtS homcodomain transcription factors have important developmental roles in the CNS and the pancreas. Nkxfi. l is essential for proper motoneuron and oligodendrocyte development and the development and maintenance of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.

[0077] Nkx-6. 1 is expressed in ventral neural progenitor cells and subsequently in the median half of the lateral motor neuron column (LMCm) and in mesenchymal tissues surrounding Shh-cxprcssing cells; ventral spinal meninges, esophageal mesenchyme, and dorsal tracheal mesenchyme. Nkx6. 1 is required for ventral regional patterning and neuronal fate determination in the vertebrate CNS. Nkxfi. l controls motor neuron and ventral intcrncuron fates. Nkx6.1 controls migration and axon pathfinding of cranial branchio-motoncurons and it is required for the early specification of somatic motoneuron progenitors in the spinal cord. Early specification of branchio-motoncurons (hindbrain) is independent of Nkx6. 1 function, but it is required for their subsequent development. Nkx6. 1 is required for the development of postmitotic motoneurons, and the control of branchio- motoneuron migration. The status of Nkx6.1 expression in certain motor neuron pools regulates muscle nerve formation, and the pattern of innervation of individual muscles.

[0078] Table I shows a list of some Pancreatic Developmental genes

[0079] It should be appreciated that in the Tabic 1 below, an indicated gene means the gene and all currently known variants thereof, including the different mRNA transcripts that the gene and its variants can give rise to. any further gene variants which may be elucidated, and antiscnsc sequences. The list also includes the non-coding RNA molecules or the portions of polynucleotides. In general, however, such variants will have significant sequence identity to a sequence of any polynucleotide in Table I below, e.g., a variant will have at least about 70 percent sequence identity to a sequence of the Table 1 below, typically at least about 75, SO. 85. 90. 95, 97, 98 or 99 percent sequence identity to a sequence of the below Table I . Sequence identity of variant can be determined by any number of standard techniques such as BLAST program (ncbi.nclm.nih.gov/blast ).

Table 1

Gene Accession

Function

Symbol Number

Induces angiogencsis, vasculogcncsis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell

VEGFA NM_001025366

migration, and inhibits apoptosis.

TCF7L2 NM 001 146274 Blood glucose homeostasis

Inhibits the release of numerous secondary hormones by binding lo high-affinity

SST NM_ I 48

G-protcin-couplcd somatostatin receptors

SOX9 N _0()0346 Maintenance of pancreatic progenitor cells

SOX 1 7 NM 022454 Pancreas development

SLC2A2 NM_0()0340 Mediates facilitated bidirectional glucose transport

BPJL NM_014276 Pancreas development - formation of ascinar structures

RBPJ NMJ105349 Pancreas development - formation of ascinar structures

PYY NM 004160 Inhibits pancreatic secretion and mobility in the gut

Determines whether cells allocated lo the pancreatic buds continue towards pancreatic organogenesis or revert back to duodenal fates. The protein is thought

PTF 1 A NMJ 78161

to be involved in the maintenance of exocrine pancreas-specific gene expression including clasiasc 1 and amylase.

Acts as a regulator of pancreatic and gastrointestinal functions and may be

PPY NM_002722

important in the regulation of food intake.

Expressed in the pancreatic anlaga of the mouse forcgul at c 10 in the alpha cells

POU3F4 NM_000307

and transaciivatcs glucagon gene expression

Transcriptional activator of several genes, including insulin, somatostatin, glucokinasc, islet amyloid polypeptide, and glucose transporter lypc 2. The

PDX 1 NM_OO0209

encoded nuclear protein is involved in the early development of the pancreas and plays a major role in glucose-dependent regulation of insulin gene expression.

PBX I regulates the activity of PDX I in pancreatic development. Regulates

PB 1 NM_002585

proglucagon expression by serving as a co-factor for Cdx-2

PAX 6 NM_00()280 Glucose homeostasis, regulates beta and alpha cell differentiation

Involved in pancreatic islet development and differentiation of insulin-producing

PAX4 NM_006193

beta cells

ONECUT Transcriptional regulator of pancreatic duct development. Serves as a coactivator

NM_004498

1 protein to enhance FoxA2 transcription

Nodal NM_<) 18055 pancreas development Required for the development of beta cells and is a potent bifunctional

N Xfi-1 NM_(K⁾6 I68 transcription regulator that binds to AT-rich sequences within the promoter region of target genes

N X2-2 N _002509 Regulates NK.X6.1 , regulates differentiation of beta cells

NEUROG

NM_⁽⁾20999 Critical for the development of alpha and beta cells

3

NEUROD

NM_002500 Regulates expression oflhc insulin gene

1

Initiates endocrine diiTercntiation in pancreatic islet cells, positively regulates

MYT1 NM_004535

NGF3

MYC N _⁽)02467 Induces cell proliferation

MNX I NM_0() l 165255 Transcriptional activator protein expressed early in pancreas development

MIXLI NM_03 I 44 Transcription factor that regulates cell fate during development AFB NM_()0546 I Activator of glucagon gene expression in alpha and beta cells

AFA NM_20 I 89 Regulates pancreatic beta cell-specific expression of the insulin gene

KRT19 NM_002276 Pancreas development - duct formation

ISL2 N 145805 Pancreas development -bud formation

The encoded protein binds to the enhancer region of the insulin gene, among others, and may play an important role in regulating insulin gene expression. The

ISL1 NMJ102202

encoded protein is central to the development ofpancreatic cell lineages and may also be required for motor neuron generation.

1NSM 1 NMJ1021 6 Pancreatic beta cell development

NM_()00207,

Ins2 NM 0(11 185097, Insulin - stimulates glucose uptake

NM_001 185098

NM 000207,

Insl NM 001 185097, Insulin - stimulates glucose uptake

NM_()01 185098

Inhibins and activins inhibit and activate, respectively, the sccrciion of folliiropin by the pituitary gland. Inhibins/activins arc involved in regulating a number of diverse functions such as hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion, gonadal

INHBB NM_()()2193 hormone secretion, germ cell development and maturation, crythroid difTcrcniiation, insulin sccrciion, nerve cell survival, embryonic axial development or bone growth, depending on their subunit composition. Inhibins appear to oppose the functions of activins HNF4A N _000457.3 Regulates expression of HNFla

HNF1 B NM_000458.2 Regulates expression of H F4a

Recognizes the DNA sequence 5'-ATTAA-3'. Transcriptional repressor. May play a role in hematopoietic differentiation. Establishes anterior identity at two levels:

HHEX NM_⁽⁾0272 .4

acts early to enhance canonical WNT-signaling by repressing expression of TLE4. and acts later to inhibit NODAL-signaling by directly targeting NODAL

Represses the expression ofNgn preventing neuronal differentiation in cells

HES1 N _0<)5524

adjacent to developing neuroblasts.

Ghrclin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone sccrctagoguc rcccpior

GHRL N _()()1 134941

and is involved in regulating growth hormone release.

Gdfl 1 NM_0O581 1 promotes beta-cell differentiation, modulates G 3

Glucagon, is a pancreatic hormone that counteracts the glucose-lowering action of

GCG NM_(⁾⁽)2(⁾54

insulin by stimulating glycogcnolysis and gluconeogcnesis

GAT A6 N _005257 interacts with Nkx2.2

Transcriptional activator. Binds to the consensus sequence 5'-AGATAG-3'. Acts

Gata4 NM_0⁽⁾2052

as a transcriptional activator of ANF in cooperation with X2-5

Binds directly to activin and functions as an aclivin antagonist. Specific inhibitor

FST NM_006350

of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

F0XA2 NMJ)2 I 784 regulation of Pclxl

FOXA I N _0<)44% regulation of I' xi

FGF2 N _002(K)6 Induction of pancreatic islet clusters

FGF !O NM_004465 Maintains the pancreatic progenitor cell state

Carboxypeptidasc A 1 is a monomeric pancreatic exopcpiidase. It is involved in

CPA 1 NM_()()18 8

zymogen inhibition

The ARX gene provides instructions for producing a protein that regulates the activity of other genes. On the basis of this action, the ARX protein is called a transcription factor. The ARX gene is part of a larger family of honicobox genes,

ARX NM_ 139058

which act during early embryonic development to control the formation of many body structures. Specifically, the ARX protein is believed to be involved in the development of the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, testes, and brain.

This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the salivary gland.

AMY I NMJK) 1008221 Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein. On ligand binding. Tonus a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type 1 transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylaic

ACVR2B ΝΜ_001 106

and activate type 1 receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate S AD transcriptional regulators. Receptor for activin A, activin B and inhibin A

On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type 11 and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylaic

ACVR2A NM_00 I 16

and activate type 1 receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. Receptor for activin A, activin B and inhibin A

[0080] In some embodiments, antisense oligonucleotides arc used to prevent or treat diseases or disorders associated with Pancreatic Developmental gene family members. Exemplary Pancreatic Developmental gene mediated diseases and disorders which can be treated with cell/tissues regenerated from stem cells obtained using the antisense compounds comprise: a disease or disorder associated with abnormal function and/or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene, a disease or disorder associated with abnormal function and/or expression of any of the genes listed in Table I . a cardiovascular disease or disorder (e.g.. congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, an Ischemic disease, an atrial or ventricular arrhythmia, a hypertensive vascular disease, a peripheral vascular disease, and atherosclerosis etc.), inflammation, a gastrointestinal disease or disorder (e.g., a disorder of the esophagus, achalasia, vigoruos achalasia, dysphagia, cricopharyngcal incoordination, prc-csophagcal dysphagia, diffuse esophageal spasm, globus sensation, Barrett's metaplasia, gastroesophageal reflux etc.), a disease or disorder of the stomach and/or duodenum (e.g., functional dyspepsia, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, gastritis, stress gastritis, chronic erosive gastritis, atrophy of gastric glands, metaplasia of gastric tissues, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, a neoplasm of the stomach), a disease or disorder of the pancreas (e.g., acute or chronic pancreatitis, insufficiency of the exocrinic or endocrinic tissues of the pancreas like steatorrhea, diabetes etc.), a neoplasm of the exocrine or endocrine pancreas (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, ductal adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, an islet cell tumor, insulinoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, glucagonoma, Zollinger-EIlison syndrome. Vipoma syndrome, malabsorption syndrome ctc.),a disease or disorder of the bowel (e.g., chronic inflammatory disease of the bowel, Crohn's disease, ileus, diarrhea and constipation, colonic inertia. megacolon, malabsorption syndrome, ulcerative colitis, a functional bowel disorder, irritable bowel syndrome etc.,), a neoplasm of the bowel (e.g., familial polyposis, adenocarcinoma, primary malignant lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, polyps, cancer of the colon and rectum.); a hepatic disease or disorder (e.g., bilirubin metabolism disorder, jaundice, syndroms of Gilbert's, Criglcr-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson and Rotor: intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, ascites, Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal-systemic encephalopathy, fatty liver, steatosis, Reyc's syndrome, a liver disease due to alcohol, alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis etc.), fibrosis and/or cirrhosis of the liver due to inborn errors of metabolism or exogenous substances, a storage disease or disorder, syndrome of Gaucher' s, Zellweger's, Wilson's - disease, acute or chronic hepatitis, viral hepatitis and its variants; an inflammatory condition of the liver due to virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminth: a drug induced disease or disorder of the liver, a chronic liver disease like primary sclerosing cholangitis, alphai- antitrypsin- deficiency, primary biliary cirrhosis, a postoperative liver disorder like postoperative intrahepatic cholestasis, a hepatic granuloma, a vascular liver disease or disorder associated with systemic disease, a benign or malignant neoplasm of the liver, a disturbance of liver metabolism in the new-born or prematurely bom. a musculoskeletal Disease (e.g., osteoporosis, postmenopausal osteoporosis, senile osteoporosis, secondary osteoporosis, idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis, Pagct's disease of the bone, osteochondroma, osteocartilaginous exostose, etc.), a tumor of the bone (e.g., benign chondromas, chondroblastomas, chondromyxoid fibromas, osteoid osteomas, a giant cell tumor of the bone, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma), fibrosarcoma. malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcomas, Ewing's tumor (Ewing's sarcoma), malignant lymphoma of bone (reticulum cell sarcoma, metastatic aimors of the bone), osteoarthritis, and gout and Pscudogout; a disorder of joint and connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, discoid lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), Sjogren's syndrome, connective tissue disease, polymyositis and dcrmatomyositis, relapsing polychondritis, vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyalgia rheumatica, temporal arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Rciter's syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, or Charcot's joints (neuropathic joint disease) etc.); a bone and joint infection (e.g., osteomyelitis, and infectious arthritis): a disease or disorder of muscles, bursas, and/or tendons (e.g., spasmodic torticol lis, fibromyalgia syndromes (myofascial pain syndromes, fibromyositis), bursitis, tendinitis and tenosynovitis), foot problem (e.g.. ankle sprain, foot fractures, heel spurs, Scvcr's disease, posterior achillcs tendon bursitis, anterior achillcs tendon bursitis. posterior tibial neuralgia, pain in the ball of the foot (caused by damage to the nerves between the toes or to the joints between the toes and foot), onychomycosis, or nail discoloration), cancer, an inflammatory disease or disorder such as: hypersensitivity reactions of type 1 - IV (e.g., a hypersensitivity disease of the lung including asthma, atopic diseases, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, angiocdema of the lids, hereditary angiocdema, antircccptor hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, pemphigus, myasthenia gravis. Grave's and Raynaud's disease, type B insulin-resistant diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, sarcoidosis, glomerulonephritis, acute or chronic host versus graft reactions): a pulmonary disease or disorder such as: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); a urinary system disorder such as: malign disorders of the organs constituting the genitourinary system of female and male, a renal disease or disorder like acute or chronic renal failure, immunologically mediated renal diseases like renal transplant rejection, lupus nephritis, immune complex renal diseases, glomerulopathies, nephritis, toxic nephropathy, an obstructive uropathy like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), neurogenic bladder syndrome, urinary incontinence like urge-, stress-, or overflow incontinence, pelvic pain, and erectile dysfunction, a disease or a disorder associated with defective endocrine pancreatic development (e.g.. type 2 diabetes mcllitus); a disease or a disorder associated with defective neurogenesis; a neurodegenerative disease or disorder (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis etc.); a disease or a disorder associated with defective development of the vestibular and/or auditory system, a disease or a disorder associated with photoreceptor cell degeneration (e.g., loss of vision, agc- rclatcd macular degeneration etc.), obesity, a disease or a disorder associated with defective functioning of liver (e.g., liver failure), pulverulent cataract, cerulean cataract, non-syndromic congenital cataract, congenital cataract- microcomca syndrome, a pancreatic disease or a disorder (e.g., diabetes, MODY syndrome. Partial pancreas agenesis, chronic hyperglycemia, pancreatic beta cell failure, glucose toxicity, Glucose Intolerance, Metabolic syndrome X etc.), Crohn's disease, myocardial infarction, hypercholestremia. intercranial artcrosclcrosis, cerebral infarction, herpcsviral infection, a disease or disorder associated with impaired lipid metabolism, a disease or disorder associated with insulin production, a disease or disorder associated with serotonin production (e.g.. depression and obesity), a neurological disease or disorder (including disorders associated with neural defects (e.g.. defects in motor neurons, serotonin-producing neurons, dopamine neurons, and developmental defects in the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord) etc.), a disease of the reproductive System and a metabolic disease or disorder such as diabetes (e.g., type 2 diabetes; non-insulin dependent diabetes mcllitus).

[0081 ] In another embodiment, the antiscnsc oligonucleotides modulate the expression, in vivo amounts and/or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in patients suffering from or at risk of developing diseases or disorders associated with Pancreatic Developmental genes.

[0082] In one embodiment, the oligonucleotides arc specific for polynucleotides of a Pancreatic Developmental gene, which includes, without limitation noncoding regions. The Pancreatic Developmental gene targets comprise variants of a Pancreatic Developmental gene: mutants of a Pancreatic Developmental gene, including SNPs: noncoding sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene; alleles, fragments and the like. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an anlisense RNA molecule.

[0083] In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the target nucleic acid molecule is not limited to Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotides alone but extends to any of the isoforms, receptors, homologs. non-coding regions and the like of a Pancreatic Developmental gene.

[0084] In another embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antiscnsc sequence (natural antiscnsc to the coding and non-coding regions) of a Pancreatic Developmental gene targets, including, without limitation, variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antiscnsc RNA or DNA molecule.

[0085] In another embodiment, the oligomcric compounds of the present invention also include variants in which a different base is present at one or more of the nucleotide positions in the compound. For example, if the first nucleotide is an adenine, variants may be produced which contain thymidine, guanosinc, cytidinc or other natural or unnatural nucleotides at this position. This may be done at any of the positions of the antiscnsc compound. [0086] In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, between the antisensc compound and target is from about 50% to about 60%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 60% to about 70%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is about 90%, about 92%. about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%. about 99% or about 100%.

[0087] An antisensc compound is specifically hybridizablc when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a loss of activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisensc compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired. Such conditions include, i.e., physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and conditions in which assays arc performed in the case of in vitro assays.

[008S] An antisensc compound, whether DNA, RNA, chimeric, substituted etc, is specifically hybridizablc when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complcmcntarily to avoid non-specific binding of the antisensc compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays arc performed.

[0089] In another embodiment, targeting of a Pancreatic Developmental gene including without limitation, antisensc sequences which arc identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc.. one or more of the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NO: 6 to 12, and the like, modulate the expression or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene. In one embodiment, expression or function is up-regulated as compared to a control. In another embodiment, expression or function is down-regulated as compared to a control.

[0090] In another embodiment, oligonucleotides comprise nucleic acid sequences set forth as SEQ I D NOS: 1 3 to 45 including antisensc sequences which arc identified and expanded, using for example. PCR, hybridization etc. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like. Examples of modified bonds or intcmuclcotidc linkages comprise phosphorothioatc, phosphorodithioatc or the like. In anodicr embodiment, the nucleotides comprise a phosphorus derivative. The phosphorus derivative (or modified phosphate group) which may be attached to the sugar or sugar analog moiety in the modified oligonucleotides of the present invention may be a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, alkylphosphatc, alkancphosphatc, phosphorothioatc and the like. The preparation of the above-noted phosphate analogs, and their incorporation into nucleotides, modified nucleotides and oligonucleotides, per sc. is also known and need not be described here. [0091 ] The specificity and sensitivity of antiscnsc is also harnessed by those of skill in the an for therapeutic uses. Antiscnsc oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. Antiscnsc oligonucleotides have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.

[0092] In embodiments of the present invention oligomcric antiscnsc compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, bind to target nucleic acid molecules and modulate the expression and/or function of molecules encoded by a target gene. The functions of DNA to be interfered comprise, for example, replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered comprise all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more m NA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The functions may be up-regulated or inhibited depending on the functions desired.

[0093] The antiscnsc compounds, include, antiscnsc oligomcric compounds, antiscnsc oligonucleotides, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, alternate splicers, primers, probes, and other oligomcric compounds that hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid. As such, these compounds may be introduced in the form of single-stranded, double-stranded, partially single-stranded, or circular oligomcric compounds.

[0094] Targeting an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid molecule, in the context of this invention, can be a multistcp process. The process usually begins with the identification of a target nucleic acid whose function is to be modulated. This target nucleic acid may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target nucleic acid encodes a Pancreatic Developmental gene.

[0095] The targeting process usually also includes determination of at least one target region, segment, or site within the target nucleic acid for the antiscnsc interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., modulation of expression, will result. Within the context of the present invention, the term "region" is defined as a portion of the target nucleic acid having at least one identifiable structure, function, or characteristic. Within regions of target nucleic acids arc segments. "Segments" arc defined as smaller or sub-portions of regions within a target nucleic acid. "Sites," as used in the present invention, arc defined as positions within a target nucleic acid.

[0096] In one embodiment, the antiscnsc oligonucleotides bind to the natural antiscnsc sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene and modulate the expression and/or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene (SEQ I D NO: I to 5). Examples of antiscnsc sequences include SEQ ID NOS: 6 to 45.

[0097] In another embodiment, the antiscnsc oligonucleotides bind to one or more segments of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide and modulate the expression and/or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene. The segments comprise at least five consecutive nucleotides of a Pancreatic Developmental gene sense or antiscnsc polynucleotides.

[0098] In another embodiment, the antiscnsc oligonucleotides arc specific for natural antiscnsc sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene wherein binding of the oligonucleotides to the natural antiscnsc sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene modulate expression and/or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene.

[0099] In another embodiment, oligonucleotide compounds comprise sequences set forth as SEQ I D NOS: 13 to 45, antiscnsc sequences which arc identified and expanded, using for example, PCR, hybridization etc These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like. Examples of modified bonds or internuclcotidc linkages comprise phosphorothioate, phosphoroditliioate or the like. In another embodiment, the nucleotides comprise a phosphorus derivative. The phosphoais derivative (or modified phosphate group) which may be attached to the sugar or sugar analog moiety in the modified oligonucleotides of the present invention may be a monophosphate, diphosphate, triphosphate, alkylphosphatc, alkancphosphatc, phosphorothioate and the like. The preparation of the above-noted phosphate analogs, and their incorporation into nucleotides, modified nucleotides and oligonucleotides, per se, is also known and need not be described here.

[00100] Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5'-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5'-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the "AUG codon," the "start codon" or the "AUG start codon". A minority of genes has a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5'-GUG 5'-UUG or 5'-CUG; and 5'-AUA, 5'-ACG and 5'-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms "translation initiation codon" and "start codon" can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotcs) or formylmcthioninc (in prokaryotcs). Eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, "start codon" and "translation initiation codon" refer to the codon or codons that arc used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA transcribed from a gene encoding a Pancreatic Developmental gene, regardless of the scqucncc(s) of such codons. A translation termination codon (or "stop codon") of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5 -UAA, 5'-UAG and 5'-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences arc 5'-TAA, 5'- TAG and 5'-TGA, respectively).

[00101 ] The terms "start codon region" and "translation initiation codon region" refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in cither direction (i.e., 5' or 3') from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms "stop codon region" and "translation termination codon region" refer to a . portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in cither direction (i.e.. 5' or 3') from a translation termination codon. Consequently, the "start codon region" (or "translation initiation codon region") and the "stop codon region" (or "translation tcmiination codon region") arc all regions that may be targeted effectively with the antisense compounds of the present invention.

[00102] The open reading frame (ORF) or "coding region," which is known in die art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation tcmiination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Within the context of the present invention, a targeted region is the intragenic region encompassing the translation initiation or tcmiination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of a gene.

[00103] Another target region includes the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5' direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5' cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). Still another target region includes the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3' direction from the translation tcmiination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation tcmiination codon and 3' end ofan mRNA (or corresponding nucleotides on the gene). The 5' cap site of n mRNA comprises an N7-mcthylatcd guanosinc residue joined to the 5'-most residue of the mRNA via a 5'-5' triphosphate linkage. The 5' cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5' cap structure itself as well ns the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap site. Another target region for this invention is the 5' cap region.

[00104] Although some cukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as "introns," which arc excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions arc known as "exons" and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. In one embodiment, targeting splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions or exon-intron junctions, is particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular splice product is implicated in disease. An aberrant fusion junction due to rearrangement or deletion is another embodiment of a target site. mR A transcripts produced via the process of splicing of two (or more) inRNAs from different gene sources arc known as "fusion transcripts". Introns can be effectively targeted using antisense compounds targeted to, for example, DNA or prc-mRNA.

[00105] In another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to coding and/or non-coding regions of a target polynucleotide and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.

[00106] In another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to natural antisense polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.

[00107] In another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides bind to sense polynucleotides and modulate the expression and/or function of the target molecule.

[00108] Alternative RNA transcripts can be produced from the same genomic region of DNA. These alternative transcripts arc generally known as "variants". More specifically, "prc-mRNA variants" arc transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA that differ from other transcripts produced from the same genomic DNA in cither their start or stop position and contain both intronic and exonic sequence. [00109] Upon excision of one or more exon or intron regions, or portions thereof during splicing, prc-mRNA variants produce smaller "mRNA variants". Consequently, mRNA variants arc processed prc-mRNA variants and each unique prc-mRNA variant must always produce a unique mRNA variant as a result of splicing. These mRNA variants are also known as "alternative splice variants". If no splicing of the prc-mRNA variant occurs then the prc- mRNA variant is identical to the mRNA variant.

[001 10] Variants can be produced through the use of alternative signals to start or stop transcription. Prc-mR As and mRNAs can possess more than one start codon cr stop codon. Variants that originate from a prc-mRNA or mRNA that use alternative start codons arc known as "alternative start variants" of that prc-mRNA or mRNA. Those transcripts that use an alternative stop codon arc known as "alternative stop variants" of that pre-mRN A or mRNA. One specific type of alternative stop variant is the "polyA variant" in which the multiple transcripts produced result from the alternative selection of one of the "polyA stop signals" by the transcription machinery, thereby producing transcripts that terminate at unique polyA sites. Within the context of the invention, the types of variants described herein arc also embodiments of target nucleic acids.

[001 1 1 ] The locations on the target nucleic acid to which the antisense compounds hybridize arc defined as at least a 5-nuclcotidc long portion of a target region to which an active antisense compound is targeted.

[001 12] While the specific sequences of certain exemplary target segments arc set forth herein, one of skill in the art will recognize that these serve to illustrate and describe particular embodiments within the scope of the present invention. Additional target segments arc readily identifiable by one having ordinary skill in the an in view of this disclosure.

[001 13] Target segments 5- 100 nucleotides in length comprising a stretch of at least five (5) consecutive nucleotides selected from within the illustrative target segments arc considered to be suitable for targeting as well.

[001 14] Target segments can include DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 5 consecutive nucleotides from the 5'-terminus of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleotides being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately upstream of the 5'-tcrminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 5 to about 100 nucleotides). Similarly target segments arc represented by DNA or RNA sequences that comprise at least the 5 consecutive nucleotides from the 3 '-term inns of one of the illustrative target segments (the remaining nucleotides being a consecutive stretch of the same DNA or RNA beginning immediately downstream of the 3'-terminus of the target segment and continuing until the DNA or RNA contains about 5 to about 100 nucleotides). One having skill in the art armed with the target segments illustrated herein will be able, without undue experimentation, to identify further target segments.

[001 15] Once one or more target regions, segments or sites have been identified, antisense compounds are chosen which arc sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e.. hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect. [001 16] In embodiments of the invention the oligonucleotides bind to an antiscnsc strand of a particular target. The oligonucleotides arc at least 5 nucleotides in length and can be synthesized so each oligonucleotide targets overlapping sequences such that oligonucleotides arc synthesized to cover the entire length of^" the target polynucleotide. The targets also include coding as well as non coding regions.

[001 17] In one embodiment, specific nucleic acids arc targeted by antisense oligonucleotides. Targeting an antiscnsc compound to a particular nucleic acid, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a non coding polynucleotide such as for example, non coding RNA (ncRNA).

[001 18] RNAs can be classified into ( 1) messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which arc translated into proteins, and (2) non-protcin-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs comprise microRNAs, antiscnsc transcripts and other Transcriptional Units (TU) containing a high density of stop codons and lacking any extensive "Open Reading Frame". Many ncRNAs appear to start from initiation sites in 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of protein-coding loci. ncRNAs are often rare and at least half of the ncRNAs that have been sequenced by the FANTOM consortium seem not to be polyadcnylated. Most researchers have for obvious reasons focused on polyadcnylatcd mRNAs that arc processed and exported to the cytoplasm. Recently, it was shown that the set of non-polyadcnylatcd nuclear RNAs may be very large, and that many such transcripts arise from intergenic regions. The mechanism by which ncRNAs may regulate gene expression is by base pairing with target transcripts. The RNAs that function by base pairing can be grouped into ( I ) cis encoded RNAs that arc encoded at the same genetic location, but on the opposite strand to the RNAs they act upon and therefore display perfect complementarity to their target, and (2) trans-encoded RNAs that arc encoded at a chromosomal location distinct from the RNAs they act ΰρο^η and generally do not exhibit perfect base-pairing potential with their targets.

[001 19] Without wishing to be bound by theory, perturbation of an antisense polynucleotide by the antiscnsc oligonucleotides described herein can alter the expression of the corresponding sense messenger RNAs. However. this regulation can either be discordant (antisense knockdown results in messenger RNA elevation) or concordant (antiscnsc knockdown results in concomitant messenger RNA reduction). In these cases, antiscnsc oligonucleotides can be targeted to overlapping or non-overlapping parts of the antiscnsc transcript resulting in its knockdown or sequestration. Coding as well as non-coding antiscnsc can be targeted in an identical manner and that cither category is capable of regulating the corresponding sense transcripts - either in a concordant or disconcordant manner. The strategics that arc employed in identifying new oligonucleotides for use against a target can be based on the knockdown of antiscnsc RNA transcripts by antiscnsc oligonucleotides or any other means of modulating the desired target.

[001 20] Straieg}' I: In the case of discordant regulation, knocking down the antiscnsc transcript elevates the expression of the conventional (sense) gene. Should that latter gene encode for a known or putative drug target. then knockdown of its antiscnsc counterpart could conceivably mimic the action of a receptor agonist or an enzyme stimulant.

[001 21 ] Strategy 2: In the case of concordant regulation, one could concomitantly knock down both antiscnsc and sense transcripts and thereby achieve synergistic reduction of the conventional (sense) gene expression. If, for example, an antiscnsc oligonucleotide is used to achieve knockdown, then this strategy can be used to apply one antiscnsc oligonucleotide targeted to the sense transcript and another antiscnsc oligonucleotide to the corresponding antisense transcript, or a single energetically symmetric antiscnsc oligonucleotide that simultaneously targets overlapping sense and antiscnsc transcripts.

[00122] According to the present invention, antiscnsc compounds include antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymcs. external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, siRNA compounds, single- or double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) compounds such as siRNA compounds, and other oligomcric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid and modulate its function. As such, they may be DNA, RNA, DNA-likc, RNA- likc, or mixtures thereof, or may be mimetics of one or more of these. These compounds may be single-stranded, doublestranded, circular or hairpin oligomcric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges, mismatches or loops. Antiscnsc compounds are routinely prqsared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and/or branched. Antisense compounds can include constructs such as, for example, two strands hybridized to form a wholly or partially double-stranded compound or a single strand with sufficient sclf-complcmcntarity to allow for hybridization and formation of a fully or partially doublc-strandcd compound. The two strands can be linked internally leaving free 3' or 5' termini or can be linked to form a continuous hairpin structure or loop. The hairpin structure may contain an overhang on cither the 5' or 3^" terminus producing an extension of single stranded character. The double stranded compounds optionally can include overhangs on the ends. Further modifications can include conjugate groups attached to one of the termini, selected nucleotide positions, sugar positions or to one of the intcmucleoside linkages. Alternatively, the two strands can be linked via a non-nuclcic acid moiety or linker group. When formed from only one strand, dsRNA can take the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule that doubles back on itself to form a duplex. Thus, the dsRNAs can be fully or partially double stranded. Specific modulation of gene expression can be achieved by stable expression of dsRNA hairpins in transgenic cell lines, however, in some embodiments, the gene expression or function is up regulated. When formed from two strands, or a single strand that takes the form of a self-complementary hairpin- typc molecule doubled back on itself to form a duplex, the two strands (or duplex-forming regions of a single strand) arc complementary RNA strands that base pair in Watson-Crick fashion.

[00123] Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect cleavage or other modification of the target nucleic acid or may work via occupancy-based mechanisms. In general, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides) may be described as "DNA- like" (i.e., generally having one or more 2'-deoxy sugans and, generally, T rather than U bases) or "RNA-likc" ( i.e.. generally having one or more 2'- hydroxy! or 2'-modificd sugars and, generally U rather than T bases). Nucleic acid helices can adopt more than one type of structure, most commonly the A- and B-forms. It is believed that, in general, oligonucleotides which have B-fonn-like staicturc arc "DNA-likc" and those which have A-formlike structure arc "RNA-likc." In some (chimeric) embodiments, an antiscnsc compound may contain both A- and B- form regions.

[00124] In another embodiment, the desired oligonucleotides or antiscnsc compounds, comprise at least one of: antiscnsc RNA, antisense DNA, chimeric antiscnsc oligonucleotides, antiscnsc oligonucleotides comprising modified linkages, interference RNA (RNAi), short interfering RNA (siRNA); a micro, interfering RNA (tniRNA); a small, temporal RNA (stRNA); or a short, hairpin RNA (shRNA); small RNA-induccd gene activation (RNAa); small activating RNAs (saRNAs), or combinations thereof.

[001 25] dsRNA can also activate gene expression, a mechanism that has been termed "small RNA-induccd gene activation" or RNAa. dsRNAs targeting gene promoters induce potent transcriptional activation of associated genes. RNAa was demonstrated in human cells using synthetic dsRNAs, termed "small activating RNAs" (saRNAs).

[001 26] Small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microR A (miRNA), have been found to be the trigger of an evolutionary conserved mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi invariably leads to gene silencing. However, in instances described in detail in the examples section which follows, oligonucleotides arc shown to increase the expression and/or function of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotides and encoded products thereof. dsRNAs may also act as small activating RNAs (saRNA). Without wishing to be bound by theory, by targeting sequences in gene promoters. saRNAs would induce target gene expression in a phenomenon referred to as dsRNA-induccd transcriptional activation ( RNAa ).

[001 27] In a further embodiment, the "target segments" identified herein may be employed in a screen for additional compounds that modulate the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide. "Modulators" are those compounds that decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Pancreatic Developmental gene and which comprise at least a 5-nuclcotide portion that is complementary to a target segment. The screening method comprises the steps of contacting a target segment of a nucleic acid molecule encoding sense or natural antiscnsc polynucleotides of a Pancreatic Developmental gene with one or more candidate modulators, and selecting for one or more candidate modulators which decrease or increase the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide, e.g. SEQ I D NOS: 13 to 45. Once it is shown that the candidate modulator or modulators arc capable of modulating (e.g. cither decreasing or increasing) the expression of a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide, the modulator may then be employed in further investigative studies of the function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide, or for use as a research, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent in accordance with the present invention. [00128] Targeting the natural antiscnsc sequence modulates the function of the target gene. For example, the Pancreatic Developmental gene (e.g. accession numbers N _001025366. ΝΜ_00 II 46274, NM_001048, N _000346, NM_022454, NM_(MK⁾340, NMJ)I4276, NM_005349, N _004I60, NMJ78I I, N _002722. NM_000307, NM_0⁽⁾02()9, NM_002585, NM_()()028(), NM_00 I93, NM_004498, NM_()I ()55, NM_006I X, NM_002509, NM_020999, NMJ)02500, NM_004535, NM_002467, NM_001165255, NM_()3I944, NMJ⁾054 I, NM_2⁽⁾1589, NM_002276. NM_I45805, NM_002202, NM_0021 6, NM_00(⁾207, NM_0()1185097, NM_001185098, NM_000207, NM_0 1185097, NM_001185098, NM_002193, N _000457.3. NM_000458.2, NM_0⁽⁾2729.4, NM_005524, NM_0 1134941, NM_005811, NM_002054, NM_005257, NM_002052, NM_00635(), NM_021784, NM_⁽)04496, N _002006, NM_004465, NM_001 68, NM J 39058. NM_0() 1008221. NM_()01106, N _00I6I6). In an embodiment, the target is an antiscnsc polynucleotide of the Pancreatic Developmental gene. In an embodiment, an antiscnsc oligonucleotide targets sense and/or natural antiscnsc sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide (e.g. accession numbers NMJ⁾01025366. NM_00l 146274, NM_001048. NM_000346. NM_022454, NM_000340, N _0I4276. NM_005349. NM_0041 0, NM_17 I I. NM_O02722. N-M_000307, NM_⁽ K)209. NM_0(J2585, NM_ 0028O. NM_006I 3. NMJ)04498, NM 018055, NM_00 I68, NM_0()25()9, NMJ)20999, NM_0025()(), NM_004535, NM_002467. NM_00l 165255, NM_031944, NM_005461, NM_201589, NM_002276, NM_I45805, NMJJ02202, N _002I96, NM_000207, NM_0 11 5097, NM_00l 185098,. NM_000207, N _00l 185097, NM_001185098, NM_002193, NM_000457.3, NM_000458.2, NM_002729.4, NM_005524, NM_001134941 , NM_0(⁾5811, NM_0O2O54, NM_005257, NM_002052, NM_0()6350, NM_021784, N J⁾04496, NM_002006, NM_004465, NMJ101868, NMJ39058, N _0 IO0822l, NM_001I06, NM_00I616), variants, alleles, isoforms, homologs. mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antiscnsc molecule and the targets include coding and noncoding regions of antisense and/or sense Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotides.

[00129] The target segments of the present invention may be also be combined with their respective complementary antisense compounds of the present invention to form stabilized double-stranded (duplexed) oligonucleotides.

[00130] Such double stranded oligonucleotide moieties have been shown in the art to modulate target expression and regulate translation as well as RNA processing via an antiscnsc mechanism. Moreover, the double-stranded moieties may be subject to chemical modifications. For example, such double-stranded moieties have been shown to inhibit the target by the classical hybridization of antiscnsc strand of the duplex to the target, thereby triggering enzymatic degradation of the target.

[00131] In an embodiment, an antiscnsc oligonucleotide targets Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotides (e.g. accession numbers NM_001025366, NM_001146274. NM_001048, NMJJ00346, NM_022454, NM_000340, NM_014276, NM_005349, NM_004160, NMJ78161, N _002722, NM_0()()307, NM_0002<⁾9. N _002585, NMJM10280, NM_006 I 3, NMJ⁾04498, NM_() I 055, N _(⁾(.⁾6 I 68, NMJM2509. NMJ⁾20999. NM_002500, N _004535, NMJ)02467, N _001 165255, NM_0 I 944, NMJX)54 I , NM_2 I 589, NM_002276, NMJ45805, NM_002202, NM_002196, NM_000207, N _001 185097, NMJK) 1 185098. NM_000207, NMJX⁾ 1 185097, NM_0() 1 185098, NM_002193, N _000457.3, N _()00458.2, NMJX12729.4. N _005524, NMJX) 1 134941 , NM_00581 I , NM_002054, NMJ)05257, NM_()02052, NMJ)0635<⁾, NM_021784, NMJXM496, NM_0020O6, NM_004465, NMJK⁾ 1868, NM_139058, NMJK⁾ 1008221 . NMJX) 1 106, NM 001 16), variants, alleles, isofornis, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antisense molecule.

[001 32] In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the target nucleic acid molecule is not limited to Pancreatic Developmental gene alone but extends to any of the isoforms, receptors, homologs and the like of a Pancreatic Developmental gene molecule.

[00133] In another embodiment, an oligonucleotide targets a natural antisense sequence of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide, for example, polynucleotides set forth as SEQ ID NO: 6 to 12, and any variants, alleles, homologs, mutants, derivatives, fragments and complementary sequences thereto. Examples of antisense oligonucleotides arc set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 45.

[001 34] In one embodiment, the oligonucleotides arc complementary to or bind to nucleic acid sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene antiscnsc, including without limitation noncoding sense and/or antisense sequences associated with a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide and modulate expression and/or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene molecule.

[001 35] In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides arc complementary to or bind to nucleic acid sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene natural antiscnsc, set forth as SEQ ID NO: 6 to 12 and modulate expression and/or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene molecule.

[001 36] In an embodiment, oligonucleotides comprise sequences of at least 5 consecutive nucleotides of SEQ I D NOS: 13 to 45 and modulate expression and/or function of a Pancreatic Developmental gene molecule.

[001 37] The polynucleotide targets comprise Pancreatic Developmental gene, including family members thereof, variants of a Pancreatic Developmental gene; mutants of a Pancreatic Developmental gene, including SNPs; noncoding sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene; alleles of a Pancreatic Developmental gene; species variants, fragments and the like. Preferably the oligonucleotide is an antiscnsc molecule.

[001 38] In another embodiment, the oligonucleotide targeting Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotides. comprise: antiscnsc RNA, interference RNA (RNAi). short interfering RNA (siRNA); micro interfering RNA (miRNA); a small, temporal RNA (stRNA); or a short, hairpin RNA (shRNA); small RNA-induccd gene activation (RNAa); or, small activating RNA (saRNA).

[001 39] In another embodiment, targeting of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide, e.g. SEQ I D NO: 6 to 12 modulate the expression or function of these targets. In one embodiment, expression or function is up- regulated as compared to a control. In another embodiment, expression or function is down-regulated as compared to a control.

[00140] In another embodiment, antisense compounds comprise sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 45. These oligonucleotides can comprise one or more modified nucleotides, shorter or longer fragments, modified bonds and the like.

[0014 1 ] In another embodiment, SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 45 comprise one or more LN A nucleotides.

[00142] The modulation of a desired target nucleic acid can be carried out in several ways known in the an. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA etc. Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules (e.g., ribozymes) are nucleic acid molecules capable of catalyzing one or more of a variety of reactions, including the ability to repeatedly cleave other separate nucleic acid molecules in a nucleotide base sequence-specific manner. Such enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be used, for example, to target virtually any RNA transcript.

[00143] Because of their scqucncc-spccificity. trans-cleaving enzymatic nucleic acid molecules show promise as therapeutic agents for human disease. Enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be designed to cleave specific RNA targets within the background of cellular RNA. Such a cleavage event renders the mRNA non-functional and abrogates protein expression from that RNA. In this manner, synthesis of a protein associated with a disease state can be selectively inhibited.

[00144] In general, enzymatic nucleic acids with RNA cleaving activity act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of a enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic portion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through complementary base pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts cnzymatically to cut the target RNA. Strategic cleavage of such a target RNA will destroy its ability to direct synthesis of an encoded protein. After an enzymatic nucleic acid has bound and cleaved its RNA target, it is released from that RNA to search for another target and can repeatedly bind and cleave new targets.

[00145] Several approaches such as in vitro selection (evolution) strategics have been used to evolve new nucleic acid catalysts capable of catalyzing a variety of reactions, such as cleavage and ligation of phosphodicstcr linkages and amide linkages.

[00146] The development of ribozymes that arc optimal for catalytic activity would contribute significantly to any strategy that employs RNA-clcaving ribozymes for the purpose of regulating gene expression. The hammerhead ribozymc, for example, functions with a catalytic rate (kcat) of about 1 min- 1 in the presence of saturating ( 10 mM) concentrations of Mg2+ cofactor. An artificial "RNA ligasc" ribozyme has been shown to catalyze the corresponding self-modification reaction with a rate of about 100 min- 1 . In addition, it is known that certain modified hammerhead ribozymes that have substrate binding arms made of DNA catalyze RNA cleavage with multiple turn-over rates that approach 100 min- 1. Finally, replacement of a specific residue within the catalytic core of the hammerhead with certain nucleotide analogues gives modified ribozymes that show as much as a 10- fold improvement in catalytic rate. These findings demonstrate that ribozymcs can promote chemical transformations with catalytic rates that arc significantly greater than those displayed in vitro by most natural sclf-clcaving ribozymcs. It is then possible that the structures of certain sclfcleaving ribozymcs may be optimized to give maximal catalytic activity, or that entirely new RNA motifs can be made that display significantly faster rates for RNA phosphodicstcr cleavage.

[00147] Intcnnolccular cleavage of an RNA substrate by an RNA catalyst that fits the "hammerhead" model was first shown in 1987. The RNA catalyst was recovered and reacted with multiple RNA molecules, demonstrating that it was truly catalytic.

[00148] Catalytic R As designed based on the "hammerhead" motif have been used to cleave specific target sequences by making appropriate base changes in the catalytic RNA to maintain necessary base pairing with the target sequences. This has allowed use of the catalytic RNA to cleave specific target sequences and indicates that catalytic RNAs designed according to the "hammerhead" model may possibly cleave specific substrate RNAs in vivo.

[00149] RNA interference (RNAi) has become a powerful tool for modulating gene expression in mammals and mammalian cells. This approach requires the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) either as RNA itself or as DNA, using an expression plasmid or vims and the coding sequence for small hairpin RNAs that arc processed to siRNAs. This system enables efficient transport of the prc-siRNAs to the cytoplasm where they arc active and permit the use of regulated and tissue specific promoters for gene expression.

[001 50] In one embodiment, an oligonucleotide or antisense compound comprises an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and/or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or a mimetic, chimera, analog or homolog thereo This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally occurring nucleotides, sugars and covalent intcrnuclcosidc (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally occurring portions which flinction similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often desired over native fonns because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for a target nucleic acid and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

[0015 1 ] According to the present invention, the oligonucleotides or "antisense compounds" include antisense oligonucleotides (e.g. RNA, DNA, mimetic, chimera, analog or homolog thereof), ribozymcs, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides, siRNA compounds, single- or double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) compounds such as siRNA compounds, saRNA, aRNA, and other oligomcric compounds which hybridize to at least a portion of the target nucleic acid and modulate its function. As such, they may be DNA, RNA, DNA-likc, RNA-like, or mixtures thereof, or may be mimetics of one or more of these. These compounds may be single- stranded, double-stranded, circular or hairpin oligomcric compounds and may contain structural elements such as internal or terminal bulges, mismatches or loops. Antisense compounds arc routinely prepared linearly but can be joined or otherwise prepared to be circular and/or branched. Antisense compounds can include constructs such as. for example, two strands hybridized to form a wholly or partially doub!c-strandcd compound or a single strand with sufficient sclf-complcmcntarity to allow for hybridization and fomiation of a fully or partially double-stranded compound. The two strands can be linked internally leaving free 3' or 5' termini or can be linked to form a continuous hairpin structure or loop. The hairpin structure may contain an overhang on cither the 5' or 3' terminus producing an extension of single stranded character. The double stranded compounds optionally can include overhangs on the ends. Further modifications can include con jugate groups attached to one of the termini, selected nucleotide positions, sugar positions or to one of the intcrnuclcoside linkages. Alternatively, the two strands can be linked via a non-nuclcic acid moiety or linker group. When formed from only one strand, dsRNA can take the form of a self-complementary hairpin-type molecule that doubles back on itself to form a duplex. Thus, the dsRNAs can be frilly or partially double stranded. Specific modulation of gene expression can be achieved by stable expression of dsRNA hairpins in transgenic cell lines. When formed from two strands, or a single strand that takes the form of a sclf-complcmcntary hairpin-type molecule doubled back on itself to form a duplex, the two strands (or duplex- forming regions of a single strand) arc complementary RNA strands that base pair in Watson-Crick fashion.

[00152] Once introduced to a system, the compounds of the invention may elicit the action of one or more enzymes or structural proteins to effect cleavage or other modification of the target nucleic acid or may work via occupancy-based mechanisms. In general, nucleic acids (including oligonucleotides) may be described as "DNA- likc" (i.e., generally having one or more 2 -dcoxy sugars and. generally, T rather than U bases) or "RNA-likc" (i.e., generally having one or more 2'- hydroxyl or 2'-modificd sugars and, generally U rather than T bases). Nucleic acid helices can adopt more than one type of staicturc, most commonly the A- and B-forms. It is believed that, in general, oligonucleotides which have B-form-likc stnicturc arc "DNA-likc" and those which have A-formlikc structure arc "RNA-likc." In some (chimeric) embodiments, an antisensc compound may contain both A- and B- fomi regions.

[00153] The antisensc compounds in accordance with this invention can comprise an antisensc portion from about 5 to about 80 nucleotides (i.e. from about 5 to about HO linked nucleosides) in length. This refers to the length of the antisensc strand or portion of the antisensc compound. In other words, a single-stranded antiscnsc compound of the invention comprises from 5 to about 80 nucleotides, and a double-stranded antiscnse compound of the invention (such as a dsRNA. for example) comprises a sense and an antiscnsc strand or portion of 5 to about 80 nucleotides in length. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this comprehends antiscnsc portions of 5. 6, 7,8, 9, 10, I I , 12, 13. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. 20, 21. 22. 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. 28, 29, 30, 31 , 32. 33. 34. 35, 36. 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 , 62, 3, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71. 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, or 80 nucleotides in length, or any range thcrcwithin.

[00154] In one embodiment, the antiscnsc compounds of the invention have antiscnsc portions of 10 to 50 nucleotides in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies oligonucleotides having antisensc portions of 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14. 15, 16, 17, 18, 1 , 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. 29, 30, 31 , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 4 1 , 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 nucleotides in length, or any range thcrc ithin. In some embodiments, the oligonucleotides arc 15 nucleotides in length.

[001 55] In one embodiment, the antisense or oligonucleotide compounds of the invention have antisense portions of 12 or 13 to 30 nucleotides in length. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that this embodies antisense compounds having antisense portions of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 2 1 , 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. 27. 28. 29 or 30 nucleotides in length, or any range thcrcwithin.

[001 56] In another embodiment, the oligomcric compounds of the present invention also include variants in which a different base is present at one or more of the nucleotide positions in the compound. For example, if the first nucleotide is an adenosine, variants may be produced which contain thymidine, guanosinc or cytidinc at this position. This may be done at any of the positions of the antisense or dsRNA compounds. These compounds arc then tested using the methods described herein to determine their ability to inhibit expression of a target nucleic acid.

[001 57] In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, between the antisense compound and target is from about 40% to about 60%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 60% to about 70%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 70% to about 80%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is from about 80% to about 90%. In some embodiments, homology, sequence identity or complementarity, is about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99% or about 100%.

[001 58] In another embodiment, the antisense oligonucleotides, such as for example, nucleic acid molecules set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 6 to 45 comprise one or more substitutions or modifications. In one embodiment, the nucleotides arc substituted with locked nucleic acids (LNA).

[001 59] In another embodiment, the oligonucleotides target one or more regions of the nucleic acid molecu les sense and/or antisense of coding and/or non-coding sequences associated with Pancreatic Developmental gene and the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 12. The oligonucleotides are also targeted to overlapping regions of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 12.

[001 60] Certain oligonucleotides of this invention arc chimeric oligonucleotides. "Chimeric oligonucleotides" or "chimeras," in the context of this invention, arc oligonucleotides which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one nucleotide. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region of modified nucleotides that confers one or more beneficial properties (such as, for example, increased nuclease resistance, increased uptake into cells, increased binding affinity for the target) and a region that is a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular cndonuclcase which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of antisense modulation of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonuclcotidcs hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art. In one embodiment, a chimeric oligonucleotide comprises at least one region modified to increase target binding affinity, and, usually, a region that acts as a substrate for RNAsc H. Affinity of an oligonucleotide for its target (in this case, a nucleic acid encoding ras) is routinely determined by measuring the Tm of an oligonuclcotidc/targct pair, which is the temperature at which the oligonucleotide and target dissociate; dissociation is detected spectrophotometrically. The higher the Tm, the greater is the affinity of the oligonucleotide for the target.

[001 61 ] Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosidcs and/or oligonucleotides mimctics as described above. Such; compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmcrs. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures comprise, but arc not limited to, US patent nos. 5.013.830; 5.149,797; 5, 220,007; 5,256,775; 5.366.878; 5,403.71 1 ; 5,491 , 133; 5,565,350; 5.623.065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[00162] In another embodiment, the region of the oligonucleotide which is modified comprises at least one nucleotide modified at the 2' position of the sugar, most preferably a 2'-Oalkyl, 2'-0-alkyl-0-alkyl or 2'-fliioro- modificd nucleotide. In other embodiments, RNA modifications include 2'-fluoro, 2'-amino and 2' O-mcthyl modifications on the ribose of pyrimidincs, abasic residues or an inverted base at the 3' end of the RNA. Such modifications arc routinely incorporated into oligonucleotides and these oligonucleotides have been shown to have a higher Tm (i.e., higher target binding affinity) than; 2'-dcoxyoligonuclcotides against a given target. The effect of such increased affinity is to greatly enhance RNAi oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. RNAsc H is a cellular cndonucleasc that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA: DNA duplexes; activation of this enzyme therefore results in cleavage of the RNA target, and thus can greatly enhance the efficiency of RNAi inhibition. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely demonstrated by gel electrophoresis. In another embodiment, the chimeric oligonucleotide is also modified to enhance nuclease resistance. Cells contain a variety of exo- and cndo-nuclcascs which can degrade nucleic acids. A number of nucleotide and nucleoside modifications have been shown to make the oligonucleotide into which they arc incorporated more resistant to nuclease digestion than the native oligodcoxynuclcotidc. Nuclease resistance is routinely measured by incubating oligonucleotides with cellular extracts or isolated nuclease solutions and measuring the extent of intact oligonucleotide remaining over time, usually by gel electrophoresis. Oligonucleotides which have been modified to enhance their nuclease resistance survive intact for a longer time than unmodified oligonucleotides. A variety of oligonucleotide modifications have been demonstrated to enhance or confer nuclease resistance. Oligonucleotides which contain at least one phosphorothioate modification are presently more preferred. In some cases, oligonucleotide modifications which enhance target binding affinity arc . also, independently, able to enhance nuclease resistance. Some desirable modifications can be found in Dc esmackcr el al. ( 1 5) Acc. Chem. / cv., 28:366-374.

[001 63] Specific examples of some oligonucleotides envisioned for this invention include those comprising modified backbones, for example, phosphorothioatcs, phosphotricstcrs, methyl phosphonatcs, short chain alky I or cycloalkyl intcrsugar linkages or short chain hcteroatomic or heterocyclic intcrsugar linkages. Most are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and those with hcteroatom backbones, particularly CH2 -NH-- 0--CH2, CH,--N(CH3)--0~CH2 [known as a mcthylene(methylimino) or MM I backbone], CH2 --0--N (CH3)-- CH2, CH2 -N (CH3)-N (CH3)-CH2 and 0--N (CH3)~CH2 -CH2 backbones, wherein the native phosphodicstcr backbone is represented as O-P-O-CH,). The amide backbones disclosed by Dc Mesmackcr el al. ( 1995) Acc. Chem. lies. 28:366-374 arc also preferred. Also are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures (Summerton and Weller, U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506). In other embodiments, such as the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone, the phosphodicstcr backbone of the oligonucleotide is replaced with a polyamidc backbone, the nucleotides being bound directly or indirectly to the aza nitrogen atoms of the polyamidc backbone. Oligonucleotides may also comprise one or more substituted sugar moieties, oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2' position: OH, SH, SCH3, F, OCN, OCH3 OCH3, OCH3 0(CH2)n CH3. 0(CH2)n N H2 or 0(CH2)n CH3 where n is from I to about 1 ; C I to C IO lower alkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, substituted lower alkyl, a!karyl or aralkyl; CI; Br; CN; CF3 ; OCF3: 0--, S--, or N-alkyl; 0--, S^», or N-alkcnyl; SOCH3; S02 CH3; ON02; N02; N3; NH2; heterocycloalkyl; hcterocycloalkaryl; aminoalkylamino; polyalkylamino; substituted silyi; an RNA cleaving group; a reporter group; an intcrcalator; a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide; or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide and other substitucnts having similar properties. A modification includes 2'-mcthoxyethoxy | 2'-0-CH2 CH2 OCH3, also known as 2'-0-(2-mcthoxycthyl) |. Other modifications include 2'-mcthoxy (2'-0--CH3), 2'- propoxy (2'-OCI 12 CH2CH3) and 2'-fluoro (2'-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3' position of the sugar on the 3' terminal nucleotide and the 5' position of 5' terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimctics such as cyclobutyls in place of the pcntofuranosyl group.

[00164] Oligonucleotides may also include, additionally or alternatively, nuclcobasc (often referred to in the art simply as "base") modifications or substitutions. As used herein, "unmodified" or "natural" nucleotides include adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosinc (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleotides include nucleotides found only infrequently or transiently in natural nucleic acids, e.g., hypoxanthine, 6-methyladcninc, 5-Mc pyrimidincs. particularly 5-mcthylcytosinc (also referred to as 5-mcthyl-2' deoxycytosinc and often referred to in the an as 5- Mc-C), 5- hydroxymcthylcytosinc (HMC). glycosyl HMC and gcntobiosyl HMC, as well as synthetic nucleotides, e.g., 2-aminoadcninc, 2-(methylamino)adeninc, 2-(imidazolylalkyl)adcninc, 2- (aminoalklyamino)adeninc or other hctcrosubstitutcd alkyladcnincs, 2-thiouiacil, 2-thiothyminc. 5- bromouracil, 5-hydroxymcthyluracil. 8-azaguaninc. 7-deazaguanine, N6 (6-aminohexyl)adeninc and 2,6-diaminopurinc. A "universal" base known in the an, e.g., inosinc, may be included. 5- c-C substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6- 1 .2"C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., in Crookc, S. T. and Lcblcu, B., cds., Antiscnsc Research and Applications, CRC Press. Boca Raton. 1 93, pp. 276-278) and are presently base substitutions.

[001 65] Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. Such moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, a cholcstcryl moiety, a thiocthcr, e.g., hcxyl-S-tritylthiol, a thiocholcstcrol, an aliphatic chain, e.g.. doclecnndiol or undccyl residues, a phospholipid, e.g.. di-hcxadccyl-rac-glyccrol or tricthylammonium 1 .2-di-O-hcxadecyl-rnc- glyccio- 3-H-phosphonate, a polyaminc or a polyethylene glycol chain, or adamantanc acetic acid . Oligonucleotides comprising lipophilic moieties, and methods for preparing such oligonucleotides arc known in (he art, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5, 138.045, 5.218, 105 and 5,459,255.

[001 66] It is not necessary for all positions in a given oligonucleotide to be Uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single oligonucleotide or even at within a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes oligonucleotides which arc chimeric oligonucleotides as hereinbefore defined.

[001 67] In another embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule of the present invention is conjugated with another moiety including but not limited to abasic nucleotides, polycthcr, polyaminc, polyamidcs, peptides, carbohydrates, lipid, or polyhydrocarbon compounds. Those skilled in the art will recognize that these molecules can be linked to one or more of any nucleotides comprising the nucleic acid molecule at several positions on the sugar, base or phosphate group.

[001 68] The oligonucleotides used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including Applied Biosystcms. Any other means for such synthesis may also be employed; the actual synthesis of the oligonucleotides is well within the talents of one of ordinary skill in the art. It is also well known to use similar techniques to prepare other oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioatcs and alkylated derivatives. It is also well known to use similar techniques and commercially available modified amidites and control led-pore glass (CPG) products such as biotin, fluorescein, acridine or psoralcn-modificd amidites and/or CPG (available from Glen Research, Sterling VA) to synthesize fluorcsccntly labeled, biotinylatcd or other modified oligonucleotides such as cholesterol-modified oligonucleotides.

[001 69] In accordance with the invention, use of modifications such as the use of LN A monomers to enhance the potency, specificity and duration of action and broaden the routes of administration of oligonucleotides comprised of current chemistries such as MOE, ANA, FANA, PS etc. This can be achieved by substituting some of the monomers in the current oligonucleotides by LNA monomers. The LNA modified oligonucleotide may have a size similar to the parent compound or may be larger or preferably smaller. It is that such LNA-modificd oligonucleotides contain less than about 70%, more preferably less than about 60%, most preferably less than about 50% LNA monomers and that their sizes arc between about 5 and 25 nucleotides, more preferably between about 12 and 20 nucleotides.

[001 70] Modified oligonucleotide backbones comprise, but arc not limited to, phosphorothioatcs, chiral phosphorothioatcs, phosphorodithioatcs, phosphotriesters, aminoalkylphosphotricstcrs, methyl and other alkyl phosphonatcs comprising 3'alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates comprising 3'-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidatcs, thionophosphoramidatcs. thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotricstcrs, and boranophosphates having normal 3'-5' linkages, 2'-5' linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein the adjacent pairs of nucleoside units arc linked 3'-5' to 5'-3' or 2'-5' to 5 -2'. Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

[001 71 ] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus containing linkages comprise, but arc not limited to, US patent nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301 ; 5,023,243; 5. 177, 1 6; 5, 188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,7 1 ; 5,32 1 , 131 ; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5.453,496; 5.455, 233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,5 19.1 26; 5,536.821 ; 5,541 ,306; 5,550, 1 1 1 ; 5,563, 253; 5,571 ,799; 5,587,361 ; and 5,625,050, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[001 72] Modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl intemuclcosidc linkages, mixed hcteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl intcmuclcosidc linkages, or one or more short chain hctci oatomic or heterocyclic intemuclcosidc linkages. These comprise those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siioxanc backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfonc backbones; fonnacctyl and thioformacctyl backbones; methylene formacctyl and thioformacctyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamatc backbones; mcthylcncimino and mcthylenchydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH2 component parts.

[001 73] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonuclcosidcs comprise, but are not limited to, US patent nos. 5,034,506; 5, 166,315; 5, 185,444; 5,214, 134; 5,216, 141 ; 5,235,033; 5,264, 562; 5, 264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5.466.677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541 ,307; 5,561 ,225 ; 5,596. 086; 5,602,240; 5.610,289; 5,602.240; 5,608,046; 5,610.289; 5,618,704; 5,623, 070; 5,663,3 12; 5.633.360; 5.677.437; and 5,677,439, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[001 4] In other oligonucleotide mimctics, both the sugar and the intcmuclcosidc linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units arc replaced with novel groups. The base units arc maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomcric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminocthylglycinc backbone. The nuclcobascs arc retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach die preparation of PNA compounds comprise, but arc not limited to, US patent nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,33 1 ; and 5,719,262. each of which is herein incorporated by reference . Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen, el al. ( 19 1 ) Science 254, 1497- 1500.

[001 75] In another embodiment of the invention the oligonucleotides with phosphorothioatc backbones and oligonuclcosidcs with hetcroatom backbones, and in particular- CH2-NH-0-CH2-.-CH2-N (CH3>0-CH2-known as a methylene (mcthylimino) or M I backbone,- CH2-0-N (CH3)-CH2-.-CH2N(CH3)-N(CH3) CH2-and-0- N(CH3)-CH2-CH2- wherein the native phosphodicstcr backbone is represented as-0-P-0-CH2- of the above referenced US patent no. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced US patent no. 5.602,240. Also are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the abovc-rcfcrcnccd US patent no. 5.034,506.

[001 76] Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties, oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2' position: OH; F; 0-, S-, or N-alkyl; 0-, S-, or N-alkcnyl; 0-, S-or N- alkynyl; or O alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstittitcd C to CO alkyl or C2 to CO alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly are O (CH2)n OmCH3, 0(CH2)n.OCH3, 0(CH2)nNH2. 0(CH2)nCH3, 0(CH2)nONH2, and 0(CH2nON(CH2)nCH3)2 where n and m can be from 1 to about 1 . Other oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2' position: C to CO, (lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH3, OCN, CI, Br, CN, CF3, OCF3, SOCH3, S02CH3, ON02, N02, N3, NH2, hctcrocycloalkyl, hctcrocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl. an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other subsliluenls having similar properties. A modification comprises 2'-melhoxyelhoxy (2'-0-CH2CH20CH3. also known as 2'-0-(2- methoxycthyl) or 2'-MOE) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further modi fication comprises 2'- dimcthylaminooxycthoxy, i.e. , a 0(CH2)20N(CH3)2 group, also known as 2'-DMAOE. as described in examples herein below, and 2'- dimethylaminocthoxycthoxy (also known in the art as 2'-0-dimcthylaminocthoxycthyl or 2'- DMAEOE), i.e., 2 -0-CH2-0-CH2-N (CH2)2.

[00177] Other modifications comprise 2'-methoxy (2 -0 CH3), 2'-aminopropoxy (2'-0 CH2CH2CH2NH2) and 2'-fluoro (2'-F). Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3' position of the sugar on the 3' terminal nucleotide or in 2'-5' linked oligonucleotides and the 5' position of 5' terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimctics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pcntofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures comprise, but arc not limited to, US patent nos. 4,981 ,957; 5, 1 18,800; 5.3 19,080: 5.359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446, 137;. 5,466,786; 5,514, 785; 5,5 19, 134; 5,567,811 ; 5,576,427; 5,591 ,722; 5.597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646. 265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; and 5,700,920, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. [001 78] Oligonucleotides may also comprise nuclcobasc (often referred to in the art simply as "base") modifications or substitutions. As used herein, "unmodified" or "natural" nucleotides comprise the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidinc bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleotides comprise other synthetic and natural nucleotides such as 5-mcthylcytosinc (5-mc-C), 5-hydroxymcthyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthinc, 2- aminoadeninc, 6-mcthyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothyminc and 2-thiocytosinc. 5- halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudo- uracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-tliioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substiuitcd adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromcthyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosincs, 7- methylquaninc and 7-methyladenine, 8-azaguaninc and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-dcazaadcninc and 3- deazaguaninc and 3-deazaadenine.

[001 79] Further, nucleotides comprise those disclosed in United States Patent No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science And Engineering', pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., cd. John Wiley & Sons, 1 90, those disclosed by Englisch el al. , 'Angcvvandlc Chemie, International Edition', 1 1 , 30, page 61 , and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y.S., Chapter 1 5, 'Antiscnsc Research and Applications', pages 289-302, Crookc, ST. and Lcbleu, B. ca., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleotides arc particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These comprise 5-substitutcd pyrimidincs. 6- azapyrimidincs and N-2, N-6 and 0-6 substituted purines, comprising 2-aminopropyladcninc, 5- propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosinc. 5-mcthylcytosinc substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by ().6- 1.2°C (Sanghvi. Y.S., Crookc, ST. and Lcbleu, B., cds, 'Antiscnsc Research and Applications', CRC Press. Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and arc presently base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2'-Omelhoxyethyl sugar modifications.

[001 80] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above noted modified nucleotides as well as other modified nucleotides comprise, but arc not limited to, US patent nos. 3,687,808, as well as 4,845,205; 5.130,302; 5, 1 34,066; 5, 175, 273; 5, 367.066; 5.432,272; 5,457, 1 7; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5.502. 177; 5.525,7 1 1 ; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,596,09 1 ; 5,614,61 7; 5,750,692, and 5,681 ,941 , each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[001 8 1 ] Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates, which enhance the activity, cellular distribution, or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide.

[001 82] Such moieties comprise but arc not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thiocthcr, e.g., hcxyl-S-tritylthiol, a thiocholcstcrol , an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undccyl residues . a phospholipid, e.g., di-hcxadccyl-rac-glyccrol or tricihylammonium 1 .2-di-0-hcxadccyl-rac-glyccro-3-H- phosphonatc , a polyaminc or a polyethylene glycol chain , or adamantanc acetic acid , a palmityl moiety , or an octadccylaminc or hcxylamino-carbonyl-t oxycholcstcrol moiety .

[001 83] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotides conjugates comprise, but arc not limited to, US patent nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218, 105; 5,525,465; 5,541 ,3 13; 5,545,730; 5,552, 538; 5,578,717, 5,580,73 1 ; 5,580,731 ; 5.591 ,584; 5, 109, 124; 5, 1 18,802; 5, 138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486, 603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762, 779; 4.789,737; 4,824.941 ; 4,835.263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082, 830; 5, 1 12,963 ; 5,214, 136; 5.082,830; 5, 1 12,963; 5,214, 136; 5, 245.022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5.262,536; 5,272.250; 5,292,873; 5,3 1 7,098; 5,371 ,241 . 5,391 . 723; 5,4 1 .203. 5.4 1 .463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,5 14,785; 5, 565,552; 5,567.810; 5,574.142; 5,585,481 ; 5,587,371 ; 5,595.726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599, 928 and 5,688.941 , each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[001 84] Drug discovery: The compounds of the present invention can also be applied in the areas of drug discovery and target validation. The present invention comprehends the use of the compounds and target segments identified herein in drug discovery efforts to elucidate relationships that exist between a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide and a disease state, phenotypc, or condition. These methods include detecting or modulating a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide comprising contacting a sample, tissue, cell, or organism with the compounds of the present invention, measuring the nucleic acid or protein level of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide and/or a related phenotypic or chemical endpoint at some time after treatment, and optionally comparing the measured value to a non-treated sample or sample treated with a further compound of the invention. These methods can also be performed in parallel or in combination with other experiments to determine the function of unknown genes for the process of target validation or to determine the validity of a particular gene product as a target for treatment or prevention of a particular disease, condition, or phenotypc.

Assessing lip-regulation or Inhibition of (lcne lixpivssion:

[001 85] Transfer of an exogenous nucleic acid into a host cell or organism can be assessed by directly detecting the presence of the nucleic acid in the cell or organism. Such detection can be achieved by several methods well known in the art. For example, the presence of the exogenous nucleic acid can be detected by Southern blot or by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using primers that specifically amplify nucleotide sequences associated with the nucleic acid. Expression of the exogenous nucleic acids can also be measured using conventional methods including gene expression analysis. For instance, niRNA produced from an exogenous nucleic acid can be detected and quantified using a Northern blot and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).

[001 86] Expression of RNA from the exogenous nucleic acid can also be detected by measuring an enzymatic activity or a reporter protein activity. For example, antisense modulatory activity can be measured indirectly as a decrease or increase in target nucleic acid expression as an indication that the exogenous nucleic acid is producing the effector RNA. Based on sequence conservation, primers can be designed and used to amplify coding regions of the target genes. Initially, the most highly expressed coding region from each gene can be used to build a model control gene, although any coding or non coding region can be used. Each control gene is assembled by inserting each coding region between a reporter coding region and its poly(A) signal. These plasmids would produce an mRNA with a reporter gene in the upstream portion of the gene and a potential RNAi target in the 3' non-coding region. The effectiveness of individual antisensc oligonucleotides would be assayed by modulation of the reporter gene. Reporter genes useful in the methods of the present invention include acctohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS). alkaline phosphatase (AP), beta galactosidasc (LacZ), beta glucoronidasc (GUS), chloramphenicol acctyltransfcrasc (CAT), green fluorescent protein (GFP), red fluorescent protein (RFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), luciferasc (Luc), nopalinc synthase (NOS). octopine synthase (OCS), and derivatives thereof. Multiple selectable markers are available that confer resistance to ampicillin, bleomycin, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, hygromycin, kanamycin, lincomycin, methotrexate, phosphinothricin, puromycin, and tetracycline. Methods to determine modulation of a reporter gene arc well known in the art, and include, but arc not limited to, fluoromctric methods (e.g. fluorescence spectroscopy, Fluorescence Activated Cell Soiling (FACS), fluorescence microscopy), antibiotic resistance determination.

[001 87] NEUROD 1 , HNF4A, MAFA. PDX 1. NKX6- I proteins and mRNA expression can be assayed using methods known to those of skill in the an and described elsewhere herein. For example, immunoassays such as the EL1SA can be used to measure protein levels. Pancreatic Developmental gene antibodies for ELlSAs arc available commercially, e.g., from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, N), Abeam, Cambridge, MA.

[001 88] In embodiments, NEUROD 1 , HNF4A, MAFA, PDX I , NKX6- 1 expression (e.g., mRNA or protein) in a sample (e.g., cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro) treated using an antisensc oligonucleotide of the invention is evaluated by comparison with Pancreatic Developmental gene expression in a control sample. For example, expression of the protein or nucleic acid can be compared using methods known to those of skill in the art with that in a mock-trealed or untreated sample. Alternatively, comparison with a sample treated with a control antisensc oligonucleotide (e.g., one having an altered or different sequence) can be made depending on the information desired. In another embodiment, a difference in the expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene protein or nucleic acid in a treated vs. an untreated sample can be compared with the difference in expression of a different nucleic acid (including any standard deemed appropriate by the researcher, e.g., a housekeeping gene) in a treated sample vs. an untreated sample.

[001 89] Observed differences can be expressed as desired, e.g., in the form of a ratio or fraction, for use in a comparison with control. In embodiments, the level of a Pancreatic Developmental gene mRNA or protein, in a sample treated with an antisensc oligonucleotide of the present invention, is increased or decreased by about 1 .25- fold to about 10-fold or more relative to an untreated sample or a sample treated with a control nucleic acid. In embodiments, the level of a Pancreatic Developmental gene mRNA or protein is increased or decreased by at least about 1.25-fold, at least about 1.3-fold, at least about 1.4-fold, at least about 1.5-fold, at least about 1 .6-fold, at least about 1.7-fold, at least about 1.8-fold, at least about 2-fold, at least about 2.5-fold, at least about 3-fold, at least about 3.5-fold, at least about 4-fold, at least about 4.5-fold, at least about 5-fold, at least about 5.5-fold, at least about 6-fold, at least about 6.5-fold, at least about 7-fold, at least about 7.5-fold, at least about 8-fold, at least about 8.5-fold, at least about 9-fold, at least about 9.5-fold, or at least about 10-fold or more.

Kits, Research Reagents, Diagnostics, and ^'therapeutics

[001 90] The compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, and prophylaxis, and as research reagents and components of kits. Furthermore, antisense oligonucleotides, which arc able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, arc often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes or to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway.

[001 91 ] For use in kits and diagnostics and in various biological systems, the compounds of the present invention. cither alone or in combination with other compounds or therapeutics, arc useful as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues.

[00192] As used herein the term "biological system" or "system" is defined as any organism, cell, cell culture or tissue that expresses, or is made competent to express products of the Pancreatic Developmental genes. These include, but are not limited to, humans, transgenic animals, cells, cell cultures, tissues, xenografts, transplants and combinations thereof.

[001 93] As one non limiting example, expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more antisense compounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with antisense compounds and the patterns produced arc analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, stnicturc or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds that affect expression patterns.

[00194] Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays ( Brazma and Vilo, (2000) FEBS Lett.. 480, 1 7-24; Cclis, et al., (2000) FEBS Lett., 4.S0. 2- 16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) (Madden, et al., (2000) Drug Discov. Today, 5, 41 - 425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Wcissman, ( 1999) Methods Enzymol.. 303. 258-72). TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffc, el al., (2000) Pwc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.. 97, 1976- 1 ), protein arrays and proteinics (Celis, el al. , (2000) FEBS Lett., 480, 2- 16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1 99, 20, 2100- 10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2- 16; Larsson. et al.. J. Biotcchnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, el al., (2000) Anal. Biochcm. 286. 1 -98; Larson, et ai , (2000) Cytometry 41 , 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display ( DD) (Jurccic and Belmont, (2000) Gin: Opin. Micmbiol. 3, 316-21 ), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et ai. ( 1 98) ./. Cell Biochcm. Siippl., 3 1 , 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and G stcrson, ( 1999) Eur. ./. Cancer, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (To, Comb. (2000) Client. ΗίχΙι Thixnighpui Semen, 3. 235-41 ).

[001 5] The compounds of the invention arc useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding a Pancreatic Developmental gene. For example, oligonucleotides that hybridize with such efficiency and under such conditions as disclosed herein as to be effective Pancreatic Developmental gene modulators arc effective primers or probes under conditions favoring gene amplification or detection, respectively. These primers and probes are useful in methods requiring the specific detection of nucleic acid molecules encoding a Pancreatic Developmental gene and in the amplification of said nucleic acid molecules for detection or for use in further studies of a Pancreatic Developmental gene. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides, particularly the primers and probes, of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding a Pancreatic Developmental gene can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabeling of the oligonucleotide, or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in a sample may also be prepared.

[001 96] The specificity and sensitivity of antisense are also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense compounds have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals, including humans. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials arc presently underway. It is thus established that antisense compounds can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for the treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.

[001 97] For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of a Pancreatic . Developmental gene polynucleotide is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the methods comprise the step of administering to the animal in need of treatment, a therapeutically effective amount of a Pancreatic Developmental gene modulator. The Pancreatic Developmental gene modulators of the present invention effectively modulate the activity of a Pancreatic Developmental gene or modulate the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene prolcin. In one embodiment, the activity or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in an animal is inhibited by about 10% as compared to a control. Preferably, the activity or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in an animal is inhibited by about 30%. More preferably. the activity or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in an animal is inhibited by 50%) or more. Thus, the oligomcric compounds modulate expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene mRNA by at least 10%. by at least 50%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%. by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%,, or by 100% as compared to a control. [001 8] In one embodiment, the activity or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene and/or in an animal is increased by about 10% as compared to a control. Preferably, the activity or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in an animal is increased by about 30%. More preferably, the activity or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in an animal is increased by 50% or more. Thus, the oligomcric compounds modulate expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene mRNA by at least 10%, by at least 50%, by at least 25%, by at least 30%, by at least 40%, by at least 50%, by at least 60%, by at least 70%, by at least 75%, by at least 80%, by at least 85%, by at least 90%, by at least 95%, by at least 98%, by at least 99%, or by 100% as compared to a control.

[001 9] For example, the reduction of the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene may be measured in scaim, blood, adipose tissue, liver or any other body fluid, tissue or organ of the animal. Preferably, the cells contained within said fluids, tissues or organs being analyzed contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding Pancreatic Developmental gene peptides and/or the Pancreatic Developmental gene protein itself.

[00200] The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of a compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophy tactically.

[00201 ] Conjugates: Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates that enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. These moieties or conjugates can include conjugate groups covalcntly bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include intcrcalators, reporter molecules, polyamincs, polyamidcs, polyethylene glycols, polycthcrs, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typicalconjugatc groups include cholcstcrols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin. phenazinc, folate, phenanthridinc, anthraquinonc. acridinc, fluoresceins, rhodamincs, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, enhance resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with the target nucleic acid. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the compounds of the present invention. Representative con jugate groups arc disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/US92 0 1 6, filed Oct. 23, 1992, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which are incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include, but are not limited to, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thiocthcr, e.g., hcxyl-5- tritylthiol, a thiocholcstcrol, an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undccyl residues, a phospholipid, e.g., di-hcxadccyl-rac-glyccrol or tricthylammonium l ,2-di-0-hcxadccyl-rac-glyccro-3-Hphosphonatc, a polyaminc or a polyethylene glycol chain, or adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety, or an octadccylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholcstcrol moiety. Oligonucleotides of the invention may also be conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofcn, carprofen, dansylsarcosinc, 2,3.5- triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepinc, indomcthicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.

[00202] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotides conjugates include, but arc not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828.979; 4,948,882; 5,218, 105; 5,525,465; 5.541 ,3 1 3; 5,545,730; 5,552.538; 5,578,71 7, 5,580,73 1 ; 5.580,73 1 ; 5,59 1 .584; 5, 109.124; 5, 1 18,802: 5, 138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486.603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4.824,941 ; 4.835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5, 1 12,963; 5,214, 136; 5,082,830; 5, 1 12,963; 5,214, 136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371 ,241 , 5,391 ,723; 5,416,203, 5,451 ,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574, 142; 5,585,481 ; 5,587,371 ; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941 .

[00203] Formulations: The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as forcxamplc. liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uprakc, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption-assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5, 108,92 1 ; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459. 127; 5,521 ,291 ; 5,543, 165; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591 ,72 1 ; 4,426.330; 4.534.899; 5,013,556; 5, 108,921 ; 5,213,804; 5,227, 170; 5,264,221 ; 5,356,633; 5,395,61 ; 5,416,01 ; 5,41 7,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,-512,295; 5,527,528; 5.534,259; 5,543, 152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[00204] Although, the antisensc oligonucleotides do not need to be administered in the context of a vector in order to modulate a target expression and/or function, embodiments of the invention relates to expression vector constructs for the expression of antisensc oligonucleotides, comprising promoters, hybrid promoter gene sequences and possess a strong constitutive promoter activity, or a promoter activity which can be induced in the desired case.

[00205] In an embodiment, invention practice involves administering at least one of the foregoing antisensc oligonucleotides with a suitable nucleic acid delivery system. In one embodiment, that system includes a non-viral vector opcrablv linked to the polynucleotide. Examples of such nonviral vectors include the oligonucleotide alone (e.g. any one or more of SEQ I D NOS: 13 to 45) or in combination with a suitable protein, polysaccharide or lipid formulation.

[00206] Additionally suitable nucleic acid delivery systems include viral vector, typically sequence from at least one of an adenovirus, adenovirus-associated vims (AAV), helper-dependent adcnoviais, retrovirus, or hcmagglutinatin virus of Japan-liposomc (HVJ) complex. Preferably, the viral vector comprises a strong cukaryotic promoter opcrably linked to the polynucleotide e.g.. a cytomegalovirus (CM V) promoter. [00207] Additionally vectors include viral vectors, fusion proteins and chemical conjugates. Retroviral vectors include Moloney murine leukemia viruses and HIV-bascd viruses. One HIV-bascd viral vector comprises at least two vectors wherein the gag and pol genes arc from an HIV genome and the env gene is from another vims. DNA viral vectors arc preferred. These vectors include pox vectors such as orthopox or avipox vectors, herpesvirus vectors such as a herpes simplex I virus (HS V) vector, Adenovirus Vectors and Adeno-associated Vims Vectors).

[00208] The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof.

[00209] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to physiologically and pharmaceutical ly acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesircd toxicological effects thereto. For oligonucleotides, examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their uses arc further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incoiporatcd herein by reference.

[002 10] The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations that include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g.. intrathecal or intraventricular, administration.

[0021 1 ] For treating tissues in the central nervous system, administration can be made by, e.g., injection or infusion into the cerebrospinal fluid. Administration of antisense RNA into cerebrospinal fluid is described, e.g.. in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2007/01 1 7772, "Methods for slowing familial ALS disease progression,^" incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[002 12] When it is intended that the antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention be administered to cells in the central nervous system, administration can be with one or more agents capable of promoting penetration of the subject antisense oligonucleotide across the blood-brain barrier. Injection can be made, e.g.. in the cnrorhinal cortex or hippocampus. Delivery of neurotrophic factors by administration of an adcnoviais vector to motor neurons in muscle tissue is described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,427, "Adenoviral-vector-mcdiatcd gene transfer into medullary motor neurons," incorporated herein by reference. Delivery of vectors directly to the brain, e.g.. the striatum, the thalamus, the hippocampus, or the substantia nigra, is known in the art and described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,756.523, "Adenovirus vectors for the transfer of foreign genes into cells of the central nervous system particularly in brain," incorporated herein by reference. Administration can be rapid as by injection or made over a period of time as by slow infusion or administration of slow release formulations.

[002 1 3] The subject antisense oligonucleotides can also be linked or conjugated with agents that provide desirable pharmaceutical or pharmacodynamic properties. For example, the antisense oligonucleotide can be coupled to any substance, known in the art to promote penetration or transport across the blood-brain barrier, such as an antibody to the transferrin receptor, and administered by intravenous injection. The antisense compound can be linked with a viral vector, for example, that makes the antisense compound more effective and/or increases the transport of the antisense compound across the blood-brain barrier. Osmotic blood brain barrier disruption can also be accomplished by, e.g., infusion of sugars including, but not limited to, meso erythritol, xylitol, D(+) galactose, D(+) lactose, D(+) xylose, dulcitol, myo-inositol, L(-) fructose, D(-) mannitol, D(+) glucose, D(+) arabinosc, D(-) arabinosc, ccllobiose, D(+) maltose, D(+) raffinose, L(+) rhamnosc, D(+) melibiosc. D(-) ribosc. adonitol, D(+) arabitol, L(-) arabitol, D(+) fucosc, L(-) fucosc, D(-) lyxosc, L(+) lyxosc. and L(-) lyxosc, or amino acids including, but not limited to, glutaminc, lysine, argininc, asparaginc, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidinc, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and taurine. Methods and materials for enhancing blood brain barrier penetration are described, e.g., in U. S. Patent No. 4,866,042. "Method for the delivery of genetic material across the blood brain barrier," 6,294,520, "Material for passage through the blood-brain barrier," and 6,936,589, "Parenteral delivery systems," all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[002 14] The subject antisense compounds may be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule staicturcs or mixtures of compounds, for example, liposomes, receptor-targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absoiption. For example, cationic lipids may be included in the formulation lo facilitate oligonucleotide uptake. One such composition shown to facilitate uptake is L1POFECTIN (available from GIBCO-BRL, Bethcsda, MD). .

[002 1 5] Oligonucleotides with at least one 2'-0-mcthoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration. Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders.

Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful.

[002 16] The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carriers) or cxcipient(s). In general, the fomuilations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid earners or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product. [00217] The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymcthylccllulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

[002 18] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, foams and liposomc-containing fomiulations. The pharmaceutical compositions and formulations of the present invention may comprise one or more penetration enhancers, carriers, excipicnts or other active or inactive ingredients.

[00219] Emulsions arc typically heterogeneous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μιη in diameter. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug that may be present as a solution in cither the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. icroemulsions arc included as an embodiment of the present invention. Emulsions and their uses arc well known in the art and are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.

[00220] Fomiulations of the present invention include liposomal formulations. As used in the present invention, the term "liposome" means a vesicle composed of amphophilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilaycr or bilayers. Liposomes arc unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior that contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes arc positively charged liposomes that arc believed to interact with negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. Liposomes that arc pH-scnsitivc or negatively-charged arc believed to entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Both cationic and noncationic liposomes have been used to deliver DNA to cells.

[00221 ] Liposomes also include "stcrically stabilized" liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids. When incorporated into liposomes, these specialized lipids result in liposomes with enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomcslacking such specialized lipids. Examples of stcrically stabilized liposomes arc those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome comprises one or more glycolipids or is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. Liposomes and their uses arc further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.

[00222] The pharmaceutical fomiulations and compositions of the present invention may also include surfactants. The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions is well known in the art. Surfactants and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287.860, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[00223] In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, panicularly oligonucleotides. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs. Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chclating nonsurfactants. Penetration enhancers and their uses arc further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860. which is incorporated herein by reference.

[00224] One of skill in the art will recognize that formulations arc routinely designed according to their intended use, i.e. route of administration.

[00225] formulations for topical administration include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. diolcoyl-phosphatidyl DOPE cthanolaminc, dimyristoylphosphatidy! choline DMPC, distcarolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. diolcoyltctramcthylaminopropyl DOTAP and diolcoyl-phosphatidyl cthanolaminc DOT A).

[00226] For topical or other administration, oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids, fatty acids and esters, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and their uses are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860.

[00227] Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulatcs. nanoparticulatcs, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable, oral fomiuiations are those in which oligonucleotides of the invention arc administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators, surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof, bile acids/salts and fatty acids and their uses arc further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference. Also arc combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylcne-9-lauryl ether, polyoxycthylenc- 20-cetyl ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticlcs. Oligonucleotide complexing agents and their uses arc further described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,860, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[00228] Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions that may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as. but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipicnts.

[00229] Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more oligomcric compounds and one or more other chcmothcrapcutic agents that function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chcmothcrapcutic agents include but are not limited to cancer chcmothcrapcutic drugs such as daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxombicin, cpirubicin, idaaibicin, csorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamidc, ifosfamidc, cytosinc arabinosidc, bischlorocthyl- nitrosurca, busulfan. mitomycin C. actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone., tamoxifen, dacarbazinc, procarbazine, hcxamcthylmelaminc, pcntamctliylmclamine, mitoxantronc, amsacrinc, clilorambucil, methylcyclohcxylnitrosurca, nitrogen mustards, mclphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguaninc, cytarabinc, 5- azacytidinc, hydroxyurea, dcoxycofonnycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclo-phosphoramidc, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodcoxyuridinc (5-FUdR), methotrexate ( TX), colchicine, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, ctoposiclc (VP- 16), trimctrcxatc, irinotccan, topotccan, gemcitabinc, tcniposide, cisplatin and dicthylstilbcstrol (DES). When used with the compounds of the invention, such chcmothcrapcutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabinc, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. Combinations of antisensc compounds and other non-antisense drugs are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

[00230] In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisensc compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisensc compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. For example, the first target may be a particular antisensc sequence of a Pancreatic Developmental gene, and the second target may be a region from another nucleotide sequence. Alternatively, compositions of the invention may contain two or more antisensc compounds targeted to different regions of the same Pancreatic Developmental gene nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisensc compounds arc illustrated herein and others may be selected from among suitable compounds known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

Dosing:

[0023 1 ] The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration (dosing) is believed to be within the skill of those in the an. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with die course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of die disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of dmg accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 g to 1 0 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ^i to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.

[00232] In embodiments, a patient is treated with a dosage of drug that is at least about 1 , at least about 2. at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, at least about 1 , at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, or at least about 100 mg kg body weight. Certain injected dosages of antisense oligonucleotides are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 7,563,884, "Antisense modulation of PTP I B expression," incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[00233] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Numerous changes to the disclosed embodiments can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above described embodiments.

[00234] All documents mentioned herein arc incorporated herein by reference. All publications and patent documents cited in this application are incorporated by reference for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent document were so individually denoted. By their citation of various references in this document. Applicants do not admit any particular reference is "prior art" to their invention. Embodiments of inventive compositions and methods arc illustrated in the following examples.

EXAMPLES

[00235] The following non-limiting Examples serve to illustrate selected embodiments of the invention. It will be appreciated that variations in proportions and alternatives in elements of the components shown will be apparent to those skilled in the an and arc within the scope of embodiments of the present invention.

Example I: Design of antisense oligonucleotides specific for a nucleic acid molecule antisense to a Pancreatic Developmental gene and/or a sense strand of a Pancreati Developmental gene polynucleotide

[00236] As indicated above the term "oligonucleotide specific for" or "oligonucleotide targets" refers to an oligonucleotide having a sequence (i) capable of fomiing a stable complex with a portion of the targeted gene, or (ii) capable of forming a stable duplex with a portion of an mRNA transcript of the targeted gene.

[00237] Selection of appropriate oligonucleotides is facilitated by using computer programs that automatically align nucleic acid sequences and indicate regions of identity or homology. Such programs arc used to compare nucleic acid sequences obtained, for example, by searching databases such as GcnBank or by sequencing PCR products. Comparison of nucleic acid sequences from a range of species allows the selection of nucleic acid sequences that display an appropriate degree of identity between species. In the case of genes that have not been sequenced. Southern blots arc performed to allow a dctenni nation of the degree of identity between genes in target species and other species. By performing Southern blots at varying degrees of stringency, as is well known in the art, it is possible to obtain an approximate measure of identity. These procedures allow the selection of oligonucleotides that exhibit a high degree of complementarity to target nucleic acid sequences in a subject to be controlled and a lower degree of complementarity to corresponding nucleic acid sequences in other species. One skilled in the art will realize that there is considerable latitude in selecting appropriate regions of genes for use in the present invention.

[00238] An antisensc compound is "specifically hybridizablc" when binding of the compound to the target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the target nucleic acid to cause a modulation of function and/or activity, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisensc compound to non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and under conditions in which assays arc performed in the case of in vitro assays

[00239] The hybridization properties of the oligonucleotides described herein can be determined by one or more in vitro assays as known in the art. For example, the properties of the oligonucleotides described herein can be obtained by determination of binding strength between the target natural antisensc and a potential drug molecules using melting curve assay.

[00240] The binding strength between the target natural antisensc and a potential drug molecule (Molecule) can be estimated using any of the established methods of measuring the strength of intermolccular interactions, for example, a melting curve assay.

[00241 ] Melting curve assay determines the temperature at which a rapid transition from double-stranded to single-stranded conformation occurs for the natural antiscnse/Molcculc complex. This temperature is widely accepted as a reliable measure of the interaction strength between the two molecules.

[00242] A melting curve assay can be performed using a cDNA copy of the actual natural antisensc RNA molecule or a synthetic DNA or RNA nucleotide corresponding to the binding site of the Molecule. Multiple kits containing all necessary reagents to perform this assay are available (e.g. Applied Biosystcms Inc. McltDoctor kit). These kits include a suitable buffer solution containing one of the double strand DNA (dsDN A) binding dyes (such as ABl HRM dyes, SYBR Green. SYTO, etc.). The properties of the dsDNA dyes are such that they emit almost no fluorescence in free form, but are highly fluorescent when bound to dsDN A.

[00243] To perform the assay the cDNA or a corresponding oligonucleotide arc mixed with Molecule in concentrations defined by the particular manufacturer's protocols. The mixture is heated to 95 °C to dissociate all prc-formcd dsDNA complexes, then slowly cooled to room temperature or other lower temperature defined by the kit manufacturer to allow the DNA molecules to anneal. The newly formed complexes arc then slowly heated to 95 °C with simultaneous continuous collection of data on the amount of fluorescence that is produced by the reaction. The fluorescence intensity is inversely proportional to the amounts of dsDNA present in the reaction. The data can be collected using a real time PCR instrument compatible with the kit (c.g.ABI's StcpOnc Plus Real Time PCR System or LightTypcr instrument, Roche Diagnostics, Lewes, UK).

[00244] Melting peaks arc constructed by plotting the negative derivative of fluorescence with respect to temperature (-d(Fluorcscencc)/dT) on the y-axis) against temperature (x-axis) using appropriate software (for example LightTypcr (Roche) or SDS Dissociation Curve, ABI). The data is analyzed to identify the temperature of the rapid transition from dsDNA complex to single strand molecules. This temperature is called Tm and is directly proportional to the strength of interaction between the two molecules. Typically, Tm will exceed 40 °C.

Example 2: Modulation of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide

Treatment o/^' epG2 cells with anti.seme oligonucleotides

[00245] HcpG2 cells from ATCC (cat* HB-8065) were grown in growth media (MEM EBSS (Hyclonc cat #SH30024, or Mcdiatcch cat # MT- 10-O lO-CV) + 10% FBS (Mcdiatech cat* MT35- 0 l l -CV)+ penicillin/streptomycin (Mcdiatcch cat# MT30-002-CI)) at 37°C and 5% C02. One day before the experiment the cells were rcplated at the density of 1 .5 * 105/ml into 6 well plates and incubated at 37°C and 5% C02. On the day of the experiment the media in the 6 well plates was changed to fresh growth media. All antisense oligonucleotides were diluted to the concentration of 20 μΜ. Two μΐ of this solution was incubated with 400 μΙ of Opti-MEM media (Gibco cat#31985-070) and 4 μΐ of Lipofcctaminc 2000 (Invitrogen cat# 1 1668019) at room temperature for 20 min and applied to each well of the 6 well plates with HepG2 cells. A Similar mixture including 2 μΙ of water instead of the oligonucleotide solution was used for the mock-transfcctcd controls. After 3- 1 h of incubation at 37°C and 5% C02 the media was changed to fresh growth media. 48 h after addition of antisense oligonucleotides the media was removed and RNA was extracted from the cells using SV Total RNA Isolation System from Promcga (cat # Z3105) or RNcasy Total RNA Isolation kit from Qiagcn (cat# 741 1 ) following the manufacturers^' instructions. 600 ng of RNA was added to the reverse transcription reaction performed using Verso cD A kit from Thermo Scientific (cat#AB I 453B) or High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (cat# 436X 1 ) as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA from this reverse transcription reaction was used to monitor gene expression by real time PCR using ABI Taqman Gene Expression Mix (cat#4369510) and primcrs/probes designed by ABI (Applied Biosystems Taqman Gene Expression Assay: Hs0 l 22995_sl , HsO I 65 l425_s l , and Hs0042621 _m l by Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City CA). The following PCR cycle was used: 50°C for 2 min, 95°C for 10 min, 40 cycles of (95°C for 15 seconds, 60°C for 1 min) using Mx4⁽⁾00 thermal cycler (Stratagcne). Fold change in gene expression after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides was calculated based on the difference in 18S-normalizcd dCt values between treated and mock-transfcctcd samples.

Results

[00246] Real time PCR results show that the fold change + standard deviation in NeuroD l mR A after treatment of HcpG2 cells with phosphorotioatc oligonucleotides introduced using Lipofcctaminc 2000, as compared to control (Fig I ). [00247] Real time PCR results show that the levels of MAFA mRNA in HcpG2 cells arc significantly increased 48 h after treatment with one of the oligos designed to MAFA antisense BM 127748 (Fig 3).

[00248] Real time PCR results show that the levels of PD 1 mRNA in HcpG2 cells arc significantly increased 48 h after treatment with.onc of the oligos designed to PDX 1 antisense Hs.416201 (Fig 4).

Treatment of ^'51 SA2 cells with antisense oligonucleotides:

[00249] 51 A2 cells obtained from Albert Einstcin- ontcfiorc Cancer Center, NY were grown in growth media ( EM/EBSS (Hyclone cat #SH30024, or Mediatech cat # MT- 10-010-CV) + 10% FBS (Mcdiatcch cat# MT35- O l l -CVH penicillin/streptomycin (Mediatech cat# MT30-002-CI)) at 37°C and 5% C02. One day before the experiment the cells were rcplatcd at the density of 1 .5 * K⁾5/ml into 6 well plates and incubated at 37°C and 5% C02. On the day of the experiment the media in the 6 well plates was changed to fresh growth media. All antisense oligonucleotides were diluted to die concentration of 20 μΜ. Two μΐ of this solution was incubated with 400 μ| of Opti-MEM media (Gibco cat#3 1985-070) and 4 μΙ of Lipofcctamine 2000 (Invitrogcn cat* 1 1668019) at room temperature for 20 min and applied to each well of the 6 well plates with 518A2 cells. Similar mixture including 2 μΐ of water instead of the oligonucleotide solution was used for the mock-transfeetcd controls. After 3- 1 8 h of incubation at 37°C and 5% C02 the media was changed to fresh growth media. 48 h after addition of antisense oligonucleotides the media was removed and RNA was extracted from the cells using SV Total RNA Isolation System from Promega (cat # Z3 I 05) or RNeasy Total RNA Isolation kit from Qiagcn (cat# 74181 ) following the manufacturers' instructions. 600 ng of RNA was added to the reverse transcription reaction performed using Verso cDNA kit from Thermo Scientific (cat#AB 1453B) or High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (cat# 4368 13 as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA from this reverse transcription reaction was used to monitor gene expression by real time PCR using ABI Taqman Gene Expression Mix (cat#4369510) and primers/probes designed by ABI (Applied Biosysteins Taqman Gene Expression Assay: Hs I 23298_m l by Applied Biosysteins Inc., Foster City CA). The following PCR cycle was used: 50°C for 2 min, 95°C for 10 min, 40 cycles of (95°C for 15 seconds, 60°C for 1 min) using StepOne Plus Real Time PCR Machine (Applied Biosysteins). Fold change in gene expression after treatment with antisense oligonucleotides was calculated based on the difference in 1 S-normalizcd dCt values between treated and mock-transfeetcd samples.

[00250] Results: Real time PCR results show that the levels of of HNF4A mRNA in I 8A2 cells arc significantly increased 48h after treatment with oligos to HNF4A antisense transcripts BX0999 I 3, BC07 I 794 and AF 143870 (Fig 2 ).

Treatment of ML ^'/^■"- 7 cells with antisense oligonucleotides:

[0025 1 ] MCF-7 cells from ATCC (cat# HTB-22) were grown in growth media (M EM/EBSS (Hyclone cat #SH30024, or Mcdiatcch cat # MT- 10-010-CV) + 10% FBS (Mediatech cat# MT35- ⁽⁾ 1 I -CV)+ penicillin/streptomycin (Mcdiatcch cat# MT3O-O02-CD) at 37°C and 5% C0₂. One day before the experiment the cells were replatcd at the density of 1 .5 * I 0 ml into 6 well plates and incubated at 37°C and 5% C0₂. On the day of the experiment the media in the 6 well plates was changed to fresh growth media. All antiscnsc oligonucleotides were diluted to the concentration of 20 μΜ. Two μΐ of this solution was incubated with 400 μΐ of Opti- EM media (Gibco cat#3 1 85-070) and 4 μΐ of Lipofcctaminc 2000 (Invitrogcn cat# 1 1668019) at room temperature for 20 min and applied to each well of the 6 well plates with MCF-7 cells. Similar mixture including 2 μΐ of water instead of the oligonucleotide solution was used for the mock-transfectcd controls. After 3- 18 h of incubation at 37°C and 5% C02 the media was changed to fresh growth media. 48 h after addition of antiscnsc oligonucleotides the media was removed and RNA was extracted from the cells using SV Total RNA Isolation System from Piomcga (cat Z3105) or RNcasy Total RNA Isolation kit from Qiagen (cat# 74181 ) following the manufacturers^' instructions. 600 ng of RNA was added to the reverse transcription reaction performed using Verso cDNA kit from Thermo Scientific (cat#AB 1453B) or High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (cat# 4368813) as described in the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA from this reverse transcription reaction was used to monitor gene expression by real time PCR using ABI Taqman Gene Expression Mix (cat#43695 10) and primers/probes designed by ABI (Applied Biosystcms Taqman Gene Expression Assay: Hs00232355_m l . The following PCR cycle was used: 5()°C for 2 min, 95°C for 10 min, 40 cycles of (95°C for 15 seconds, 60°C for I min) using StcpOnc Plus Real Time PCR Machine (Applied Biosystcms).

[00252] Fold change in gene expression after treatment with antiscnsc oligonucleotides was calculated based on the difference in 18S-normalizcd dCt values between treated and mock-transfectcd samples.

[00253] Results: Real time PCR results show that the levels of the NKX6- 1 mRNA in MCF-7 cells arc significantly increased 48 h after treatment with the oligos designed to NKX6- 1 antiscnsc torsnaby.aApr07- unspliccd (Fig 5).

[00254] Although the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.

[00255] The Abstract of the disclosure will allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the following claims.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A method of modulating a function of and/or the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising:

contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antisensc oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said at least one oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to a reverse complement of a polynucleotide comprising 5 to 30 consecutive nucleotides within nucleotides I to 1235 of SEQ ID SEQ I D NO: 6, 1 to 17,964 of SEQ ID NO: 7, I to I to 50,003 of SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 8, 1 to 486 of SEQ ID NO: 9, I to 494 of SEQ ID NO: 10, 1 to 1992 of SEQ I D NO: 1 1 , or 1 to 1767 of SEQ ID NO: 12; thereby modulating a function of and/or the expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.

2. A method of modulating a function of and/cr the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising:

contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antisensc oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said at least one oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to a reverse complement of a natural antisensc of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide; thereby modulating a function of and/or the expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitm.

3. A method of modulating a function Of and/or the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in viim comprising:

contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antisensc oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to an antisensc oligonucleotide to the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide; thereby modulating a function of and/or the expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in viim.

4. A method of modulating a function of and/cr the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising:

contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antiscnse oligonucleotide that targets a region of a natural antiscnse oligonucleotide of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide; thereby modulating a function of and/or the expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in patient cells or (issues in vivo or in viim.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein a function of and/or the expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene is increased in vivo or in viim with respect to a control.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one antiscnse oligonucleotide targets a natural antiscnse sequence of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets a nucleic acid sequence comprising coding and/or non-coding nucleic acid sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide.

8. The method of claim 4, wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide targets overlapping and/or non- overlapping sequences of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide.

9. The method of claim 4. wherein the at least one antisense oligonucleotide comprises one or more modifications selected from: at least one modified sugar moiety, at least one modified intcmuclcosidc linkage, at least one modified nucleotide, and combinations thereof.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified sugar moiety selected from: a 2'-0-mcthoxycthyl modified sugar moiety, a 2'-methoxy modified sugar moiety, a 2'-0-alkyl modified sugar moiety, a bicyclic sugar moiety, and combinations thereof.

1 1. The method of claim 9, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified intcmuclcosidc linkage selected from: a phosphorothioatc, 2 - Omcthoxyethyl ( OE), 2'-fliioro, alkylphosphonatc, phosphorodithioatc, alkylphosphonothioatc, phosphoramidatc, carbamate, carbonate, phosphate tricstcr, acetamidate, carboxymethyl ester, and combinations thereof.

12. Tlie method of claim 9, wherein the one or more modifications comprise at least one modified nucleotide selected from: a peptide nucleic acid (P A), a locked nucleic acid (LNA), an arabino-iuicleic acid ( FA A), an analogue, a derivative, and combinations thereof.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one oligonucleotide comprises at least one oligonucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 45.

14. A method of modulating a function of and/or the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in mammalian cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro comprising:

contacting said cells or tissues with at least one short interfering NA (siRNA) oligonucleotide 5 to 30 nucleotides in length, said at least one siRNA oligonucleotide being specific for an antisense polynucleotide of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide, wherein said at least one siRNA oligonucleotide has at least

50% sequence identity to a complementary sequence of at least about five consecutive nucleic acids of the antisense and/or sense nucleic acid molecule of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide: and. modulating a function of and/or the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in mammalian cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.

15. The method of claim 14. wherein said oligonucleotide has at least 80% sequence identity to a sequence of at least about five consecutive nucleic acids that is complementary to the antisense and/or sense nucleic acid molecule of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide.

16. A method of modulating a function of and/or the expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in mammalian cells or tissues in vivo or in vi/ro comprising: contacting said cells or tissues with at least one antiscnsc oligonucleotide of about 5 to 30 nucleotides in length specific for noncoding and/or coding sequences of a sense and/or natural antiscnsc strand of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide wherein said at least one antiscnsc oligonucleotide has at least 50% sequence identity to at least one nucleic acid sequence set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 12; and, modulating the function and/or expression of the Pancreatic Developmental gene in mammalian cells or tissues in vivo or in vitro.

17. A synthetic, modified oligonucleotide comprising at least one modification wherein the at least one modification is selected from: at least one modified sugar moiety; at least one modified intcmucicotidc linkage; at least one modified nucleotide, and combinations thereof; wherein said oligonucleotide is an antiscnsc compound which hybridizes to and modulates the function and/or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene in vivo or in vitro as compared to a normal control.

18. The oligonucleotide of claim 1 7, wherein the at least one modification comprises an intcmucicotidc linkage selected from the group consisting of: phosphorothioate, alkylphosphonate, phosphorodithioatc, alkylphosphonothioatc, phosphoramidatc, carbamate, carbonate, phosphate tricstcr, acctamidatc, carboxymethyl ester, and combinations thereof.

19. The oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises at least one phosphorothioate intcmucicotidc linkage.

20. The oligonucleotide of claim 1 7, wherein said oligonucleotide comprises a backbone of phosphorothioate intcmucicotidc linkages.

21. The oligonucleotide of claim 17. wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleotide, said modified nucleotide selected from: a peptide nucleic acid, a locked nucleic acid (LNA). analogue, derivative, and a combination thereof.

22. The oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a plurality of modifications, wherein said modifications comprise modified nucleotides selected from: phosphorothioate, alkylphosphonate. phosphorodithioatc, alkylphosphonothioatc, phosphoramidatc, carbamate, carbonate, phosphate tricstcr, acctamidatc, carboxymethyl ester, and a combination thereof.

23. The oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a plurality of modifications, wherein said modifications comprise modified nucleotides selected from: peptide nucleic acids, locked nucleic acids (LNA), analogues, derivatives, and a combination thereof.

24. The oligonucleotide of claim 1 , wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety selected from: a 2'-0-mcthoxycthyl modified sugar moiety, a 2'-mcthoxy modified sugar moiety, a 2'-0-alkyl modified sugar moiety, a bicyclic sugar moiety, and a combination thereof.

25. The oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises a plurality of modifications, wherein said modifications comprise modified sugar moieties selected from: a 2'-0-mcthoxyethyl modified sugar moiety, a 2'-methoxy modified sugar moiety, a 2'-0-alkyl modified sugar moiety, a bicyclic sugar moiety, and a combination thereof.

26. The oligonucleotide of claim 1 7, wherein the oligonucleotide is of at least about 5 to 30 nucleotides in length and hybridizes to an antisense and/or sense strand of a Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide wherein said oligonucleotide has at least about 20% sequence identity to a complementary sequence of at least about five consecutive nucleic acids of the antisense and/or sense coding and/or noncoding nucleic acid sequences of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide.

27. The oligonucleotide of claim 1 7, wherein the oligonucleotide has at least about 80% sequence identity to a complementary sequence of at least about five consecutive nucleic acids of the antisense and/or sense coding and/or noncoding nucleic acid sequence of the Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide.

28. The oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein said oligonucleotide hybridizes to and modulates expression and/or function of at least one Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide in vivo or in viim, as compared to a normal control.

29. The oligonucleotide of claim 17, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises the sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 45.

30. A composition comprising one or more oligonucleotides specific for one or more Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotides, said polynucleotides comprising antisense sequences, complementary sequences, alleles, homologs, isoforms, variants, derivatives, mutants, fragments, or combinations thereof.

3 1 . The composition of claim 30, wherein the oligonucleotides have at least about 40% sequence identity as compared to any one of the nucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 45.

32. The composition of claim 30, wherein the oligonucleotides comprise nucleotide sequences set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 45.

33. The composition of claim 32, wherein the oligonucleotides set forth as SEQ ID NOS: 13 to 45 comprise one or more modifications or substitutions.

34. The composition of claim 33, wherein the one or more modifications arc selected from: phosphorothioatc. mcthylphosphonatc, peptide nucleic acid, locked nucleic acid (LNA) molecules, and combinations thereof.

35. A method of preventing or treating a disease associated with at least one Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide and/or at least one encoded product thereof, comprising:

administering to a patient a therapeutically effective dose of at least one antisense oligonucleotide that binds to a natural antisense sequence of said at least one Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide and modulates expression of said at least one Pancreatic Dc%'clopmcntal gene polynucleotide: thereby preventing or treating the disease associated with the at least one Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide and/or at least one encoded product thereof.

36. The mctliod of claim 35, wherein a disease associated with the at least one Pancreatic Developmental gene polynucleotide is selected from: a disease or disorder associated with abnormal function and/or expression of a Pancreatic Developmental gene, a disease or disorder associated with abnormal function and/or expression of any of the genes listed in Table I , a cardiovascular disease or disorder (e.g., congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, an Ischemic disease, an atrial or ventricular arrhythmia, a hypertensive vascular disease, a peripheral vascular disease, and atherosclerosis etc.), inflammation, a gastrointestinal disease or disorder (e.g.. a disorder of the esophagus, achalasia, vigonios achalasia, dysphagia, cricopharyngcal incoordination, prc- esophageal dysphagia, diffuse esophageal spasm, globus sensation, Barrett's metaplasia, gastroesophageal reflux etc.), a disease or disorder of the stomach and/or duodenum (e.g., functional dyspepsia, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, gastritis, stress gastritis, chronic erosive gastritis, atrophy of gastric glands, metaplasia of gastric tissues, gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, a neoplasm of the stomach), a disease or disorder of the pancreas (e.g., acute or chronic pancreatitis, insufficiency of the exocrinic or endocrinic tissues of the pancreas like steatorrhea, diabetes etc.), a neoplasm of the exocrine or endocrine pancreas (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, ductal adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, an islet cell rumor, insulinoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, glucagonoma, Zollingcr-Ellison syndrome. Vipoma syndrome, malabsorption syndrome etc.),a disease or disorder of the bowel (e.g., chronic inflammatory disease of the bowel, Crohn's disease, ileus, diarrhea and constipation, colonic inertia, megacolon, malabsorption syndrome, ulcerative colitis, a functional bowel disorder, irritable bowel syndrome etc.,), a neoplasm of the bowel (e.g., familial polyposis, adenocarcinoma, primary malignant lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, polyps, cancer of the colon and rectum.); a hepatic disease or disorder (e.g.. bilirubin metabolism disorder, jaundice, syndroms of Gilbert's, Criglcr-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson and Rotor; intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension, ascites, Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal-systemic encephalopathy, fatty l iver, steatosis, Rcyc's syndrome, a liver disease due to alcohol, alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis etc.), fibrosis and/or cirrhosis of the liver due to inborn errors of metabolism or exogenous substances, a storage disease or disorder, syndrome of Gaucher' s, Zellweger's, Wilson's - disease, acute or chronic hepatitis, viral hepatitis and its variants; an inflammatory condition of the liver due to virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminth: a drug induced disease or disorder of the liver, a chronic liver disease like primary sclerosing cholangitis, alphai- antiirypsin- deficiency, primary biliary cirrhosis, a postoperative liver disorder like postoperative intrahepatic cholestasis, a hepatic granuloma, a vascular liver disease or disorder associated with systemic disease, a benign or malignant neoplasm of the liver, a disturbance of liver metabolism in the new-born or prematurely bom, a musculoskeletal Disease (e.g., osteoporosis, postmenopausal osteoporosis, senile osteoporosis, secondary' osteoporosis, idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis, Pagct's disease of the bone, osteochondroma, osteocartilaginous exostosc, etc.), a tumor of the bone (e.g., benign chondromas, chondroblastomas, chondromyxoid fibromas. osteoid osteomas, a giant cell tumor of the bone, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcomas, Ewing's tumor (Ewing's sarcoma), malignant lymphoma of bone (reticulum cell sarcoma, metastatic tumors of the bone), osteoarthritis, and gout and Pseudogout; a disorder of joint and connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, discoid lupus erythematosus, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), Sjogren's syndrome, connective tissue disease, polymyositis and dcrmatomyositis, relapsing polychondritis, vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyalgia rheumatica, temporal arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Rcitcr's syndrome, Behcet's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, or Charcot's joints (neuropathic joint disease) etc.); a bone and joint infection (e.g., osteomyelitis, and infectious arthritis); a disease or disorder of muscles, bursas, and/or tendons (e.g., spasmodic torticollis, fibromyalgia syndromes (myofascial pain syndromes, fibromyositis), bursitis, tendinitis and tenosynovitis), foot problem (e.g., ankle sprain, foot fractures, heel spurs, Scvcr's disease, posterior achi!lcs tendon bursitis, anterior achillcs tendon bursitis, posterior tibial neuralgia, pain in the ball of the foot (caused by damage to the nerves between the toes or to the joints between the toes and foot), onychomycosis, or nail discoloration), cancer, an inflammatory disease or disorder such as: hypersensitivity reactions of type I - IV (e.g., a hypersensitivity disease of the lung including asthma, atopic diseases, allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis, angiocdcma of the lids, hereditary angioedema, antireceptor hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, pemphigus, myasthenia gravis. Grave's and Raynaud's disease, type B insulin-resistant diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, polymyositis, sarcoidosis, glomerulonephritis, acute or chronic host versus graft reactions); a pulmonary disease or disorder such as: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); a urinary system disorder such as: malign disorders of the organs constituting the genitourinary system of female and male, a renal disease or disorder like acute or I chronic renal failure, immunologically mediated renal diseases like renal transplant rejection, lupus nephritis, immune complex renal diseases, glomerulopathies, nephritis, toxic nephropathy, an obstructive uropathy like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), neurogenic bladder syndrome, urinary incontinence like urge-, stress-, or overflow incontinence, pelvic pain, and erectile dysfunction, a disease or a disorder associated with defective endocrine pancreatic development (e.g.. type 2 diabetes mellitus); a disease or a disorder associated with defective neurogenesis: a neurodegenerative disease or disorder (e.g. Alzheimer's disease. Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis etc.); a disease or a disorder associated with defective development of the vestibular and/or auditory system, a disease or a disorder associated with photoreceptor cell degeneration (e.g.. loss of vision, age-related macular degeneration etc.), obesity, a disease or a disorder associated with defective functioning of liver (e.g., liver failure), pulverulent cataract, cerulean cataract, non-syndromic congenital cataract, congenital cataract-microcornea syndrome, a pancreatic disease or a disorder (e.g., diabetes, MODY syndrome, Partial pancreas agenesis, chronic hyperglycemia, pancreatic beta cell failure, glucose toxicity, Glucose Intolerance, Metabolic syndrome X etc.), Crohn's disease, myocardial infarction, hypcrcholcstrcmia, intcrcranial artcrosclcrosis, cerebral infarction, hcrpcsviral infection, a disease or disorder associated with impaired lipid metabolism, a disease or disorder associated with insulin production, a disease or disorder associated with serotonin production (e.g,. depression and obesity), a neurological disease or disorder (including disorders associated with neural defects (e.g., defects in motor neurons, serotonin-producing neurons, dopamine neurons, and developmental defects in the forcbrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord) etc.), a disease of the reproductive System and a metabolic disease or disorder such as diabetes (e.g., type 2 diabetes; non-insulin dependent diabetes mcllitus).

A method of identifying and selecting at least one oligonucleotide for in vivo administration comprising: selecting a target polynucleotide associated with a disease state; identifying at least one oligonucleotide comprising at least five consecutive nucleotides which arc complementary to the selected target polynucleotide or to a polynucleotide that is antisense to the selected target polynucleotide; measuring the thermal melting point of a hybrid of an antisense oligonucleotide and the target polynucleotide or the polynucleotide that is antisense to the selected target polynucleotide under stringent hybridization conditions; and selecting at least one oligonucleotide for in vivo administration based on the information obtained.