WO2011072927A1 - Dispositif et procédé de mesurage d'allongement rapide - Google Patents

Dispositif et procédé de mesurage d'allongement rapide Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011072927A1
WO2011072927A1 PCT/EP2010/066087 EP2010066087W WO2011072927A1 WO 2011072927 A1 WO2011072927 A1 WO 2011072927A1 EP 2010066087 W EP2010066087 W EP 2010066087W WO 2011072927 A1 WO2011072927 A1 WO 2011072927A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sensor fiber
measurement
fiber
sensor
reflection
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2010/066087
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Sascha Liehr
Original Assignee
Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM)
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Publication date
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Publication of WO2011072927A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011072927A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G01L1/242—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet the material being an optical fibre
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/353—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre
    • G01D5/35338—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells influencing the transmission properties of an optical fibre using other arrangements than interferometer arrangements
    • G01D5/35354—Sensor working in reflection
    • G01D5/35367—Sensor working in reflection using reflected light other than backscattered to detect the measured quantity

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for rapid strain measurement and an associated method for performing a rapid strain measurement.
  • DMS strain gauges
  • FBG fiber Bragg gratings
  • FBG fiber Bragg gratings
  • fiber optic sensors based on direct phase measurement of a
  • intensity modulated signal in transmission known. These systems are also capable of high-frequency and accurate measure length changes. However, these sensors can only determine the total length change along the fiber, but not the change in length of defined fiber sections.
  • OTDR technique optical time domain reflectometry
  • OFDR technique optical frequency domain reflectometry
  • strain measurement With the aid of the OTDR technique or the OFDR technique reflection points can be measured relatively accurately.
  • the OTDR technique and the OFDR technique require a comparatively long measurement time, which precludes the application of these two techniques for dynamic applications.
  • the well-known electrical sensors, such as strain gauges, similar to FBGs measure the strain only selectively and have beyond the usual
  • 2007/131794 known. It describes a monitoring system that uses Brillouin frequency domain analysis to monitor the elongation of an optical fiber to detect, for example, changes in a dike or similar safety-related structure.
  • a method of strain measurement on a sensor fiber comprises the steps of providing at least one sensor fiber having a reflection location at n predetermined positions, where n>1; the provision of a reference transmission function of the sensor fiber, wherein the reference transmission function has been determined in a predetermined initial state of the sensor fiber; performing m> n optical frequency domain reflectometry Measurements at m different measuring frequencies for the determination of m
  • Meßübertragungsfunktionen the determination of a local displacement of at least one reflection point based on the reference transfer function
  • Meßübertragungsfunktionen and the determination of the elongation of an adjacent to the at least one reflection point portion of the sensor fiber based on the determined local displacement of the reflection point.
  • the method provides very high accuracy down to the micrometer range.
  • the accuracy of the measurement can be increased if more measurements are made than reflection points are present in the sensor fiber (m> n).
  • the method also allows the simultaneous measurement of n reflections, i. n individual fiber lengths, in reflection. Therefore, it is possible to measure from one side of the fiber and also only one sensor fiber has to be installed in the structure to be monitored.
  • the present method makes relatively lower demands on the frequency range of the components used, thereby
  • the sensor fiber reflection sites comprise one end of the sensor fiber, a connector interconnecting two adjacent portions of the sensor fiber, a reflection spot created in the manufacture of the sensor fiber, or one after the sensor fiber
  • the provision of the reference transfer function comprises performing a frequency domain reflectometry measurement on the sensor fiber in
  • the modulation frequencies for the optical signal are configured to be identical to the optical signal. According to one embodiment, the modulation frequencies for the optical signal.
  • Frequency domain reflectometry measurements are in the range of 1 Hz to 10 GHz.
  • the accuracy of the measurement depends on the device used to measure the transfer function.
  • network analyzers can be used in the frequency range between 1 Hz and 10 GHz. If a high accuracy is desired, a small filter bandwidth should be used for the devices. When measuring very short sections, devices in the frequency range above 10 GHz must be used.
  • determining the local displacement can
  • Phase shift for a respective reflection point and determining the local displacement by means of the phase shift.
  • these steps can be repeated at least once, and as a new input for the positions of the reflections, the positions of the reflections corrected by the previously determined local displacement are used.
  • the method may further comprise an optical frequency domain reflectometry measurement on a reference sensor fiber or a
  • the measuring method can also be used in areas that are exposed to strong temperature fluctuations.
  • a sensor fiber having at n predetermined positions each have a reflection point, where n> 1, connected to the sensor fiber means for performing an optical frequency domain reflectometry measurement, and connected to the device evaluation unit for determining an elongation of the sensor fiber wherein the system is set up, a method as described above
  • the system comprises a plurality of sensor fibers which are connected to the means for performing an optical frequency domain reflectometry measurement via at least one optical splitter, wherein the reflection points in the plurality of sensor fibers are arranged so that their respective positions are so different from each other at maximum strain of the sensor fibers the positions are distinguishable.
  • a single system can simultaneously monitor multiple structures or different portions of a structure.
  • the use of one or more other systems is thereby superfluous.
  • the system further comprises a reference sensor fiber or a reference section of the sensor fiber, wherein the reference sensor fiber or the Reference portion of the sensor fiber extend substantially parallel to at least one sensor fiber, wherein the reference sensor fiber or the reference portion of the sensor fiber are adapted to determine a temperature dependence of the optical frequency domain reflectometry measurement.
  • the system can be used while maintaining its accuracy in areas where severe temperature fluctuations occur.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic representation of a system according to another
  • Fig. 3 shows an example of a transfer function of the sensor fiber in the frequency domain, which was determined in the initial state of the sensor fiber.
  • FIG. 4 shows the impulse response determined in FIG. 3 from the transfer function according to FIG.
  • the time domain The decomposition of the impulse response into single impulse functions.
  • FIG. 6 shows the subtraction of the individual impulse functions from the impulse response by one
  • FIG. 11 shows a schematic illustration of a system with a plurality of sensor fibers according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of a system with temperature compensation according to yet another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a system 100 according to a
  • a sensor fiber 110 is connected to a device 120 for carrying out an optical frequency domain reflectometry measurement (OFDR measurement).
  • the device 120 comprises a device for measuring the complex transfer function 122, for example a network analyzer,
  • the network analyzer 122 typically a continuous wave laser source.
  • the network analyzer 122 generates a sinusoidal output signal of frequency f. By means of this signal, an amplitude modulation of the laser source 124 is performed, wherein the
  • Network analyzer 122 can tune the frequency f in a predetermined frequency interval with predetermined frequency steps. For example, a
  • the light emitted by the laser source 124 is coupled into the sensor fiber 110 via an optical circulator 126.
  • the circulator 126 further decouples the signal reflected in the sensor fiber 110 and passes it to a photodiode 128.
  • the photodiode 128 converts the optical signal from the circulator 126 into an electrical signal and outputs this signal S to the network analyzer 122.
  • the network analyzer 122 now determines the transfer function of the sensor fiber 110 on the basis of the signal S.
  • An evaluation unit 130 for determining an expansion of the sensor fiber 110 is connected to the device 120, and typically to the network analyzer 122.
  • the evaluation unit 130 is set up to carry out a method according to the exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
  • the evaluation unit 130 may be a computer that is set up by the program to execute such a method.
  • the evaluation unit 130 may be provided with an output unit (not shown), for example a screen or a printer, be connected. The strain determined by the evaluation unit 130 can then be displayed or output on the output unit.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a system according to another
  • the sensor fiber 110 at predetermined positions z 1; z 2 each have a reflection point Rl, R2.
  • Reflection Rl, R2 of the sensor fiber can be formed for example by connectors, in particular those with 0 ° -schliff, the connectors connect two adjacent portions of the sensor fiber with each other.
  • the connectors connect two adjacent portions of the sensor fiber with each other.
  • Revelation are therefore also understood to mean a plurality of interconnected fibers as a sensor fiber, since, as in the embodiment of FIG. 2, they can form a common fiber measurement path.
  • the reflections R1, R2 can also be formed differently.
  • the reflection points R 1, R 2 can be formed by reflection positions produced during or after the production of the sensor fiber.
  • the open end of the sensor fiber 110 itself can serve as a reflection point, so it is designed in such a way that the light is substantially reflected.
  • the fiber end can have a 0 ° grating and / or be mirrored.
  • the number and the position of the reflection points in the sensor fiber is essentially freely selectable.
  • n> 1 reflection points in the sensor fiber 110 can be provided quite generally.
  • a method for measuring the strain on the sensor fiber 110 according to FIG. 2 will now be explained by way of example.
  • the reference transfer function was determined in a predetermined initial state of the sensor fiber. This may, for example, be an unstretched condition of the sensor fiber if subsequently strains are to be observed. Conversely, the sensor fiber can also be installed in a stretched initial state, if subsequent upsetting is to be observed. To determine the
  • Reference transfer function is first made an OFDR measurement on the sensor fiber 110 in the initial state and after calibration of the measuring system. Based on this measurement, the transfer function H (f) of the sensor fiber is determined in the frequency domain. The result of this measurement is shown in FIG. 3, where both amount and phase of the transfer function are shown. In a next step, an impulse response in the time domain is now determined from the transfer function H (f). For this purpose, the transfer function H (f) becomes an inverse
  • the inverse Fourier transform is performed as an inverse fast Fourier transform. The obtained in this way
  • the impulse response h (z) is now decomposed into two single-impulse functions hi (z) and h 2 (z). This is shown in FIG.
  • a region is defined around each individual pulse (hatched box in FIG. 5) and the impulse response outside of these regions is set to zero.
  • the respective impulse responses are obtained separately for hi (z) and h 2 (z).
  • overshoots typically occur adjacent the respective major peak of a single pulse. In this case, for example, the minimum between the main peak and the first side peak can be determined on each side of the single pulse. The range of the single pulse would then be located between these two minima.
  • the results of the present method are robust to the off-cutting criterion, so that other than the just-described criterion for selecting the range for a particular single pulse can be used.
  • the decomposition into individual pulses is analog, if the sensor fiber has a number other than two reflections.
  • Reflection Rl, R2 are shown in Fig. 7, wherein each amount and phase are shown. Similarly, the time domain background function ho (z) is used by
  • Reference transfer function for the further process steps is a one-time process. Is the
  • OFDR measurements are performed on the sensor fiber.
  • a total of m measurements at m different measuring frequencies f k are performed to determine m Meßübertragungsfunktionen M k .
  • m> n ie the number of frequency points is at least equal to the number of reflection points in the sensor fiber. If one chooses m> n, one obtains an overdetermined system of equations in the evaluation and can thus the accuracy of the
  • the local displacement ⁇ ⁇ a respective reflection point is determined, as can be determined from the local displacement, the strain.
  • the local displacement ⁇ ⁇ by first determining the frequency domain subsurface function H 0 (f k ) for a respective measurement frequency f k of the
  • Measurement transfer function M k subtracted at this measurement frequency.
  • the background is first removed from the Meßübertragungsfunktionen M k .
  • a phase shift ⁇ ⁇ for a respective reflection point is determined and from this in turn the local displacement ⁇ ⁇ .
  • the results of the measurements M k at the arbitrary frequency points f k of the frequencies f k , k C ⁇ 1,..., M ⁇ , correspond (within the measuring error) to the sum of the
  • the individual equations are linked to one another via the auxiliary quantities A rk .
  • c 0 is the vacuum speed of light and n gr is the refractive index of the fiber.
  • the accuracy can be increased by overdetermination of the system of equations to m> n frequency points.
  • the following general equation system results for n reflections and m frequency points:
  • the first argument is the cross product and the second argument is the scalar product between
  • R2 can then be determined on the basis of the original lengths z ⁇ and z 2 of the fiber sections, the strain values for one or more sections of the sensor fiber.
  • the above steps can also be repeated.
  • the value z r converges quickly and stably so that only a few iterations
  • the method provides very high accuracy down to the micrometer range.
  • the accuracy of the measurement can be increased if more measurements are made than reflection points are present in the sensor fiber (m> n).
  • the method also allows the simultaneous measurement of n reflections, i. n individual fiber lengths, in reflection. Therefore, it is possible to measure from one side of the fiber and also only one sensor fiber has to be installed in the structure to be monitored.
  • the present method is comparatively less Demands on the frequency range of the components used, whereby less expensive components can be used.
  • FIG. 9 shows a time-resolved strain measurement on the fiber shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 10 shows another time-resolved measurement according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the demonstrator described below was built. Two single-mode fibers were glued in a prestressed state to an 8 mm thick chipboard on both sides, so that in each case a bending of the chipboard two fibers are stretched and two fibers are compressed. The individual fiber sections are connected by means of fiber connectors with strong reflections.
  • Fiber sections show excellent agreement in magnitude and sign with the expected behavior.
  • the measurement also demonstrates the ability of the system to monitor multiple sensor fibers simultaneously and independently.
  • the system comprises a first sensor fiber 210 and a second sensor fiber 212.
  • the first sensor fiber 210 has a first reflection point Rl at a distance z ⁇ and a second
  • the second sensor fiber 212 has a third one
  • the reflection points R1, R2, R3, R4 in the first and second sensor fibers 210, 212 are arranged so that their respective positions z 1; z 2 , z, z 4 are so different from one another that even at maximum elongation of the sensor fibers 210, 212 the positions z 1; z 2 , z, z 4 are distinguishable.
  • z ⁇ 100 m
  • z 2 200 m
  • z 3 50 m
  • z 4 150 m.
  • the first and second sensor fibers 210, 212 are Connected via an optical coupler or an optical splitter 240 to the device 120 for OFDR measurement.
  • an optical coupler or an optical splitter 240 By means of the coupler / splitter 240 multiplexing of the signals in the first fiber 210 and the second fiber 212 is possible. Due to the sufficient distance between the reflection, however, these can be unambiguously assigned.
  • FIG. 12 shows a schematic representation of a system 300 with
  • Temperature compensation according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. For long measuring distances or in applications where strong
  • Temperature changes may occur, the accuracy of the change in length measurement is basically limited by temperature influences.
  • the thermal expansion of the fiber or sheath material or of the cable and the temperature dependence of the refractive index of the fiber have an effect on the absolutely measured positions of the reflection parts.
  • a temperature compensation for the separation of temperature and strain is achieved by the substantially parallel installation of a fiber of the same type with length reserve. Due to the length reserve, no stretching of the sensor fiber occurs, so that only the temperature-induced effect is measured in these fibers or fiber sections.
  • the system 300 according to FIG. 12 has reference sections 312, 314 of the sensor fiber 310, which run essentially parallel to a sensor fiber 310 and are laid with a length reserve.
  • the reference section 312 serves between a third and a fourth reflection point R3, R4 of the sensor fiber 310 as a temperature reference to
  • the reference portion 314 between the second and the third reflection point R2, R3 of the sensor fiber 310 serves as a temperature reference to the strain gauge between z ⁇ and z 2 , ie the fiber section between the first
  • the measured strain of the sensor fiber can be compensated accordingly.
  • the measured change in length of the reference section can be normalized to the respective installed lengths of the associated strain gauges of the sensor fiber.
  • the thus determined temperature-dependent effect is then subtracted from the measured change in length of the strain gauges. In this way one obtains a temperature-compensated strain signal.
  • the temperature of a respective section of the sensor fiber 310 can also be determined.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Optical Transform (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de mesurage d'allongement sur une fibre de capteur qui comprend les étapes suivantes : (a) préparation d'au moins une fibre de capteur, qui présente un point de réflexion sur chacune des n positions (zr) prédéterminées, sachant que n est ≥ 1 ; (b) préparation d'une fonction de transmission de référence (H0, Hr) de la fibre de capteur, la fonction de transmission de référence (H0, Hr) ayant été déterminée dans un état initial prédéfini de la fibre de capteur ; (c) mise en œuvre de m ≥ n mesures optiques de réflectométrie de plage de fréquences avec m fréquences de mesure (fk) différentes les unes des autres pour la détermination de m fonctions de transmission de mesure (Mk) ; (d) détermination d'un déplacement local (Δzr) d'au moins un point de réflexion à l'aide de la fonction de transmission de référence (H0, Hr) et des fonctions de transmission de mesure (Mk) ; et (e) détermination de l'allongement d'un tronçon, voisin du au moins un point de réflexion, de la fibre de capteur à l'aide du déplacement local déterminé (Δzr) du point de réflexion.
PCT/EP2010/066087 2009-12-16 2010-10-25 Dispositif et procédé de mesurage d'allongement rapide WO2011072927A1 (fr)

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DE102009058520.6 2009-12-16
DE102009058520.6A DE102009058520B4 (de) 2009-12-16 2009-12-16 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur schnellen Dehnungsmessung

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EP2725333A3 (fr) * 2012-10-23 2017-12-20 The Boeing Company Capteur de contrainte à tranche de cristal photonique couplé à une fibre, système et procédé de fabrication et d'utilisation

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DE102012002359A1 (de) 2011-07-31 2013-01-31 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Überprüfung der Funktion einer Messkette aus optischen Dehnungssensoren
DE102014101105B3 (de) * 2014-01-29 2015-06-11 Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Vertreten Durch Den Bundesminister Für Wirtschaft Und Energie, Dieser Vertreten Durch Den Präsidenten Der Bundesanstalt Für Materialforschung Und -Prüfung (Bam) Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Reflexionsunterdrückung bei der Messung einer Messgröße mittels einer optischen Faser
DE102018205722A1 (de) * 2018-04-16 2019-10-17 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Abstandsmessung mittels Reflektometrie in Lichtwellenleitern

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2725333A3 (fr) * 2012-10-23 2017-12-20 The Boeing Company Capteur de contrainte à tranche de cristal photonique couplé à une fibre, système et procédé de fabrication et d'utilisation
US9921115B2 (en) 2012-10-23 2018-03-20 The Boeing Company Optical fiber coupled photonic crystal slab strain sensor, system and method of fabrication and use

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