WO2011064577A1 - Agents de contraste pour une imagerie hyperfréquence médicale - Google Patents

Agents de contraste pour une imagerie hyperfréquence médicale Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011064577A1
WO2011064577A1 PCT/GB2010/051956 GB2010051956W WO2011064577A1 WO 2011064577 A1 WO2011064577 A1 WO 2011064577A1 GB 2010051956 W GB2010051956 W GB 2010051956W WO 2011064577 A1 WO2011064577 A1 WO 2011064577A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
contrast agent
search volume
particle
microwave radiation
contrast
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Application number
PCT/GB2010/051956
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English (en)
Inventor
Ian James Craddock
Maciek Bartlomiej Klemm
Andrew Farley
Alan Preece
Jack Leendertz
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The University Of Bristol
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The University Of Bristol filed Critical The University Of Bristol
Priority to EP10788383A priority Critical patent/EP2384203A1/fr
Publication of WO2011064577A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011064577A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves 
    • A61B5/0507—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves  using microwaves or terahertz waves
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/22—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations
    • A61K49/222—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, liposomes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the use of contrast agents in microwave radar imaging.
  • microwave radar imaging show particular promise, being cheap and free of ionizing radiation.
  • one or more transmitting antennas radiates short duration pulses which are then scattered by targets in which there is a mismatch in dielectric properties. These scattered signals are recorded by one or more receiving antennas and then used to map the position and characteristics of the dielectric anomalies under examination.
  • a method of measuring the contents of a search volume using microwave energy is described in US-A-5920285. Individual transmit elements of a transmit array are actuated in turn in order to interrogate the search volume.
  • Reflected signals are recorded, and appropriate phase or time shifts are inserted to simulate, post reception, the shifts that would have occurred if either or both of the transmit and receive array had been focused on a voxel using phased array beam steering techniques.
  • Another method of measuring the contents of a search volume is described in WO 2006/085052 A2.
  • a first aspect of the invention provides a method of generating information from a search volume using microwaves, said search volume containing a physiologically tolerable magnetic, ionic or semiconducting contrast agent which has been administered to said search volume and is capable of absorbing or scattering microwave radiation in the frequency range 0.1 - 40 GHz, the method comprising:
  • a further aspect of the invention provides apparatus for generating information from a search volume in an animate human or non-human animal body using microwaves, the apparatus comprising:
  • the apparatus typically further comprises means, such as a syringe, for administering said contrast agent to the body.
  • a further aspect of the invention provides a physiologically tolerable magnetic, ionic or semiconducting contrast agent for use in a method of generating information from a search volume in an animate human or non-human animal body using microwaves, said contrast agent being capable of absorbing or scattering microwave radiation in the frequency range 0.1 - 40 GHz.
  • contrast agents in microwave radar imaging is now proposed in response to the challenges mentioned above; that is to say materials which on administration serve to enhance contrast in the resulting images by increasing the scattering or absorption of microwave radiation in those tissues, organs or ducts into which they distribute. Where such contrast agents serve to increase scattering they function as positive contrast agents and where they reduce local scattering they function as negative contrast agents.
  • the effect of a substantially absorbing contrast agent may not be directly detected as microwave radar is not normally configured to register variations in absorption. However modifications to such a system could be envisaged to measure such effects.
  • Contrast agents may be administered enterally or, particularly preferably, parenterally and insofar as parenteral agents are concerned there is particular scope for improvement in both target-specificity and biotolerability relative to saline.
  • the invention provides a method of microwave radar imaging of a human or animal, preferably mammalian, subject which method comprises parenterally administering to said subject a magnetic, ionic or semiconducting microwave radar imaging contrast agent, and generating a microwave radar image of at least part of said subject.
  • a wide range of materials can be used as parenteral microwave radar imaging contrast agents but particular mention should be made of five categories of contrast agent: ionic materials; relatively low molecular weight non-ionic materials; site-specific materials; nanoparticle materials.
  • ionic materials are concerned, particular mention should be made of the ionic materials already proposed in the literature for use as X-ray and MRI contrast agents.
  • examples of such materials include many compounds with extremely low toxicity even compared with saline, and compounds may be selected which distribute preferentially within the body, e.g. which congregate at particular tissues, organs or tissue abnormalities or which are essentially confined to the circulatory system and act as blood pool agents.
  • ionic X-ray contrast agents suited for use according to the present invention include in particular the iodinated contrast agents, especially those containing one or more, generally one or two, triiodophenyl groups in their structure.
  • the counterion for any ionic microwave radar imaging contrast agent are that it should itself be physiologically tolerable and in this regard particular mention should be made of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations and cations deriving from organic bases, especially sodium, zinc and ammonium ions, and more especially lysine, calcium and meglumine.
  • microwave radar imaging contrast agents such as those mentioned above, one may advantageously use as microwave radar imaging contrast agents the ionic compounds (such as for example GdDTPA and GdDOTA) which have been used as MRI contrast agents, especially the salts of paramagnetic metal complexes (preferably chelate complexes) with physiologically compatible counterions, as well as similar complexes in which the complexed metal ion is diamagnetic (as paramagnetism is not a property required for the microwave radar imaging contrast agent to function as such).
  • the ionic compounds such as for example GdDTPA and GdDOTA
  • the salts of paramagnetic metal complexes preferably chelate complexes
  • physiologically compatible counterions as well as similar complexes in which the complexed metal ion is diamagnetic (as paramagnetism is not a property required for the microwave radar imaging contrast agent to function as such).
  • Preferred complexed paramagnetic metal ions will include ions of Gd, Dy, Eu, Ho, Fe, Cr and Mn and preferred non paramagnetic complexed ions will include ions of Zn, Bi and Ca
  • the complexing agent will preferably be a chelating agent such as a linear, branched or cyclic polyamine or a derivative thereof, e.g. a polyaminocarboxylic acid or a polyammopolyphosphonic acid or a derivative of such an acid, e.g. an amide or ester thereof.
  • chelates are inherently site-specific, otherwise chelating moieties may be attached to macromolecular carriers to yield site-specific contrast agents the site specificity of which derives primarily from the nature of the macromolecule.
  • a blood pool agent may be produced.
  • chelating moieties may be coupled directly or indirectly, e.g. via a polymer linker such as polylysine or polyethyleneimine, to biologically active molecules, such as monoclonal antibodies etc., thereby producing a tissue- or organ-targeting contrast agent.
  • Nanoparticulate contrast agents if administered into the cardiovascular system, will tend to be abstracted by the reticuloendothelial system and thus are particularly suited for use in imaging the liver.
  • Such particles are widely used as MRI contrast agents and generally are metallic or are of magnetic metal oxides, e.g. ferrites.
  • Superparamagnetic particles, both free and carrier-bound, are widely available and their preparation is described in a large variety of references.
  • contrast media which have already been validated clinically by other medical imaging modalities or which have otherwise been shown to be non-toxic and otherwise safe to use for medical applications.
  • SPIOs superparamagnetic iron oxide particles
  • MT imaging Wang Y., Hussain S., Krestin G., Eur.Radiol. 11, 2319 (2001)
  • ⁇ Superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents physicochemical characteristics and applications in MT imaging, Wang Y., Hussain S., Krestin G., Eur.Radiol. 11, 2319 (2001)
  • the size and size distribution of the SPIO and the chemical nature of the surface of the overall particle are of great importance in determining the contrast generation efficacy, the blood half-life, and the biodistribution and biodegradation of the contrast agent.
  • the magnetic particle size i.e. the crystal size of the magnetic material
  • the single domain size range such that the particles are superparamagnetic and thus have no hysteresis and a reduced tendency to aggregate
  • the overall particle size distribution is narrow so that the particles have uniform bio-distribution, bio-elimination and contrast effects.
  • the magnetic particles should be provided with a surface coating of a material which modifies particle bio- distribution, e.g. by prolonging blood half-life, or by increasing stability, or which acts as a targeting vector causing preferential distribution to a target site, such as a tumour site.
  • the magnetic core material should generally be in the range 1 to 50 nm, preferably 1 to 20 nm and especially preferably 2 to 15 nm and, for use as blood pool agents, the mean overall particle size including any coating material should preferably be below 30 nm.
  • Paramagnetic and superparamagnetic contrast agents have been show to be safe for clinical applications, and thus do not entail a substantial health risk. Ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic particles are less preferred since they are subject to dipolar interactions which may cause them to aggregate.
  • Particulate contrast agents for parenteral administration should preferably have particle sizes of no more than 1.5 microns, especially 1.0 microns or less.
  • contrast agents according to the invention will generally be by injection or infusion, especially into the cardiovascular system.
  • the contrast media may also be administered into body cavities having external voidance ducts, e.g. by catheter into the bladder, uterus etc.
  • the iodinated contrast agents, the magnetically targetable or electrically conductive contrast agents and the non-radioactive metal chelate contrast agents discussed above may also be used advantageously in microwave radar imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and such use and the use of such materials for the manufacture of microwave radar imaging contrast media for enteral administration constitute further aspects of the present invention.
  • the dosages of microwave radar imaging contrast media used according to the invention will vary over a broad range depending on a variety of factors such as administration route, the pharmacodynamic properties of the contrast agent (the more widely distributing the agent is the larger the dose may be), the chemical and physical nature of the contrast agent, and the strength of the interaction of the contrast agent with the microwave radiation.
  • agents will be administered in concentrations of 1 micromol/1 to 1 mo 1/1, preferably 0.01 to 10 mmol/1 and dosages will lie in the range 0.002 to 20 mmol/kg bodyweight, generally 0.05 to 5 mmol/kg.
  • the overall dosage will generally be 1 to 100 ml when administered into the cardiovascular system or 10 ml to 1.5 litres of contrast media when administered into a body cavity having an external voidance duct, e.g. by oral or rectal administration.
  • Contrast enhanced microwave radar imaging according to the present invention may be performed for a wide range of clinical indications with appropriate selection of the contrast agent (for its pharmacodynamic properties) and of the administration route.
  • non-absorbable microwave radar imaging contrast agents are particularly useful for imaging of the gastrointestinal tract for diagnosis of abnormalities therein or as markers of the gastrointestinal system. Such agents may also be used for dynamic studies, for example of gastric emptying. In studies of the gastrointestinal tract, it may be advisable to use an agent such as cimetidine to suppress naturally occuring pH variations which might otherwise reduce imaging accuracy.
  • microwave radar imaging contrast agents are absorbable from the gastrointestinal trace and may be taken up by the liver and excreted into the bile. Such agents can thus be used for imaging the hepatobiliary system and for liver function studies even following oral rather than parenteral administration.
  • the clinical indications for parenteral microwave radar imaging contrast agents include CNS examination, perfusion studies including stroke imaging, blood pool imaging, examination of body cavities, of the pelvic region and of the kidneys, hepatobiliary studies and studies of liver and kidney function, tumour imaging, and diagnosis of infarcts, especially in the heart.
  • Figure 1 is a system overview of a breast tumour imaging system
  • Figure 2 is a 3D image of a breast phantom containing a superparamagnetic particle contrasting agent
  • Figure 3 is a 2D image of the breast phantom containing a superparamagnetic particle contrasting agent.
  • a real aperture synthetically organised radar for breast cancer detection shown in Figure 1 operates by employing an array 2 of N antennas (e.g. 3) close to, or in contact with, the breast 1. Each antenna in turn transmits a pulse and the received signal y t (t) at each of the other antennas is recorded.
  • the pulse generator 8 and the detector 9 may be time-shared, by means of a switching matrix 5 as shown in Figure 1, as may any transmit or receive path amplification (6, 7).
  • a computer processor 14 processes the antenna signals from the detector 9 to form a measurement of the presence of the contrast agent in the search volume at the location of a given voxel, and generate images which are displayed on a display device 15.
  • the recorded data is then synthetically focussed at any point of interest in the volume beneath this antenna array by time-aligning the signals yt(t), using the estimated propagation time T, from the transmit antenna to the receive antenna via any point of interest in the medium.
  • Wt are weighting factors that are applied to compensate for differences in the predicted attenuation between the round-trip paths between transmit and receive antennas via the point of interest, and/or to apply various optimisation criteria.
  • the returned signal energy associated with this point may then computed by integrating the data over a window corresponding to the transmit pulse width ⁇ :
  • Alternative methods of obtaining a scalar quantity V from v(t) include computing the magnitude of a DFT at one or more frequencies or multiplying by the transmitted pulse: - where x ⁇ t) is the transmitted pulse waveform.
  • Figure 2 is a 3D image of an inanimate experimental breast phantom showing the distribution of contrast agent within the search volume.
  • a 1cm phantom "tumour" within the breast phantom was filled with 0.5 - 1 mg/g[tumour]magnetoferritin nano-particles ( ⁇ 10nm diameter) in a saline buffer liquid, using a syringe 10 shown in Figure 1 containing the contrast agent 11.
  • the phantom was then imaged using the system of Figure 1.
  • the phantom "tumour” was again filled only with the buffer, and imaged using the system of Figure 1.
  • the two datasets were then subtracted from each other to give the images shown in Figures 2 and 3.
  • the patches of dark voxels 12,13 in Figures 2 and 3 indicate a region which contains a large amount of contrast agent and coincide with the position of the phantom "tumour”.

Abstract

L'invention porte sur un procédé de génération d'informations à partir d'un volume de recherche à l'aide d'hyperfréquences. Un agent de contraste magnétique, ionique ou semi-conducteur physiologiquement tolérable est administré audit volume de recherche. Le contraste est physiologiquement capable d'absorber ou de diffuser le rayonnement hyperfréquence dans la plage de fréquences allant de 0,1 à 40 GHz. Le volume de recherche est soumis à un rayonnement hyperfréquence émis par une ou plusieurs antennes. Le rayonnement hyperfréquence est reçu avec une ou plusieurs antennes, l'effet des contenus du volume de recherche sur la propagation de l'énergie hyperfréquence étant détecté par le traitement des signaux d'antenne pour former une mesure de la présence de l'agent de contraste dans le volume de recherche à l'endroit d'un voxel donné.
PCT/GB2010/051956 2009-11-27 2010-11-24 Agents de contraste pour une imagerie hyperfréquence médicale WO2011064577A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10788383A EP2384203A1 (fr) 2009-11-27 2010-11-24 Agents de contraste pour une imagerie hyperfréquence médicale

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0920839A GB0920839D0 (en) 2009-11-27 2009-11-27 Contrast agents for medical imaging
GB0920839.8 2009-11-27

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WO2011064577A1 true WO2011064577A1 (fr) 2011-06-03

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102528052A (zh) * 2011-12-26 2012-07-04 河海大学 一种具有良好吸波特性的快淬Fe-基金属颗粒的制备方法
WO2012136813A3 (fr) * 2011-04-07 2013-01-17 Universitetet I Oslo Agents pour un diagnostic par radar médical
WO2014124304A1 (fr) * 2013-02-07 2014-08-14 The Tructees Of Dartmouth College Système et procédé utilisant un agent de contraste à nanoparticules de métal précieux pour une imagerie médicale hyperfréquence
US10624556B2 (en) 2016-05-17 2020-04-21 Micrima Limited Medical imaging system and method

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012136813A3 (fr) * 2011-04-07 2013-01-17 Universitetet I Oslo Agents pour un diagnostic par radar médical
CN102528052A (zh) * 2011-12-26 2012-07-04 河海大学 一种具有良好吸波特性的快淬Fe-基金属颗粒的制备方法
WO2014124304A1 (fr) * 2013-02-07 2014-08-14 The Tructees Of Dartmouth College Système et procédé utilisant un agent de contraste à nanoparticules de métal précieux pour une imagerie médicale hyperfréquence
US9786048B2 (en) 2013-02-07 2017-10-10 The Trustees Of Dartmouth College System and method using precious-metal nanoparticle contrast agent for microwave medical imaging
US10624556B2 (en) 2016-05-17 2020-04-21 Micrima Limited Medical imaging system and method

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