WO2011068425A1

WO2011068425A1 - Structure of gaseous and radiational thermal insulation of glass units

Info

Publication number: WO2011068425A1
Application number: PCT/PL2010/050060
Authority: WO
Inventors: Antoni Kostka; Mariusz Paszkowski
Original assignee: Kostka I Paszkowski Spolka Komandytowo-Akcyjna
Priority date: 2009-12-04
Filing date: 2010-12-04
Publication date: 2011-06-09
Also published as: PL226049B1; PL389770A1

Abstract

Structure of gaseous and radiational thermal insulation of glass units with two- compartment insulation glass, consisting of two external transparent panels in the form of glass, between which there is a transparent medium of transparent gas and invisible elements, characterized in that the transparent partitions (2) have a V-shaped cross- section with an angle of aperture of 80 to 100 degrees, preferably 90 degrees, and form a set that fills the interior of the glazing, where the plane determined by the bisector of the angle of aperture is parallel to the pane (1) and the partitions (2) are mutually parallel to each other, and the lines of contact between the partitions (2) and the panes (1) are horizontal, and also a low-emission coating (3) is located in the interior of the glazing -on the surface of the pane (1) which is directed towards the zone of lower temperature, while the distance between the partitions (2) is dependent on the type of gas, and in the case of glazing thickness from 16 to36 millimeters ranges from 2 to 3 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 3 to 4 millimeters for krypton, 4 to 5 millimeters of dry argon, and for box-shaped glazing with over 15 cm of thickness, the distance between the specific partitions (2) of the package will be in the range of 4 to 6 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 6 to 8 millimeters of krypton and 12-16 mm for the dry argon and dry air.

Description

Structure of gaseous and radiational

thermal insulation of glass units

Field of the invention

The object of the invention is the thermal gaseous and radiational insulation structure, especially windows with insulated glass consisting of two transparent, rigid panes with a transparent gaseous medium and invisible for the user transparent elements between them.

It is a completely transparent thermal insulation, i.e. not diffusing, not refracting and not reflecting visible radiation, and also, not distorting the view through the glazing.

Background of the invention

Several well known and commonly used heat insulating materials owe their high heat resistance, in some cases exceeding the resistance of pure, free gas to their specific fine-pore structure, which encloses and separates fundamental, small portions of such gas (usually air) from each other. Since gas is a far greater insulator when it is being held motionless, such division of volume is intended to reduce any movements of a fluid medium, making the development of thermal convection difficult. Traditional thermal insulating pore-structured materials have, however, several disadvantages. In thicker layers they are opaque which rejects them from many applications. The reason for this occurrence is the contrast between the optical properties of the gas medium, which fills the pores and the polymer frame with the light diffraction coefficient, which is significantly greater than the gas. Even though the polymer is completely transparent, as a result of repeated reflection and refraction of rays on numerous porewalls located on ray's way, light cannot get through the insulation.

Attempts were made to design a thermal insulating material with a structure of empty spaces in it, feasible for a wide range of applications, i.e. one that would have high heat resistance and would be transparent at the same time. Three different directions of research have been followed.

First of all, the size of the elements of the frame of porous materials is being attempted to be reduced so that their size is far smaller than the length of a visible light wave. This resulted in the invention of cutting-edge thermal insulating material - aerogel.

Aerogel is a fine porous material from an amorphous silica or polymer, with size of pores in the range of 20 nanometers, fractally limited by an organized network of chain-like filaments (fibers) and membranes of thickness of about 2 nanometers for the lowest-order structures. Aerogel exhibits a number of favorable properties: very high thermal resistance, low specific weight, near-zero reflection of light from the surface. What is important, it is translucent, in thin layers, almost completely transparent. In thicker layers, however, it scatters light, similarly to tobacco smoke, and thus, sometimes it is called frozen smoke. Number of commercially available glazing structures with aerogel plates have been developed (e.g. Aspen Systems Inc., Airglass)

The main obstacles for using these kinds of systems are very high price of aerogel, its sophisticated technology of production, extremely high fragility that makes shipping and handling difficult, and limited visibility. Light layer of fog and its bluish or yellowish tone, which is visible especially in windows directed towards south, where the sun strikes the window greatest, eliminates this material for applications where the quality of view plays a significant role - exhibition windows, sight-windows, etc.

Secondly, attempts were made to produce a highly organized structure with patterned macroscopic geometry similar to a capillary plate, honey strip or a structure of parallel, contactless flat partitions (windows with several window panels in it, several compartments or one, two or even three sheets of Mylar type foil, covered with low-emissive layer as in Southwall Technologies' - Heat Mirror® technology.

Optimal separation between window panels was determined experimentally, and depending on the gas used it is oscillating between 5 and 16 mm. This space is a compromise between suppressing thermal convection, obtained by reducing interspaces and rising conductive heat transfer through decreasing gas layer thickness. Making the separation between window panels greater does not necessarily increase thermal resistance of the glazing. As a matter of fact, it does quite the opposite.

In order to increase thermal resistance of the glazing with the space between the window panels exceeding 16 mm it is necessarily to introduce additional, possibly transparent elements. Commercially available fillings of such type include capillary plates, fine-ducted plates or honey strip plates. Their most common orientation is perpendicular to the surface of the window panel (WO 94/02313, DE 19 815 969, US 5 092 101 ). Sometimes they are slanted with respect to the surface of the window panel (EP 1 072 752, DE 41 032 47). Other commercially available fillings include coarse-celled foamed PMMA (US 4 443 391 ) and structures with several window panels or sheets of film. (US 4 433 712; explained in Elmahdy & Cornick, 1990, ..Emerging window technology" Construction Canada, 32 (1 ) p, 46-48).

Such glazing is a compromise solution. It is not entirely satisfactory in both thermal and optical fields. Massive polymer or glass frame and/or large dimensions of fundamental spaces and ducts result in poor thermal insulation properties - there are numerous massive heat leakage bridges in the material and the convection is developing in the macroscopic spaces filled by gas. The heat transfer coefficient (lambda) for this type of plates is about 0.07-0.1 W / (m K). It is similar as in multilayer insulated glass units. However, with several window panels or equipped with additional sheets of polymer film, which is parallel to window panels, they are expensive and heavy. Such solution also results in absorption of large amount of visible radiation and the repeated reflection disturbs the visual quality of the view.

Interference of the rays on the surface of all the additional elements worsens the quality of vision through the glazing. The structure absorbs and scatters substantial amount of light that falls on the insulation. For that reason, usage of such type of glazings is usually limited to less optically demanding sheds, greenhouses, sun collectors and similar.

Interestingly enough, fibrous or meshlike structures, which are optically profitable and commonly used for different purposes, have not been proposed so far to improve thermal insulation of insulated glass units. Such structures are installed in windows as a sun protecting meshlike window-blinds.

An invisible nanofibrous, openwork thermal insulation structure that is proposed in this application, from the point of view of settling two contradictory constraints - mechanical and optical, is similar to another macroscopic engineering structure - a mosquito screen. Mosquito screens are currently being optimized by a number of producers in order to make them less visible or even invisible (compare Lauren Hunter's review "A fine Mesh. Low-visibility window screens let the sun shine". Remodeling Magazine, November 2008). Several patent-protected solutions are used in the market products (e.g. US 6 763 875, "Reduced visibility insect screen" by Andersen Corp.). Other virtually 'invisible' mosquito screens that are present on the market include polyester GORE™ inLighten, a product of Harvey Building Products and other mosquito screens made of glass fibre offered by chineese producers. A microscopic fibrous structure that is even more scale-similar to the one proposed in this application was compiled by the company Karl Mayer. A new textile product, "Newconer" which is produced by the company STING, is a very thin polyester material. It is also described as a filtrating mesh. Such a net, when installed in windows is transparent enough to freely observe the environment, lets the sufficient amount of light into the room, and protects against the dust or pollens through (Gr^bowski J., „Nowosci w dziewiarstwie". Przegla_d WOS 3/2009), Transparent, woven and metallized electromagnetic screens (e.g. net VeilShield ® Responsible Textiles Lab's advertised as an almost invisible) are mounted in the window openings in order to protect the premises from radio waves and microwaves, which are harmful and interfere with the work of electronic equipment.

Spider webs are also worth mentioning. Because of the evolutionary pressure, these structures are completely optimized in terms of mechanical and optical properties. These nanofibrous structures are spanned by a number of spiders from very flexible, more resistant to tension than steel or UHMWPE fibers, sub-micron 'threads' (even 10 nanometers in thickness for some species). Spider webs, which are often stretched out in window openings, are dry and clean right after they are spanned. They are almost invisible for insects as well as for human eye (even those greater than a micrometer in diameter).

Similarly directed attempt was made in order to overcome poor optical properties of multilayered structures such as Heat-Mirror. The source of problem in this case is a very high coefficient of absorption and reflection of low-emissive coatings. Because of that, the overall transmission of visible light radiation through the glazing is relatively low. It was proposed to replace a solid, continuous and conducting layer with a netlike or fibrous structures made of conducting nanowires. Such nanowires would be a mirror for mid infrared. For such not continuous layers made of e.g. nanowires of conducting oxides, but spread over a solid foundation (Ravenbrick, „Low-emissivity window films and coatings incorporating nanoscale wire grids" US Patent Application 20090128893 or described in John C. C. Fan's, Frank J. Bachner's, and R. A. Murphy's, 1976„Thin-film conducting microgrids as transparent heat mirrors" Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 440), the reflectivity and absorption of the visible light still remains high.

The main reason for that is the reflection and absorption of light, which also occurs in the foundation of the mirror, i.e. on the entire surface of the solid plate, its inside and on its opposite surface. It was proposed that flat polymer or glass panes would be included in transparent glazing or reflective plates. Such panels would create a structure of equilateral spaces, oriented similarly to the window-blinds (EP 1 072 752). In some instances of the invention, the angle of the panels can be adjusted (US 4 245 435). Such division of space between window panels is significant in terms of heat resistance of the glazing.

In these designs, however, the spaces are big and almost isometric in cross-section. Also, the transparent (or reflective in other designs) partitions, which are limiting the spaces and are suspended on the flexible connectors, have to be rigid and thus heavy. Including mentioned transparent or reflective "window-blinds" is not very significant in terms of reducing heat resistance of the windows. It does, however worsen the visibility.

Third direction was concerned with removing air from the gap between the window panels. This would result in creation of a layer of vacuum.

Vacuous glazing pieces (US 4 928 444, US 6 291 036 and the publications cited in there, WO 01/61 135), are being tested as functional prototypes by a few window manufacturers in the world. In the Saint Gobain's labs and on the Ulster University in Belfast such glazing types are being commercialized. Another research conducted by R. E. Collins from the University of Sydney successfully commercialized window panels SPACIA, a property of "Nippon Sheet Glass Ltd.", which is still developing this technology in their own laboratories (US 6 105 336). Similarly, "Guardian Industries Corp." is conducting research on commercialization of vacuum windows and has a patent regarding this technology (US 6 291 036, US 6 541 084). Vacuum windows seem to be most promising from all proposed technologies regarding development of transparent thermal insulations.

The advantage of vacuum glazing and windows is their decent quality of view, low and fairly high thermal resistance. It is not, however, an ideal solution for a number of reasons. Necessity to fabricate and maintain high quality vacuum for many years requires use of a perfectly hermetic seal that would be impenetrable for defunding gases throughout the entire length of the edge of the glazing. Gaskets made of indium, its alloys, or glass welds that were initially used for this type of glazing have poor thermal properties and serve as heat leakage bridges. Such heat leakage bridge is a substantial source of losses. An attempt to solve this problem is to manufacture the edge of the window panel (e.g. US 6 291 036), as foamed, flexible gaskets with spacers that would control the distance between the window panels. Atmospheric pressure (100kN/mkw) requires a placement of some structure of supports between the window panels. Without any support the window would simply implode. Usually they are placed according to a regular pattern (SPACIA) or randomly (US 4 786 344) and have shapes of columns, cylinders or spheres. They are usually made of glass, rarely of metal or monocrystals (WO 01/61 135). A Gardian company's patent that was mentioned before, proposed spacers made of polymers. To some extent they worsen the visual aspect of the window, but most importantly they form a structure of heat leakage bridges. Moreover, the effect of condensation occurs on the surface of the window panel around the supports in supersaturated conditions. This worsens the quality of view through the window. The overall heat transfer coefficient of a VIG is measured to be equal to U=~0.7 and the measurement is taken at the center of a window panel. Such value of U is very close to the overall heat transfer coefficient of a triple glazing window of standard construction filled with xenon. Because of the supports that must be used in VIGs, however, the actual overall heat transfer coefficient of the entire window is significantly higher than the one measured at the center of the window panel.

A bundle of solutions proposed in the patent application (PTC/PL03/00028, published as WO 03/104599 A1 )„A system of gaseous thermal insulation, especially of insulated glass units" is an attempt to satisfy both contradictory conditions, great optical characteristics and a high thermal insulation.

This invention solves the problem of placing an invisible blocking system into a space, filled with a transparent, colorless gas, between the transparent partitions, especially window panels. Such blocking system prevents the development of thermal convection in the medium or gives the entire structure geometry that blocks thermal convection.

Gaseous thermal insulation structure, in the cited solution has an inner thermal convection blocking arrangement that consists of at least one chamber, separated by paralleled transparent walls placed between the outer window panels angled with respect to the horizontal. The longer side of the bottom edge of a chamber is sealed to the colder window pane - placed in the lower temperature area. The upper edge is sealed to the warmer window pane, where the temperature is higher. Yet another variant would be to introduce a periscope window construction, where the convection blocking occurs more stably. In this case a density stratification of the gas that fills a hermetic window chamber consisting of mirrors angled by 45 degrees takes place. This solution, however, has some disadvantages linked with the necessity to change the orientation of the chamber. The condition is that the orientation of chamber has to be changed with respect to the colder or warmer window panel, according to the desired function - improvement of thermal effectiveness or protection between high temperature amplitudes of short time (e.g. day to night temperature change).

Disclosure of the invention

The object of the invention is to introduce a new generation thermal insulation glazings of an extreme, so far unachievable thermal and optical properties at once. (R> 20 U<0.05 and >70% visible sunlight transmission). These properties enable realization of passive house conditions, enjoying comfort of a regular window of classic construction at the same time.

Structure of gaseous and radiational thermal insulation of glass units with compartment insulation glass, consisting of two external transparent panels in the form of glass, between which there is a transparent medium of transparent gas and invisible elements, according to the invention has the transparent partitions of a V-shaped cross-section with an angle of aperture of 80 to 100 degrees, preferably 90 degrees, which form a set that fills the interior of the glazing, where the plane determined by the bisector of the angle of aperture is parallel to the pane and the partitions are mutually parallel to each other, and the lines of contact between the partitions and the panes are horizontal. A low-emission coating is located in the interior of the glazing - on the surface of the pane which is directed towards the zone of lower temperature, while the distance between the partitions is dependent on the type of gas. In case of glazing thickness from 16 to 36 millimeters it ranges from 2 to 3 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 3 to 4 millimeters for krypton, 4 to 5 millimeters of dry argon. For box-shaped glazing with over 15 cm of thickness, the distance between the specific partitions of the package will be in the range of 4 to 6 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 6 to 8 millimeters of krypton and 12-16 mm for the dry argon and dry air.

The glazing with a thickness of more than 15 centimeters is made as an insulation glass with a spacer made of rigid polymer foam with a stainless steel corrugated foil insertion (inox), and fitted with an external volume and pressure change compensation Structure in the form of stainless steel bellow, connected to the insulation glass compartment via cable.

The set of partitions is directed edge down, towards the bottom of the glazing or is directed edge up, towards the top of the glazing. A middle pane or vertically preloaded film or stressed nanogrid is located in the interior of the glazing.

The invisible partitions reach the outer surfaces of the glass panes, with which they are joined together tangentially or sigmoidally, and are kept in the distance and parallel to each other by additional stressed, nanofibrous connectors, which are perpendicular to the external package or glass, or in another variant, by giving the elements a like charge electrostatic potential.

The partitions may take the form of tightened, thermal shrinkable or mechanically stretched membranes of organic polymer or protein.

The partitions may take the form of rigid or stretched sheets of inorganic material.

The partitions take the form of the composite film with a transparent aerogel of low refractive index and low reflectivity, stretched over the reinforced frame of nanofibers.

The partitions take the form of three-layer nanomesh with an openwork design, composed of i) frame carrier of mechanically durable and flexible or textured nanofibers, ii) conductive nanomesh layer, preferably metallic, that is stretched over the frame carrier and iii) covering and densificating veil of fibers, made of nanofibers with a diameter of 5-25 nanometers.

The partitions take the form of two-layer preloaded nanomesh with an openwork design, composed of i) a backbone carrier of mechanically durable and flexible or textured nanofibers, and ii) and a covering and tightening veil of fibers, made of nanofibers with a diameter of 5-25 nanometers.

The backbone carrier is in a form of bands of nanofibers, 20-100 nanometers in diameter, transparent in visible light. The frame carrier is in the form of bands of nanofibers, 20-100 nanometers in diameter, transparent to visible light.

The nanomesh conductive layer is a conductive nanonet, made of metal (preferably Ag or Au), metallized with dielectric core or oxide (ITO, doped ZnO), possibly of carbon nanofibers (nanotubes), in another variant metallized, with a pattern of a mesh of size of 300-1000 nanometers , variation: ring-shaped, square or hexagonal (chicken wire), with conductive nanofibers or nanowires coated with a anti-reflective layer.

The covering and tightening nanofibrous layer is composed of nanofibers of 5-25 nanometers in diameter, preferably porous and transparent in visible light, possibly glued and sealed transparent, invisible as a result of destructive interference, nanomembrane made of polymer or inorganic material, with a thickness of 5-10 nanometers.

The covering and densificating nanofibrous layer is composed of nanofibers of 5-25 nanometers in diameter, preferably porous and transparent in visible light, possibly glued and sealed transparent, invisible as a result of destructive interference, nanomembrane made of polymer or inorganic material, with a thickness of 5-10 nanometers.

The continuous partitions have a relief in the form of regular, preferably chess-like or hexagonal (moth-eye), random in another variation, Structure of bumps and depressions of sizes below the wavelength of visible light on both sides.

The continuous partitions are provided with an anti-reflecting layer, single or in a form of multilayer stack.

The continuous partitions are transparent in the visible light and transparent in the range of infrared radiation.

The continuous partitions are transparent in the visible range and have a high reflectance index in the infrared radiation range.

The partitions form a dielectric interference mirror for mean infrared, composite of a stack of solid multilayer membranes of alternating refractive contrast index, or separated by layers of gas and the medium with a coefficient n = 1, with nanostructure antireflective coatings, efficient for visible light.

Each of the continuous partitions amounts to a retro-reflective structure of the total internal reflection of light in the range of medium infrared, and is fitted with retro-reflective coatings, which are transparent and do not distort the course of rays of visible light.

The continuous partitions form a dispersed mat mirror in the middle infrared range, comprising a stack of membranes containing a binder with distributed dispersing elements.

The continuous partitions are amount to a mirror to the mean infrared, transparent to visible light.

The partitions amount to nanosheets of composite material in the form of the membrane of thickness below 10 nanometers (polymer material, protein, glass, bonded delaminated clay minerals or monoatomic graffene flakes in another embodiment), invisible as a result of destructive interference, reinforced by a mesh of densificated 20-1000 nanometers in diameter nanofibers.

The solution according the invention it is a completely transparent thermal insulation, i.e. not diffusing, not refracting and not reflecting visible radiation, and also, not distorting the view through the glazing. Such type of insulation can find its usage especially in building industry in structures of which task is to let the day light through to the room and also to observe the building's surroundings: windows, greenhouses, venues, production halls, elevations etc. Such insulations can also find their usage in other industries and the production of science-research devices in different kinds of sight-glasses, inspection openings, ovens, cryogenic devices etc.

Brief description of the drawings

The solution according to the invention is presented in the embodiments on the drawings in which individual figures show:

Figure 1 - an illustrative, without complying with the proportion, cross-section of the complex glazing (IG) - a partitioning structure directed edges up.

Figure 2 - an illustrative, without complying with the proportion, cross-section of the complex glazing (IG) - a partitioning structure directed edges down.

Figure 3 - cross-section through the insulated glass, a version of the asymmetrical arrangement of the partitioning package directed edges down (left-hand pane on the side of higher temperatures and the right-hand pane on the side of lower temperatures).

Figure 4 - cross-section through the insulated glass, a three-layer variant, E, F: Details of the potential attachment of the membranes to the glass (or to the film), with an exposed version of piercing the package with spacing nanofibers: E - sigmoidal structure, F - tangential structure, 1- glass windows (instead of the middle pane indicated on the figure, it may be advantageous to compose this partition in the form of a strained film), 2- strained membranes, 3- low-emissive coating (only in tangential configuration of membranes), 4-connecting spacers of strained nanofibers.

Figure 5 A - cross section through the glazing with a package of partitions directed edges down; B - three-layer structure of an openwork membrane, C, D, E - selected geometric and material variations systems of conducting nanomesh (mirrors for the IR): C - connected nanorings, D - square-shaped mesh, E - hexagonal mesh, F - supporting mesh, backbone mesh, a square structure option. The following are the examples of geometrical and material options of nanofibrous structures that build a layer of elastic, stretched backbone of the membrane: G - a band of spiral-sinusoidal carbon nanotubes, H - elastic bands of natural spider thread, an equivalent of stretch yarn (Spandex® or Lycra®), I - magnification of a single, spirally twisted, helix carbon nanotubes, J - an illustrative structure of a nanofibrous veil of low areal density covering and sealing the entire membrane.

Figure 6 - a design of complex glazing of hermetic insulation glass type of custom, very thick, with the outer gas installation. A - Glazing with a package of partitions directed edges down, B - Cross-section of the insulation glass frame of rigid polymer foam with an insertion of corrugated foil of stainless steel (inox), C - compensation bellow of stainless steel. Figure 7 - version of insulation glass with filling of the entire depth of the window opening.

Figure 8 - version of insulation glass embedded into a double glazed fagade.

Figure 9 - details of the selected options of implementation of the internal structure, laterally continuous compartments in the IG and the course of sample rays

A - a multi-layer membrane in the form of a package of films of thickness equal to ¼ the wavelength of infrared light (2-3 micrometers), kept from each other in the distances of a similar dimension,

B - "matt-mirror" type membrane of a single film with a thickness of 2-3 microns of polymer containing grains of inorganic material (1 ) backwards diffracting the infrared light. C - retro-reflective membrane: 1 - antireflective surface covered with nanobumps of moth-eye type, 2 - rays in the mid infrared range, 3 - visible rays, 4 - spacing brackets, nanofiber spacers.

The following numbers indicate:

1 - glass panes (instead of presented on the drawing a middle pane may be optional partition in a form of stressed foil)

2 - stressed partitions

3 - low-emission layer (only in tangential structure of membranes)

4 - distance connectors of stressed nanofibers

Embodiments of the invention

Figures 1 -4 show the thermal insulation of the gas structure according to the invention, consisting of two external transparent panels, between which there is a transparent gas medium. The structure has an internal thermal convection blocking structure in a form of set of compartments that is designated by parallel to each, transparent partitions.

The transparent partitions have a V-shaped cross-section with an angle of aperture of 80 to 100 degrees, preferably 90 degrees, which form a set that fills the interior of the glazing. There the plane determined by the bisector of the angle of aperture is parallel to the pane and the partitions are mutually parallel to each other, and the lines of contact between the partitions and the panes are horizontal.

A low-emission coating is located in the interior of the glazing - on the surface of the pane which is directed towards the zone of lower temperature.

The distance between the partitions is dependent on the type of gas. In case of glazing thickness from 16 to 36 millimeters it ranges from 2 to 3 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 3 to 4 millimeters for krypton, 4 to 5 millimeters of dry argon. For box-shaped glazing with over 15 cm of thickness, the distance between the specific partitions of the package will be in the range of 4 to 6 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 6 to 8 millimeters of krypton and 12-16 mm for the dry argon and dry air.

The set of partitions is directed edge down, towards the bottom of the glazing or is directed edge up, towards the top of the glazing.

In more sophisticated variants, this basic and simple layout of symmetrical in cross-section "herringbone" was yet modified. The geometrical variants take into account the type of climate and the distribution of low-carbon coatings inside the glazing structure.

For climates with predominantly high outside temperatures in the annual distribution, with only sporadic cold days, asymmetric arrangement is more energetically favorable, with a longer set of membranes on the outer (left) side of the glazing, and at least one low-emissive coating, deposited on the inner panel of the insulation glass (figure 4). A structure of membrane packages has an inverted vertical orientation in the cross-section, just as young apex of a fir tree (figure 3). This arrangement provides greater thermal resistance of the whole structure at the time of occurrence of prevailing high outside temperatures. Additional thermal losses in case of cold or even frost, when such asymmetric insulation is somewhat less effective, will be small in annual balance.

For climates with predominantly low outside temperatures and only rear heat, the reversed asymmetrical arrangement is more favorable. Such arrangement has a longer set of partitions on the outer side of the glazing (in this version they are inclined outside) and at least one low- emissive coating, deposited on the outer side of the middle window panel or foil (figure 3).

Optimal module, i.e. the distance between the membranes, will vary depending on the thickness of the entire glazing. For standard, one inch thick (approx. 24 mm) IGs, the distance ranges between 2 millimeters for xenon or sulfur hexafluoride, 3 millimeters for krypton to 4 millimeters for dry argon. The structure filled with the structure of membranes may have a total thickness equal to the thickness of the wall (from 15 to 40 cm), in which the glazing is integrated into it. It may also constitute even thicker (up to 180 cm) filling of the gap in a structure of double, glazed fagades. Thermal resistance of such a barrier will be proportional to its total thickness. Thus, is advantageous to use as thick compartments as possible. For such box-like, thick glazing, the optimal module (distance) of the inclined membranes package will be ranging from 4 millimeters (for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride) to 16 millimeters (for dry argon). A basic variant that would reduce the weight of the glazing is to use a scaffold, made of horizontal fibers, tightened and mounted on the vertical frames of the glazing. In this arrangement the whole package will be more flexible, and individual partitions may constitute one lane in both chambers. Another option, especially for sigmoidal layout of membranes, is an application of a strained foil (possibly ultra-thin sheet of glass) instead of the middle inner glass.

Internal partitions (membranes) may constitute a package of sheets of the same structure or may be implemented as various types of membranes mounted in the respective sequences. Such sequential modules can be advantageous in terms of thermo-optical and economic optimization, while not all sheets must be technologically sophisticated and therefore expensive, have low-emissive coatings or constitute selective mirrors for infrared light. Because of the fundamental physical limitations, coatings and mirrors will, regardless of the structure, always absorb, scatter and reflect a significant amount of visible radiation. In order to block the radiant exchange, it is enough to mount several low-emissive infrared mirrors in the chamber of the IG, and make other divisions to be ultra-thin, composite convection barriers, e.g. nanofibers, nets or bonds of carbon nanotubes, preferably textured and completely transparent to visible light and of high transmittance for mid infrared.

For such thick, custom IGs filled with a package of nanomembranes, the frame should be made of impermeable for gas and water vapor, rigid, but thin material, so that it does not create in that place additional thermal bridges. The structure of the walls should be multi-layered. Gas barrier can be made of metallized or sputtered with oxides, polymer foil or stainless steel foil, preferably waved parallel to the glass (figure 6 A, B) in order to extend the road of conductive heat flow and strengthen the frame. Layer that stiffens the frame can take the form of plates made of rigid polymer foam, or the structure of beehives of honeycomb type. Filling hermetic chamber of the IG of the extreme thickness with the gas should be done through a built-in, gas-tight structure of pipes. That structure would also enable periodic exchange of the contents inside the glass into pure, completely drained gas, with simultaneous removal of humid and polluted by the penetrating through diffusion ambient air, waste gas. The structure also performs the role of a connector of the external tank of the absorbent which is absorbing the moisture and the external compensator of changes in the gas volume, occurring as a result of changes in temperature or atmospheric pressure. Such external compensator, e.g. in a form of limp bellow of stainless steel (in the structure similar to the bellow respirator) is also needed in the case of rigid chamber of the IG. Because of the large thickness, and thus the volume of gas which fills the interior, mechanical forces related to the change of gas pressure can easily lead to its destruction (figure 6).

In the modern building we see a retreat from strong thick box-like windows that fill a large part of the window opening. On the other hand, however, there has been remarkable progress in the construction of so-called dual glazed fagades. Such fagades (double-skin fagade), controlling the exchange of heat and light from the surroundings of the building reached even 3 meters in thickness in certain newly designed buildings, thereby creating a space for the buildings with multi division glazing, even the extremely thick ones (figure 8).

For packets of membranes with significant size and small distances, the problem may be their tendency to adhere to one another under the influence of Van der Waals forces and gravity. Therefore, it will be desired to keep the distance between them, and parallel to each other by additional, stressed fasteners, made of invisible durable nanofibers, perpendicular to the membrane package or window panels, attached to the outside window panels (figure 4). An alternative solution is to give the membranes like electrostatic charges, e.g. by using material of properties of electret or connection to the fixed voltage source.

Individual membranes attached to glass may reach their surface sigmoidally or tangentially (figure 4). Sigmoidal, without any edges or folds, smooth course of membranes, eliminates optical discontinuities on the lines of bonding (which are visible to the naked eye) and interferes with the course of radiation, making the disruptions of the image that is visible through the glazing disappear. In order for this solution to be optically effective, the membranes have to be sufficiently thin (less than 10 microns), an effective anti-reflective coating and an appropriate optical glue in a thin layer (of the type of window films already existing in the market, such as low distortion clear adhesive from e.g. CPFilms, or moisture-activated dry clear adhesive type has to be applied.

Optionally, an UV light or thermal hardened adhesive can be applied. It would be sprayed or distributed evenly and very thinly, preferably below 1 micron. To attach the foil to the glass, a dry, glueless structures can be used - the so-called electrostatic adhesive film. Classic, pressure activated (pressure-sensitive) sticky adhesives, such as acrylic, are commonly used for self-adhesive film. Packed in a filled with dry gas, and heated by sun IG chamber, however, adhesives dry out and after a short time the film will exfoliate. Moreover a thick and uneven layer of viscous glue often distorts the image seen through the film. For this embodiment, it is impracticable to supply the inner part of the glass with a low-emissive coating. Application of an ordinary float glass, however, does not significantly worsen their radiative properties, for the glass will be entirely covered with the membranes equipped with their own effective low- emissive coatings.

Such transparent partitions designate many isolated from each other and filled by gas, chambers. From the standpoint of the structure of materials it is possible to apply not many varieties of partitioning.

Transparent partitions may take the form of smooth membranes with a thickness of no greater than 0.1 micron (preferably below 10 nanometers) so that, as a result of destructive interference as well as the practical absence of absorption and collapsing and scattering of visible light, they will not be seen with the naked eye. We do not have a homogenous, transparent material with sufficient mechanical strength yet. In order for such a self-supporting membrane to be stretched and maintained without damaging the inside of the glazing, it must be done as a composite structure, reinforced, e.g. with a frame of carbon nanotubes or glass nanofibres.

Transparent walls can take a form of membranes with a thickness of 1-10 microns equipped with an anti-reflexive and/or low-emissive coating.

Transparent wall may have a relief in the form of a regular structure of hills and recesses of sizes far below the wavelength of visible light (moth-eye, figure 9C).

Interior walls can have a form of a film (membrane) with a transparent nanoporous material, aerogel particularly, e.g. silica aerogel with a very low refractive and reflectance index.

Optimal, but technologically very advanced solution to the nanoporous membrane is limp, but stressed membrane (nanogrid), with an openwork multi-layer design, composed of several types of nanofibers, which is described below. More recently, such nanofibrous, porous materials, with low density, especially created from carbon nanotubes are well known in the literature on nanotechnology, as aerogels or even aerosols.

All varieties of laterally continuous solid partitions may be made of organic material. In such case, they have a form of stretched at the assembly (e.g. shrink or stretch), flexible membranes (films). It is best to make the membrane of a material that is maximally transparent to the infrared radiation (with a wavelength of 1 - 15 micrometers), and thus of a very low emissivity within spectral range and also, at the same time transparent in the visible range e.g. made of polymers, such as LLDPE, HDPE or TPX (Polymethylpentene).

Optionally, partitions may also be made of an amorphous or nanocrystalline inorganic material, such as oxides or silicon nitrides. In this case, they are rigid thin sheets of inorganic material, completely resistant to aging, heat, oxidation and photodegradation.

Most favorable to the construction of an inorganic membrane is an application of ultrathin sheets of low-iron silicate glass with a thickness of less than 50 micrometers, colorless and with low absorbance of visible light. Because of the high thermal conductivity of glass (compared with polymers), which introduces additional thermal bridges inside the IG, such a solution of "micromembrane", however, is beneficial and thermally efficient only for glazing with a considerable thickness.

Even thinner inorganic nanomembranes may be made as a prefabricated in a separate process, and incorporated in a glass as a set on plain, but easily removable base, precursor layer (sol-gel method). Then the precursor layer is sintered or thermally calcined, or as a sputtered coating e.g. by means of a magnetron on a water-soluble substrates such as hydrolytic siliceous glass of a simple oxide composition (e.g. Si02/K20), or easily soluble polymer. There are very few inorganic materials transparent to the middle infrared and to visible light that have mechanical properties sufficient enough to make and maintain a nanomembrane for years without damage. However, near-zero thickness results in low emissivity, even for materials with significant absorption in the spectral range, but most suitable for the nanomembrane.

Such inorganic, rigid and brittle nanomembranes, which are difficult to stretch and mount can be modified as elastic (stretch) and low-reflective at the same time. It can be done by giving them a nanorelief (corrugated) of moth-eye type (figure 9C) and embedding them on a reinforcing, strained frame of nanofibers of high durability, preferably made of glass or carbon nanotubes. From the viewpoint of optical properties of partitions, several versions of realization are possible:

Partitions can be equipped with a low-emissive coating of extremely low absorption index in the visible range of radiation.

Optionally, divisions, as a whole, may have properties of mirror-like structure to the infrared radiation range of wavelengths from 1 - 15 microns. At the same time, the divisions must be fully transparent and not show the haze for the visible radiation (transmission greater than 95%). Such a flat membrane, optionally solid or constructed as a stressed membrane (nanogrid), with an openwork design will in fact be, from a functional perspective, a barrier that restricts convection and a mirror to mid infrared.

Such membrane mirrors can be made according to the invention as openwork or solid partitions: A - a stressed membrane (nanomesh) with an openwork design, which consists of three integrated layers (figs, 5B), performing different and complementary functions:

Frame carrier layer with mechanically strong, but flexible and stretchable nanofibres that are 20-100 nanometers thick and transparent in the visible light (Fig. 5F). To avoid mechanical damage, tear or detachment from the glass, stretched membrane should be as flexible as possible, so it can resist the frequent deformations of the entire glazing under the influence of changes in temperature, atmospheric pressure, mechanical load, wind load, etc. Frame nanofibers should be made preferably with heat-shrink polymer (e.g. PET polyester), or from already available, commercially regenerated, saturated with metal salts, silkworm protein silk

In another embodiment the grid may be used with an extremely strong but rigid nanofibers, preferably (i) of the oxide glass, (ii) made of UHMWPE (ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, fibers known under the trade brand of Dyneema ® and Spectra ®), or (iii) environment friendly cellulose nanofibers, and finally (iv) carbon nanotubes. The necessary flexibility of the nanogrid can be provided by an adequate texture of such strong, but poorly stretchable fibers. This can be done by giving a form of a spiral helix to the individual monofilaments in the manufacturing process (figure 5I). Optionally, a form of stretch yarn or twisted and waved bands (roving), such as nanoLycra ® can be given to all bonds of nanofibers (figure 5G and 5H). Textured, flexible fibers or bands are also optically and aerodynamically better. They do not cause macroscopically visible linear reflections, they are less polarizing, they scatter and diffractively bend light less in compare with regular nets of simple fibers. Also, as a more rough, they suppress the adverse flow of gas stronger. An example of the optical efficiency of such disordered geometry are modern windscreens of some brands of cars, which have an embedded heating structure in the form of a mesh of parallel, thin (up to 10 micron) tungsten wire, almost invisible for the vehicle driver. This optical illusion is a result of intentionally irregular, sinusoidal or spiral course of the individual wires. If their distances from each other are roughly ten times larger than their diameter, they may be visible only if you look at the glass pane from a very close distance..

Spider webs, recently inspiring to the technologists, are combined in the spinning process by some species into a superelastic, textured bands (figure 5H). Flexible nanonet, proposed in this solution, also has a partly functional, macroscopic counterpart in the market product. A flexible, microwave, Electromagnetic screen EMI made of stretch textured filament, silver-coated Lycra® - "Stretch Conductive Fabric" of the Responsive Textiles Lab.

A layers of conductive nanogrid, stretched over a frame carrier (figure 5C-E), optionally (i) a metal (preferably of Ag or Au), (ii) grid of carbon nanotubes, possibly metallized (iii) a grid of dielectric (organic or inorganic), metalized with these metals, or (iv) an oxide conductive grid (ITO or doped ZnO), or finally of (v) a conductive polymer. This structure, with a function of a "Faraday cage" or a mesh filter for electromagnetic radiation in the medium infrared, should preferably be in the form of a regular, optionally random, network of conductive nanofibres or nanowires of the thickness of 20-40 nanometers. Grid with module of 300-1000 nanometers, in the form a ring-shaped, circular, contacting, optionally square or hexagonal (chicken wire) mesh, will serve as a spectrally selective, reflective cutting filter, i.e. hot mirror for a mid infrared, which shows little reflection, diffraction and absorption of the visible light at the same time. A pattern of circular nanorings that are in contact with each other, most the most difficult to implement, has, however, the best optical properties. For a given coating it reflects the long wave radiation most efficiently and thus, provides the least diffraction and polarization of visible light.

It will be optically favorable to cover the conductive nanofibers with an anti-reflective coating, e.g. of polymer, preferably conductive, facilitating, in addition, conglomeration of nanofibers e.g. such as sets of thread and warp of a conductive non-woven mesh, made in a square configuration or random, nanofibrous and affixing it to the strengthening skeleton. In construction of such grid mirrors for mid infrared, the key is to avoid the phenomenon of the resonance of plasmons or plasmon polaritons that pass over the surface of the conductor as a so-called surface waves (evanescent waves) excited by the radiation. In special cases, for specific geometries and mesh sizes of conducting nanogrids, this may cause abnormally high transmission, i.e. unfavorable "light leakage" through a mirror in the infrared range.

Layer of covering and densificating veil made with nanofieber 5-25 nanometers in thickness, transparent in visible light, preferably with environmentally friendly cellulose nanofiebers or nanowickers. Since the size of the boundary layer of the fibers greatly outweigh their diameters, nanogrid, even with the small veil covering of the surface of fibers (<5%), impedes the flow of gas between adjacent cells very well, and thus impedes the development of convection within the whole glazing. It is also possible to cover a veil with a transparent, polymer or inorganic nanolayer with the thickness of less than 10 nanometers, serving as a membrane that is gluing nanofibers of the veil and sealing the pores. Such a membrane, blocking the flow of gas, completely invisible due to the destructive interference will be, however so mechanically delicate that it cannot be a separate, freestanding structure, but must be seated on the reinforcing frame made of nanofibers. Such a membrane can be made e.g. of LB monolayer generated on the surface of the liquid (Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer film) or seated or dielectroforeticly seated, of delaminated, chemically exfoliated, flake-like layered elementary silicate nanocrystals of smectite type or vermiculite, or nanosheets of graffene. The proposed solution will function (from the mechanical perspective) similar to a standard mesh bracket for the ultrathin membrane (e.g., deposited on the water surface), constituting the base for specimen in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). It has been described how to embed a free standing carbon membrane for the observation with TEM, with record low thickness of less than 2 nanometers. A two-layer structure of modern absolute filters has a similar, hierarchical structure, with a delicate nanofibrous membrane, applied in the process of electrospinning on a robust, well heavier polyester mesh or glass fiber.

Such multilayer, openwork, tight veil will behave, in terms of optical properties, as an individual single-sided, low-emissive coating on a sheet of foil (hot mirror). In the described solution, it will be a freestanding structure, devoid of base foil. What is important, it will be equally effective for the infrared radiation coming from the two opposite sides. Reflectivity and absorption index for visible range radiation will be, however, significantly lower than for low-emissive coating of hot mirror type, deposited on a solid substrate. Diffusion and diffraction of visible light may be, however, somewhat higher.

For a discontinuous, low-emissive coating made e.g., as a grid of nanowires of conductive oxides, but applied on the solid substrate (as in Ravenbrick company's patented solution), reflectivity and absorption of visible light will be higher than for the proposed openwork nanoveil. This is because the reflection occurs not only from the base-layer, on the entire surface of the solid, but also from its opposite surface. In the case of the introduced patent solution of self-supporting nanomesh, the total coverage of nanofibers will be less than 5%. Most of the area is filled with a mesh filled with not reflective, not absorbing, not dissipating, immobilized gaseous medium, which forms, in the sense of the aerodynamics, a boundary layer. Scattering on a skeleton of nanofibers will be, however, very low. This is because of their intentionally selected, small diameter, far below the wavelength of visible light (380-650 nanometers), and the possible imposition on the thicker fibers of anti reflective coatings.

B - for versions of the implementation of membranes as solid sheets, the construction of the mirror can be realized as follows:

- multi-layered dielectric stack (infrared dielectric mirror) selectively reflective at infrared wavelengths. A particular variant of such mirror is a stack of membranes separated by nanogaps/nanospacers, transparent material for both infrared and visible light, of a thickness suitable for obtaining interferential reflection in the infrared range, but letting through the visible light without any interference. This can be achieved by selecting the appropriate module of thickness of nanomembranes stack and nanoslots between them, and supplying the nanomembranes with an anti- reflective coating, nanoporous, gradient or motheye type (figure 9A), which are efficient for visible light, but inefficient for medium and far infrared. For electromagnetic waves with lengths in the range of over a dozen microns, a fuzzy sub-micron boundary between the gas center and the polymer will be almost flat and sharp. retro-reflective structure based on the phenomenon of total internal reflection of infrared light (the relief of the layer of "corner cube" type or layer of spherical retro- reflectors) (figure 9C). Retro-reflective elements that are part of the mirror should have a highest possible refractive index for infrared and should be covered with anti- reflective films of "moth-eye" type. These coatings are effective for visible light, but should not significantly affect the reflectance characteristics in the range of low- temperature infrared radiation of the wavelength of 5 - 15 microns. dispersion mirror, "opaque" to the IR, based on the principle of Christiansen filter. Such mirror is composed of a layer of the matrix/ binder containing scattered, dispersing elements. The mirror also contains a light directed toward the light source in the infrared range, which is not distracting and thus not visible for the observer in the range of visible light. This effect can be achieved by choosing materials with similar refractive indices for visible light, but different for the medium infrared, or supplying the border area between grains and matrix in anti-reflective, effective for the visible rays, layer (figure 9B). A similar, selective function can be performed by a chaotic or regular relief, constituting a surface of the border between the two centers with different refractive index for infrared light. semi-permeable mirror with single-layer dielectric film, such as titanium oxide, or diamond-like amorphous carbon CDV, mossanite or poly-crystalline diamond, transparent to visible light. Dielectric reflection, additionally lowering the barrier emissivity, in this case is related to the high refraction index of these materials for infrared. At the same time the mirror must be coated with an efficient antiglare coating for visible light such as gradient-nanoporous or moth-eye type.

Claims

Patent claims

1. Structure of gaseous and radiational thermal insulation of glass units with two- compartment insulation glass, consisting of two external transparent panels in the form of glass, between which there is a transparent medium of transparent gas and invisible elements, characterized in that the transparent partitions (2) have a V-shaped cross- section with an angle of aperture of 80 to 100 degrees, preferably 90 degrees, and form a set that fills the interior of the glazing, where the plane determined by the bisector of the angle of aperture is parallel to the pane (1 ) and the partitions (2) are mutually parallel to each other, and the lines of contact between the partitions (2) and the panes (1 ) are horizontal, and also a low-emission coating (3) is located in the interior of the glazing - on the surface of the pane (1 ) which is directed towards the zone of lower temperature, while the distance between the partitions (2) is dependent on the type of gas, and in the case of glazing thickness from 16 to 36 millimeters ranges from 2 to 3 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 3 to 4 millimeters for krypton, 4 to 5 millimeters of dry argon, and for box-shaped glazing with over 15 cm of thickness, the distance between the specific partitions (2) of the package will be in the range of 4 to 6 millimeters for xenon and sulfur hexafluoride, 6 to 8 millimeters of krypton and 12-16 mm for the dry argon and dry air.

2. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the glazing with a thickness of more than 15 centimeters is made as an insulation glass with a spacer made of rigid polymer foam with a stainless steel corrugated foil insertion (inox), and fitted with an external volume and pressure change compensation Structure in the form of stainless steel bellow, connected to the insulation glass compartment via cable.

3. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the set of partitions (2) is directed edge down, towards the bottom of the glazing.

4. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the set of partitions (2) is directed edge up, towards the top of the glazing.

5. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that a middle pane or vertically preloaded film or stressed nanogrid is located in the interior of the glazing.

6. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the invisible partitions (2) reach the outer surfaces of the glass panes (1 ), with which they are joined together tangentially or sigmoidally, and are kept in the distance and parallel to each other by additional stressed, nanofibrous connectors (4), which are perpendicular to the external package or glass, or in another variant, by giving the elements a like charge electrostatic potential.

7. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the partitions (2) take the form of tightened, thermal shrinkable or mechanically stretched membranes of organic polymer or protein.

8. Structure as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that the partitions (2) take the form of rigid or stretched sheets of inorganic material.

9. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the partitions (2) take the form of the composite film with a transparent aerogel of low refractive index and low reflectivity, stretched over the reinforced frame of nanofibers.

10. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the partitions (2) take the form of three-layer nanomesh with an openwork design, composed of i) frame carrier of mechanically durable and flexible or textured nanofibers, ii) conductive nanomesh layer, preferably metallic, that is stretched over the frame carrier and iii) covering and densificating veil of fibers, made of nanofibers with a diameter of 5-25 nanometers.

1 1 . Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the partitions (2) take the form of two-layer preloaded nanomesh with an openwork design, composed of i) a backbone carrier of mechanically durable and flexible or textured nanofibers, and ii) and a covering and tightening veil of fibers, made of nanofibers with a diameter of 5-25 nanometers.

12. Structure as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the backbone carrier is in a form of bands of nanofibers, 20-100 nanometers in diameter, transparent in visible light.

13. Structure as claimed in claim 1 1 , characterized in that the frame carrier is in the form of bands of nanofibers, 20-100 nanometers in diameter, transparent to visible light.

14. Structure as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that nanomesh conductive layer is a conductive nanonet, made of metal (preferably Ag or Au), metallized with dielectric core or oxide (ITO, doped ZnO), possibly of carbon nanofibers (nanotubes), in another variant metallized, with a pattern of a mesh of size of 300-1000 nanometers , variation: ring- shaped, square or hexagonal (chicken wire), with conductive nanofibers or nanowires coated with a anti-reflective layer.

15. Structure as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that the covering and tightening nanofibrous layer is composed of nanofibers of 5-25 nanometers in diameter, preferably porous and transparent in visible light, possibly glued and sealed transparent, invisible as a result of destructive interference, nanomembrane made of polymer or inorganic material, with a thickness of 5-10 nanometers.

16. Structure as claimed in claim 1 1 , characterized in that the covering and densificating nanofibrous layer is composed of nanofibers of 5-25 nanometers in diameter, preferably porous and transparent in visible light, possibly glued and sealed transparent, invisible as a result of destructive interference, nanomembrane made of polymer or inorganic material, with a thickness of 5-10 nanometers.

17. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the continuous partitions (2) have a relief in the form of regular, preferably chess-like or hexagonal (moth-eye), random in another variation, Structure of bumps and depressions of sizes below the wavelength of visible light on both sides.

18. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the continuous partitions (2) are provided with an anti-reflecting layer, single or in a form of multilayer stack.

19. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the continuous partitions (2) are transparent in the visible light and transparent in the range of infrared radiation.

20. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the continuous partitions (2) are transparent in the visible range and have a high reflectance index in the infrared radiation range.

21 . Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the partitions (2) form a dielectric interference mirror for mean infrared, composite of a stack of solid multilayer membranes of alternating refractive contrast index, or separated by layers of gas and the medium with a coefficient n = 1, with nanostructure antireflective coatings, efficient for visible light.

22. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that each of the continuous partitions (2) amounts to a retro-reflective Structure of the total internal reflection of light in the range of medium infrared, and is fitted with retro-reflective coatings, which are transparent and do not distort the course of rays of visible light.

23. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the continuous partitions (2) form a dispersed mat mirror in the middle infrared range, comprising a stack of membranes containing a binder with distributed dispersing elements.

24. Structure as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the continuous partitions (2) are amount to a mirror to the mean infrared, transparent to visible light.

25. Structure characterized in that the partitions (2) amount to nanosheets of composite material in the form of the membrane of thickness below 10 nanometers (polymer material, protein, glass, bonded delaminated clay minerals or monoatomic graffene flakes in another embodiment), invisible as a result of destructive interference, reinforced by a mesh of densificated 20-1000 nanometers in diameter nanofibers.